1
|
Bodmer NK, Knutsen RH, Roth RA, Castile RM, Brodt MD, Gierasch CM, Broekelmann TJ, Gibson MA, Haspel JA, Lake SP, Brody SL, Silva MJ, Mecham RP, Ornitz DM. Multi-organ phenotypes in mice lacking latent TGFβ binding protein 2 (LTBP2). Dev Dyn 2024; 253:233-254. [PMID: 37688792 PMCID: PMC10842386 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Latent TGFβ binding protein-2 (LTBP2) is a fibrillin 1 binding component of the microfibril. LTBP2 is the only LTBP protein that does not bind any isoforms of TGFβ, although it may interfere with the function of other LTBPs or interact with other signaling pathways. RESULTS Here, we investigate mice lacking Ltbp2 (Ltbp2-/- ) and identify multiple phenotypes that impact bodyweight and fat mass, and affect bone and skin development. The alterations in skin and bone development are particularly noteworthy since the strength of these tissues is differentially affected by loss of Ltbp2. Interestingly, some tissues that express high levels of Ltbp2, such as the aorta and lung, do not have a developmental or homeostatic phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of these mice show that LTBP2 has complex effects on development through direct effects on the extracellular matrix (ECM) or on signaling pathways that are known to regulate the ECM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K. Bodmer
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Russell H. Knutsen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Robyn A. Roth
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Ryan M. Castile
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University School of Engineering
| | - Michael D. Brodt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carrie M. Gierasch
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine
| | | | - Mark A. Gibson
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Jeffrey A. Haspel
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Spencer P. Lake
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University School of Engineering
| | - Steven L. Brody
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Matthew J. Silva
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert P. Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu M, Wu S, Chen W, Li YP. The roles and regulatory mechanisms of TGF-β and BMP signaling in bone and cartilage development, homeostasis and disease. Cell Res 2024; 34:101-123. [PMID: 38267638 PMCID: PMC10837209 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00918-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) and bone morphometric proteins (BMPs) belong to the TGF-β superfamily and perform essential functions during osteoblast and chondrocyte lineage commitment and differentiation, skeletal development, and homeostasis. TGF-βs and BMPs transduce signals through SMAD-dependent and -independent pathways; specifically, they recruit different receptor heterotetramers and R-Smad complexes, resulting in unique biological readouts. BMPs promote osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and chondrogenesis at all differentiation stages, while TGF-βs play different roles in a stage-dependent manner. BMPs and TGF-β have opposite functions in articular cartilage homeostasis. Moreover, TGF-β has a specific role in maintaining the osteocyte network. The precise activation of BMP and TGF-β signaling requires regulatory machinery at multiple levels, including latency control in the matrix, extracellular antagonists, ubiquitination and phosphorylation in the cytoplasm, nucleus-cytoplasm transportation, and transcriptional co-regulation in the nuclei. This review weaves the background information with the latest advances in the signaling facilitated by TGF-βs and BMPs, and the advanced understanding of their diverse physiological functions and regulations. This review also summarizes the human diseases and mouse models associated with disordered TGF-β and BMP signaling. A more precise understanding of the BMP and TGF-β signaling could facilitate the development of bona fide clinical applications in treating bone and cartilage disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengrui Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shali Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu W, Wang M, Bai Y, Chen Y, Ma X, Yang Z, Zhao L, Li Y. The role of microfibrillar‐associated protein 2 in cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1002036. [DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1002036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfibrillar-associated protein 2 (MFAP2), a component of the extracellular matrix, is important in controlling growth factor signal transduction. Recent studies have shown that MFAP2, an effective prognostic molecule for various tumors, is associated with tumor occurrence and development and may be involved in remodeling the extracellular matrix and regulating proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, tumor cell metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis. However, MFAP2’s specific mechanism in these tumor processes remains unclear. This article reviewed the possible mechanism of MFAP2 in tumorigenesis and progression and provided a reference for the clinical prognosis of patients with cancer and new therapeutic target discovery.
Collapse
|
4
|
Singh K, Sachan N, Ene T, Dabovic B, Rifkin D. Latent Transforming Growth Factor β Binding Protein 3 Controls Adipogenesis. Matrix Biol 2022; 112:155-170. [PMID: 35933071 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) is released from cells as part of a trimeric latent complex consisting of TGFβ, the TGFβ propeptides, and either a latent TGFβ binding protein (LTBP) or glycoprotein-A repetitions predominant (GARP) protein. LTBP1 and 3 modulate latent TGFβ function with respect to secretion, matrix localization, and activation and, therefore, are vital for the proper function of the cytokine in a number of tissues. TGFβ modulates stem cell differentiation into adipocytes (adipogenesis), but the potential role of LTBPs in this process has not been studied. We observed that 72 h post adipogenesis initiation Ltbp1, 2, and 4 expression levels decrease by 74-84%, whereas Ltbp3 expression levels remain constant during adipogenesis. We found that LTBP3 silencing in C3H/10T1/2 cells reduced adipogenesis, as measured by the percentage of cells with lipid vesicles and the expression of the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Lentiviral mediated expression of an Ltbp3 mRNA resistant to siRNA targeting rescued the phenotype, validating siRNA specificity. Knockdown (KD) of Ltbp3 expression in 3T3-L1, M2, and primary bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) indicated a similar requirement for Ltbp3. Epididymal and inguinal white adipose tissue fat pad weights of Ltbp3-/- mice were reduced by 62% and 57%, respectively, compared to wild-type mice. Inhibition of adipogenic differentiation upon LTBP3 loss is mediated by TGFβ, as TGFβ neutralizing antibody and TGFβ receptor I kinase blockade rescue the LTBP3 KD phenotype. These results indicate that LTBP3 has a TGFβ-dependent function in adipogenesis both in vitro and possibly in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karan Singh
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nalani Sachan
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Taylor Ene
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Branka Dabovic
- Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Rifkin
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mohammadi A, Sorensen GL, Pilecki B. MFAP4-Mediated Effects in Elastic Fiber Homeostasis, Integrin Signaling and Cancer, and Its Role in Teleost Fish. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132115. [PMID: 35805199 PMCID: PMC9265350 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) is an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein belonging to the fibrinogen-related domain superfamily. MFAP4 is highly expressed in elastin-rich tissues such as lung, blood vessels and skin. MFAP4 is involved in organization of the ECM, regulating proper elastic fiber assembly. On the other hand, during pathology MFAP4 actively contributes to disease development and progression due to its interactions with RGD-dependent integrin receptors. Both tissue expression and circulating MFAP4 levels are associated with various disorders, including liver fibrosis and cancer. In other experimental models, such as teleost fish, MFAP4 appears to participate in host defense as a macrophage-specific innate immune molecule. The aim of this review is to summarize the accumulating evidence that indicates the importance of MFAP4 in homeostasis as well as pathological conditions, discuss its known biological functions with special focus on elastic fiber assembly, integrin signaling and cancer, as well as describe the reported functions of non-mammalian MFAP4 in fish. Overall, our work provides a comprehensive overview on the role of MFAP4 in health and disease.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mori K, Mizokami A, Sano T, Mukai S, Hiura F, Ayukawa Y, Koyano K, Kanematsu T, Jimi E. RANKL elevation activates the NIK/NF-κB pathway, inducing obesity in ovariectomized mice. J Endocrinol 2022; 254:27-36. [PMID: 35638559 DOI: 10.1530/joe-21-0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Menopausal women are susceptible to visceral obesity, which increases the risk of metabolic disorders. However, the mechanisms of menopause-induced visceral fat accumulation are not fully understood. Circulating levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) are elevated in an animal model of menopause. RANKL, a multifunctional cytokine, activates the NF-κB pathway, which serves as a pivotal mediator of inflammatory responses. Here, we investigated whether RANKL-induced non-canonical NF-κB pathway activation induces inflammation and lipid accumulation in adipose tissues. RANKL induced Tnfa expression via the non-canonical NF-κB pathway in bone marrow cells. We therefore analyzed aly/aly mice, in which the non-canonical NF-κB pathway is not activated, owing to an inactive form of NF-κB-inducing kinase. A postmenopausal obesity model was generated by ovariectomy and subsequent high-fat and high-sucrose diet feeding. In aly/aly mice with postmenopausal obesity, serum RANKL levels were elevated, and hepatic lipid accumulation and adipocyte hypertrophy were suppressed, resulting in reduced macrophage infiltration and inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in visceral adipose tissue. Furthermore, aly/aly mice showed protection from glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, which were observed in ovariectomized WT obese mice. These findings indicate that non-canonical NF-κB pathway activation via serum RANKL elevation contributes to postmenopausal obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Mori
- K Mori, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akiko Mizokami
- A Mizokami, Oral Health/Brain Health/Total Health Research Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Sano
- T Sano, Department of Cell Biology, Aging Science, and Pharmacology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoru Mukai
- S Mukai, Department of Health and Nutrition Care, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Hiura
- F Hiura, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ayukawa
- Y Ayukawa, Section of Implant and Rehabilitative Dentistr, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Koyano
- K Koyano, Division of Advanced Dental Devices and Therapeutics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanematsu
- T Kanematsu, Department of Cell Biology, Aging Science, and Pharmacology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Eijiro Jimi
- E Jimi, Oral Health/Brain Health/Total Health Research Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ong SLM, de Vos IJHM, Meroshini M, Poobalan Y, Dunn NR. Microfibril-associated glycoprotein 4 (Mfap4) regulates haematopoiesis in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11801. [PMID: 32678226 PMCID: PMC7366704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68792-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfibril-associated glycoprotein 4 (MFAP4) is an extracellular matrix protein belonging to the fibrinogen-related protein superfamily. MFAP4 is produced by vascular smooth muscle cells and is highly enriched in the blood vessels of the heart and lung, where it is thought to contribute to the structure and function of elastic fibers. Genetic studies in humans have implicated MFAP4 in the pathogenesis of Smith-Magenis syndrome, in which patients present with multiple congenital abnormalities and mental retardation, as well as in the severe cardiac malformation left-sided congenital heart disease. Comprehensive genetic analysis of the role of MFAP4 orthologues in model organisms during development and tissue homeostasis is however lacking. Here, we demonstrate that zebrafish mfap4 transcripts are detected embryonically, resolving to the macrophage lineage by 24 h post fertilization. mfap4 null mutant zebrafish are unexpectedly viable and fertile, without ostensible phenotypes. However, tail fin amputation assays reveal that mfap4 mutants have reduced numbers of macrophages, with a concomitant increase in neutrophilic granulocytes, although recruitment of both cell types to the site of injury was unaffected. Molecular analyses suggest that loss of Mfap4 alters the balance between myeloid and lymphoid lineages during both primitive and definitive haematopoiesis, which could significantly impact the downstream function of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheena L M Ong
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore.,Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo J H M de Vos
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Mandalay Road, Clinical Sciences Building, #17-01, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.,Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Meroshini
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Clinical Sciences Building, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Yogavalli Poobalan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore.,Engine Biosciences, 160 Robinson Road, 23-20 SBF Center, Singapore, 068914, Singapore
| | - N Ray Dunn
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore. .,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Clinical Sciences Building, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhu S, Ye L, Bennett S, Xu H, He D, Xu J. Molecular structure and function of microfibrillar-associated proteins in skeletal and metabolic disorders and cancers. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:41-48. [PMID: 32572962 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microfibrillar-associated proteins (MFAPs) are extracellular matrix glycoproteins, which play a role in microfibril assembly, elastinogenesis, and tissue homeostasis. MFAPs consist of five subfamily members, including MFAP1, MFAP2, MFAP3, MFAP4, and MFAP5. Among these, MFAP2 and MFAP5 are most closely related, and exhibit very limited amino acid sequence homology with MFAP1, MFAP3, and MFAP4. Gene expression profiling analysis reveals that MFAP2, MFAP5, and MFAP4 are specifically expressed in osteoblastic like cells, whereas MFAP1 and MFAP3 are more ubiquitously expressed, indicative of their diverse role in the tropism of tissues. Molecular structural analysis shows that each MFAP family member has distinct features, and functional evidence reveals discrete purposes of individual MFAPs. Animal studies indicate that MFAP2-deficient mice exhibit progressive osteopenia with elevated receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression, whereas MFAP5-deficient mice are neutropenic, and MFAP4-deficient mice displayed emphysema-like pathology and the impaired formation of neointimal hyperplasia. Emerging data also suggest that MFAPs are involved in cancer progression and fat metabolism. Further understanding of tissue-specific pathophysiology of MFAPs might offer potential novel therapeutic targets for related diseases, such as skeletal and metabolic disorders, and cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Samuel Bennett
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dengwei He
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Systems Genetics in Human Endothelial Cells Identifies Non-coding Variants Modifying Enhancers, Expression, and Complex Disease Traits. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 106:748-763. [PMID: 32442411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of causal variants and mechanisms underlying complex disease traits in humans is important for the progress of human disease genetics; this requires finding strategies to detect functional regulatory variants in disease-relevant cell types. To achieve this, we collected genetic and transcriptomic data from the aortic endothelial cells of up to 157 donors and four epigenomic phenotypes in up to 44 human donors representing individuals of both sexes and three major ancestries. We found thousands of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) at all ranges of effect sizes not detected by the Gene-Tissue Expression Project (GTEx) in human tissues, showing that novel biological relationships unique to endothelial cells (ECs) are enriched in this dataset. Epigenetic profiling enabled discovery of over 3,000 regulatory elements whose activity is modulated by genetic variants that most frequently mutated ETS, AP-1, and NF-kB binding motifs, implicating these motifs as governors of EC regulation. Using CRISPR interference (CRISPRi), allele-specific reporter assays, and chromatin conformation capture, we validated candidate enhancer variants located up to 750 kb from their target genes, VEGFC, FGD6, and KIF26B. Regulatory SNPs identified were enriched in coronary artery disease (CAD) loci, and this result has specific implications for PECAM-1, FES, and AXL. We also found significant roles for EC regulatory variants in modifying the traits pulse pressure, blood protein levels, and monocyte count. Lastly, we present two unlinked SNPs in the promoter of MFAP2 that exhibit pleiotropic effects on human disease traits. Together, this supports the possibility that genetic predisposition for complex disease is manifested through the endothelium.
Collapse
|
10
|
Broekelmann TJ, Bodmer NK, Mecham RP. Identification of the growth factor-binding sequence in the extracellular matrix protein MAGP-1. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2687-2697. [PMID: 31988245 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfibril-associated glycoprotein-1 (MAGP-1) is a component of vertebrate extracellular matrix (ECM) microfibrils that, together with the fibrillins, contributes to microfibril function. Many of the phenotypes associated with MAGP-1 gene inactivation are consistent with dysregulation of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling system. We have previously shown that full-length MAGP-1 binds active TGFβ-1 and some BMPs. The work presented here further defines the growth factor-binding domain of MAGP-1. Using recombinant domains and synthetic peptides, along with surface plasmon resonance analysis to measure the kinetics of the MAGP-1-TGFβ-1 interaction, we localized the TGFβ- and BMP-binding site in MAGP-1 to a 19-amino acid-long, highly acidic sequence near the N terminus. This domain was specific for binding active, but not latent, TGFβ-1. Growth factor activity experiments revealed that TGFβ-1 retains signaling activity when complexed with MAGP-1. Furthermore, when bound to fibrillin, MAGP-1 retained the ability to interact with TGFβ-1, and active TGFβ-1 did not bind fibrillin in the absence of MAGP-1. The absence of MAGP was sufficient to raise the amount of total TGFβ stored in the ECM of cultured cells, suggesting that the MAGPs compete with the TGFβ large latent complex for binding to microfibrils. Together, these results indicate that MAGP-1 plays an active role in TGFβ signaling in the ECM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Broekelmann
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Nicholas K Bodmer
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang JK, Wang WJ, Cai HY, Du BB, Mai P, Zhang LJ, Ma W, Hu YG, Feng SF, Miao GY. MFAP2 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer cells by activating TGF-β/SMAD2/3 signaling pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:4001-4017. [PMID: 30034240 PMCID: PMC6047603 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s160831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Microfibril-associated protein 2 (MFAP2) is an extracellular matrix protein that interacts with fibrillin to modulate the function of microfibrils. MFAP2 has been reported to play a significant role in obesity, diabetes, and osteopenia, and has been shown to be upregulated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. However, the molecular function and prognostic value of MFAP2 have never been reported in gastric cancer (GC) or any other tumors. Methods The current study investigated the expression patterns, prognostic significance, functional role, and possible mechanisms of MFAP2 in GC. Results We demonstrated that MFAP2 was overexpressed in GC tissues, and its overexpression was significantly correlated with poor overall and disease-free survival in patients with GC. Moreover, we found that MFAP2 promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype in GC cells. MFAP2 might modulate EMT of GC cells by activating the TGF-β/SMAD2/3 signaling pathway. Conclusion These findings provide novel evidence that MFAP2 plays a crucial role in the progression of GC. Therefore, MFAP2 may be a promising prognostic marker and a potent anticancer agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Kai Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China,
| | - Wen-Juan Wang
- Physical Examination Center, The Third People's Hospital of Gansu, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Hong-Yi Cai
- Department of Radiotherapy, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China,
| | - Bin-Bin Du
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Ping Mai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China,
| | - Wen Ma
- Department of Radiotherapy, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China,
| | - Yong-Guo Hu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China,
| | - Shi-Fang Feng
- Department of Radiotherapy, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China,
| | - Guo-Ying Miao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Turecamo SE, Walji TA, Broekelmann TJ, Williams JW, Ivanov S, Wee NK, Procknow JD, McManus MR, Randolph GJ, Scheller EL, Mecham RP, Craft CS. Contribution of metabolic disease to bone fragility in MAGP1-deficient mice. Matrix Biol 2018; 67:1-14. [PMID: 29519758 PMCID: PMC6077988 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microfibril-associated glycoprotein-1 (MAGP1) is an extracellular matrix protein that interacts with fibrillin and is involved in regulating the bioavailability of signaling molecules such as TGFβ. Mice with germline MAGP1 deficiency (Mfap2-/-) develop increased adiposity, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, bone marrow adipose tissue expansion, reduced cancellous bone mass, cortical bone thinning and bone fragility. The goal of this study was to assess whether the Mfap2-/- bone phenotypes were due to loss of MAGP1 locally or secondary to a change in whole body physiology (metabolic dysfunction). To do this, mice with conditional deletion of MAGP1 in the limb skeleton were generated by crossing MAGP1-flox mice (Mfap2lox/lox) with Prx1-Cre mice. Mfap2Prx-/- mice did not show any changes in peripheral adiposity, hyperglycemia or insulin sensitivity, but did have increased bone length and cancellous bone loss that was comparable to the germline Mfap2-/- knockout. Unlike the germline knockout, marrow adiposity, cortical bone thickness and bone strength in Mfap2Prx-/- mice were normal. These findings implicate systemic metabolic dysfunction in the development of bone fragility in germline Mfap2-/- mice. An unexpected finding of this study was the detection of MAGP1 protein in the Mfap2Prx-/- hematopoietic bone marrow, despite the absence of MAGP1 protein in osseous bone matrix and absent Mfap2 transcript expression at both sites. This suggests MAGP1 from a secondary site may accumulate in the bone marrow, but not be incorporated into the bone matrix, during times of regional MAGP1 depletion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E Turecamo
- Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - T A Walji
- Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - T J Broekelmann
- Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - J W Williams
- Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - S Ivanov
- INSERM U1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Faculty of Medicine, Nice, France.
| | - N K Wee
- Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - J D Procknow
- Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - M R McManus
- Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - G J Randolph
- Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - E L Scheller
- Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - R P Mecham
- Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - C S Craft
- Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Microfibril-associated glycoproteins 1 and 2 (MAGP-1, MAGP-2) are protein components of extracellular matrix microfibrils. These proteins interact with fibrillin, the core component of microfibrils, and impart unique biological properties that influence microfibril function in vertebrates. MAGPs bind active forms of TGFβ and BMPs and are capable of modulating Notch signaling. Mutations in MAGP-1 or MAGP-2 have been linked to thoracic aneurysms and metabolic disease in humans. MAGP-2 has also been shown to be an important biomarker in several human cancers. Mice lacking MAGP-1 or MAGP-2 have defects in multiple organ systems, which reflects the widespread distribution of microfibrils in vertebrate tissues. This review summarizes our current understanding of the function of the MAGPs and their relationship to human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa S Craft
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Thomas J Broekelmann
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao HX, Huang YX, Tao JG. ST1926 Attenuates Steroid-Induced Osteoporosis in Rats by Inhibiting Inflammation Response. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2072-2086. [PMID: 27918081 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-xing Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University; Weihui City Henan 453100 China
| | - Yuan-xia Huang
- Department of Orthopedics; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University; Weihui City Henan 453100 China
| | - Jin-gang Tao
- Department of Orthopedics; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University; Weihui City Henan 453100 China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Walji TA, Turecamo SE, DeMarsilis AJ, Sakai LY, Mecham RP, Craft CS. Characterization of metabolic health in mouse models of fibrillin-1 perturbation. Matrix Biol 2016; 55:63-76. [PMID: 26902431 PMCID: PMC4992667 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the microfibrillar protein fibrillin-1 or the absence of its binding partner microfibril-associated glycoprotein (MAGP1) lead to increased TGFβ signaling due to an inability to sequester latent or active forms of TGFβ, respectively. Mouse models of excess TGFβ signaling display increased adiposity and predisposition to type-2 diabetes. It is therefore interesting that individuals with Marfan syndrome, a disease in which fibrillin-1 mutation leads to aberrant TGFβ signaling, typically present with extreme fat hypoplasia. The goal of this project was to characterize multiple fibrillin-1 mutant mouse strains to understand how fibrillin-1 contributes to metabolic health. The results of this study demonstrate that fibrillin-1 contributes little to lipid storage and metabolic homeostasis, which is in contrast to the obesity and metabolic changes associated with MAGP1 deficiency. MAGP1 but not fibrillin-1 mutant mice had elevated TGFβ signaling in their adipose tissue, which is consistent with the difference in obesity phenotypes. However, fibrillin-1 mutant strains and MAGP1-deficient mice all exhibit increased bone length and reduced bone mineralization which are characteristic of Marfan syndrome. Our findings suggest that Marfan-associated adipocyte hypoplasia is likely not due to microfibril-associated changes in adipose tissue, and provide evidence that MAGP1 may function independently of fibrillin in some tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tezin A Walji
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sarah E Turecamo
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Antea J DeMarsilis
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lynn Y Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Clarissa S Craft
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Novack DV, Mbalaviele G. Osteoclasts-Key Players in Skeletal Health and Disease. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 4:10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0011-2015. [PMID: 27337470 PMCID: PMC4920143 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mchd-0011-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of osteoclasts (OCs) from early myeloid progenitors is a tightly regulated process that is modulated by a variety of mediators present in the bone microenvironment. Once generated, the function of mature OCs depends on cytoskeletal features controlled by an αvβ3-containing complex at the bone-apposed membrane and the secretion of protons and acid-protease cathepsin K. OCs also have important interactions with other cells in the bone microenvironment, including osteoblasts and immune cells. Dysregulation of OC differentiation and/or function can cause bone pathology. In fact, many components of OC differentiation and activation have been targeted therapeutically with great success. However, questions remain about the identity and plasticity of OC precursors and the interplay between essential networks that control OC fate. In this review, we summarize the key principles of OC biology and highlight recently uncovered mechanisms regulating OC development and function in homeostatic and disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Veis Novack
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gabriel Mbalaviele
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Walji TA, Turecamo SE, Sanchez AC, Anthony BA, Abou-Ezzi G, Scheller EL, Link DC, Mecham RP, Craft CS. Marrow Adipose Tissue Expansion Coincides with Insulin Resistance in MAGP1-Deficient Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:87. [PMID: 27445989 PMCID: PMC4928449 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is an endocrine organ with the potential to influence skeletal remodeling and hematopoiesis. Pathologic MAT expansion has been studied in the context of severe metabolic challenge, including caloric restriction, high fat diet feeding, and leptin deficiency. However, the rapid change in peripheral fat and glucose metabolism associated with these models impedes our ability to examine which metabolic parameters precede or coincide with MAT expansion. Microfibril-associated glycoprotein-1 (MAGP1) is a matricellular protein that influences cellular processes by tethering signaling molecules to extracellular matrix structures. MAGP1-deficient (Mfap2 (-/-)) mice display a progressive excess adiposity phenotype, which precedes insulin resistance and occurs without changes in caloric intake or ambulation. Mfap2 (-/-) mice were, therefore, used as a model to associate parameters of metabolic disease, bone remodeling, and hematopoiesis with MAT expansion. Marrow adiposity was normal in Mfap2 (-/-) mice until 6 months of age; however, by 10 months, marrow fat volume had increased fivefold relative to wild-type control at the same age. Increased gonadal fat pad mass and hyperglycemia were detectable in Mfap2 (-/-) mice by 2 months, but peaked by 6 months. The development of insulin resistance coincided with MAT expansion. Longitudinal characterization of bone mass demonstrated a disconnection in MAT volume and bone volume. Specifically, Mfap2 (-/-) mice had reduced trabecular bone volume by 2 months, but this phenotype did not progress with age or MAT expansion. Interestingly, MAT expansion in the 10-month-old Mfap2 (-/-) mice was associated with modest alterations in basal hematopoiesis, including a shift from granulopoiesis to B lymphopoiesis. Together, these findings indicate MAT expansion is coincident with insulin resistance, but not excess peripheral adiposity or hyperglycemia in Mfap2 (-/-) mice; and substantial MAT accumulation does not necessitate a proportional decrease in either bone mass or bone marrow cellularity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tezin A. Walji
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah E. Turecamo
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alejandro Coca Sanchez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bryan A. Anthony
- Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Grazia Abou-Ezzi
- Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Erica L. Scheller
- Department of Medicine, Bone and Mineral Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel C. Link
- Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert P. Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Clarissa S. Craft
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Bone and Mineral Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- *Correspondence: Clarissa S. Craft,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mecham RP, Gibson MA. The microfibril-associated glycoproteins (MAGPs) and the microfibrillar niche. Matrix Biol 2015; 47:13-33. [PMID: 25963142 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The microfibril-associated glycoproteins MAGP-1 and MAGP-2 are extracellular matrix proteins that interact with fibrillin to influence microfibril function. The two proteins are related through a 60 amino acid matrix-binding domain but their sequences differ outside of this region. A distinguishing feature of both proteins is their ability to interact with TGFβ family growth factors, Notch and Notch ligands, and multiple elastic fiber proteins. MAGP-2 can also interact with αvβ3 integrins via a RGD sequence that is not found in MAGP-1. Morpholino knockdown of MAGP-1 expression in zebrafish resulted in abnormal vessel wall architecture and altered vascular network formation. In the mouse, MAGP-1 deficiency had little effect on elastic fibers in blood vessels and lung but resulted in numerous unexpected phenotypes including bone abnormalities, hematopoietic changes, increased fat deposition, diabetes, impaired wound repair, and a bleeding diathesis. Inactivation of the gene for MAGP-2 in mice produced a neutropenia yet had minimal effects on bone or adipose homeostasis. Double knockouts had phenotypes characteristic of each individual knockout as well as several additional traits only seen when both genes are inactivated. A common mechanism underlying all of the traits associated with the knockout phenotypes is altered TGFβ signaling. This review summarizes our current understanding of the function of the MAGPs and discusses ideas related to their role in growth factor regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Mark A Gibson
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Craft CS. MAGP1, the extracellular matrix, and metabolism. Adipocyte 2015; 4:60-4. [PMID: 26167404 DOI: 10.4161/adip.32209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue and the extracellular matrix were once considered passive players in regulating physiological processes. Now, both entities are acknowledged for their capacity to engage signal transduction pathways, and for their involvement in maintaining normal tissue homeostasis. We recently published a series of studies that identified a novel mechanism whereby an extracellular matrix molecule, MAGP1 (microfibril associated glycoprotein 1), can regulate energy metabolism in adipose tissue. MAGP1 is a component of extracellular microfibrils and plays a supportive role in maintaining thermoregulation by indirectly regulating expression of the thermogenic uncoupling proteins (UCPs). The focus of this commentary is to draw attention to the role of the extracellular matrix in regulating the bioavailability of signaling molecules, like transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), and exemplify that a better understanding of the extracellular matrix's biological properties could unveil a new source of therapeutic targets for metabolic diseases.
Collapse
|
20
|
Craft CS, Pietka TA, Schappe T, Coleman T, Combs MD, Klein S, Abumrad NA, Mecham RP. The extracellular matrix protein MAGP1 supports thermogenesis and protects against obesity and diabetes through regulation of TGF-β. Diabetes 2014; 63:1920-32. [PMID: 24458361 PMCID: PMC4030109 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microfibril-associated glycoprotein 1 (MAGP1) is a component of extracellular matrix microfibrils. Here we show that MAGP1 expression is significantly altered in obese humans, and inactivation of the MAGP1 gene (Mfap2(-/-)) in mice results in adipocyte hypertrophy and predisposition to metabolic dysfunction. Impaired thermoregulation was evident in Mfap2(-/-) mice prior to changes in adiposity, suggesting a causative role for MAGP1 in the increased adiposity and predisposition to diabetes. By 5 weeks of age, Mfap2(-/-) mice were maladaptive to cold challenge, uncoupling protein-1 expression was attenuated in the brown adipose tissue, and there was reduced browning of the subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Levels of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) activity were elevated in Mfap2(-/-) adipose tissue, and the treatment of Mfap2(-/-) mice with a TGF-β-neutralizing antibody improved their body temperature and prevented the increased adiposity phenotype. Together, these findings indicate that the regulation of TGF-β by MAGP1 is protective against the effects of metabolic stress, and its absence predisposes individuals to metabolic dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa S Craft
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Terri A Pietka
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Timothy Schappe
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Trey Coleman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Michelle D Combs
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Samuel Klein
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MODepartment of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Nada A Abumrad
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MODepartment of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ouyang L, Zhang Q, Ruan X, Feng Y, Wang X. Treatment effect of Bushen Huayu extract on postmenopausal osteoporosis in vivo.. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:1687-1690. [PMID: 24926367 PMCID: PMC4043592 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bushen Huayu extract (BSHY), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been demonstrated to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis, however, the underlying mechanism remains to be fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of BSHY and the mechanisms underlying this effect in an in vivo postmenopausal osteoporosis animal model. A total of 1 g BSHY containing 7.12 μg icariin was prepared. Low-dose BSHY (BSHY-L; 11.1 g/kg), medium-dose BSHY (BSHY-M; 22.2 g/kg) and high-dose BSHY (BSHY-H; 44.4 g/kg) was administered to oophorectomized rats using intragastric infusion. Estradiol (E2), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels, as well as bone density, were determined. It was found that the levels of serum ALP in the BSHY-L, BSHY-M and BSHY-H groups (197.75±41.74, 166.63±44.83 and 165.63±44.90 IU/l, respectively) were significantly decreased compared with the model group (299.13±45.79 IU/l; P<0.05), whilst the levels of E2 (16.89±1.71, 17.95±1.40 and 18.34±1.43 pg/ml, respectively) increased compared with the model group (14.54±1.61; P<0.05). In addition, the levels of IL-6 decreased in the BSHY-L, BSHY-M and BSHY-H groups (91.85±14.81, 82.99±15.65 and 80.54±14.61 pg/ml, respectively) compared with the model group (105.93±16.50 pg/ml; P<0.05). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that BSHY increased the bone density in the BSHY-L, BSHY-M and BSHY-H groups (0.20±0.014, 0.22±0.016 and 0.22±0.017 g/cm2, respectively) compared with the model group (0.19±0.011 g/cm2; P<0.05). BSHY was also found to increase the number of osteoblasts in the BSHY-L, BSHY-M and BSHY-H groups (25.38±2.17, 29.25±2.12 and 30.00±2.39, respectively), compared with in the model group (14.75±2.38; P<0.05), and decrease the number of osteoclasts in the BSHY-L, BSHY-M and BSHY-H groups (4.00±1.85, 4.25±1.39 and 5.75±1.49, respectively) compared with 9.50±1.60 observed in the model group (P<0.05). These results suggest that BSHY is a potential therapeutic drug for the treatment of osteoporosis in vivo. Furthermore, these results suggest that the mechanism by which BSHY decreases the serum levels of IL-6 may be by regulating E2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ouyang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China ; School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Qiufang Zhang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China ; School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China ; Basic School of Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Xuzhi Ruan
- Basic School of Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Xuanbin Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China ; School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bae CJ, Park BY, Lee YH, Tobias JW, Hong CS, Saint-Jeannet JP. Identification of Pax3 and Zic1 targets in the developing neural crest. Dev Biol 2013; 386:473-83. [PMID: 24360908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a multipotent population of migratory cells unique to the vertebrate embryo, contributing to the development of multiple organ systems. Transcription factors pax3 and zic1 are among the earliest genes activated in NC progenitors, and they are both necessary and sufficient to promote NC fate. In order to further characterize the function of these transcription factors during NC development we have used hormone inducible fusion proteins in a Xenopus animal cap assay, and DNA microarray to identify downstream targets of Pax3 and Zic1. Here we present the results of this screen and the initial validation of these targets using quantitative RT-PCR, in situ hybridization and morpholinos-mediated knockdown. Among the targets identified we found several well-characterized NC-specific genes, including snail2, foxd3, gbx2, twist, sox8 and sox9, which validate our approach. We also obtained several factors with no known function in Xenopus NC, which represent novel regulators of NC fate. The comprehensive characterization of Pax3 and Zic1 targets function in the NC gene regulatory network, are essential to understanding the mechanisms regulating the emergence of this important cell population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Joon Bae
- Department of Basic Science & Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Byung-Yong Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Lee
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry & Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - John W Tobias
- Bioinformatics Group, Molecular Profiling Facility, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chang-Soo Hong
- Department of Basic Science & Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jean-Pierre Saint-Jeannet
- Department of Basic Science & Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, USA; Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zheng Q, Chen S, Chen Y, Lyga J, Wyborski R, Santhanam U. Investigation of age-related decline of microfibril-associated glycoprotein-1 in human skin through immunohistochemistry study. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2013; 6:317-23. [PMID: 24353434 PMCID: PMC3861293 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s51958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During aging, the reduction of elastic and collagen fibers in dermis can lead to skin atrophy, fragility, and aged appearance, such as increased facial wrinkling and sagging. Microfibril-associated glycoprotein-1 (MAGP-1) is an extracellular matrix protein critical for elastic fiber assembly. It integrates and stabilizes the microfibril and elastin matrix network that helps the skin to endure mechanical stretch and recoil. However, the observation of MAGP-1 during skin aging and its function in the dermis has not been established. To better understand age-related changes in the dermis, we investigated MAGP-1 during skin aging and photoaging, using a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies. Gene expression by microarray was performed using human skin biopsies from young and aged female donors. In addition, immunofluorescence analysis on the MAGP-1 protein was performed in dermal fibroblast cultures and in human skin biopsies. Specific antibodies against MAGP-1 and fibrillin-1 were used to examine protein expression and extracellular matrix structure in the dermis via biopsies from donors of multiple age groups. A reduction of the MAGP-1 gene and protein levels were observed in human skin with increasing age and photoexposure, indicating a loss of the functional MAGP-1 fiber network and a lack of structural support in the dermis. Loss of MAGP-1 around the hair follicle/pore areas was also observed, suggesting a possible correlation between MAGP-1 loss and enlarged pores in aged skin. Our findings demonstrate that a critical “pre-elasticity” component, MAGP-1, declines with aging and photoaging. Such changes may contribute to age-related loss of dermal integrity and perifollicular structural support, which may lead to skin fragility, sagging, and enlarged pores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zheng
- Global Research and Development, Avon Products Inc., Suffern, New York, USA
| | - Siming Chen
- Global Research and Development, Avon Products Inc., Suffern, New York, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Global Research and Development, Avon Products Inc., Suffern, New York, USA
| | - John Lyga
- Global Research and Development, Avon Products Inc., Suffern, New York, USA
| | - Russell Wyborski
- Global Research and Development, Avon Products Inc., Suffern, New York, USA
| | - Uma Santhanam
- Global Research and Development, Avon Products Inc., Suffern, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Combs MD, Knutsen RH, Broekelmann TJ, Toennies HM, Brett TJ, Miller CA, Kober DL, Craft CS, Atkinson JJ, Shipley JM, Trask BC, Mecham RP. Microfibril-associated glycoprotein 2 (MAGP2) loss of function has pleiotropic effects in vivo. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28869-80. [PMID: 23963447 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.497727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfibril-associated glycoprotein (MAGP) 1 and 2 are evolutionarily related but structurally divergent proteins that are components of microfibrils of the extracellular matrix. Using mice with a targeted inactivation of Mfap5, the gene for MAGP2 protein, we demonstrate that MAGPs have shared as well as unique functions in vivo. Mfap5(-/-) mice appear grossly normal, are fertile, and have no reduction in life span. Cardiopulmonary development is typical. The animals are normotensive and have vascular compliance comparable with age-matched wild-type mice, which is indicative of normal, functional elastic fibers. Loss of MAGP2 alone does not significantly alter bone mass or architecture, and loss of MAGP2 in tandem with loss of MAGP1 does not exacerbate MAGP1-dependent osteopenia. MAGP2-deficient mice are neutropenic, which contrasts with monocytopenia described in MAGP1-deficient animals. This suggests that MAGP1 and MAGP2 have discrete functions in hematopoiesis. In the cardiovascular system, MAGP1;MAGP2 double knockout mice (Mfap2(-/-);Mfap5(-/-)) show age-dependent aortic dilation. These findings indicate that MAGPs have shared primary functions in maintaining large vessel integrity. In solid phase binding assays, MAGP2 binds active TGFβ1, TGFβ2, and BMP2. Together, these data demonstrate that loss of MAGP2 expression in vivo has pleiotropic effects potentially related to the ability of MAGP2 to regulate growth factors or participate in cell signaling.
Collapse
|
25
|
Uitto J, Li Q, Urban Z. The complexity of elastic fibre biogenesis in the skin--a perspective to the clinical heterogeneity of cutis laxa. Exp Dermatol 2012; 22:88-92. [PMID: 23088642 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Elastic fibres are critical connective tissue components providing elasticity and resilience to skin and other tissues. These fibres are composed of elastin and a number of elastin-associated microfibrillar proteins that assemble in a complex fibre network in a multi-step process. Multiple cellular processes, including mitochondrial function, specific molecules in the secretory pathways and temporally and spatially ordered production of elastic fibre components, are required for the biogenesis of functional elastic fibres. Abnormalities in these processes can lead to loss of functional elastic fibres manifesting phenotypically as a skin disease. The paradigm of elastic fibre diseases affecting the skin is cutis laxa, a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by loose and sagging skin, frequently associated with extracutaneous manifestations in the lungs and the arterial blood vessels. The complexity of cutis laxa is emphasized by the fact that as many as 10 distinct genes can harbour mutations in this and related disorders. Understanding of the pathomechanistic pathways involved in perturbed elastic fibre assembly in cutis laxa provides information potentially helpful for the development of molecular strategies towards treatment of these, currently intractable, diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Medical College, Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|