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Glandular kallikrein in the innate immune system of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 139:119-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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2
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Lawrence MG, Lai J, Clements JA. Kallikreins on steroids: structure, function, and hormonal regulation of prostate-specific antigen and the extended kallikrein locus. Endocr Rev 2010; 31:407-46. [PMID: 20103546 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 15 members of the kallikrein-related serine peptidase (KLK) family have diverse tissue-specific expression profiles and putative proteolytic functions. The kallikrein family is also emerging as a rich source of disease biomarkers with KLK3, commonly known as prostate-specific antigen, being the current serum biomarker for prostate cancer. The kallikrein locus is also notable because it is extraordinarily responsive to steroids and other hormones. Indeed, at least 14 functional hormone response elements have been identified in the kallikrein locus. A more comprehensive understanding of the transcriptional regulation of kallikreins may help the field make more informed hypotheses about the physiological functions of kallikreins and their effectiveness as biomarkers. In this review, we describe the organization of the kallikrein locus and the structure of kallikrein genes and proteins. We also focus on the transcriptional regulation of kallikreins by androgens, progestins, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, estrogens, and other hormones in animal models and human prostate, breast, and reproductive tract tissues. The interaction of the androgen receptor with androgen response elements in the promoter and enhancer of KLK2 and KLK3 is also summarized in detail. There is evidence that all kallikreins are regulated by multiple nuclear receptors. Yet, apart from KLK2 and KLK3, it is not clear whether all kallikreins are direct transcriptional targets. Therefore, we argue that gaining more detailed information about the mechanisms that regulate kallikrein expression should be a priority of future studies and that the kallikrein locus will continue to be an important model in the era of genome-wide analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell G Lawrence
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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3
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Muangman P, Muffley LA, Anthony JP, Spenny ML, Underwood RA, Olerud JE, Gibran NS. Nerve growth factor accelerates wound healing in diabetic mice. Wound Repair Regen 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1067-1927.2004.012110.x-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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4
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Abstract
The biosynthesis of prostate specific antigen (PSA) was studied in human epidermoid carcinoma, (KB) cells and in normal human embryonic lung (WI-38)cells. The prostate carcinoma cell line, PC-35F12 was used as a control. PSA specific antibodies were used to precipitate the immunologically reactive peptides from cell extracts and conditioned media. The immunoprecipitates were analyzed by electrophoresis followed by fluorgraphy. Human PSA is initially synthesized as 32-kDa secretory glycopeptide containing one N-linked oligosaccharide and then processed to a 34-kDa secretory glycoprotein in KB cells. PSA is also expressed in normal human embryonic lung cells, WI-38. These results confirm that PSA expression is not prostate specific, but is also found in some nonprostatic cells. From these results, we conclude that PSA may play an important physiologic role in several tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Waheed
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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5
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Yarski MA, Bax BD, Hogue-Angeletti RA, Bradshaw RA. Nerve growth factor alpha subunit: effect of site-directed mutations on catalytic activity and 7S NGF complex formation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1477:253-66. [PMID: 10708862 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mouse alpha- and gamma-nerve growth factor (NGF) are glandular kallikreins that form a non-covalent complex (7S NGF) with beta-NGF. gamma-NGF is an active arginine-specific esteropeptidase; the alpha-subunit is catalytically inactive and has a zymogen-like conformation. Site-directed mutagenesis of alpha-NGF to alter the N-terminus and three residues in loop 7, a region that contributes to the catalytic center, restored substantial catalytic activity against N-benzoyl arginine-p-nitroanilide as substrate in two derivatives although they were not as active as recombinant gamma-NGF. Seven of the 15 derivatives that remained more alpha-like were able to substitute for native alpha-NGF in reforming 7S complexes; the other eight derivatives that were more gamma-like showed greatly reduced ability to do so. However, the most gamma-like alpha-NGF derivative could not substitute for native gamma-NGF in 7S complex formation. These findings suggest that the alpha-NGF backbone can be corrected to a functional enzyme by the addition of a normal N-terminal structure and two catalytic site substitutions and that the 7S complex requires one kallikrein subunit in the zymogen form and one in an active conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Yarski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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6
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Abstract
The nervous system and peripheral tissues in mammals contain a large number of biologically active peptides and proteases that function as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in the nervous system, as hormones or cellular mediators in peripheral tissue, and play a role in human neurological diseases. The existence and possible functional relevance of bradykinin and kallidin (the peptides), kallikreins (the proteolytic enzymes), and kininases (the peptidases) in neurophysiology and neuropathological states are discussed in this review. Tissue kallikrein, the major cellular kinin-generating enzyme, has been localised in various areas of the mammalian brain. Functionally, it may assist also in the normal turnover of brain proteins and the processing of peptide-hormones, neurotransmitters, and some of the nerve growth factors that are essential for normal neuronal function and synaptic transmission. A specific class of kininases, peptidases responsible for the rapid degradation of kinins, is considered to be identical to enkephalinase A. Additionally, kinins are known to mediate inflammation, a cardinal feature of which is pain, and the clearest evidence for a primary neuronal role exists so far in the activation by kinins of peripherally located nociceptive receptors on C-fibre terminals that transmit and modulate pain perception. Kinins are also important in vascular homeostasis, the release of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, and the modulation of cerebral cellular immunity. The two kinin receptors, B2 and B1, that modulate the cellular actions of kinins have been demonstrated in animal neural tissue, neural cells in culture, and various areas of the human brain. Their localisation in glial tissue and neural centres, important in the regulation of cardiovascular homeostasis and nociception, suggests that the kinin system may play a functional role in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Raidoo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Natal, Durban, South Africa
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7
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Xiong W, Chao J, Chao L. Expression and localization of human kallistatin in rat submandibular gland after intracapsular gene injection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 231:494-8. [PMID: 9070307 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1996.5946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Gene delivery into rat submandibular gland in vivo by direct intracapsular injection has been studied. After the administration of adenovirus constructs, Ad-RSV-LacZ and Ad-CMV-LacZ, beta-galactosidase expression was localized in the granular convoluted tubular and striated duct cells of rat submandibular gland by in situ enzyme histochemistry. Adenovirus-mediated delivery of the human kallistatin gene (Ad-RSV-HKBP) into rat submandibular gland results in the expression of human kallistatin in a time-dependent manner. The expression of immunoreactive kallistatin in submandibular gland was detected 1 day after the Ad-RSV-HKBP injection and it reached a plateau (1-2 ng/mg protein) 2 days after gene delivery. Higher levels of human kallistatin were found in the submandibular gland of 6-month-old rats than in one-month-old rats. After direct gene injection, human kallistatin was localized mainly in cells of the granular convoluted tubules and striated ducts of rat submandibular gland using a specific monoclonal antibody to human kallistatin. The results indicate that direct intracapsular gene delivery into the submandibular gland provides a simple and reliable method for introducing foreign genes into the gland. This method can be used for studying gene regulation in vivo and may have potential for gene therapy in oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
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8
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Raspi G. Kallikrein and kallikrein-like proteinases: purification and determination by chromatographic and electrophoretic methods. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 684:265-87. [PMID: 8906477 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(96)00144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Kallikreins and kallikrein-like enzymes make up a family of serine proteinases present in tissues and body fluids of mammals and in some snake venoms. This review deals with the procedures of purification, detection and determination of these enzymes by chromatographic and electrophoretic methods. The procedures are reported in tables, described and discussed with the aim of illustrating the state-of-the-art of research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Raspi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale dell'Università and Istituto di Chimica Analitica Strumentale del C.N.R. Pisa, Italy
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9
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Hermann A, Buchinger P, Somlev B, Rehbock J. High and low molecular weight kininogen and plasma prekallikrein/plasma kallikrein in villous capillaries of human term placenta. Placenta 1996; 17:223-30. [PMID: 8761966 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(96)90042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the expression and presence of components of the kallikrein-kinin system in human term placenta. Immunohistochemical studies localized H-kininogen and plasma prekallikrein/plasma kallikrein to endothelial cells of placental villous capillaries. In larger placental blood vessels and umbilical cord, neither kininogens nor kallikreins were detected. High (H) and low (L) molecular weight kininogen, plasma prekallikrein and plasma kallikrein were detected by Western blot analysis in human term placenta and in maternal and fetal blood, whereas tissue kallikrein was not. Furthermore, mRNA of plasma prekallikrein was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in placental homogenates, while mRNA of H-kininogen, L-kininogen and tissue kallikrein was not. Because H-kininogen and plasma prekallikrein circulate in a complexed form, we suggest that endothelial cells bind kininogen and plasma prekallikrein in which they are secreted by the fetal liver from fetal blood. The co-localization of kininogen and plasma prekallikrein/plasma kallikrein suggests that kinins could be generated locally in placental capillaries. When released, they may play a role in regulating placental blood flow and transplacental transport of substrates and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hermann
- I. Frauenklinik, Universität München, Germany
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10
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Hermann A, Buchinger P, Rehbock J. Visualization of tissue kallikrein in human breast carcinoma by two-dimensional western blotting and immunohistochemistry. BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY HOPPE-SEYLER 1995; 376:365-70. [PMID: 7576230 DOI: 10.1515/bchm3.1995.376.6.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tissue kallikrein is well known to liberate the vasoactive peptide kallidin from L-kininogen. Recently it was reported to activate matrix degrading metalloproteinases in vitro and to be present in gastric carcinoma cells. By immunohistochemistry we localized tissue kallikrein in the cytoplasm of ductal breast cancer cells. In addition, two-dimensional Western blotting was used to further characterize its biochemical properties. By this method immunoreactive tissue kallikrein was found to have a molecular mass of 25 kDa and an isoelectric point close to pH 6. Furthermore its presence in human milk could be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hermann
- Proteinchemisches Labor, I. Frauenklinik der Universität, Müchen, Germany
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11
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Schenkels LC, Veerman EC, Nieuw Amerongen AV. Biochemical composition of human saliva in relation to other mucosal fluids. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 1995; 6:161-75. [PMID: 7548622 DOI: 10.1177/10454411950060020501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes several salivary components and their distribution in other mucosal secretions. Histatins are polypeptides which possess exceptional anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activities, but are nevertheless present only in saliva. Proline-rich proteins (PRPs) are members of a closely related family, of which the acidic PRPs are found solely in saliva, whereas the basic PRPs are also found in other secretions. Mucins are a group of glycoproteins that contribute to the visco-elastic character of the mucosal secretions. Despite the similarities in their structure and behavior, mucins have distinct tissue distributions and amino acid sequences. Other salivary proteins are present in one or more mucosal secretions. Lysozyme is an example of a component belonging to an ancient self-defense system, whereas secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) is the secreted part of a sophisticated adaptive immune system. Cystatins are closely related proteins which belong to a multigene family. Alpha-Amylase is a component that is believed to play a specific role in digestion, but is nevertheless present in several body fluids. Kallikrein and albumin are components of blood plasma. But whereas albumin diffuses into the different mucosal secretions, kallikrein is secreted specifically by the mucosal glands. The presence of these proteins specifically in saliva, or their distribution in other mucosal secretions as well, may provide important clues with respect to the physiology of those proteins in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Schenkels
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit, The Netherlands
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12
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13
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Kunkeler L, Hodgins MB. Androgens and sweating. Br J Dermatol 1994; 131:739. [PMID: 7999622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb05000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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14
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Nanduri J, Vroegop SM, Buxser SE, Neet KE. Immunological determinants of nerve growth factor involved in p140trk (Trk) receptor binding. J Neurosci Res 1994; 37:433-44. [PMID: 7517456 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490370402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal anti-NGF antibodies that specifically inhibit the biological activity of mouse beta-NGF were used to study the structural determinants involved in the interaction of NGF with its receptors gp75LNGFR and Trk. None of the three antibodies--N60, M15, and 27/21--showed any reactivity toward denatured NGF. Three experimental methods--radioimmunoassay (RIA), enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), and slot blots--detected no significant cross reactivity between the antibodies and BDNF or NT-3. RIA showed that M15 and N60 recognize the same or an overlapping antigenic site, but 27/21 recognizes a different epitope. Only 27/21, and not N60 or M15, immunoprecipitated beta-NGF crosslinked to LNGFR receptor. Thus, the epitope recognized by 27/21 does not overlap the LNGFR receptor binding site. N60, M15, and 27/21 all block binding of NGF to Trk in a manner consistent with competitive inhibition. Purified Fab fragments of N60 and M15 gave similar results to the intact antibodies. The other subunits present in the 7S complex of NGF, i.e. the alpha and gamma subunits, competitively inhibited binding of antibodies to beta-NGF. Only the gamma subunit inhibited phosphorylation of Trk and biological activity of beta-NGF. These findings suggest that the M15, N60, and 27/21 antibodies bind to a specific site on the surface of NGF where they competitively inhibit binding to the Trk NGF receptor. The region encompassing the N-terminus, the C-terminus, and the loop on the surface of beta-NGF containing residues 60-80 is proposed as important for binding to the Trk receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nanduri
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UHS/Chicago Medical School, Illinois 60064
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15
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Jørgensen PE, Nexø E, Poulsen SS, Almendingen M, Berg T. Processing of epidermal growth factor in the rat submandibular gland by Kallikrein-like enzymes. Growth Factors 1994; 11:113-23. [PMID: 7857656 DOI: 10.3109/08977199409001053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is synthesized as a precursor which is processed intracellularly to a 6 kDa EGF in the rat submandibular gland. This gland contains very high amounts of kallikrein-like enzymes, and the purpose of the present study was to examine whether any of five such enzymes, rK1, rK2, rK7, rK9 or rK10, can process the rat EGF precursor. Molecular weight forms of EGF, that were N- or C-terminally extended compared to submandibular gland EGF were obtained from rat urine. These extended forms of EGF were incubated with each of the enzymes for 24 h at 37 degrees C. Two enzymes, rK7 and rK10, were able to cleave N- and C-terminally extended EGF, releasing a form of EGF which eluted similarly to submandibular gland EGF upon gel filtration, and which was recognized both by antibodies against rat EGF and by the EGF receptor. One enzyme, rK1, cleaved C- but not N-terminally extended EGF. Neither rK2, nor rK9 cleaved the extended forms of EGF. In previous immunohistochemical studies rK1, rK7 and rK10 have all been demonstrated in the EGF containing cells of the rat submandibular gland. EGF and rK1 are also synthesized in the rat kidney but the present study demonstrated that EGF and rK1 are not colocalized in this organ. Based on the cleavage of the extended forms of rat EGF by rK1, rK7 and rK10 and on the fact that the enzymes are abundant and colocalized with EGF in the rat submandibular gland, we suggest that rK1, rK7 and rK10 can be involved in the processing of the EGF precursor in the rat submandibular gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, KH University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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16
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Abstract
The granular convoluted tubule (GCT) is a segment of the duct system of all rodents, situated between the striated and intercalated ducts. It has the peculiar property of synthesizing a large variety of biologically active polypeptides whose role in saliva remains unknown. The literature on the fine structure of GCT cells is critically reviewed. Some recent developments on endocrine regulation of the structure and contents of rodent GCT cells are summarized, with emphasis on EGF, NGF, renin, and kallikrein proteases. A survey of the distribution of GCT cells in several vertebrate families is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Gresik
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York Medical School, New York 10031
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17
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Bax B, Blaber M, Ferguson G, Sternberg MJ, Walls PH. Prediction of the three-dimensional structures of the nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor binding proteins (kallikreins) and an hypothetical structure of the high molecular weight complex of epidermal growth factor with its binding protein. Protein Sci 1993; 2:1229-41. [PMID: 8401208 PMCID: PMC2142432 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560020805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have predicted the three-dimensional structures of the serine protease subunits (gamma-NGF, alpha-NGF, and EGF-BP) of the high molecular weight complexes of nerve growth factor (7S NGF) and epidermal growth factor (HMW-EGF) from the mouse submandibular gland (from the X-ray crystal structures of two related glandular kallikreins). The conformations of three of the six loops surrounding the active site are relatively well defined in the models of gamma-NGF and EGF-BP, but three other loops are likely to have flexible conformations. Although the amino acid sequence of alpha-NGF is closely related to those of gamma-NGF and EGF-BP, it is catalytically inactive. Model-building studies on alpha-NGF suggested that mutations (in alpha-NGF) just prior to the active site serine (195) and an unusual N-terminal sequence are consistent with alpha-NGF having a zymogen-like conformation (similar to that in chymotrypsinogen). An hypothetical model of the quaternary structure of HMW-EGF has been constructed using this model of EGF-BP and the NMR structure of murine EGF. The C-terminal arm of EGF was modeled into the active site of EGF-BP based on data indicating that the C-terminal arginine of EGF occupies the S1 subsite of EGF-BP. Data suggesting one of the surface loops of EGF-BP is buried in the HMW-EGF complex and symmetry constraints were important in deriving a schematic model. A molecular docking program was used to fit EGF to EGF-BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bax
- Department of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Powers
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595
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19
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Faurobert E, Albaladéjo V, Joly-Pharaboz MO, Girolami JP, André J. The control by estradiol of pituitary tumor and cell growth is not correlated with that of kallikrein gene expression. Cancer Lett 1992; 64:211-8. [PMID: 1638513 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(92)90045-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
From an MtTF4 pituitary tumor we established new cell lines and tumors whose growth is sensitive (stimulation or inhibition) or insensitive to estradiol (Cancer Res., 1991, 50, 3786-3794). The main objective of the present work was to determine whether such a diversity of responses is correlated with the estradiol control of kallikrein gene expression. From kallikrein mRNA analyses and from kallikrein activity assays in conditioned medium it appears highly probable that the diversity of responses to estradiol of pituitary tumors and cell growth is not due to a differential regulation of kallikrein gene expression. In addition, prolactin gene expression and estrogen receptor mRNA have been studied to further characterize this experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Faurobert
- INSERM--U 329, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France
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20
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Luo Y, Neet K. The unprocessed C-terminal dipeptide of recombinant beta-nerve growth factor determines three stable forms with distinct biological activities. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)49835-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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21
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Hu ZQ, Murakami K, Ikigai H, Shimamura T. Enhancement of lymphocyte proliferation by mouse glandular kallikrein. Immunol Lett 1992; 32:85-9. [PMID: 1500088 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(92)90204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mouse glandular kallikrein (mGK) strongly enhanced the spontaneous and mitogen-induced proliferation of lymphocytes. Both blast formation and 3H-TdR incorporation were dose-dependently enhanced at the same time many cells were killed. The enhancing activity was independent of EGF, because EGF-binding proteins (mGK-9 in mGK-6,9 mixture and mGK-13), renal kallikrein (mGK-6) and human kallikrein all displayed the same enhancement. A serine proteinase inhibitor, diisopropyl fluorophosphate, could block the enhancement by mGK. The new function suggests that mGK is important in the immune system as a regulatory molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Q Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Jenzano JW, Hogan SL, Lundblad RL. The influence of age, sex and race on salivary kallikrein levels in human mixed saliva. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1992; 35:29-33. [PMID: 1509974 DOI: 10.1007/bf01990947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Variation in the level of salivary kallikrein in human saliva has been reported as a function of systemic conditions such as reduced salt intake and during the menstrual cycle. Higher levels of salivary kallikrein have been observed in subjects with tumors distant from the oral cavity when compared to control subjects. These studies have not evaluated factors, such as age, which might influence the concentration of glandular kallikrein in saliva. The purpose of the present study was to determine the variation of salivary kallikrein concentration as a function of age. Differences attributable to sex or race were also evaluated. Mixed saliva was collected from 114 subjects, ages 5-91, by paraffin stimulation. Samples were centrifuged and stored at -20 degrees C for subsequent analysis. Glandular kallikrein activity was assayed using D-ValylLeucylArginine-p-nitroanilide as the substrate. In a linear regression model which included sex, race, and age, levels only the factor of age had a significant effect on kallikrein levels. The p-value for the reduced model including only the factor of age was 0.0406 and the R-square was 0.038. Further analysis revealed that females did exhibit significantly higher kallikrein in individuals 40 years or older and that the effect of age appeared to be limited to females. It is concluded that both gender and age must be considered when evaluating salivary kallikrein changes in relationship to systemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Jenzano
- Dental Research Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7455
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23
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McDonald NQ, Blundell TL. Crystallization and characterization of the high molecular weight form of nerve growth factor (7 S NGF). J Mol Biol 1991; 219:595-601. [PMID: 2056528 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(91)90655-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A high molecular weight form of nerve growth factor (7 S NGF) has been crystallized in two crystal forms from polyethylene glycol 4000 by the vapour diffusion technique. The orthorhombic form A belongs to the space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) and has cell dimensions of a = 95.6, b = 96.5 and c = 147.0 A. With synchrotron X-ray radiation, these crystals diffract to 2.8 A resolution. They contain an intact 7 S NGF complex in the asymmetric unit. The tetragonal form B, which grows at similar conditions to the A form, belongs to the space group P4(1)2(1)2 (or P4(3)2(1)2) with unit cell dimensions of a = 97.4, b = 97.4 and c = 308.3 A. These crystals diffract to 3.6 A resolution and contain one 7 S complex per asymmetric unit. Native X-ray data have been collected to 3.3 A for the A form and to 5.0 A for the B form, both using synchrotron radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Q McDonald
- Department of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, London, U.K
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24
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Cohen WM, Wu HF, Featherstone GL, Jenzano JW, Lundblad RL. Linkage between blood coagulation and inflammation: stimulation of neutrophil tissue kallikrein by thrombin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 176:315-20. [PMID: 2018525 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)90926-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
There has been major interest in the potential interaction between blood coagulation and inflammation. Most of the effort has focused on cellular interactions involving platelets and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNS). The recent discovery of tissue kallikrein(TK) activity in PMNs prompted the study of the possible role of thrombin(IIa) in this process. Human PMNs were isolated by density gradient centrifugation. Human IIa was compared with fMLP with respect to chemotaxis and enzyme release. Results from the challenges by IIa and fMLP were compared to a NaCl control using Student's paired t-test. IIa was a potent chemotactic agent for PMNs (p less than or equal to 0.0121) and stimulated the release of TK (p less than or equal to 0.0001) as determined by hydrolysis of S-2266. FMLP significantly stimulated PMN chemotaxis (p less than or equal to 0.0028) but had no effect on TK release. Release of TK was confirmed by Western Blot analysis and 35S-methionine incorporation into a 35 KD protein after IIa challenge. These results demonstrate that IIa is chemotactic for PMNs and can cause release of tissue kallikrein demonstrating a direct role for blood coagulation in the regulation of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Cohen
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7450
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25
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Chevalier S, McKercher G, Chapdelaine A. Serum and prostatic growth-promoting factors for steroid-independent epithelial cells of adult dog prostate. Prostate 1991; 19:207-20. [PMID: 1946040 DOI: 10.1002/pros.2990190303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A growth factor-like effect has been observed on canine prostatic epithelial cells when cultured in the presence of their homologous serum and prostatic extracts; the mitogenic activities of both preparations were dose-dependent and not altered by charcoal treatment. The effect of dog serum decreased when the density of the epithelial cell cultures increased and was minimal on canine prostatic fibroblasts. Trace amounts of intracellular sex steroids did not contribute to epithelial cell proliferation since the presence of sex steroid action inhibitors did not alter growth rate; in those conditions, cycloheximide completely prevented cell division. When various hormones and known mitogenic agents were tested alone or in combination with steroids, none elicited an increase in the number of epithelial cells cultured in serum-free medium or altered the proliferative effect of dog serum observed in parallel cultures. On gel filtration, dog serum or tissue cytosol showed a major mitogenic activity at an apparent molecular mass of 150 kDa and a minor one of 1.5 kDa as evaluated by gel filtration of dog serum ultrafiltrate. Acidic extraction of prostatic tissue followed by chromatography on a hydrophobic C-18 column and subsequent gel filtration also led to the detection of the low Mr component. Thus, humoral and/or tissular factors present in vivo and different from known mitogens may be of importance as direct modulators of the basal epithelial cell growth in the adult canine prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chevalier
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Québec, Canada
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26
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Bresnahan PA, Leduc R, Thomas L, Thorner J, Gibson HL, Brake AJ, Barr PJ, Thomas G. Human fur gene encodes a yeast KEX2-like endoprotease that cleaves pro-beta-NGF in vivo. J Cell Biol 1990; 111:2851-9. [PMID: 2269657 PMCID: PMC2116363 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.111.6.2851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracts from BSC-40 cells infected with vaccinia recombinants expressing either the yeast KEX2 prohormone endoprotease or a human structural homologue (fur gene product) contained an elevated level of a membrane-associated endoproteolytic activity that could cleave at pairs of basic amino acids (-LysArg- and -ArgArg-). The fur-directed activity (furin) shared many properties with Kex2p including activity at pH 7.3 and a requirement for calcium. By using antifurin antibodies, immunoblot analysis detected two furin translation products (90 and 96 kD), while immunofluorescence indicated localization to the Golgi apparatus. Coexpression of either Kex2p or furin with the mouse beta-nerve growth factor precursor (pro-beta-NGF) resulted in greatly enhanced conversion of the precursor to mature nerve growth factor. Thus, the sequence homology shared by furin and the yeast KEX2 prohormone processing enzyme is reflected by significant functional homology both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Bresnahan
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201-3098
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27
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Kuan SI, Judd AM, Jarvis WD, Login IS, MacLeod RM. Physiological and biochemical effects of bradykinin and lys-bradykinin in pituitary cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1990; 72:239-46. [PMID: 1963159 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(90)90148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The presence of kallikrein activity, bradykinin (BK) and lys-bradykinin (LBK) in the pituitary gland suggests a possible physiological role of kinins therein. We demonstrated that BK and LBK increased prolactin (PRL), but not growth hormone release, from rat anterior pituitary cells cultured in vitro. Such stimulatory effect on PRL secretion appears to involve B2-type BK receptors, as suggested by the antagonizing effect of B6572 (a B2-type BK receptor antagonist) on PRL release. The BK-induced increase in PRL release is associated with an enhanced [3H]arachidonate (AA) efflux, an elevated cytosolic free calcium concentration [(Ca2+]i), and increased inositol phosphate (InsPx) production. Bradykinin and LBK stimulated [3H]AA liberation, [Ca2+]i elevation and PRL release at lower concentrations than those necessary to stimulate InsPx production. Therefore, AA release and [Ca2+]i elevation may be more important to PRL release than is InsPx production. Dopamine (DA) inhibited BK- or LBK-stimulated PRL release and slightly attenuated the stimulated [Ca2+]i response, but had no effect on stimulated [3H]AA efflux and InsPx generation. This study suggests that BK and LBK may have either an autocrine or a paracrine role in regulating PRL secretion, and are subject to modulation by DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Kuan
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908
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28
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Castro M, Marks CB, Nilsson B, Anderson S. Does the Kunitz domain from the Alzheimer's amyloid beta protein precursor inhibit a kallikrein responsible for post-translational processing of nerve growth factor precursor? FEBS Lett 1990; 267:207-12. [PMID: 1696210 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)80926-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing of the Alzheimer's amyloid beta protein precursor (ABPP) message leads to the production of several variants of this precursor polypeptide. Two of these variants contain a domain that is highly homologous to members of the Kunitz class of protease inhibitors. In order to initiate a study of the physiological role of this domain, we have produced active ABPP Kunitz inhibitor by constructing and expressing a synthetic gene in E. coli. Nerve growth factor (NGF) deficiency has been suggested as a possible cause of the neural degeneration characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, and trypsin and gamma-NGF are the two enzymes that have been shown to be capable of processing beta-NGF precursor to active, mature beta-NGF in vitro, therefore, the specificity of purified recombinant ABPP Kunitz inhibitor was analyzed with respect to these two proteases. Binding of isolated ABPP Kunitz domain both to trypsin (Ki,app less than 10 nM and to gamma-NGF (Ki,app = 300 nM) was observed. This difference in binding to the two proteases correlates with the approximately 20-fold higher rate observed for in vitro processing of the beta-NGF precursor by trypsin compared to processing by gamma-NGF, indicating that perhaps the inhibitor mimics the interaction of the beta-NGF precursor with proteases. The kallikrein actually responsible for beta-NGF precursor processing in vivo is unknown, but these results suggest that it is capable of being significantly inhibited by exposure to the ABPP Kunitz domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Castro
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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29
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Clements JA, Matheson BA, Funder JE. Tissue-specific regulation of the expression of rat kallikrein gene family members by thyroid hormone. Biochem J 1990; 267:745-50. [PMID: 2339984 PMCID: PMC1131361 DOI: 10.1042/bj2670745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have altered the thyroid hormonal status of both male and female rats and examined the expression of six functional members of the rat kallikrein gene family (PS, S1, S2, S3, K1 and P1) in the submandibular gland (SMG), kidney, prostate, testis and anterior pituitary gland (AP) of these animals. On Northern-blot analysis with gene-specific oligonucleotide probes, the steady-state mRNA levels of S1, S2, S3, K1 and P1 were all dramatically altered in the SMG of male and female rats treated with propylthiouracil (PTU; 100 mg/litre of drinking water) or thyroxine (T4; 10 micrograms/100 mg body wt.) for 3 weeks. The SMG mRNA levels of these five genes were all lowered (30-90%) in hypothyroid (PTU-treated) male and female rats and elevated (1.4-4-fold, male; 1.5-11-fold, female) in the hyperthyroid (T4-treated) and PTU/T4-treated animals. In contrast, PS (true kallikrein) mRNA levels in the male or female SMG or kidney were essentially unchanged. K1 mRNA levels in the kidney were considerably less responsive to thyroid status than those in the SMG. Changes in S3 and P1 mRNA levels in the prostate were also variable, but essentially unaffected by these treatments. AP PS mRNA levels were also unaffected by changes in thyroid-hormonal status, as were levels of a novel P1-like mRNA in the testis. In summary, these studies demonstrate that the same kallikrein gene family member(s) may be differentially regulated by thyroid hormones in the rat SMG, kidney, prostate and pituitary, and thus further extend the concept of tissue-specific expression and hormonal regulation of the kallikrein gene family in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Clements
- Medical Research Centre, Prince Henry's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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30
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Perez-Polo JR, Foreman PJ, Jackson GR, Shan D, Taglialatela G, Thorpe LW, Werrbach-Perez K. Nerve growth factor and neuronal cell death. Mol Neurobiol 1990; 4:57-91. [PMID: 2076219 DOI: 10.1007/bf02935585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of neuronal cell death by the neuronotrophic factor, nerve growth factor (NGF), has been described during neural development and following injury to the nervous system. Also, reduced NGF activity has been reported for the aged NGF-responsive neurons of the sympathetic nervous system and cholinergic regions of the central nervous system (CNS) in aged rodents and man. Although there is some knowledge of the molecular structure of the NGF and its receptor, less is known as to the mechanism of action of NGF. Here, a possible role for NGF in the regulation of oxidant--antioxidant balance is discussed as part of a molecular explanation for the known effects of NGF on neuronal survival during development, after injury, and in the aged CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Perez-Polo
- Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550
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31
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Bradshaw RA, Altin JG, Blaber M, Cavanaugh KP, Eveleth DD, Kornblum HI, Leslie FM, Raffioni S. Neurotrophic factors in the CNS: biosynthetic processing and functional responses. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1990; 86:157-67. [PMID: 1965051 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63174-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Bradshaw
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717
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32
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Clements JA, Matheson BA, Funder JW. Tissue-specific developmental expression of the kallikrein gene family in the rat. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)40160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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33
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Clements JA, Matheson BA, MacDonald RJ, Funder JW. Oestrogen administration and the expression of the kallikrein gene family in the rat submandibular gland. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 35:55-60. [PMID: 2155348 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(90)90145-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Using a series of oligonucleotide probes (18-21 mers) specific for members of the rat kallikrein/tonin (arginyl-esteropeptidase) gene family (PS, S1, S2, S3, K1, P1), we have shown by Northern blot analysis that all six genes are expressed in the submandibular gland (SMG), with PS (true kallikrein) the most abundant in both male and female rats. Though female levels of PS mRNA are similar to that in the male, levels of mRNA from both the kallikrein-like (S1, K1, P1) and tonin (S2)/tonin-like (S3) genes are all substantially lower in the female than in the male rat. In contrast with the oestrogen dependence of anterior pituitary kallikrein (PS) gene expression, oestrogen administration (6 micrograms/day for 8 days) to castrate male or female rats is without effect on PS or S1, S2, S3, K1, P1 mRNA levels in the SMG. These findings suggest a tissue-specificity in the oestrogen regulation of true kallikrein gene expression in the two tissues. In intact male rats, oestrogen administration lowers SMG levels of S1, S2, S3, K1, and P1 but not PS mRNA to castrate levels, presumably by suppression of the pituitary/gonadal axis, consistent with the previously reported androgen dependence of SMG expression of these genes with the exception of PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Clements
- Medical Research Centre, Prince Henry's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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34
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Fuller PJ, Verity K, Matheson BA, Clements JA. Kallikrein-gene expression in the rat gastrointestinal tract. Biochem J 1989; 264:133-6. [PMID: 2604709 PMCID: PMC1133556 DOI: 10.1042/bj2640133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The serine proteinase glandular kallikrein has been demonstrated in the gastrointestinal tract, although there is some doubt as to whether it is synthesized there or derives from exocrine-gland secretions. Using a rat pancreatic kallikrein cRNA probe we have demonstrated kallikrein-like gene expression in the corpus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon, and compared the pattern of expression with that of the gastrointestinal peptides somatostatin, gastrin and glucagon. In addition, using a panel of oligonucleotide probes specific for various members of the rat kallikrein-gene family, we have shown that the kallikrein-like gene expressed appears to be expressed as true kallikrein.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Fuller
- Medical Research Centre, Prince Henry's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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35
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Clements JA, Matheson BA, Macdonald RJ, Funder JW. The expression of the kallikrein gene family in the rat pituitary: oestrogen effects and the expression of an additional family member in the neurointermediate lobe. J Neuroendocrinol 1989; 1:198-203. [PMID: 19210455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.1989.tb00103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Using a series of oligonucleotide probes (18 to 21 mers) specific for members of the rat kallikrein/tonin gene family (PS, S1, S2, S3, K1, P1), we have shown by Northern blot analysis that the oestrogen-dependent kallikrein gene expressed in the male and female rat anterior pituitary is true kallikrein (PS). In addition, we have demonstrated that oestrogen treatment may also induce PS gene expression in the male and female rat neurointermediate lobe. None of the other five rat arginyl-esteropeptidase genes so far described (S1, S2, S3, K1, P1) was found to be expressed in the anterior pituitary or neurointermediate lobe under these conditions. However, the demonstration of an additional hybridization signal in the male neurointermediate lobe using a relatively non-specific PS gene probe suggests the expression of another, as yet uncharacterized, kallikrein gene family member in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Clements
- Medical Research Centre, Prince Henry's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia 3004
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36
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Sato K, Kang WH, Saga K, Sato KT. Biology of sweat glands and their disorders. I. Normal sweat gland function. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989; 20:537-63. [PMID: 2654204 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(89)70063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The basic mechanisms of sweat gland function and an updated review of some relatively common disorders of sweat secretion, are presented. Although sweat secretion and ductal absorption are basically biophysical and biologic cellular processes, a detailed description of the basic biophysical principles of membrane transport has been avoided to make the discussion more readable. The cited references will, however, help those readers primarily interested in the basic details of sweat gland function. Part I of this article includes a discussion of morphologic characteristics, central and peripheral nervous control of sweat secretion, neurotransmitters, intracellular mediators and stimulus secretion coupling, Na-K-Cl cotransport model for the ionic mechanism of sweat secretion, ingredients of sweat, ductal function, the pathogenesis of abnormal sweat gland function in cystic fibrosis, and the discovery of the apoeccrine sweat gland. Part II, to be published in the May issue of the Journal, reviews reports of all those major disorders of hyperhidrosis and hypohidrosis that have appeared in the literature during the past 10 years. It is hoped that this review will serve as a resource for clinicians who encounter puzzling disorders of sweating in their patients, as well as for investigators who wish to obtain a quick update on sweat gland function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sato
- Marshall Dermatology Research Laboratories, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242
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37
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Fuller PJ, Matheson BA, MacDonald RJ, Verity K, Clements JA. Kallikrein gene expression in estrogen-induced pituitary tumors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1988; 60:225-32. [PMID: 3215391 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(88)90182-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Anterior pituitary kallikrein-like enzyme activity, immunoreactivity and mRNA levels have previously been shown to be regulated by estrogen, in parallel with prolactin. In this study, we have examined the relationship between kallikrein and prolactin mRNA levels in estrogen-induced pituitary tumors. Treatment of Fischer 344 rats with diethylstilbestrol implants for 3, 5 and 7 weeks produced a dramatic increase in kallikrein mRNA levels and a modest increase in prolactin mRNA levels. These changes were partially reversed by bromocriptine treatment, and completely reversed by bromocriptine plus estrogen withdrawal. Using a panel of oligonucleotide probes specific for various members of the rat kallikrein gene family, we have shown that the kallikrein-like gene expressed appears to be true kallikrein.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Fuller
- Medical Research Centre, Prince Henry's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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38
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Wakefield LM, Smith DM, Flanders KC, Sporn MB. Latent transforming growth factor-beta from human platelets. A high molecular weight complex containing precursor sequences. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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39
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Isackson PJ, Nisco SJ, Bradshaw RA. Expression of the alpha subunit of 7S nerve growth factor in the mouse submandibular gland. Neurochem Res 1987; 12:959-66. [PMID: 3317101 DOI: 10.1007/bf00966319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
alpha-NGF is an inactive serine protease that is associated in the mouse submandibular gland with a closely related serine protease, gamma-NGF, and the neurotrophic factor, beta-NGF. The heterogeneity of purified alpha-NGF has been examined by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A possible explanation for the observed heterogeneity is presented. Antibodies have been prepared against alpha-NGF and purified by affinity chromatography so that they do not cross-react with gamma-NGF. This antibody preparation recognizes two very similar proteins in male mouse submandibular gland RNA-directed cell-free translation mixtures. The expression of only one of these forms is regulated by testosterone. Oligonucleotide probes specific for each of the three NGF subunits have been prepared and used for Northern blot analysis of RNA from the mouse submandibular gland. The three subunits were found to be coordinately expressed and each were 30-fold more abundant in male than in female glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Isackson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, California College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717
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40
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Barajas L, Salido EC, Laborde NP, Fisher DA. Nerve growth factor immunoreactivity in mouse kidney: an immunoelectron microscopic study. J Neurosci Res 1987; 18:418-24. [PMID: 3437465 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490180306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We have recently reported the immunolocalization of nerve growth factor (NGF) in mouse kidney by light microscopy. In the present study, we have investigated the ultrastructural localization of NGF by the preembedding immunoperoxidase method for electron microscopy. NGF immunoreactivity was present in the connecting tubule cells of the distal nephron. These cells showed immunostaining associated with the Golgi complex, vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and polyribosomes. The intercalated cells, in contrast, lacked immunoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Barajas
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance 90509
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