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Skinner AM, Barker AR, Moore SA, Soininen S, Haapala EA, Väistö J, Westgate K, Brage S, Lakka TA, Vlachopoulos D. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between the 24-hour movement behaviours, including muscle and bone strengthening activity, with bone and lean mass from childhood to adolescence. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:227. [PMID: 38238707 PMCID: PMC10797891 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17711-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to assess whether moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sport and exercise as a proxy measure of muscle and bone strengthening activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep were associated with total-body-less-head (TBLH) bone mineral content (BMC) and TBLH lean mass cross-sectionally and longitudinally from age 6 to 9 years and age 9 to 11 years to age 15 to 17 years. METHODS We used longitudinal data from a population sample of Finnish children from the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children study (age 6 to 9 years: n = 478, 229 females; age 9 to 11 years: n = 384, 197 females; age 15 to 17 years: n = 222, 103 females). Linear regression analysed the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between accelerometer-assessed MVPA, sedentary time and sleep, and questionnaire-assessed sport and exercise participation and screen time with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-assessed TBLH BMC and lean mass. RESULTS In females, MVPA at age 6 to 9 years was positively associated with TBLH BMC at age 15 to 17 years (β = 0.008, p = 0.010). Sport and exercise at age 9 to 11 years was positively associated with TBLH BMC (β = 0.020, p = 0.002) and lean mass (β = 0.343, p = 0.040) at age 15 to 17 years. MVPA at age 9 to 11 years was positively associated with TBLH lean mass (β = 0.272, p = 0.004) at age 15 to 17 years. In males, sleep at age 6 to 9 years was positively associated with TBLH lean mass (β = 0.382, p = 0.003) at age 15 to 17 years. Sport and exercise at age 9 to 11 years was positively associated with TBLH BMC (β = 0.027, p = 0.012) and lean mass (β = 0.721, p < 0.001) at age 15 to 17 years. CONCLUSIONS Promoting engagement in the 24-hour movement behaviours in childhood, particularly sport and exercise to strengthen muscle and bone, is important in supporting bone and lean mass development in adolescence. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT01803776; first trial registration date: 04/03/2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie M Skinner
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Sarah A Moore
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Sonja Soininen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Physician and Nursing Services, Health and Social Services Centre, Wellbeing Services County of North Savo, Varkaus, Finland
| | - Eero A Haapala
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juuso Väistö
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kate Westgate
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Soren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
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Haynes A, McVeigh J, Lester L, Eastwood PR, Straker L, Mori TA, Beilin L, Green DJ. Relationship between TV watching during childhood and adolescence and fitness in adulthood in the Raine Study cohort. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:423-431. [PMID: 34989319 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2023659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To investigate: (1) whether TV watching habits throughout childhood and adolescence, a proxy of sedentary behaviour, impacted cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in adulthood, and (2) whether any potential impact of TV watching in childhood and adolescence on CRF in adulthood was changed by adult physical activity (PA) levels. A longitudinal study with questionnaire data available regarding TV watching collected at ages 5, 8, 10, 14, 17 and 20 yrs, allowed trajectories of TV watching to be developed. At age 28 yrs, participants completed a V̇O2peak test and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. General linear models tested for differences in CRF (time to exhaustion TTE and V̇O2peak mL·kg-1·min-1) between TV watching trajectories. The secondary analysis tested the potential effect current PA levels has on the relationship between TV trajectory and fitness. In total, 449 participants [male n = 255 (56.8%), 28.3 ± 0.5 yrs; female n = 194 (43.2%), 28.2 ± 0.4 yrs] were included in the study. Three distinct trajectories of TV watching were identified: High TV, Increasing TV and Low TV. CRF was lowest in the High TV watching trajectory and increased progressively from High to Increasing TV and Increasing to Low TV (all P < .05). Within each of the TV trajectories, those engaging in high levels of current PA had greater CRF than those engaging in low and moderate PA. TV watching in childhood and adolescence negatively impacts upon adult fitness at the age of 28 years. However, this negative impact of historical TV watching on CRF can largely be attenuated by engaging in higher levels of PA in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Haynes
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Joanne McVeigh
- Movement Physiology Laboratory, School of Physiology University of Witwatersr and, Johannesburg, South Africa.,School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Leanne Lester
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter R Eastwood
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Leon Straker
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Trevor A Mori
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Lawrence Beilin
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Bezerra A, Freitas L, Maciel L, Fonseca H. Bone Tissue Responsiveness To Mechanical Loading-Possible Long-Term Implications of Swimming on Bone Health and Bone Development. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:453-468. [PMID: 36401774 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To revisit the bone tissue mechanotransduction mechanisms behind the bone tissue response to mechanical loading and, within this context, explore the possible negative influence of regular swimming practice on bone health, particularly during the growth and development period. RECENT FINDINGS Bone is a dynamic tissue, responsive to mechanical loading and unloading, being these adaptative responses more intense during the growth and development period. Cross-sectional studies usually report a lower bone mass in swimmers compared to athletes engaged in weigh-bearing sports. However, studies with animal models show contradictory findings about the effect of swimming on bone health, highlighting the need for longitudinal studies. Due to its microgravity characteristics, swimming seems to impair bone mass, but mostly at the lower limbs. It is unkown if there is a causal relationship between swimming and low BMD or if other confounding factors, such as a natural selection whithin the sport, are the cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Bezerra
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADE/UP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Laura Freitas
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADE/UP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Leonardo Maciel
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADE/UP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Sergipe, Campus Lagarto, Lagarto, Brazil
| | - Hélder Fonseca
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADE/UP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
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Gallant F, Murray RM, Sabiston CM, Bélanger M. Description of sport participation profiles and transitions across profiles during adolescence. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1824-1836. [PMID: 36049044 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2115223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Few studies describe sport participation profiles in the general population using multiple characteristics. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify sport participation profiles during adolescence and to describe transitions across profiles from grades 5 to 12 (age 10 to 18 years). We used data from 916 participants (55% girls; age 10-12 years at inception) of the Monitoring Activities of Teenagers to Comprehend their Habits (MATCH) study. Participants self-reported involvement in 36 organized and unorganized physical activities three times/year from grades 5 to 12 (24 data collection cycles; 2011-2018). At each school grade, we derived four categorical variables of sport involvement: number of organized sports, number of unorganized activities, weekly sessions, and number of year-round activities. To identify sport participation profiles, we used latent class analysis at each grade. To characterize transitions between sport participation profiles across grades, we used latent transition analysis. Five distinct sport participation profiles emerged: "non-participants", "unorganized activities only", "single-sport low frequency", "single sport high frequency", and "multi-sport". Only "multi-sport" participants were unlikely to be classified as "non-participants" over time. Encouraging multi-sport participation might help protect against later non-participation. This study helps identify important times to intervene for improving physical activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Gallant
- Départment de médecine de famille et médecine d'urgence, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre de formation medicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Ross M Murray
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Catherine M Sabiston
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mathieu Bélanger
- Départment de médecine de famille et médecine d'urgence, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre de formation medicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Moncton, NB, Canada.,Vitalité Health Network, Moncton, NB, Canada
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Physical activity estimated by osteogenic potential and energy expenditure has differing associations with bone mass in young adults: the raine study. Arch Osteoporos 2022; 17:67. [PMID: 35434777 PMCID: PMC9013684 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-022-01100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ground impacts during physical activity may be important for peak bone mass. We found differences in how energy expenditure and impact scores estimated from a physical activity questionnaire related to bone health in young adults. Using both estimate types can improve our understanding of the skeletal benefits of physical activity. PURPOSE It is unclear whether mechanical loading during physical activity, estimated from physical activity questionnaires which assess metabolic equivalents of task (METs), is associated with skeletal health. This longitudinal study investigated how physical activity loading scores, assessed at ages 17 and 20 years, (a) compares with physical activity measured in METs, and (b) is associated with bone mass at age 20 years. METHODS A total of 826 participants from the Raine Study Gen2 were assessed for physical activity energy expenditure via the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) at age 17 and 20 years. Loading scores (the product of peak force and application rate) per week were subsequently estimated from the IPAQ. Whole-body and appendicular bone mineral density (BMD) at age 20 years were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Bland-Altman minimal detectable difference for physical activity Z- scores at age 17 and 20 years were 1.59 standard deviations (SDs) and 1.33 SDs, respectively, greater than the a priori minimal clinically important change of 0.5 SDs. Loading score, but not IPAQ score, had significant positive associations with whole-body and leg BMD after adjustment for covariates (β = 0.008 and 0.012 g/cm2, respectively, for age 17 and 20 years loading scores). IPAQ score at age 20 years, but not loading score, had a significant positive association with arm BMD (β = 0.007 g/cm2). CONCLUSION This study revealed disagreement in associations of self-reported METs and loading score estimates with bone health in young adults. Coupling traditional energy expenditure questionnaire outcomes with bone-loading estimates may improve understanding of the location-specific skeletal benefits of physical activity in young adults.
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Haynes A, McVeigh J, Hissen SL, Howie EK, Eastwood PR, Straker L, Mori TA, Beilin L, Ainslie PN, Green DJ. Participation in sport in childhood and adolescence: Implications for adult fitness. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:908-912. [PMID: 34059468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether participation in sport during the developmental stages of life is associated with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in adulthood. DESIGN Observational longitudinal study. METHODS Participants were Generation 2 of the Raine Study. Questionnaires related to participation in sport were administered at ages 5, 8, 10, 14 and 17 years. These data were used to develop sex-specific trajectories of sports participation: (for males) Consistent Participators, Drop-Outs and Joiners; and (females) Consistent Participators, Non-Participators and Drop-Outs. At age 28.3 ± 0.6 years, participants completed a graded maximal exercise test (i.e. V̇O2peak test). A General Linear Model assessed differences in CRF between trajectories. RESULTS 402 participants n = 231 (57.5%) male, n = 171 (42.5%) female were included in the study. In males, Consistent Participators (all p < 0.001) and Joiners (p < 0.050) had greater fitness than Drop-Outs. In females, Consistent Participators had greater fitness than Non-Participators (p < 0.050), but there were no significant differences in fitness between Consistent Participators and Drop-Outs (p > 0.050) or Non-Participators and Drop-Outs (p > 0.050). CONCLUSION Participation in sport during childhood and adolescence is associated with greater fitness in adulthood, compared to individuals who never participate or those that cease participation in adolescence. A simple dichotomous question regarding sports participation over the childhood and adolescent period can be implemented to predict better fitness outcomes in young adulthood. Childhood and adolescence could be an opportune stage in life for parents, schools and governments to facilitate participation in sport and prevent drop out, as it may have an impact on long term risk reduction, with associated health and economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Haynes
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Joanne McVeigh
- School of Occupational Therapy, Speech Therapy & Social Work, Curtin University, Australia; Movement Physiology Laboratory, School of Physiology, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Sarah L Hissen
- Women's Heart Health Laboratory, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine at Texas Health, Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, USA; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA
| | - Erin K Howie
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, USA; School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Australia
| | - Peter R Eastwood
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Australia
| | - Leon Straker
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Australia
| | - Trevor A Mori
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lawrence Beilin
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, The University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia.
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Howie EK, McVeigh JA, Smith AJ, Zabatiero J, Bucks RS, Mori TA, Beilin LJ, Straker LM. Physical activity trajectories from childhood to late adolescence and their implications for health in young adulthood. Prev Med 2020; 139:106224. [PMID: 32735989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity has been associated with physical and mental health across the life course, yet few studies have used group-based trajectory modeling to examine the effect of longitudinal patterns of physical activity during childhood and adolescence on adult health outcomes. The Raine Study data from Gen2 follow-ups at 8, 10, 14, 17, 20, and 22 years collected between 1998 and 2014 were used. Latent class analysis identified trajectories using parent-reported physical activity for ages 8 to 17. Associations between trajectories and physical and mental health outcomes at ages 20 and 22 were explored, adjusting for current physical activity and considering sex interactions. Analysis in 2019 identified three trajectories: low (13%), mid (65%) and high (22%) physical activity (n = 1628). Compared to the low-activity trajectory, those in the high-activity trajectory had lower adiposity, insulin, HOMA-IR and fewer diagnosed disorders, higher HDL-cholesterol, and faster cognitive processing. For example, those in the high-activity trajectory had lower percent body fat at age 20 compared to those in the mid-activity (-4.2%, 95%CI: -5.8, -2.7) and low-activity (-9.5%, 95%CI: -11.7, -7.2) trajectories. Physical activity trajectories showed different associations between sexes for self-reported physical and mental health, BMI, systolic blood pressure, and depression symptoms. Being in the high- or mid-activity trajectory was associated with a more favorable cardiometabolic and mental health profile in young adulthood. Strategies are needed to help less active children to increase physical activity throughout childhood and adolescence to improve young adult health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Howie
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA; School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - J A McVeigh
- School of Occupational Therapy, Speech Therapy & Social Work, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - A J Smith
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - J Zabatiero
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - R S Bucks
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - T A Mori
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - L J Beilin
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - L M Straker
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE Peak bone strength, which occurs in early adulthood, is an important marker of the future risk of osteoporosis. It is therefore important to identify modifiable early life factors that are associated with the attainment of peak hip strength. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of time spent in moderate to vigorous-intensity and light-intensity physical activity throughout adolescence with peak hip strength in adulthood. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children is a prospective birth cohort study that initially recruited all pregnant women residing within the catchment area of 3 health authorities in southwest England who had an expected delivery date between April 1, 1991, and December 31, 1992. In total, 15 454 eligible pregnant women were enrolled, and 15 589 infants were delivered. Of those, 14 901 infants were alive at age 1 year. The present analysis examined 2569 healthy offspring who had valid physical activity measurements obtained during a clinical assessment for at least 1 age (12, 14, 16, and/or 25 years), with up to 4 repeated accelerometer assessments performed (1 per age-associated clinical visit). Data were analyzed from June 2019 to June 2020. EXPOSURES Trajectories of accelerometer-assessed time spent in moderate to vigorous-intensity and light-intensity physical activity at ages 12, 14, 16, and 25 years (measured in minutes per day) were identified using latent trajectory modeling. Moderate to vigorous-intensity and light-intensity physical activity were determined using established thresholds of acceleration counts per minute. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Femur neck bone mineral density (BMD; measured in g/cm2) at age 25 years assessed by dual-energy radiography absorptiometry scans of the hip. RESULTS A total of 2569 participants (1588 female participants [62%]) were included in the analysis. Male participants spent more time in moderate to vigorous-intensity activity at each age and had greater adult femur neck BMD than female participants. For each sex, 3 moderate to vigorous-intensity trajectory subgroups and 3 light-intensity trajectory subgroups were identified. With regard to the moderate to vigorous-intensity trajectories, most male participants (85%) were in the low adolescent subgroup, with only 6% and 9% in the high early-adolescent and high mid-adolescent subgroups, respectively. Moderate to vigorous-intensity trajectories in female participants were divided into low adolescent-low adult (73%), low adolescent-high adult (8%), and high adolescent (19%) subgroups. Light-intensity physical activity trajectories were classified into low nonlinear, moderate decreasing, and high decreasing subgroups for both sexes. Femur neck BMD in male participants was greater in the high early-adolescent subgroup (0.38 g/cm2; 95% CI, 0.11-0.66 g/cm2) and the high mid-adolescent subgroup (0.33 g/cm2; 95% CI, 0.07-0.60 g/cm2) compared with the low adolescent (reference) subgroup. Femur neck BMD in female participants was greater in the high adolescent subgroup (0.28 g/cm2; 95% CI, 0.15-0.41 g/cm2) but not in the low adolescent-high adult subgroup (-0.12 g/cm2; 95% CI, -0.44 to 0.20 g/cm2) compared with the low adolescent-low adult (reference) subgroup. A sensitivity analysis using a negative-outcome control variable to explore unmeasured confounding supported these findings. The light-intensity trajectories were not associated with femur neck BMD; for example, differences in femur neck BMD between the high decreasing and low nonlinear subgroups were 0.16 g/cm2 (95% CI, -0.08 to 0.40 g/cm2) in male participants and 0.20 g/cm2 (95% CI, -0.05 to 0.44 g/cm2) in female participants. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Supporting high-intensity physical activity throughout early life may help to maximize peak hip strength and prevent osteoporosis in later life. Replication of our findings in independent studies will be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elhakeem
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Heron
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jon H. Tobias
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah A. Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The main goal of this narrative review is to assess whether physical activity (PA) influences peak bone mass and fracture risk. RECENT FINDINGS Several randomized controlled trials (RCT) show that short-term PA intervention programs in childhood improve the accrual of bone mineral. There are now also long-term controlled PA intervention studies demonstrating that both boys and girls with daily school PA through puberty gain higher bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) and greater bone size than boys and girls with school PA 1-2 times/week. These benefits seem to be followed by a gradual reduction in expected fracture rates, so that in children with daily school PA, the incidence rate ratio (IRR) after 8 years is less than half that expected by age. Daily school PA from before to after puberty is associated with beneficial gains in bone traits and gradually lower relative fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus K Karlsson
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Orthopedics and Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE - 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Björn E Rosengren
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Orthopedics and Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE - 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the bone findings, mainly bone mass and fracture risk, in Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS). RECENT FINDINGS Low bone mineral density and fractures seem to be frequent in some of the rare EDS types (kyphoscoliotic, arthrochalasia, spondylodysplastic, and classic-like EDS). For the more prevalent hypermobile and classic EDS types, some case-control studies found mildly decreased bone mineral density, but it was not clear that fracture rates were increased. Nevertheless, abnormalities in vertebral shape seem to be common in classical and hypermobile EDS types. In a cohort of individuals with EDS followed since birth, no fractures were observed during infancy. Bone mineral density varies widely among the different types of EDS, and vertebral abnormalities seem to be common in classical and hypermobile EDS. It might be justified to perform spine radiographs and bone mineral density assessments in newly diagnosed EDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaa Basalom
- Shriners Hospital for Children, 1003 Boulevard Decarie, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Frank Rauch
- Shriners Hospital for Children, 1003 Boulevard Decarie, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
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Patel H, Sammut L, Denison H, Teesdale-Spittle P, Dennison E. The Relationship Between Non-elite Sporting Activity and Calcaneal Bone Density in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Narrative Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2020; 11:167. [PMID: 32210834 PMCID: PMC7069218 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Osteoporotic fractures represent a major public health burden. The risk of fragility fractures in late adulthood is strongly impacted by peak bone mass acquisition by the third decade. Weight-bearing sporting activity may be beneficial to peak bone mass accrual, but previous studies have focused on elite sporting activity and have used dual energy X-ray absorptiometry as a measure of bone density. The authors performed a narrative systematic review of individual sports (performed non-competitively or at local level) and calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (cQUS) bone measures in young people. Methods: Multiple databases were systematically searched up until the 31st of March 2019. The authors included studies of participants' mean age (11–35 years), reporting any level of recreational sporting activity and cQUS measures as well as excluding elite/professional sporting physical activity. Studies (title and abstract) were screened independently by two reviewers, and a third reviewer resolved any discrepancies. STROBE guidelines were used to check the reporting of observational studies. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was used to assess the risk of bias of the studies included in the review. The systematic review was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). Results: A search yielded 29,512 articles that considered relationships between bone density assessed by any technique and sporting activity. Duplicate and out of scope abstracts were removed. This left 424 papers that were screened by two reviewers; of these, six met the inclusion criteria, including assessment by cQUS. The authors identified papers where sports were considered, included soccer (football), swimming, cycling, gymnastics, dancing, badminton, basketball, fencing, wrestling, and judokas. Although study heterogeneity prohibited meta-analysis, all six included studies reported significant benefits of weight-bearing non-elite sports on cQUS outcomes. Conclusion: Our study found beneficial effects of non-elite sports participation on cQUS in adolescence and young adulthood, although further work is now indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansa Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Luke Sammut
- Rheumatology, University Hospital Southampton, Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley Denison
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Paul Teesdale-Spittle
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Elaine Dennison
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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