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Xue W, Zhu B, Zhao K, Huang Q, Luo H, Shou Y, Huang Z, Guo H. Targeting LRP6: A new strategy for cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2024; 204:107200. [PMID: 38710241 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Targeting specific molecular drivers of tumor growth is a key approach in cancer therapy. Among these targets, the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), a vital component of the Wnt signaling pathway, has emerged as an intriguing candidate. As a cell-surface receptor and vital co-receptor, LRP6 is frequently overexpressed in various cancer types, implicating its pivotal role in driving tumor progression. The pursuit of LRP6 as a target for cancer treatment has gained substantial traction, offering a promising avenue for therapeutic intervention. Here, this comprehensive review explores recent breakthroughs in our understanding of LRP6's functions and underlying molecular mechanisms, providing a profound discussion of its involvement in cancer pathogenesis and drug resistance. Importantly, we go beyond discussing LRP6's role in cancer by discussing diverse potential therapeutic approaches targeting this enigmatic protein. These approaches encompass a wide spectrum, including pharmacological agents, natural compounds, non-coding RNAs, epigenetic factors, proteins, and peptides that modulate LRP6 expression or disrupt its interactions. In addition, also discussed the challenges associated with developing LRP6 inhibitors and their advantages over Wnt inhibitors, as well as the drugs that have entered phase II clinical trials. By shedding light on these innovative strategies, we aim to underscore LRP6's significance as a valuable and multifaceted target for cancer treatment, igniting enthusiasm for further research and facilitating translation into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Research and Evaluation of Bioactive Molecules&College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Department of Pharmacy, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530011, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Kaili Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Research and Evaluation of Bioactive Molecules&College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Qiuju Huang
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Research and Evaluation of Bioactive Molecules&College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Hua Luo
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yiwen Shou
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Research and Evaluation of Bioactive Molecules&College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Zhaoquan Huang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Research and Evaluation of Bioactive Molecules&College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
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2
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Kim G, Chen Z, Li J, Luo J, Castro-Martinez F, Wisniewski J, Cui K, Wang Y, Sun J, Ren X, Crawford SE, Becerra SP, Zhu J, Liu T, Wang S, Zhao K, Wu C. Gut-liver axis calibrates intestinal stem cell fitness. Cell 2024; 187:914-930.e20. [PMID: 38280375 PMCID: PMC10923069 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The gut and liver are recognized to mutually communicate through the biliary tract, portal vein, and systemic circulation. However, it remains unclear how this gut-liver axis regulates intestinal physiology. Through hepatectomy and transcriptomic and proteomic profiling, we identified pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a liver-derived soluble Wnt inhibitor, which restrains intestinal stem cell (ISC) hyperproliferation to maintain gut homeostasis by suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Furthermore, we found that microbial danger signals resulting from intestinal inflammation can be sensed by the liver, leading to the repression of PEDF production through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα). This repression liberates ISC proliferation to accelerate tissue repair in the gut. Additionally, treating mice with fenofibrate, a clinical PPARα agonist used for hypolipidemia, enhances colitis susceptibility due to PEDF activity. Therefore, we have identified a distinct role for PEDF in calibrating ISC expansion for intestinal homeostasis through reciprocal interactions between the gut and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girak Kim
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zuojia Chen
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jialie Luo
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Felipe Castro-Martinez
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jan Wisniewski
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kairong Cui
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jialei Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaobai Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Research Institute, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - S Patricia Becerra
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jimin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Taotao Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sui Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Keji Zhao
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chuan Wu
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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3
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Wang J, Yang H, Ma X, Liu J, Li L, Chen L, Wei F. LRP6/filamentous-actin signaling facilitates osteogenic commitment in mechanically induced periodontal ligament stem cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:7. [PMID: 36694134 PMCID: PMC9872397 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanotransduction mechanisms whereby periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) translate mechanical stress into biochemical signals and thereby trigger osteogenic programs necessary for alveolar bone remodeling are being deciphered. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), a Wnt transmembrane receptor, has been qualified as a key monitor for mechanical cues. However, the role of LRP6 in the mechanotransduction of mechanically induced PDLSCs remains obscure. METHODS The Tension System and tooth movement model were established to determine the expression profile of LRP6. The loss-of-function assay was used to investigate the role of LRP6 on force-regulated osteogenic commitment in PDLSCs. The ability of osteogenic differentiation and proliferation was estimated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, ALP activity assay, western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and immunofluorescence. Crystalline violet staining was used to visualize cell morphological change. Western blotting, qRT-PCR, and phalloidin staining were adopted to affirm filamentous actin (F-actin) alteration. YAP nucleoplasmic localization was assessed by immunofluorescence and western blotting. YAP transcriptional response was evaluated by qRT-PCR. Cytochalasin D was used to determine the effects of F-actin on osteogenic commitment and YAP switch behavior in mechanically induced PDLSCs. RESULTS LRP6 was robustly activated in mechanically induced PDLSCs and PDL tissues. LRP6 deficiency impeded force-dependent osteogenic differentiation and proliferation in PDLSCs. Intriguingly, LRP6 loss caused cell morphological aberration, F-actin dynamics disruption, YAP nucleoplasmic relocation, and subsequent YAP inactivation. Moreover, disrupted F-actin dynamics inhibited osteogenic differentiation, proliferation, YAP nuclear translocation, and YAP activation in mechanically induced PDLSCs. CONCLUSIONS We identified that LRP6 in PDLSCs acted as the mechanosensor regulating mechanical stress-inducible osteogenic commitment via the F-actin/YAP cascade. Targeting LRP6 for controlling alveolar bone remodeling may be a prospective therapy to attenuate relapse of orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiao Wang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
| | - Huiqi Yang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
| | - Xiaobei Ma
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
| | - Jiani Liu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
| | - Lan Li
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
| | - Lei Chen
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
| | - Fulan Wei
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
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4
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Xu M, Chen X, Yu Z, Li X. Receptors that bind to PEDF and their therapeutic roles in retinal diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1116136. [PMID: 37139333 PMCID: PMC10149954 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1116136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal neovascular, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory diseases represented by diabetic retinopathy are the main types of blinding eye disorders that continually cause the increased burden worldwide. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is an endogenous factor with multiple effects including neurotrophic activity, anti-angiogenesis, anti-tumorigenesis, and anti-inflammatory activity. PEDF activity depends on the interaction with the proteins on the cell surface. At present, seven independent receptors, including adipose triglyceride lipase, laminin receptor, lipoprotein receptor-related protein, plexin domain-containing 1, plexin domain-containing 2, F1-ATP synthase, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, have been demonstrated and confirmed to be high affinity receptors for PEDF. Understanding the interactions between PEDF and PEDF receptors, their roles in normal cellular metabolism and the response the initiate in disease will be accommodating for elucidating the ways in which inflammation, angiogenesis, and neurodegeneration exacerbate disease pathology. In this review, we firstly introduce PEDF receptors comprehensively, focusing particularly on their expression pattern, ligands, related diseases, and signal transduction pathways, respectively. We also discuss the interactive ways of PEDF and receptors to expand the prospective understanding of PEDF receptors in the diagnosis and treatment of retinal diseases.
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5
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Häfliger J, Schwarzfischer M, Atrott K, Stanzel C, Morsy Y, Wawrzyniak M, Lang S, Valenta T, Basler K, Rogler G, Scharl M, Spalinger MR. Glycoprotein (GP)96 Is Essential for Maintaining Intestinal Epithelial Architecture by Supporting Its Self-Renewal Capacity. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 15:717-739. [PMID: 36516930 PMCID: PMC9879791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Glycoprotein (GP)96 is an endoplasmic reticulum-resident master chaperone for cell surface receptors including the Wnt co-receptors low-density lipoprotein-receptor-related protein 5/6. Intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific deletion of Gp96 is embryonically lethal. However, the role of GP96 in adult intestinal tissue and especially within the intestinal stem cell (ISC) niche is unknown. Here, we investigated how GP96 loss interferes with intestinal homeostasis by compromising viability, proliferation, and differentiation of IECs. METHODS Tamoxifen was used to induce Cre-mediated deletion of Gp96 in GP96-VillincreERT2 (Cre recombinase-Estrogen-Receptor Transgene 2) mice and intestinal organoids. With H&E and immunofluorescence staining we assessed alterations in intestinal morphology and the presence and localization of IEC types. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were performed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the severe phenotype of Gp96 KO mice and organoids. RESULTS IEC-specific deletion of Gp96 in adult mice resulted in a rapid degeneration of the stem cell niche, followed by complete eradication of the epithelial layer and death within a few days. These effects were owing to severe defects in ISC renewal and premature ISC differentiation, which resulted from defective Wnt and Notch signaling. Furthermore, depletion of GP96 led to massive induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Although effects on ISC renewal and adequate differentiation were partly reversed upon activation of Wnt/Notch signaling, viability could not be restored, indicating that reduced viability was mediated by other mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Our work shows that GP96 plays a fundamental role in regulating ISC fate and epithelial regeneration and therefore is indispensable for maintaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Häfliger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marlene Schwarzfischer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kirstin Atrott
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Stanzel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yasser Morsy
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcin Wawrzyniak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tomas Valenta
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Basler
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Marianne R Spalinger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Liu Z, Li C, Liu M, Song Z, Moyer MP, Su D. The Low-density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein 6 Pathway in the Treatment of Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction Induced by Hypoxia and Intestinal Microbiota through the Wnt/β-catenin Pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:4469-4481. [PMID: 35864969 PMCID: PMC9295061 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.72283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study is to explore the key molecular of Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) and the related Wnt/β-catenin pathway regulated by LRP6 during the intestinal barrier dysfunction. Colorectal protein profile analysis showed that LRP6 expression was decreased in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice, and mice received fecal bacteria transplantation from stroke patients. Mice with intestinal hypoxia and intestinal epithelial cells cultured in hypoxia showed decreased expression of LRP6. Overexpression of LPR6 or its N-terminus rescued the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway which was inhibited by hypoxia and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In mice overexpressing of LRP6, the expression of β-catenin and DKK1 increased, Bcl2 decreased, and Bax increased. Mice with LRP6 knockout showed an opposite trend, and the expression of Claudin2, Occludin and ZO-1 decreased. Two drugs, curcumin and auranofin could alleviate intestinal barrier damage in DSS-induced colitis mice by targeting LRP-6. Therefore, gut microbiota dysbiosis and hypoxia can inhibit the LRP6 and Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and drugs targeting LRP6 can protect the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Liu
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510799, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510799, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510799, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Zhen Song
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510799, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | | | - Dan Su
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510799, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University.,INCELL Corporation, San Antonio, Texas, 78249, USA.,Department of Anorectal surgery. The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou 510665, China
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7
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Manoharan I, Swafford D, Shanmugam A, Patel N, Prasad PD, Mohamed R, Wei Q, Dong Z, Thangaraju M, Manicassamy S. Genetic Deletion of LRP5 and LRP6 in Macrophages Exacerbates Colitis-Associated Systemic Inflammation and Kidney Injury in Response to Intestinal Commensal Microbiota. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:368-378. [PMID: 35760519 PMCID: PMC9387749 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Extraintestinal manifestations are common in inflammatory bowel disease and involve several organs, including the kidney. However, the mechanisms responsible for renal manifestation in inflammatory bowel disease are not known. In this study, we show that the Wnt-lipoprotein receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5/6) signaling pathway in macrophages plays a critical role in regulating colitis-associated systemic inflammation and renal injury in a murine dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis model. Conditional deletion of the Wnt coreceptors LRP5/6 in macrophages in mice results in enhanced susceptibility to dextran sodium sulfate colitis-induced systemic inflammation and acute kidney injury (AKI). Furthermore, our studies show that aggravated colitis-associated systemic inflammation and AKI observed in LRP5/6LysM mice are due to increased bacterial translocation to extraintestinal sites and microbiota-dependent increased proinflammatory cytokine levels in the kidney. Conversely, depletion of the gut microbiota mitigated colitis-associated systemic inflammation and AKI in LRP5/6LysM mice. Mechanistically, LRP5/6-deficient macrophages were hyperresponsive to TLR ligands and produced higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines, which are associated with increased activation of MAPKs. These results reveal how the Wnt-LRP5/6 signaling in macrophages controls colitis-induced systemic inflammation and AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indumathi Manoharan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Daniel Swafford
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | | | - Nikhil Patel
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Puttur D Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Riyaz Mohamed
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Qingqing Wei
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
- Research Department, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA; and
| | - Muthusamy Thangaraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Santhakumar Manicassamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA;
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
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8
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Li S, Yang Q, Jiao R, Xu P, Sun Y, Li X. m6A Topological Transition Coupled to Developmental Regulation of Gene Expression During Mammalian Tissue Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:916423. [PMID: 35865625 PMCID: PMC9294180 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.916423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent internal modification and reversible epitranscriptomic mark in messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and plays essential roles in a variety of biological processes. However, the dynamic distribution patterns of m6A and their significance during mammalian tissue development are poorly understood. Here, we found that based on m6A distribution patterns, protein-coding genes were classified into five groups with significantly distinct biological features and functions. Strikingly, comparison of the m6A methylomes of multiple mammalian tissues between fetal and adult stages revealed dynamic m6A topological transition during mammalian tissue development, and identified large numbers of genes with significant m6A loss in 5′UTRs or m6A gain around stop codons. The genes with m6A loss in 5′UTRs were highly enriched in developmental stage-specific genes, and their m6A topological transitions were strongly associated with gene expression regulation during tissue development. The genes with m6A gain around the stop codons were associated with tissue-specific functions. Our findings revealed the existence of different m6A topologies among protein-coding genes that were associated with distinct characteristics. More importantly, these genes with m6A topological transitions were crucial for tissue development via regulation of gene expression, suggesting the importance of dynamic m6A topological transitions during mammalian tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui Jiao
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yazhou Sun
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Yazhou Sun, ; Xin Li,
| | - Xin Li
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Yazhou Sun, ; Xin Li,
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9
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Da Silva F, Zhang K, Pinson A, Fatti E, Wilsch-Bräuninger M, Herbst J, Vidal V, Schedl A, Huttner WB, Niehrs C. Mitotic WNT signalling orchestrates neurogenesis in the developing neocortex. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108041. [PMID: 34431536 PMCID: PMC8488556 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of WNT/β‐catenin signalling in mouse neocortex development remains ambiguous. Most studies demonstrate that WNT/β‐catenin regulates progenitor self‐renewal but others suggest it can also promote differentiation. Here we explore the role of WNT/STOP signalling, which stabilizes proteins during G2/M by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3)‐mediated protein degradation. We show that mice mutant for cyclin Y and cyclin Y‐like 1 (Ccny/l1), key regulators of WNT/STOP signalling, display reduced neurogenesis in the developing neocortex. Specifically, basal progenitors, which exhibit delayed cell cycle progression, were drastically decreased. Ccny/l1‐deficient apical progenitors show reduced asymmetric division due to an increase in apical–basal astral microtubules. We identify the neurogenic transcription factors Sox4 and Sox11 as direct GSK3 targets that are stabilized by WNT/STOP signalling in basal progenitors during mitosis and that promote neuron generation. Our work reveals that WNT/STOP signalling drives cortical neurogenesis and identifies mitosis as a critical phase for neural progenitor fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Da Silva
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kaiqing Zhang
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anneline Pinson
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Edoardo Fatti
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jessica Herbst
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Valerie Vidal
- INSERM, CNRS, iBV, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | | | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christof Niehrs
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
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10
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Unveiling the Roles of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 6 in Intestinal Homeostasis, Regeneration and Oncogenesis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071792. [PMID: 34359960 PMCID: PMC8307932 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial self-renewal is tightly regulated by signaling pathways controlling stem cell proliferation, determination and differentiation. In particular, Wnt/β-catenin signaling controls intestinal crypt cell division, survival and maintenance of the stem cell niche. Most colorectal cancers are initiated by mutations activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Wnt signals are transduced through Frizzled receptors and LRP5/LRP6 coreceptors to downregulate GSK3β activity, resulting in increased nuclear β-catenin. Herein, we explored if LRP6 expression is required for maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, regeneration and oncogenesis. Mice with an intestinal epithelial cell-specific deletion of Lrp6 (Lrp6IEC-KO) were generated and their phenotype analyzed. No difference in intestinal architecture nor in proliferative and stem cell numbers was found in Lrp6IEC-KO mice in comparison to controls. Nevertheless, using ex vivo intestinal organoid cultures, we found that LRP6 expression was critical for crypt cell proliferation and stem cell maintenance. When exposed to dextran sodium sulfate, Lrp6IEC-KO mice developed more severe colitis than control mice. However, loss of LRP6 did not affect tumorigenesis in ApcMin/+ mice nor growth of human colorectal cancer cells. By contrast, Lrp6 silencing diminished anchorage-independent growth of BRafV600E-transformed intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). Thus, LRP6 controls intestinal stem cell functionality and is necessary for BRAF-induced IEC oncogenesis.
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11
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Ju S, Lim L, Wi K, Park C, Ki YJ, Choi DH, Song H. LRP5 Regulates HIF-1α Stability via Interaction with PHD2 in Ischemic Myocardium. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126581. [PMID: 34205318 PMCID: PMC8235097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) has been studied as a co-receptor for Wnt/β-catenin signaling. However, its role in the ischemic myocardium is largely unknown. Here, we show that LRP5 may act as a negative regulator of ischemic heart injury via its interaction with prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2), resulting in hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) degradation. Overexpression of LRP5 in cardiomyocytes promoted hypoxia-induced apoptotic cell death, whereas LRP5-silenced cardiomyocytes were protected from hypoxic insult. Gene expression analysis (mRNA-seq) demonstrated that overexpression of LRP5 limited the expression of HIF-1α target genes. LRP5 promoted HIF-1α degradation, as evidenced by the increased hydroxylation and shorter stability of HIF-1α under hypoxic conditions through the interaction between LRP5 and PHD2. Moreover, the specific phosphorylation of LRP5 at T1492 and S1503 is responsible for enhancing the hydroxylation activity of PHD2, resulting in HIF-1α degradation, which is independent of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Importantly, direct myocardial delivery of adenoviral constructs, silencing LRP5 in vivo, significantly improved cardiac function in infarcted rat hearts, suggesting the potential value of LRP5 as a new target for ischemic injury treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Ju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (S.J.); (K.W.)
| | - Leejin Lim
- Cancer Mutation Research Center, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea;
| | - Kwanhwan Wi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (S.J.); (K.W.)
| | - Changwon Park
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA;
| | - Young-Jae Ki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (D.-H.C.)
| | - Dong-Hyun Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (D.-H.C.)
| | - Heesang Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (S.J.); (K.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-62-230-6290
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12
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Sprangers J, Zaalberg IC, Maurice MM. Organoid-based modeling of intestinal development, regeneration, and repair. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:95-107. [PMID: 33208888 PMCID: PMC7852609 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00665-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium harbors a remarkable adaptability to undergo injury-induced repair. A key part of the regenerative response is the transient reprogramming of epithelial cells into a fetal-like state, which drives uniform proliferation, tissue remodeling, and subsequent restoration of the homeostatic state. In this review, we discuss how Wnt and YAP signaling pathways control the intestinal repair response and the transitioning of cell states, in comparison with the process of intestinal development. Furthermore, we highlight how organoid-based applications have contributed to the characterization of the mechanistic principles and key players that guide these developmental and regenerative events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joep Sprangers
- Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Irene C Zaalberg
- Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Madelon M Maurice
- Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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13
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Yu L, Wang L, Yi H, Wu X. LRP6-CRISPR prevents activation of hepatic stellate cells and liver fibrogenesis in rats. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:397-408. [PMID: 32194892 PMCID: PMC7061824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study elaborated on the function of Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), a critical component of Wnt signaling, in liver fibrosis. This study enrolled sixty-eight patients with liver fibrosis, with ten healthy liver tissue samples, served as the controls. A lentiviral vector expressing LRP6-CRISPR was constructed. Immortalized HSC-T6 cells were transfected with LRP6-CRISPR. A rat model of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis was established, and rats were injected with lentiviral vectors expressing LRP6-CRISPR. LRP6 expression and fibrosis biomarkers were examined by PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence assay, respectively. HSC growth and its ability of migration and invasion were evaluated by MTT and Transwell assay, separately. Wnt signaling activity was examined by Luciferase reporter assay. LRP6 was overexpressed in human fibrotic-liver tissues, and the expression of LRP6 was correlated with liver fibrosis stages. LRP6 knockout with CRISPR suppressed the Wnt signaling activities and consequently repressed HSC activation and relived liver injury in fibrotic-liver model rats. Our data revealed that the knockout of LRP6 weakens the binding of Wnt ligand with its cell surface receptors, the first step of Wnt transduction cascade, and consequently repressed HSC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghua Yu
- Center for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing CollegeJiaxing, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Huixing Yi
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Center for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing CollegeJiaxing, Zhejiang Province, PR China
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14
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Luther J, Yorgan TA, Rolvien T, Ulsamer L, Koehne T, Liao N, Keller D, Vollersen N, Teufel S, Neven M, Peters S, Schweizer M, Trumpp A, Rosigkeit S, Bockamp E, Mundlos S, Kornak U, Oheim R, Amling M, Schinke T, David JP. Wnt1 is an Lrp5-independent bone-anabolic Wnt ligand. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/466/eaau7137. [PMID: 30404864 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau7137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
WNT1 mutations in humans are associated with a new form of osteogenesis imperfecta and with early-onset osteoporosis, suggesting a key role of WNT1 in bone mass regulation. However, the general mode of action and the therapeutic potential of Wnt1 in clinically relevant situations such as aging remain to be established. Here, we report the high prevalence of heterozygous WNT1 mutations in patients with early-onset osteoporosis. We show that inactivation of Wnt1 in osteoblasts causes severe osteoporosis and spontaneous bone fractures in mice. In contrast, conditional Wnt1 expression in osteoblasts promoted rapid bone mass increase in developing young, adult, and aged mice by rapidly increasing osteoblast numbers and function. Contrary to current mechanistic models, loss of Lrp5, the co-receptor thought to transmit extracellular WNT signals during bone mass regulation, did not reduce the bone-anabolic effect of Wnt1, providing direct evidence that Wnt1 function does not require the LRP5 co-receptor. The identification of Wnt1 as a regulator of bone formation and remodeling provides the basis for development of Wnt1-targeting drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Luther
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timur Alexander Yorgan
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Rolvien
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Ulsamer
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Koehne
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nannan Liao
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Keller
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nele Vollersen
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Teufel
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mona Neven
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Peters
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Trumpp
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rosigkeit
- Institute for Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, D 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ernesto Bockamp
- Institute for Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, D 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mundlos
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, D 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Kornak
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, D 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Oheim
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Jean-Pierre David
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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15
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Mak KM, Png CYM. The Hepatic Central Vein: Structure, Fibrosis, and Role in Liver Biology. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1747-1767. [PMID: 31581357 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The hepatic central vein is a primary source of Wnt2, Wnt9b, and R-spondin3. These angiocrines activate ß-catenin signaling to regulate hepatic metabolic zonation and perivenous gene expression in mice. Little is known about the central vein ultrastructure. Here, we describe the morphological-functional correlates of the central vein and its draining and branching patterns. Central vein fibrosis occurs in liver disease and is often accompanied by perivenous perisinusoidal fibrosis, which may affect perivenous gene expression. We review the biological properties of perivenous hepatocytes and glutamine synthetase that serve as a biomarker of perivenous hepatocytes. Glutamine synthetase and P4502E1 are indicators of ß-catenin activity in centrilobular liver injury and regeneration. The Wnt/ß-catenin pathway is the master regulator of hepatic metabolic zonation and perivenous gene expression and is modulated by the R-spondin-LGR4/5-ZNRF3/RNF43 module. We examined the structures of the molecules of these pathways and their involvements in liver biology. Central vein-derived Wnts and R-spondin3 participate in the cellular-molecular circuitry of the Wnt/ß-catenin and R-spondin-LGR4/5-ZNRF3/RNF43 module. The transport and secretion of lipidated Wnts in Wnt-producing cells require Wntless protein. Secreted Wnts are carried on exosomes in the extracellular matrix to responder cells. The modes of release of Wnts and R-spondin3 from central veins and their transit in the venular wall toward perivenous hepatocytes are unknown. We hypothesize that central vein fibrosis may impact perivenous gene expression. The proposal that the central vein constitutes an anatomical niche of perivenous stem cells that subserve homeostatic hepatic renewal still needs studies using additional mouse models for validation. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy Anat Rec, 303:1747-1767, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki M Mak
- Department of Medical Education and Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - C Y Maximilian Png
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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16
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A Role for the WNT Co-Receptor LRP6 in Pathogenesis and Therapy of Epithelial Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081162. [PMID: 31412666 PMCID: PMC6721565 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway controls stem and progenitor cell proliferation, survival and differentiation in epithelial tissues. Aberrant stimulation of this pathway is therefore frequently observed in cancers from epithelial origin. For instance, colorectal and hepatic cancers display activating mutations in the CTNNB1 gene encoding β-catenin, or inactivating APC and AXIN gene mutations. However, these mutations are uncommon in breast and pancreatic cancers despite nuclear β-catenin localization, indicative of pathway activation. Notably, the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), an indispensable co-receptor for WNT, is frequently overexpressed in colorectal, liver, breast and pancreatic adenocarcinomas in association with increased WNT/β -catenin signaling. Moreover, LRP6 is hyperphosphorylated in KRAS-mutated cells and in patient-derived colorectal tumours. Polymorphisms in the LRP6 gene are also associated with different susceptibility to developing specific types of lung, bladder and colorectal cancers. Additionally, recent observations suggest that LRP6 dysfunction may be involved in carcinogenesis. Indeed, reducing LRP6 expression and/or activity inhibits cancer cell proliferation and delays tumour growth in vivo. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the biological function and regulation of LRP6 in the development of epithelial cancers—especially colorectal, liver, breast and pancreatic cancers.
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17
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Ye P, Chiang YJ, Qi Z, Li Y, Wang S, Liu Y, Li X, Chen YG. Tankyrases maintain homeostasis of intestinal epithelium by preventing cell death. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007697. [PMID: 30260955 PMCID: PMC6177203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells are crucial for fast homeostatic renewal of intestinal epithelium and Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays an essential role in this process by sustaining stem cell self-renewal. The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases tankyrases (TNKSs) mediate protein poly-ADP-ribosylation and are involved in multiple cellular processes such as Wnt signaling regulation, mitotic progression and telomere maintenance. However, little is known about the physiological function of TNKSs in epithelium homeostasis regulation. Here, using Villin-creERT2;Tnks1-/-;Tnks2fl/fl (DKO) mice, we observed that loss of TNKSs causes a rapid decrease of Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells and magnified apoptosis in small intestinal crypts, leading to intestine degeneration and increased mouse mortality. Consistently, deletion of Tnks or blockage of TNKS activity with the inhibitor XAV939 significantly inhibits the growth of intestinal organoids. We further showed that the Wnt signaling agonist CHIR99021 sustains the growth of DKO organoids, and XAV939 does not cause growth retardation of Apc-/- organoids. Consistent with the promoting function of TNKSs in Wnt signaling, Wnt/β-catenin signaling is significantly decreased with stabilized Axin in DKO crypts. Together, our findings unravel the essential role of TNKSs-mediated protein parsylation in small intestinal homeostasis by modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Although tankyrases have been indicated to play important roles in telomere maintenance, mitosis and Wnt signaling regulation, little is known about their physiological function in intestinal epithelium. Using Villin-creERT2;Tnks1-/-;Tnks2fl/fl mice, which harbored conventional Tnks1 deletion and inducible intestinal epithelium-specific Tnks2 knockout, we show that tankyrases regulate adult intestinal Lgr5+ stem cells and epithelium homeostasis by preventing cell death and promoting cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Ye
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Y. Jeffrey Chiang
- Experimental Immunology Branch, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhen Qi
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yehua Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xintong Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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18
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Ramachandran B, Stabley JN, Cheng SL, Behrmann AS, Gay A, Li L, Mead M, Kozlitina J, Lemoff A, Mirzaei H, Chen Z, Towler DA. A GTPase-activating protein-binding protein (G3BP1)/antiviral protein relay conveys arteriosclerotic Wnt signals in aortic smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7942-7968. [PMID: 29626090 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In aortic vascular smooth muscle (VSM), the canonical Wnt receptor LRP6 inhibits protein arginine (Arg) methylation, a new component of noncanonical Wnt signaling that stimulates nuclear factor of activated T cells (viz NFATc4). To better understand how methylation mediates these actions, MS was performed on VSM cell extracts from control and LRP6-deficient mice. LRP6-dependent Arg methylation was regulated on >500 proteins; only 21 exhibited increased monomethylation (MMA) with concomitant reductions in dimethylation. G3BP1, a known regulator of arteriosclerosis, exhibited a >30-fold increase in MMA in its C-terminal domain. Co-transfection studies confirm that G3BP1 (G3BP is Ras-GAP SH3 domain-binding protein) methylation is inhibited by LRP6 and that G3BP1 stimulates NFATc4 transcription. NFATc4 association with VSM osteopontin (OPN) and alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) chromatin was increased with LRP6 deficiency and reduced with G3BP1 deficiency. G3BP1 activation of NFATc4 mapped to G3BP1 domains supporting interactions with RIG-I (retinoic acid inducible gene I), a stimulus for mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) that drives cardiovascular calcification in humans when mutated in Singleton-Merten syndrome (SGMRT2). Gain-of-function SGMRT2/RIG-I mutants increased G3BP1 methylation and synergized with osteogenic transcription factors (Runx2 and NFATc4). A chemical antagonist of G3BP, C108 (C108 is 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2-[1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethylidene]hydrazide CAS 15533-09-2), down-regulated RIG-I-stimulated G3BP1 methylation, Wnt/NFAT signaling, VSM TNAP activity, and calcification. G3BP1 deficiency reduced RIG-I protein levels and VSM osteogenic programs. Like G3BP1 and RIG-I deficiency, MAVS deficiency reduced VSM osteogenic signals, including TNAP activity and Wnt5-dependent nuclear NFATc4 levels. Aortic calcium accumulation is decreased in MAVS-deficient LDLR-/- mice fed arteriosclerotic diets. The G3BP1/RIG-I/MAVS relay is a component of Wnt signaling. Targeting this relay may help mitigate arteriosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Ramachandran
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - John N Stabley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Su-Li Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Abraham S Behrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Austin Gay
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Li Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Megan Mead
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Julia Kozlitina
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Andrew Lemoff
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Hamid Mirzaei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Zhijian Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Dwight A Towler
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390.
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19
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Swafford D, Shanmugam A, Ranganathan P, Hussein MS, Koni PA, Prasad PD, Thangaraju M, Manicassamy S. Canonical Wnt Signaling in CD11c + APCs Regulates Microbiota-Induced Inflammation and Immune Cell Homeostasis in the Colon. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3259-3268. [PMID: 29602775 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling occurs in several inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease and inflammatory bowel disease-associated colon carcinogenesis. However, its role in shaping mucosal immune responses to commensals in the gut remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the importance of canonical Wnt signaling in CD11c+ APCs in controlling intestinal inflammation. Using a mouse model of ulcerative colitis, we demonstrated that canonical Wnt signaling in intestinal CD11c+ APCs controls intestinal inflammation by imparting an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Genetic deletion of Wnt coreceptors, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5/6) in CD11c+ APCs in LRP5/6ΔCD11c mice, resulted in enhanced intestinal inflammation with increased histopathological severity of colonic tissue. This was due to microbiota-dependent increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and decreased expression of immune-regulatory factors such as IL-10, retinoic acid, and IDO. Mechanistically, loss of LRP5/6-mediated signaling in CD11c+ APCs resulted in altered microflora and T cell homeostasis. Furthermore, our study demonstrates that conditional activation of β-catenin in CD11c+ APCs in LRP5/6ΔCD11c mice resulted in reduced intestinal inflammation with decreased histopathological severity of colonic tissue. These results reveal a mechanism by which intestinal APCs control intestinal inflammation and immune homeostasis via the canonical Wnt-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Swafford
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | | | | | | | - Pandelakis A Koni
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; and.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Puttur D Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; and
| | - Muthusamy Thangaraju
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; and
| | - Santhakumar Manicassamy
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; and.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
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20
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Saito-Diaz K, Benchabane H, Tiwari A, Tian A, Li B, Thompson JJ, Hyde AS, Sawyer LM, Jodoin JN, Santos E, Lee LA, Coffey RJ, Beauchamp RD, Williams CS, Kenworthy AK, Robbins DJ, Ahmed Y, Lee E. APC Inhibits Ligand-Independent Wnt Signaling by the Clathrin Endocytic Pathway. Dev Cell 2018; 44:566-581.e8. [PMID: 29533772 PMCID: PMC5884143 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) mutations cause Wnt pathway activation in human cancers. Current models for APC action emphasize its role in promoting β-catenin degradation downstream of Wnt receptors. Unexpectedly, we find that blocking Wnt receptor activity in APC-deficient cells inhibits Wnt signaling independently of Wnt ligand. We also show that inducible loss of APC is rapidly followed by Wnt receptor activation and increased β-catenin levels. In contrast, APC2 loss does not promote receptor activation. We show that APC exists in a complex with clathrin and that Wnt pathway activation in APC-deficient cells requires clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Finally, we demonstrate conservation of this mechanism in Drosophila intestinal stem cells. We propose a model in which APC and APC2 function to promote β-catenin degradation, and APC also acts as a molecular "gatekeeper" to block receptor activation via the clathrin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenyi Saito-Diaz
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Hassina Benchabane
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Ajit Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ai Tian
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Molecular Oncology Program, Division of Surgical Oncology, Dewitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Joshua J Thompson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Annastasia S Hyde
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Leah M Sawyer
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeanne N Jodoin
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Eduardo Santos
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Laura A Lee
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - R Daniel Beauchamp
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Christopher S Williams
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Anne K Kenworthy
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David J Robbins
- Molecular Oncology Program, Division of Surgical Oncology, Dewitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Yashi Ahmed
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
| | - Ethan Lee
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Abstract
A role for low-density lipoprotein-related receptor 5 (LRP5) in human bone was first established by the identification of genetic alterations that led to dramatic changes in bone mass. Shortly thereafter, mutations that altered the function of the sclerostin (SOST) gene were also associated with altered human bone mass. Subsequent studies of LRP5 and sclerostin have provided important insights into the mechanisms by which these proteins regulate skeletal homeostasis. Sclerostin normally binds to LRP5 and the related LRP6 protein and prevents their activation by Wnts, the LRP5/LRP6 ligands. The interaction of sclerostin with LRP5 or LRP6 is facilitated by the LRP4 protein. Loss of LRP5 leads to defective osteoblast function and low bone mass, while loss of SOST or mutations in LRP5, which produce a protein that can no longer be bound by SOST, result in high bone mass. Insights gained from the use of genetically engineered mouse models are presented, as well as a brief summary of the status of antibodies in clinical trials that block the function of SOST as a mechanism to increase bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart O Williams
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology and Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Van Andel Research Institute, United States.
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22
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Yang T, Williams BO. Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Proteins in Skeletal Development and Disease. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1211-1228. [PMID: 28615463 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) provided a foundation for subsequent studies in lipoprotein metabolism, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and many other fundamental biological functions. The importance of the LDLR led to numerous studies that identified homologous molecules and ultimately resulted in the description of the LDL-receptor superfamily, a group of proteins that contain domains also found in the LDLR. Subsequent studies have revealed that members of the LDLR-related protein family play roles in regulating many aspects of signal transduction. This review is focused on the roles of selected members of this protein family in skeletal development and disease. We present background on the identification of this subgroup of receptors, discuss the phenotypes associated with alterations in their function in human patients and mouse models, and describe the current efforts to therapeutically target these proteins to treat human skeletal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Bart O Williams
- Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
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23
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Harnessing low-density lipoprotein receptor protein 6 (LRP6) genetic variation and Wnt signaling for innovative diagnostics in complex diseases. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2017; 18:351-358. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2017.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Expression of Ifnlr1 on Intestinal Epithelial Cells Is Critical to the Antiviral Effects of Interferon Lambda against Norovirus and Reovirus. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02079-16. [PMID: 28077655 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02079-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lambda interferon (IFN-λ) has potent antiviral effects against multiple enteric viral pathogens, including norovirus and rotavirus, in both preventing and curing infection. Because the intestine includes a diverse array of cell types, however, the cell(s) upon which IFN-λ acts to exert its antiviral effects is unclear. Here, we sought to identify IFN-λ-responsive cells by generation of mice with lineage-specific deletion of the receptor for IFN-λ, Ifnlr1 We found that expression of IFNLR1 on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in the small intestine and colon is required for enteric IFN-λ antiviral activity. IEC Ifnlr1 expression also determines the efficacy of IFN-λ in resolving persistent murine norovirus (MNoV) infection and regulates fecal shedding and viral titers in tissue. Thus, the expression of Ifnlr1 by IECs is necessary for the response to both endogenous and exogenous IFN-λ. We further demonstrate that IEC Ifnlr1 expression is required for the sterilizing innate immune effects of IFN-λ by extending these findings in Rag1-deficient mice. Finally, we assessed whether our findings pertained to multiple viral pathogens by infecting mice specifically lacking IEC Ifnlr1 expression with reovirus. These mice phenocopied Ifnlr1-null animals, exhibiting increased intestinal tissue titers and enhanced reovirus fecal shedding. Thus, IECs are the critical cell type responding to IFN-λ to control multiple enteric viruses. This is the first genetic evidence that supports an essential role for IECs in IFN-λ-mediated control of enteric viral infection, and these findings provide insight into the mechanism of IFN-λ-mediated antiviral activity.IMPORTANCE Human noroviruses (HNoVs) are the leading cause of epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. Type III interferons (IFN-λ) control enteric viral infections in the gut and have been shown to cure mouse norovirus, a small-animal model for HNoVs. Using a genetic approach with conditional knockout mice, we identified IECs as the dominant IFN-λ-responsive cells in control of enteric virus infection in vivo Upon murine norovirus or reovirus infection, Ifnlr1 depletion in IECs largely recapitulated the phenotype seen in Ifnlr1-/- mice of higher intestinal tissue viral titers and increased viral shedding in the stool. Moreover, IFN-λ-mediated sterilizing immunity against murine norovirus requires the capacity of IECs to respond to IFN-λ. These findings clarify the mechanism of action of this cytokine and emphasize the therapeutic potential of IFN-λ for treating mucosal viral infections.
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25
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Chin AM, Hill DR, Aurora M, Spence JR. Morphogenesis and maturation of the embryonic and postnatal intestine. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 66:81-93. [PMID: 28161556 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intestine is a vital organ responsible for nutrient absorption, bile and waste excretion, and a major site of host immunity. In order to keep up with daily demands, the intestine has evolved a mechanism to expand the absorptive surface area by undergoing a morphogenetic process to generate finger-like units called villi. These villi house specialized cell types critical for both absorbing nutrients from food, and for protecting the host from commensal and pathogenic microbes present in the adult gut. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms that coordinate intestinal development, growth, and maturation of the small intestine, starting from the formation of the early gut tube, through villus morphogenesis and into early postnatal life when the intestine must adapt to the acquisition of nutrients through food intake, and to interactions with microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana M Chin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - David R Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Megan Aurora
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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26
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Okabe H, Yang J, Sylakowski K, Yovchev M, Miyagawa Y, Nagarajan S, Chikina M, Thompson M, Oertel M, Baba H, Monga SP, Nejak-Bowen KN. Wnt signaling regulates hepatobiliary repair following cholestatic liver injury in mice. Hepatology 2016; 64:1652-1666. [PMID: 27533619 PMCID: PMC5074849 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatic repair is directed chiefly by the proliferation of resident mature epithelial cells. Furthermore, if predominant injury is to cholangiocytes, the hepatocytes can transdifferentiate to cholangiocytes to assist in the repair and vice versa, as shown by various fate-tracing studies. However, the molecular bases of reprogramming remain elusive. Using two models of biliary injury where repair occurs through cholangiocyte proliferation and hepatocyte transdifferentiation to cholangiocytes, we identify an important role of Wnt signaling. First we identify up-regulation of specific Wnt proteins in the cholangiocytes. Next, using conditional knockouts of Wntless and Wnt coreceptors low-density lipoprotein-related protein 5/6, transgenic mice expressing stable β-catenin, and in vitro studies, we show a role of Wnt signaling through β-catenin in hepatocyte to biliary transdifferentiation. Last, we show that specific Wnts regulate cholangiocyte proliferation, but in a β-catenin-independent manner. CONCLUSION Wnt signaling regulates hepatobiliary repair after cholestatic injury in both β-catenin-dependent and -independent manners. (Hepatology 2016;64:1652-1666).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Okabe
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kyle Sylakowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mladen Yovchev
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yoshitaka Miyagawa
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Shanmugam Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Maria Chikina
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Michael Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Michael Oertel
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satdarshan P Monga
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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27
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Chin AM, Tsai YH, Finkbeiner SR, Nagy MS, Walker EM, Ethen NJ, Williams BO, Battle MA, Spence JR. A Dynamic WNT/β-CATENIN Signaling Environment Leads to WNT-Independent and WNT-Dependent Proliferation of Embryonic Intestinal Progenitor Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:826-839. [PMID: 27720905 PMCID: PMC5106483 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Much of our understanding about how intestinal stem and progenitor cells are regulated comes from studying the late fetal stages of development and the adult intestine. In this light, little is known about intestine development prior to the formation of stereotypical villus structures with columnar epithelium, a stage when the epithelium is pseudostratified and appears to be a relatively uniform population of progenitor cells with high proliferative capacity. Here, we investigated a role for WNT/β-CATENIN signaling during the pseudostratified stages of development (E13.5, E14.5) and following villus formation (E15.5) in mice. In contrast to the well-described role for WNT/β-CATENIN signaling as a regulator of stem/progenitor cells in the late fetal and adult gut, conditional epithelial deletion of β-catenin or the Frizzled co-receptors Lrp5 and Lrp6 had no effect on epithelial progenitor cell proliferation in the pseudostratified epithelium. Mutant embryos displayed obvious developmental defects, including loss of proliferation and disruptions in villus formation starting only at E15.5. Mechanistically, our data suggest that WNT signaling-mediated proliferation at the time of villus formation is driven by mesenchymal, but not epithelial, WNT ligand secretion. WNT/β-CATENIN signaling is not required for proliferation during pseudostratified growth Deleting epithelial β-catenin causes loss of proliferation during villus morphogenesis Loss of WNT/β-CATENIN signaling leads to perturbations in villus formation Mesenchymal, not epithelial, WNT ligands are required for epithelial proliferation
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana M Chin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stacy R Finkbeiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Melinda S Nagy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Emily M Walker
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Nicole J Ethen
- Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Bart O Williams
- Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Michele A Battle
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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28
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Jackson H, Granger D, Jones G, Anderson L, Friel S, Rycroft D, Fieles W, Tunstead J, Steward M, Wattam T, Walker A, Griggs J, Al-Hajj M, Shelton C. Novel Bispecific Domain Antibody to LRP6 Inhibits Wnt and R-spondin Ligand-Induced Wnt Signaling and Tumor Growth. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:859-68. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Critical Endothelial Regulation by LRP5 during Retinal Vascular Development. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152833. [PMID: 27031698 PMCID: PMC4816525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular abnormalities in the eye are the leading cause of many forms of inherited and acquired human blindness. Loss-of-function mutations in the Wnt-binding co-receptor LRP5 leads to aberrant ocular vascularization and loss of vision in genetic disorders such as osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome. The canonical Wnt-β-catenin pathway is known to regulate retinal vascular development. However, it is unclear what precise role LPR5 plays in this process. Here, we show that loss of LRP5 function in mice causes retinal hypovascularization during development as well as retinal neovascularization in adulthood with disorganized and leaky vessels. Using a highly specific Flk1-CreBreier line for vascular endothelial cells, together with several genetic models, we demonstrate that loss of endothelium-derived LRP5 recapitulates the retinal vascular defects in Lrp5-/- mice. In addition, restoring LRP5 function only in endothelial cells in Lrp5-/- mice rescues their retinal vascular abnormalities. Furthermore, we show that retinal vascularization is regulated by LRP5 in a dosage dependent manner and does not depend on LRP6. Our study provides the first direct evidence that endothelium-derived LRP5 is both necessary and sufficient to mediate its critical role in the development and maintenance of retinal vasculature.
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30
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Williams BO. Genetically engineered mouse models to evaluate the role of Wnt secretion in bone development and homeostasis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2016; 172C:24-6. [PMID: 26818176 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Alterations in components of the Wnt signaling pathway are associated with altered bone development and homeostasis in several human diseases. We created genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) that mimic the cellular defect associated with the Porcupine mutations in patients with Goltz Syndrome/Focal Dermal Hypoplasia. These GEMMs were established by utilizing mice containing a conditionally inactivatable allele of Wntless/GPR177 (a gene encoding a protein required for the transport of Porcupine-modified ligand to the plasma membrane for secretion). We crossed this strain to another which drives cre-mediated gene deletion in mature osteoblasts (Osteocalcin-cre) resulted in mice lacking the ability to secrete Wnt ligands in this cell type. These mice displayed severely reduced bone mass and provide a model to understand the effects of disrupting the ability to secrete Wnt ligands on the skeletal system.
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31
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Hong Y, Manoharan I, Suryawanshi A, Shanmugam A, Swafford D, Ahmad S, Chinnadurai R, Manicassamy B, He Y, Mellor AL, Thangaraju M, Munn DH, Manicassamy S. Deletion of LRP5 and LRP6 in dendritic cells enhances antitumor immunity. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1115941. [PMID: 27141399 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1115941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) contains high levels of the Wnt family of ligands, and aberrant Wnt-signaling occurs in many tumors. Past studies have been directed toward how the Wnt signaling cascade regulates cancer development, progression and metastasis. However, its effects on host antitumor immunity remain unknown. In this report, we show that Wnts in the TME condition dendritic cells (DCs) to a regulatory state and suppress host antitumor immunity. DC-specific deletion of Wnt co-receptors low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 and 6 (LRP5/6) in mice markedly delayed tumor growth and enhanced host antitumor immunity. Mechanistically, loss of LRP5/6-mediated signaling in DCs resulted in enhanced effector T cell differentiation and decreased regulatory T cell differentiation. This was due to increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased production of IL-10, TGF-β1 and retinoic acid (RA). Likewise, pharmacological inhibition of the Wnts' interaction with its cognate co-receptors LRP5/6 and Frizzled (Fzd) receptors had similar effects on tumor growth and effector T cell responses. Moreover, blocking Wnt-signaling in DCs resulted in enhanced capture of tumor-associated antigens and efficient cross-priming of CD8+ T cells. Hence, blocking the Wnt pathway represents a potential therapeutic to overcome tumor-mediated immune suppression and augment antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hong
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, GRU Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University , Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Indumathi Manoharan
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, GRU Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University , Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Amol Suryawanshi
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, GRU Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University , Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Arulkumaran Shanmugam
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, GRU Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University , Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Swafford
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, GRU Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University , Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Shamim Ahmad
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, GRU Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University , Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Raghavan Chinnadurai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Yukai He
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, GRU Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew L Mellor
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, GRU Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Muthusamy Thangaraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University , Augusta, GA, USA
| | - David H Munn
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, GRU Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Santhakumar Manicassamy
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, GRU Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
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32
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Wnts are dispensable for differentiation and self-renewal of adult murine hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 2015; 126:1086-94. [PMID: 26089398 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-09-598540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling controls early embryonic hematopoiesis and dysregulated β-catenin is implicated in leukemia. However, the role of Wnts and their source in adult hematopoiesis is still unclear, and is clinically important as upstream Wnt inhibitors enter clinical trials. We blocked Wnt secretion in hematopoietic lineages by targeting Porcn, a membrane-bound O-acyltransferase that is indispensable for the activity and secretion of all vertebrate Wnts. Surprisingly, deletion of Porcn in Rosa-CreER(T2)/Porcn(Del), MX1-Cre/Porcn(Del), and Vav-Cre/Porcn(Del) mice had no effects on proliferation, differentiation, or self-renewal of adult hematopoietic stem cells. Targeting Wnt secretion in the bone marrow niche by treatment with a PORCN inhibitor, C59, similarly had no effect on hematopoiesis. These results exclude a role for hematopoietic PORCN-dependent Wnts in adult hematopoiesis. Clinical use of upstream Wnt inhibitors is not likely to be limited by effects on hematopoiesis.
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33
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Finkbeiner SR, Hill DR, Altheim CH, Dedhia PH, Taylor MJ, Tsai YH, Chin AM, Mahe MM, Watson CL, Freeman JJ, Nattiv R, Thomson M, Klein OD, Shroyer NF, Helmrath MA, Teitelbaum DH, Dempsey PJ, Spence JR. Transcriptome-wide Analysis Reveals Hallmarks of Human Intestine Development and Maturation In Vitro and In Vivo. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 4:S2213-6711(15)00122-8. [PMID: 26050928 PMCID: PMC4471827 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) are a tissue culture model in which small intestine-like tissue is generated from pluripotent stem cells. By carrying out unsupervised hierarchical clustering of RNA-sequencing data, we demonstrate that HIOs most closely resemble human fetal intestine. We observed that genes involved in digestive tract development are enriched in both fetal intestine and HIOs compared to adult tissue, whereas genes related to digestive function and Paneth cell host defense are expressed at higher levels in adult intestine. Our study also revealed that the intestinal stem cell marker OLFM4 is expressed at very low levels in fetal intestine and in HIOs, but is robust in adult crypts. We validated our findings using in vivo transplantation to show that HIOs become more adult-like after transplantation. Our study emphasizes important maturation events that occur in the intestine during human development and demonstrates that HIOs can be used to model fetal-to-adult maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy R Finkbeiner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David R Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christopher H Altheim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Priya H Dedhia
- Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthew J Taylor
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alana M Chin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Maxime M Mahe
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Carey L Watson
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of General Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jennifer J Freeman
- Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Roy Nattiv
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Franciso, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew Thomson
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Franciso, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Franciso, CA 94143, USA; Program in Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Franciso, CA 94143, USA; Center for Craniofacial Anomalies, University of California, San Francisco, San Franciso, CA 94143, USA
| | - Noah F Shroyer
- Department of Medicine Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael A Helmrath
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of General Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Daniel H Teitelbaum
- Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter J Dempsey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Cheng SL, Ramachandran B, Behrmann A, Shao JS, Mead M, Smith C, Krchma K, Bello Arredondo Y, Kovacs A, Kapoor K, Brill LM, Perera R, Williams BO, Towler DA. Vascular smooth muscle LRP6 limits arteriosclerotic calcification in diabetic LDLR-/- mice by restraining noncanonical Wnt signals. Circ Res 2015; 117:142-56. [PMID: 26034040 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.306712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Wnt signaling regulates key aspects of diabetic vascular disease. OBJECTIVE We generated SM22-Cre;LRP6(fl/fl);LDLR(-/-) mice to determine contributions of Wnt coreceptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) in the vascular smooth muscle lineage of male low-density lipoprotein receptor-null mice, a background susceptible to diet (high-fat diet)-induced diabetic arteriosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS As compared with LRP6(fl/fl);LDLR(-/-) controls, SM22-Cre;LRP6(fl/fl);LDLR(-/-) (LRP6-VKO) siblings exhibited increased aortic calcification on high-fat diet without changes in fasting glucose, lipids, or body composition. Pulse wave velocity (index of arterial stiffness) was also increased. Vascular calcification paralleled enhanced aortic osteochondrogenic programs and circulating osteopontin (OPN), a matricellular regulator of arteriosclerosis. Survey of ligands and Frizzled (Fzd) receptor profiles in LRP6-VKO revealed upregulation of canonical and noncanonical Wnts alongside Fzd10. Fzd10 stimulated noncanonical signaling and OPN promoter activity via an upstream stimulatory factor (USF)-activated cognate inhibited by LRP6. RNA interference revealed that USF1 but not USF2 supports OPN expression in LRP6-VKO vascular smooth muscle lineage, and immunoprecipitation confirmed increased USF1 association with OPN chromatin. ML141, an antagonist of cdc42/Rac1 noncanonical signaling, inhibited USF1 activation, osteochondrogenic programs, alkaline phosphatase, and vascular smooth muscle lineage calcification. Mass spectrometry identified LRP6 binding to protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT)-1, and nuclear asymmetrical dimethylarginine modification was increased with LRP6-VKO. RNA interference demonstrated that PRMT1 inhibits OPN and TNAP, whereas PRMT4 supports expression. USF1 complexes containing the histone H3 asymmetrically dimethylated on Arg-17 signature of PRMT4 are increased with LRP6-VKO. Jmjd6, a demethylase downregulated with LRP6 deficiency, inhibits OPN and TNAP expression, USF1: histone H3 asymmetrically dimethylated on Arg-17 complex formation, and transactivation. CONCLUSIONS LRP6 restrains vascular smooth muscle lineage noncanonical signals that promote osteochondrogenic differentiation, mediated in part via USF1- and arginine methylation-dependent relays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Li Cheng
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Bindu Ramachandran
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Abraham Behrmann
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Jian-Su Shao
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Megan Mead
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Carolyn Smith
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Karen Krchma
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Yoanna Bello Arredondo
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Attila Kovacs
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Kapil Kapoor
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Laurence M Brill
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Ranjan Perera
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Bart O Williams
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Dwight A Towler
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.).
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Tian H, Biehs B, Chiu C, Siebel CW, Wu Y, Costa M, de Sauvage FJ, Klein OD. Opposing activities of Notch and Wnt signaling regulate intestinal stem cells and gut homeostasis. Cell Rep 2015; 11:33-42. [PMID: 25818302 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper organ homeostasis requires tight control of adult stem cells and differentiation through the integration of multiple inputs. In the mouse small intestine, Notch and Wnt signaling are required both for stem cell maintenance and for a proper balance of differentiation between secretory and absorptive cell lineages. In the absence of Notch signaling, stem cells preferentially generate secretory cells at the expense of absorptive cells. Here, we use function-blocking antibodies against Notch receptors to demonstrate that Notch blockade perturbs intestinal stem cell function by causing a derepression of the Wnt signaling pathway, leading to misexpression of prosecretory genes. Importantly, attenuation of the Wnt pathway rescued the phenotype associated with Notch blockade. These studies bring to light a negative regulatory mechanism that maintains stem cell activity and balanced differentiation, and we propose that the interaction between Wnt and Notch signaling described here represents a common theme in adult stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Tian
- Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, Institute of Human Genetics and Program in Craniofacial Biology, UCSF, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0442, USA
| | - Brian Biehs
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Cecilia Chiu
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Christian W Siebel
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mike Costa
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Frederic J de Sauvage
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, Institute of Human Genetics and Program in Craniofacial Biology, UCSF, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0442, USA.
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Suryawanshi A, Manoharan I, Hong Y, Swafford D, Majumdar T, Taketo MM, Manicassamy B, Koni PA, Thangaraju M, Sun Z, Mellor AL, Munn DH, Manicassamy S. Canonical wnt signaling in dendritic cells regulates Th1/Th17 responses and suppresses autoimmune neuroinflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3295-304. [PMID: 25710911 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Breakdown in immunological tolerance to self-Ags or uncontrolled inflammation results in autoimmune disorders. Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in regulating the balance between inflammatory and regulatory responses in the periphery. However, factors in the tissue microenvironment and the signaling networks critical for programming DCs to control chronic inflammation and promote tolerance are unknown. In this study, we show that wnt ligand-mediated activation of β-catenin signaling in DCs is critical for promoting tolerance and limiting neuroinflammation. DC-specific deletion of key upstream (lipoprotein receptor-related protein [LRP]5/6) or downstream (β-catenin) mediators of canonical wnt signaling in mice exacerbated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis pathology. Mechanistically, loss of LRP5/6-β-catenin-mediated signaling in DCs led to an increased Th1/Th17 cell differentiation but reduced regulatory T cell response. This was due to increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and decreased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and IL-27 by DCs lacking LRP5/6-β-catenin signaling. Consistent with these findings, pharmacological activation of canonical wnt/β-catenin signaling delayed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis onset and diminished CNS pathology. Thus, the activation of canonical wnt signaling in DCs limits effector T cell responses and represents a potential therapeutic approach to control autoimmune neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Suryawanshi
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Indumathi Manoharan
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Yuan Hong
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Daniel Swafford
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Tanmay Majumdar
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - M Mark Taketo
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | | | - Pandelakis A Koni
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Muthusamy Thangaraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Zuoming Sun
- Division of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010; and
| | - Andrew L Mellor
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - David H Munn
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Santhakumar Manicassamy
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912;
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Liu CC, Tsai CW, Deak F, Rogers J, Penuliar M, Sung YM, Maher JN, Fu Y, Li X, Xu H, Estus S, Hoe HS, Fryer JD, Kanekiyo T, Bu G. Deficiency in LRP6-mediated Wnt signaling contributes to synaptic abnormalities and amyloid pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Neuron 2014; 84:63-77. [PMID: 25242217 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurological disorder characterized by synaptic loss and dementia. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) is an essential coreceptor for Wnt signaling, and its genetic variants have been linked to AD risk. Here we report that neuronal LRP6-mediated Wnt signaling is critical for synaptic function and cognition. Conditional deletion of Lrp6 gene in mouse forebrain neurons leads to age-dependent deficits in synaptic integrity and memory. Neuronal LRP6 deficiency in an amyloid mouse model also leads to exacerbated amyloid pathology due to increased APP processing to amyloid-β. In humans, LRP6 and Wnt signaling are significantly downregulated in AD brains, likely by a mechanism that depends on amyloid-β. Our results define a critical pathway in which decreased LRP6-mediated Wnt signaling, synaptic dysfunction, and elevated Aβ synergistically accelerate AD progression and suggest that restoring LRP6-mediated Wnt signaling can be explored as a viable strategy for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Chih-Wei Tsai
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Ferenc Deak
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma HSC, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Justin Rogers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Michael Penuliar
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - You Me Sung
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, USA
| | - James N Maher
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, USA
| | - Yuan Fu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Steven Estus
- Department of Physiology and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, USA; Convergence Brain Research Department, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 425, Jungang-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - John D Fryer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Takahisa Kanekiyo
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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Lam AP, Herazo-Maya JD, Sennello JA, Flozak AS, Russell S, Mutlu GM, Budinger GRS, DasGupta R, Varga J, Kaminski N, Gottardi CJ. Wnt coreceptor Lrp5 is a driver of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190:185-95. [PMID: 24921217 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201401-0079oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been implicated in lung fibrosis, but how this occurs and whether expression changes in Wnt pathway components predict disease progression is unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine whether the Wnt coreceptor Lrp5 drives pulmonary fibrosis in mice and is predictive of disease severity in humans. METHODS We examined mice with impaired Wnt signaling caused by loss of the Wnt coreceptor Lrp5 in models of lung fibrosis induced by bleomycin or an adenovirus encoding an active form of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. We also analyzed gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In patients with IPF, analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed that elevation of positive regulators, Lrp5 and 6, was independently associated with disease progression. LRP5 was also associated with disease severity at presentation in an additional cohort of patients with IPF. Lrp5 null mice were protected against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, an effect that was phenocopied by direct inhibition of β-catenin signaling by the small molecular inhibitor of β-catenin responsive transcription. Transplantation of Lrp5 null bone marrow cells into wild-type mice did not limit fibrosis. Instead, Lrp5 loss was associated with reduced TGF-β production by alveolar type 2 cells and leukocytes. Consistent with a role of Lrp5 in the activation of TGF-β, Lrp5 null mice were not protected against lung fibrosis induced by TGF-β. CONCLUSIONS We show that the Wnt coreceptor, Lrp5, is a genetic driver of lung fibrosis in mice and a marker of disease progression and severity in humans with IPF. Evidence that TGF-β signaling can override a loss in Lrp5 has implications for patient selection and timing of Wnt pathway inhibitors in lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Lam
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and
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Yang J, Mowry LE, Nejak-Bowen KN, Okabe H, R. Diegel C, Lang RA, Williams BO, Monga SP. β-catenin signaling in murine liver zonation and regeneration: a Wnt-Wnt situation! Hepatology 2014; 60:964-76. [PMID: 24700412 PMCID: PMC4139486 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver-specific β-catenin knockout (β-Catenin-LKO) mice have revealed an essential role of β-catenin in metabolic zonation where it regulates pericentral gene expression and in initiating liver regeneration (LR) after partial hepatectomy (PH), by regulating expression of Cyclin-D1. However, what regulates β-catenin activity in these events remains an enigma. Here we investigate to what extent β-catenin activation is Wnt-signaling-dependent and the potential cell source of Wnts. We studied liver-specific Lrp5/6 KO (Lrp-LKO) mice where Wnt-signaling was abolished in hepatocytes while the β-catenin gene remained intact. Intriguingly, like β-catenin-LKO mice, Lrp-LKO exhibited a defect in metabolic zonation observed as a lack of glutamine synthetase (GS), Cyp1a2, and Cyp2e1. Lrp-LKO also displayed a significant delay in initiation of LR due to the absence of β-catenin-TCF4 association and lack of Cyclin-D1. To address the source of Wnt proteins in liver, we investigated conditional Wntless (Wls) KO mice, which lacked the ability to secrete Wnts from either liver epithelial cells (Wls-LKO), or macrophages including Kupffer cells (Wls-MKO), or endothelial cells (Wls-EKO). While Wls-EKO was embryonic lethal precluding further analysis in adult hepatic homeostasis and growth, Wls-LKO and Wls-MKO were viable but did not show any defect in hepatic zonation. Wls-LKO showed normal initiation of LR; however, Wls-MKO showed a significant but temporal deficit in LR that was associated with decreased β-catenin-TCF4 association and diminished Cyclin-D1 expression. CONCLUSION Wnt-signaling is the major upstream effector of β-catenin activity in pericentral hepatocytes and during LR. Hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, or macrophages are not the source of Wnts in regulating hepatic zonation. However, Kupffer cells are a major contributing source of Wnt secretion necessary for β-catenin activation during LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Laura E. Mowry
- Lab of Cell Signaling and Carcinogenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grant Rapids, MI
| | | | - Hirohisa Okabe
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Cassandra R. Diegel
- Lab of Cell Signaling and Carcinogenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grant Rapids, MI
| | - Richard A. Lang
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Childrens, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Bart O. Williams
- Lab of Cell Signaling and Carcinogenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grant Rapids, MI
| | - Satdarshan P Monga
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Address correspondence to: Satdarshan Pal Singh Monga, MD, Vice Chair of Experimental Pathology, Endowed Chair of Experimental Pathology, Professor of Pathology & Medicine (GI, Hepatology & Nutrition), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street S-422 BST, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Tel: (412) 648-9966; Fax: (412) 648-1916;
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Kabiri Z, Greicius G, Madan B, Biechele S, Zhong Z, Zaribafzadeh H, Aliyev J, Wu Y, Bunte R, Williams BO, Rossant J, Virshup DM. Stroma provides an intestinal stem cell niche in the absence of epithelial Wnts. Development 2014; 141:2206-15. [PMID: 24821987 DOI: 10.1242/dev.104976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling supports intestinal homeostasis by regulating proliferation in the crypt. Multiple Wnts are expressed in Paneth cells as well as other intestinal epithelial and stromal cells. Ex vivo, Wnts secreted by Paneth cells can support intestinal stem cells when Wnt signaling is enhanced with supplemental R-Spondin 1 (RSPO1). However, in vivo, the source of Wnts in the stem cell niche is less clear. Genetic ablation of Porcn, an endoplasmic reticulum resident O-acyltransferase that is essential for the secretion and activity of all vertebrate Wnts, confirmed the role of intestinal epithelial Wnts in ex vivo culture. Unexpectedly, mice lacking epithelial Wnt activity (Porcn(Del)/Villin-Cre mice) had normal intestinal proliferation and differentiation, as well as successful regeneration after radiation injury, indicating that epithelial Wnts are dispensable for these processes. Consistent with a key role for stroma in the crypt niche, intestinal stromal cells endogenously expressing Wnts and Rspo3 support the growth of Porcn(Del) organoids ex vivo without RSPO1 supplementation. Conversely, increasing pharmacologic PORCN inhibition, affecting both stroma and epithelium, reduced Lgr5 intestinal stem cells, inhibited recovery from radiation injury, and at the highest dose fully blocked intestinal proliferation. We conclude that epithelial Wnts are dispensable and that stromal production of Wnts can fully support normal murine intestinal homeostasis.
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Dai TL, Zhang C, Peng F, Niu XY, Hu L, Zhang Q, Huang Y, Chen L, Zhang L, Zhu W, Ding YQ, Song NN, Liao M. Depletion of canonical Wnt signaling components has a neuroprotective effect on midbrain dopaminergic neurons in an MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:384-390. [PMID: 25009587 PMCID: PMC4079420 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical Wnt signaling pathway is critical for the development of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons, and recent studies have suggested that disruption of this signaling cascade may underlie the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the exact role of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, including low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 and 6 (LRP5/6) and β-catenin components, in a mouse model of PD remains unclear. In the present study, the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-Cre transgenic mouse line was used to generate mice with the specific knockout of LRP5, LRP6 or β-catenin in DA neurons. Following inactivation of LRP5, LRP6 or β-catenin, TH-immunohistochemical staining was performed. The results indicated that β-catenin is required for the development or maintenance of these neurons; however, LRP5 and LRP6 were found to be dispensable. In 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mice, the depletion of LRP5, LRP6 or β-catenin was found to be protective for the midbrain DA neurons to a certain extent. These in vivo results provide a novel perspective for the function of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in a mouse model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Li Dai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Chan Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Fang Peng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Yuan Niu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Ling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China ; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China ; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China ; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China ; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China ; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China ; Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China ; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Ning-Ning Song
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China ; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Min Liao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
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Chen CL, Yang J, James IOA, Zhang HY, Besner GE. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor restores Wnt/β-catenin signaling in intestinal stem cells exposed to ischemia/reperfusion injury. Surgery 2014; 155:1069-80. [PMID: 24856127 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor (HB-EGF) protects the intestines from injury in several different experimental animal models. In the current study, we investigated whether the ability of HB-EGF to protect the intestines from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury was related to its effects on Wnt/β-catenin signaling in intestinal stem cells (ISC). METHODS Lucien-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5)-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgenic (TG) mice with fluorescently labeled ISC, as well as the same mice treated with intraluminal HB-EGF or genetically engineered to overexpress HB-EGF, were exposed to segmental mesenteric artery occlusion (sMAO) to the terminal ilium. Wnt/β-catenin signaling was evaluated using immunofluorescent staining and Western blotting. RESULTS LGR5 expression and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the ISC of the terminal ilium of LGR5-EGFP TG mice was significantly reduced 24 hours after sMAO. Intraluminal administration of HB-EGF or HB-EGF overexpression in these mice led to preservation of LGR5 expression and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. CONCLUSION These data show that HB-EGF preserves Wnt/β-catenin signaling in ISC after I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Liang Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Perinatal Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH; Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Jixin Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Perinatal Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Iyore O A James
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Perinatal Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Hong-Yi Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Perinatal Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Gail E Besner
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Perinatal Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH.
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Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays key roles not only during development but also in adult tissue homeostasis. This is also evident in liver biology where many temporal roles of β-catenin have been identified during hepatic development, where, in hepatic progenitors or hepatoblasts, it is a key determinant of proliferation and eventually differentiation to mature hepatocytes, while also playing an important role in bile duct homeostasis. β-Catenin signaling cascade is mostly quiescent in hepatocytes in an adult liver except in the centrizonal region of a hepatic lobule. This small rim of hepatocytes around the central vein show constitutive β-catenin activation that in turn regulates expression of genes whose products play an important role in ammonia and xenobiotic metabolism. Intriguingly, β-catenin can also undergo activation in hepatocytes after acute liver loss secondary to surgical or toxicant insult. Such activation of this progrowth protein is observed as nuclear translocation of β-catenin and formation of its complex with the T-cell factor (TCF) family of transcription factors. Expression of cyclin-D1, a key inducer of transition from the G1 to S phase of cell cycle, is regulated by β-catenin-TCF complex. Thus, β-catenin activation is absolutely critical in the normal regeneration process of the liver as shown by studies in several models across various species. In the current review, the temporal role and regulation of β-catenin in liver development, metabolic zonation in a basal adult liver, and during the liver regeneration process will be discussed. In addition, the probability of therapeutically regulating β-catenin activity as a possible future treatment strategy for liver insufficiency will also be discussed.
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Sox9 plays multiple roles in the lung epithelium during branching morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E4456-64. [PMID: 24191021 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1311847110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung branching morphogenesis is a highly orchestrated process that gives rise to the complex network of gas-exchanging units in the adult lung. Intricate regulation of signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epithelial-mesenchymal cross-talk are critical to ensuring branching morphogenesis occurs properly. Here, we describe a role for the transcription factor Sox9 during lung branching morphogenesis. Sox9 is expressed at the distal tips of the branching epithelium in a highly dynamic manner as branching occurs and is down-regulated starting at embryonic day 16.5, concurrent with the onset of terminal differentiation of type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells. Using epithelial-specific genetic loss- and gain-of-function approaches, our results demonstrate that Sox9 controls multiple aspects of lung branching. Fine regulation of Sox9 levels is required to balance proliferation and differentiation of epithelial tip progenitor cells, and loss of Sox9 leads to direct and indirect cellular defects including extracellular matrix defects, cytoskeletal disorganization, and aberrant epithelial movement. Our evidence shows that unlike other endoderm-derived epithelial tissues, such as the intestine, Wnt/β-catenin signaling does not regulate Sox9 expression in the lung. We conclude that Sox9 collectively promotes proper branching morphogenesis by controlling the balance between proliferation and differentiation and regulating the extracellular matrix.
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Riddle RC, Diegel CR, Leslie JM, Van Koevering KK, Faugere MC, Clemens TL, Williams BO. Lrp5 and Lrp6 exert overlapping functions in osteoblasts during postnatal bone acquisition. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63323. [PMID: 23675479 PMCID: PMC3651091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical Wnt signaling pathway is critical for skeletal development and maintenance, but the precise roles of the individual Wnt co-receptors, Lrp5 and Lrp6, that enable Wnt signals to be transmitted in osteoblasts remain controversial. In these studies, we used Cre-loxP recombination, in which Cre-expression is driven by the human osteocalcin promoter, to determine the individual contributions of Lrp5 and Lrp6 in postnatal bone acquisition and osteoblast function. Mice selectively lacking either Lrp5 or Lrp6 in mature osteoblasts were born at the expected Mendelian frequency but demonstrated significant reductions in whole-body bone mineral density. Bone architecture measured by microCT revealed that Lrp6 mutant mice failed to accumulate normal amounts of trabecular bone. By contrast, Lrp5 mutants had normal trabecular bone volume at 8 weeks of age, but with age, these mice also exhibited trabecular bone loss. Both mutants also exhibited significant alterations in cortical bone structure. In vitro differentiation was impaired in both Lrp5 and Lrp6 null osteoblasts as indexed by alkaline phosphatase and Alizarin red staining, but the defect was more pronounced in Lrp6 mutant cells. Mice lacking both Wnt co-receptors developed severe osteopenia similar to that observed previously in mice lacking β-catenin in osteoblasts. Likewise, calvarial cells doubly deficient for Lrp5 and Lrp6 failed to form osteoblasts when cultured in osteogenic media, but instead attained a chondrocyte-like phenotype. These results indicate that expression of both Lrp5 and Lrp6 are required within mature osteoblasts for normal postnatal bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Riddle
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RR); (BOW)
| | - Cassandra R. Diegel
- Center for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis and Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Carcinogenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Julie M. Leslie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kyle K. Van Koevering
- Center for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis and Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Carcinogenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Marie-Claude Faugere
- Department of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Thomas L. Clemens
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bart O. Williams
- Center for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis and Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Carcinogenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RR); (BOW)
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Zhao L, Shim JW, Dodge TR, Robling AG, Yokota H. Inactivation of Lrp5 in osteocytes reduces young's modulus and responsiveness to the mechanical loading. Bone 2013; 54:35-43. [PMID: 23356985 PMCID: PMC3602226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Low-density-lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (Lrp5) is a co-receptor in Wnt signaling, which plays a critical role in development and maintenance of bone. Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, for instance, arises from loss-of-function mutations in Lrp5, and global deletion of Lrp5 in mice results in significantly lower bone mineral density. Since osteocytes are proposed to act as a mechanosensor in the bone, we addressed a question whether a conditional loss-of-function mutation of Lrp5 selective to osteocytes (Dmp1-Cre;Lrp5(f/f)) would alter responses to ulna loading. Loading was applied to the right ulna for 3 min (360 cycles at 2Hz) at a peak force of 2.65 N for 3 consecutive days, and the contralateral ulna was used as a non-loaded control. Young's modulus was determined using a midshaft section of the femur. The results showed that compared to age-matched littermate controls, mice lacking Lrp5 in osteocytes exhibited smaller skeletal size with reduced bone mineral density and content. Compared to controls, Lrp5 deletion in osteocytes also led to a 4.6-fold reduction in Young's modulus. In response to ulna loading, mineralizing surface, mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate were diminished in mice lacking Lrp5 in osteocytes by 52%, 85%, and 69%, respectively. Collectively, the results support the notion that the loss-of-function mutation of Lrp5 in osteocytes causes suppression of mechanoresponsiveness and reduces bone mass and Young's modulus. In summary, Lrp5-mediated Wnt signaling significantly contributes to maintenance of mechanical properties and bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Joon W. Shim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Todd R. Dodge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Alexander G. Robling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Essential roles of grp94 in gut homeostasis via chaperoning canonical Wnt pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:6877-82. [PMID: 23572575 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1302933110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence points to a role for the protein quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. However, the specific role for general ER chaperones in this process remains unknown. Herein, we report that a major ER heat shock protein grp94 interacts with MesD, a critical chaperone for the Wnt coreceptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6). Without grp94, LRP6 fails to export from the ER to the cell surface, resulting in a profound loss of canonical Wnt signaling. The significance of this finding is demonstrated in vivo in that grp94 loss causes a rapid and profound compromise in intestinal homeostasis with gut-intrinsic defect in the proliferation of intestinal crypts, compromise of nuclear β-catenin translocation, loss of crypt-villus structure, and impaired barrier function. Taken together, our work has uncovered the role of grp94 in chaperoning LRP6-MesD in coordinating intestinal homeostasis, placing canonical Wnt-signaling pathway under the direct regulation of the general protein quality control machinery in the ER.
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Joiner DM, Ke J, Zhong Z, Xu HE, Williams BO. LRP5 and LRP6 in development and disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:31-9. [PMID: 23245947 PMCID: PMC3592934 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein-related receptors 5 and 6 (LRP5/6) are highly homologous proteins with key functions in canonical Wnt signaling. Alterations in the genes encoding these receptors or their interacting proteins are linked to human diseases, and as such they have been a major focus of drug development efforts to treat several human conditions including osteoporosis, cancer, and metabolic disease. Here, we discuss the links between alterations in LRP5/6 and disease, proteins that interact with them, and insights gained into their function from mouse models. We also highlight current drug development related to LRP5/6 as well as how the recent elucidation of their crystal structures may allow further refinement of our ability to target them for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danese M. Joiner
- Center for Skeletal Disease Research, Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Carcinogenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jiyuan Ke
- Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Zhendong Zhong
- Center for Skeletal Disease Research, Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Carcinogenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - H. Eric Xu
- Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Bart O. Williams
- Center for Skeletal Disease Research, Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Carcinogenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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