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Bodnar Y, Lillig CH. Cysteinyl and methionyl redox switches: Structural prerequisites and consequences. Redox Biol 2023; 65:102832. [PMID: 37536083 PMCID: PMC10412846 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox modifications of specific cysteinyl and methionyl residues regulate key enzymes and signal-transducing proteins in various pathways. Here, we analyzed the effect of redox modifications on protein structure screening the RCSB protein data bank for oxidative modifications of proteins, i.e. protein disulfides, mixed disulfides with glutathione, cysteinyl sulfenic acids, cysteinyl S-nitrosylation, and methionyl sulfoxide residues. When available, these structures were compared to the structures of the same proteins in the reduced state with respect to both pre-requirements for the oxidative modifications as well as the structural consequences of the modifications. In general, the conformational changes induced by the redox modification are small, i.e. within the range of normal fluctuations. Some redox modifications, disulfides in particular, induces alterations in the electrostatic properties of the proteins. Solvent accessibility does not seem to be a strict pre-requirement for the redox modification of a particular residue. We identified an enrichment of certain other amino acid residues in the vicinity of the susceptible residues, for disulfide and sulfenic acid modifications, for instance, histidyl and tyrosyl residues. These motifs, as well as the specific features of the susceptible sulfur-containing amino acids, may become helpful for the prediction of redox modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Bodnar
- Institut for Physics, University of Greifswald, Germany; Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christopher Horst Lillig
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany.
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2
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Mazari AMA, Zhang L, Ye ZW, Zhang J, Tew KD, Townsend DM. The Multifaceted Role of Glutathione S-Transferases in Health and Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:688. [PMID: 37189435 PMCID: PMC10136111 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, the cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) family of proteins is encoded by 16 genes presented in seven different classes. GSTs exhibit remarkable structural similarity with some overlapping functionalities. As a primary function, GSTs play a putative role in Phase II metabolism by protecting living cells against a wide variety of toxic molecules by conjugating them with the tripeptide glutathione. This conjugation reaction is extended to forming redox sensitive post-translational modifications on proteins: S-glutathionylation. Apart from these catalytic functions, specific GSTs are involved in the regulation of stress-induced signaling pathways that govern cell proliferation and apoptosis. Recently, studies on the effects of GST genetic polymorphisms on COVID-19 disease development revealed that the individuals with higher numbers of risk-associated genotypes showed higher risk of COVID-19 prevalence and severity. Furthermore, overexpression of GSTs in many tumors is frequently associated with drug resistance phenotypes. These functional properties make these proteins promising targets for therapeutics, and a number of GST inhibitors have progressed in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslam M. A. Mazari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President Street, DDB410, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Leilei Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President Street, DDB410, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President Street, DDB410, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President Street, DDB410, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Kenneth D. Tew
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President Street, DDB410, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Danyelle M. Townsend
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 274 Calhoun Street, MSC141, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Gauthier AG, Lin M, Zefi S, Kulkarni A, Thakur GA, Ashby CR, Mantell LL. GAT107-mediated α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling attenuates inflammatory lung injury and mortality in a mouse model of ventilator-associated pneumonia by alleviating macrophage mitochondrial oxidative stress via reducing MnSOD-S-glutathionylation. Redox Biol 2023; 60:102614. [PMID: 36717349 PMCID: PMC9950665 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Supraphysiological concentrations of oxygen (hyperoxia) can compromise host defense and increase susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections, causing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Compromised host defense and inflammatory lung injury are mediated, in part, by high extracellular concentrations of HMGB1, which can be decreased by GTS-21, a partial agonist of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). Here, we report that a novel α7nAChR agonistic positive allosteric modulator (ago-PAM), GAT107, at 3.3 mg/kg, i.p., significantly decreased animal mortality and markers of inflammatory injury in mice exposed to hyperoxia and subsequently infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The incubation of macrophages with 3.3 μM of GAT107 significantly decreased hyperoxia-induced extracellular HMGB1 accumulation and HMGB1-induced macrophage phagocytic dysfunction. Hyperoxia-compromised macrophage function was correlated with impaired mitochondrial membrane integrity, increased superoxide levels, and decreased manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity. This compromised MnSOD activity is due to a significant increase in its level of glutathionylation. The incubation of hyperoxic macrophages with 3.3 μM of GAT107 significantly decreases the levels of glutathionylated MnSOD, and restores MnSOD activity and mitochondrial membrane integrity. Thus, GAT107 restored hyperoxia-compromised phagocytic functions by decreasing HMGB1 release, most likely via a mitochondrial-directed pathway. Overall, our results suggest that GAT107 may be a potential treatment to decrease acute inflammatory lung injury by increasing host defense in patients with VAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G. Gauthier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Mosi Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Sidorela Zefi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Charles R. Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Lin L. Mantell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA,Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 128 St. Albert Hall, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
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4
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Novel inhibitors of disulfide/methyl-ATP pump inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells: Analogs of methionine. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mustafa Rizvi SH, Shao D, Tsukahara Y, Pimentel DR, Weisbrod RM, Hamburg NM, McComb ME, Matsui R, Bachschmid MM. Oxidized GAPDH transfers S-glutathionylation to a nuclear protein Sirtuin-1 leading to apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 174:73-83. [PMID: 34332079 PMCID: PMC8432375 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS S-glutathionylation is a reversible oxidative modification of protein cysteines that plays a critical role in redox signaling. Glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx), a glutathione-specific thioltransferase, removes protein S-glutathionylation. Glrx, though a cytosolic protein, can activate a nuclear protein Sirtuin-1 (SirT1) by removing its S-glutathionylation. Glrx ablation causes metabolic abnormalities and promotes controlled cell death and fibrosis in mice. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a key enzyme of glycolysis, is sensitive to oxidative modifications and involved in apoptotic signaling via the SirT1/p53 pathway in the nucleus. We aimed to elucidate the extent to which S-glutathionylation of GAPDH and glutaredoxin-1 contribute to GAPDH/SirT1/p53 apoptosis pathway. RESULTS Exposure of HEK 293T cells to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) caused rapid S-glutathionylation and nuclear translocation of GAPDH. Nuclear GAPDH peaked 10-15 min after the addition of H2O2. Overexpression of Glrx or redox dead mutant GAPDH inhibited S-glutathionylation and nuclear translocation. Nuclear GAPDH formed a protein complex with SirT1 and exchanged S-glutathionylation to SirT1 and inhibited its deacetylase activity. Inactivated SirT1 remained stably bound to acetylated-p53 and initiated apoptotic signaling resulting in cleavage of caspase-3. We observed similar effects in human primary aortic endothelial cells suggesting the GAPDH/SirT1/p53 pathway as a common apoptotic mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Abundant GAPDH with its highly reactive-cysteine thiolate may function as a cytoplasmic rheostat to sense oxidative stress. S-glutathionylation of GAPDH may relay the signal to the nucleus where GAPDH trans-glutathionylates nuclear proteins such as SirT1 to initiate apoptosis. Glrx reverses GAPDH S-glutathionylation and prevents its nuclear translocation and cytoplasmic-nuclear redox signaling leading to apoptosis. Our data suggest that trans-glutathionylation is a critical step in apoptotic signaling and a potential mechanism that cytosolic Glrx controls nuclear transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Husain Mustafa Rizvi
- Vascular Biology Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, And Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Di Shao
- Vascular Biology Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuko Tsukahara
- Vascular Biology Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Richard Pimentel
- Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, And Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert M Weisbrod
- Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, And Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Naomi M Hamburg
- Vascular Biology Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, And Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark E McComb
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reiko Matsui
- Vascular Biology Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Zou X, Ahmad MI, Zhao D, Zhang M, Li C. Glutaredoxin1 knockout promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in male mice but not in female ones. Food Funct 2021; 12:7415-7427. [PMID: 34190288 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01241j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to explore how a high-fat diet and glutaredoxin1 (Glrx1) deficiency affect the development of obesity in male and female mice. A high-fat diet induced great differences in calorie intake and body weight gain between male and female mice; furthermore, the Glrx1 deficiency made male mice more sensitive to a high-fat diet than females. Male mice had higher glucose intolerance, and Glrx1 deficiency aggravated gender differences in glucose intolerance. Glrx1 deficiency aggravated high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia. The mRNA levels of HMGCR, Srebf-1c, Srebf-2, CD36, FASN and SCD1 were consistently lower in females than in males. Glrx1 deficiency exacerbated high-fat diet induced liver injury and oxidative stress. Diet but not gender or genotype altered the composition of gut microbiota. These findings provide a new insight into the different susceptibilities to obesity caused by a high-fat diet between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Meat Products Processing, MOA; Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China.
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7
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van de Wetering C, Elko E, Berg M, Schiffers CHJ, Stylianidis V, van den Berge M, Nawijn MC, Wouters EFM, Janssen-Heininger YMW, Reynaert NL. Glutathione S-transferases and their implications in the lung diseases asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Early life susceptibility? Redox Biol 2021; 43:101995. [PMID: 33979767 PMCID: PMC8131726 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our lungs are exposed daily to airborne pollutants, particulate matter, pathogens as well as lung allergens and irritants. Exposure to these substances can lead to inflammatory responses and may induce endogenous oxidant production, which can cause chronic inflammation, tissue damage and remodeling. Notably, the development of asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is linked to the aforementioned irritants. Some inhaled foreign chemical compounds are rapidly absorbed and processed by phase I and II enzyme systems critical in the detoxification of xenobiotics including the glutathione-conjugating enzymes Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). GSTs, and in particular genetic variants of GSTs that alter their activities, have been found to be implicated in the susceptibility to and progression of these lung diseases. Beyond their roles in phase II metabolism, evidence suggests that GSTs are also important mediators of normal lung growth. Therefore, the contribution of GSTs to the development of lung diseases in adults may already start in utero, and continues through infancy, childhood, and adult life. GSTs are also known to scavenge oxidants and affect signaling pathways by protein-protein interaction. Moreover, GSTs regulate reversible oxidative post-translational modifications of proteins, known as protein S-glutathionylation. Therefore, GSTs display an array of functions that impact the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD. In this review we will provide an overview of the specific functions of each class of mammalian cytosolic GSTs. This is followed by a comprehensive analysis of their expression profiles in the lung in healthy subjects, as well as alterations that have been described in (epithelial cells of) asthmatics and COPD patients. Particular emphasis is placed on the emerging evidence of the regulatory properties of GSTs beyond detoxification and their contribution to (un)healthy lungs throughout life. By providing a more thorough understanding, tailored therapeutic strategies can be designed to affect specific functions of particular GSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl van de Wetering
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Evan Elko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Marijn Berg
- Pathology and Medical Biology, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Caspar H J Schiffers
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Vasili Stylianidis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten van den Berge
- Pulmonology, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn C Nawijn
- Pathology and Medical Biology, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Emiel F M Wouters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Health, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yvonne M W Janssen-Heininger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Niki L Reynaert
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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8
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Musaogullari A, Chai YC. Redox Regulation by Protein S-Glutathionylation: From Molecular Mechanisms to Implications in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218113. [PMID: 33143095 PMCID: PMC7663550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
S-glutathionylation, the post-translational modification forming mixed disulfides between protein reactive thiols and glutathione, regulates redox-based signaling events in the cell and serves as a protective mechanism against oxidative damage. S-glutathionylation alters protein function, interactions, and localization across physiological processes, and its aberrant function is implicated in various human diseases. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of S-glutathionylation and describe the changing levels of expression of S-glutathionylation in the context of aging, cancer, cardiovascular, and liver diseases.
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Association between Metabolites and the Risk of Lung Cancer: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10090362. [PMID: 32899527 PMCID: PMC7570231 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10090362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, lung cancer is the most prevalent cancer type. However, screening and early detection is challenging. Previous studies have identified metabolites as promising lung cancer biomarkers. This systematic literature review and meta-analysis aimed to identify metabolites associated with lung cancer risk in observational studies. The literature search was performed in PubMed and EMBASE databases, up to 31 December 2019, for observational studies on the association between metabolites and lung cancer risk. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic and Cochran’s Q test. Meta-analyses were performed using either a fixed-effects or random-effects model, depending on study heterogeneity. Fifty-three studies with 297 metabolites were included. Most identified metabolites (252 metabolites) were reported in individual studies. Meta-analyses were conducted on 45 metabolites. Five metabolites (cotinine, creatinine riboside, N-acetylneuraminic acid, proline and r-1,t-2,3,c-4-tetrahydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene) and five metabolite groups (total 3-hydroxycotinine, total cotinine, total nicotine, total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (sum of concentrations of the metabolite and its glucuronides), and total nicotine equivalent (sum of total 3-hydroxycotinine, total cotinine and total nicotine)) were associated with higher lung cancer risk, while three others (folate, methionine and tryptophan) were associated with lower lung cancer risk. Significant heterogeneity was detected across most studies. These significant metabolites should be further evaluated as potential biomarkers for lung cancer.
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Yi M, Ma Y, Chen Y, Liu C, Wang Q, Deng H. Glutathionylation Decreases Methyltransferase Activity of PRMT5 and Inhibits Cell Proliferation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1910-1920. [PMID: 32868396 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathionylation is an important posttranslational modification that protects proteins from further oxidative damage as well as influencing protein structure and activity. In the present study, we demonstrate that the cysteine-42 residue in protein arginine N-methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is glutathionylated in aged mice or in cells that have been exposed to oxidative stress. Deglutathionylation of this protein is catalyzed by glutaredoxin-1 (Grx1). Using mutagenesis and subsequent biochemical analyses, we show that glutathionylation decreased the binding affinity of PRMT5 with methylosome protein-50 (MEP50) and reduced the methyltransferase activity of PRMT5. Furthermore, overexpression of PRMT5-C42A mutant caused a significant increase in histone methylation in HEK293T and A549 cells and promoted cell growth, whereas overexpression of the PRMT5-C42D mutant, a mimic of glutathionylated PRMT5, inhibited cell proliferation. Taken together, our results demonstrate a new mechanism of regulation of PRMT5 methyltransferases activity and suggest that PRMT5 glutathionylation is partly responsible for reactive oxygen species-mediated cell growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Yi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Ma
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Beijing, China
| | - Chongdong Liu
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingtao Wang
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Beijing, China.
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Ahuie GK, Gagnon H, Pace PE, Peskin AV, Wagner RJ, Naylor S, Klarskov K. Investigating protein thiol chemistry associated with dehydroascorbate, homocysteine and glutathione using mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8774. [PMID: 32119756 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Oxidative stress is an imbalance between reactive free radical oxygen species and antioxidant defenses. Its consequences can lead to numerous pathologies. Regulating oxidative stress is the complex interplay between antioxidant recycling and thiol-containing regulatory proteins. Understanding these regulatory mechanisms is important for preventing onset of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigae S-thiol protein chemistry associated with oxidized vitamin C (dehydroascorbate, DHA), homocysteine (HcySH) and glutathione (GSH) using mass spectrometry. METHODS Glutaredoxin-1 (Grx-1) was incubated with DHA, with and without GSH and HcySH. Disulfide formation was followed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) of intact proteins and by LC/ESI-MS/MS of peptides from protein tryptic digestions. The mechanism of DHA-mediated S-thiolation was investigated using two synthetic peptides: AcFHACAAK and AcFHACE. Three proteins, i.e. human hemoglobin (HHb), recombinant peroxiredoxin 2 (Prdx2) and Grx-1, were S-homocysteinylated followed by S-transthiolyation with GSH and investigated by ESI-MS and ESI-MS/MS. RESULTS ESI-MS analysis reveals that DHA mediates disulfide formation and S-thiolation by HcySH as well as GSH of Grx-1. LC/ESI-MS/MS analysis allows identification of Grx-1 S-thiolated cysteine adducts. The mechanism by which DHA mediates S-thiolation of heptapeptide AcFHACAAK is shown to be via initial formation of a thiohemiketal adduct. In addition, ESI-MS of intact proteins shows that GSH can S-transthiolate S-homocysteinylated Grx-1_ HHb and Prdx2. The GS-S-protein adducts over time dominate the ESI-MS spectrum profile. CONCLUSIONS Mass spectrometry is a unique analytical technique for probing complex reaction mechanisms associated with oxidative stress. Using model proteins, ESI-MS reveals the mechanism of DHA-facilitated S-thiolation, which consists of thiohemiketal formation, disulfide formation or S-thiolation. Furthermore, protein S-thiolation by HcySH can be reversed by reversible GSH thiol exchange. The use of mass spectrometry with in vitro models of protein S-thiolation in oxidative stress may provide significant insight into possible mechanisms of action occurring in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Kouakou Ahuie
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Hugo Gagnon
- PhenoSwitch Bioscience, 975 Rue Léon-Trépanier, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1G 5J6, Canada
| | - Paul E Pace
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Avenue, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Alexander V Peskin
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Avenue, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Richard J Wagner
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Stephen Naylor
- ReNeuroGen LLC, 2160 San Fernando Drive, Elm Grove, WI, 53122, USA
| | - Klaus Klarskov
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
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12
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Janssen-Heininger Y, Reynaert NL, van der Vliet A, Anathy V. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and glutathione therapeutics in chronic lung diseases. Redox Biol 2020; 33:101516. [PMID: 32249209 PMCID: PMC7251249 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Janssen-Heininger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - Niki L Reynaert
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
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Wanders D, Hobson K, Ji X. Methionine Restriction and Cancer Biology. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030684. [PMID: 32138282 PMCID: PMC7146589 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential amino acid, methionine, is important for cancer cell growth and metabolism. A growing body of evidence indicates that methionine restriction inhibits cancer cell growth and may enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. This review summarizes the efficacy and mechanism of action of methionine restriction on hallmarks of cancer in vitro and in vivo. The review highlights the role of glutathione formation, polyamine synthesis, and methyl group donation as mediators of the effects of methionine restriction on cancer biology. The translational potential of the use of methionine restriction as a personalized nutritional approach for the treatment of patients with cancer is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiangming Ji
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 404-413-1242; Fax: 404-413-1228
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Batinic-Haberle I, Tome ME. Thiol regulation by Mn porphyrins, commonly known as SOD mimics. Redox Biol 2019; 25:101139. [PMID: 31126869 PMCID: PMC6859569 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Superoxide dismutases play an important role in human health and disease. Three decades of effort have gone into synthesizing SOD mimics for clinical use. The result is the Mn porphyrins which have SOD-like activity. Several clinical trials are underway to test the efficacy of these compounds in patients, particularly as radioprotectors of normal tissue during cancer treatment. However, aqueous chemistry data indicate that the Mn porphyrins react equally well with multiple redox active species in cells including H2O2, O2•-, ONOO-, thiols, and ascorbate among others. The redox potential of the Mn porphyrins is midway between the potentials for the oxidation and reduction of O2•-. This positions them to react equally well as oxidants and reductants in cells. The result of this unique chemistry is that: 1) the species the Mn porphyrins react with in vivo will depend on the relative concentrations of the reactive species and Mn porphyrins in the cell of interest, and 2) the Mn porphyrins will act as catalytic (redox cycling) agents in vivo. The ability of the Mn porphyrins to catalyze protein S-glutathionylation means that Mn porphyrins have the potential to globally modulate cellular redox regulatory signaling networks. The purpose of this review is to summarize the data that indicate the Mn porphyrins have diverse reactions in vivo that are the basis of the observed biological effects. The ability to catalyze multiple reactions in vivo expands the potential therapeutic use of the Mn porphyrins to disease models that are not SOD based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Batinic-Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Margaret E Tome
- Departments of Pathology and Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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15
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Kano SI, Choi EY, Dohi E, Agarwal S, Chang DJ, Wilson AM, Lo BD, Rose IVL, Gonzalez S, Imai T, Sawa A. Glutathione S-transferases promote proinflammatory astrocyte-microglia communication during brain inflammation. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/569/eaar2124. [PMID: 30783009 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aar2124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes and microglia play critical roles in brain inflammation. Here, we report that glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), particularly GSTM1, promote proinflammatory signaling in astrocytes and contribute to astrocyte-mediated microglia activation during brain inflammation. In vivo, astrocyte-specific knockdown of GSTM1 in the prefrontal cortex attenuated microglia activation in brain inflammation induced by systemic injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Knocking down GSTM1 in astrocytes also attenuated LPS-induced production of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by microglia when the two cell types were cocultured. In astrocytes, GSTM1 was required for the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and the production of proinflammatory mediators, such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), both of which enhance microglia activation. Our study suggests that GSTs play a proinflammatory role in priming astrocytes and enhancing microglia activation in a microglia-astrocyte positive feedback loop during brain inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Kano
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Eric Y Choi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Eisuke Dohi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Swati Agarwal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Daniel J Chang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ashley M Wilson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Brian D Lo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Indigo V L Rose
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Santiago Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Takashi Imai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. .,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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16
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Garza-Lombó C, Petrosyan P, Tapia-Rodríguez M, Valdovinos-Flores C, Gonsebatt ME. Systemic L-buthionine-S-R-sulfoximine administration modulates glutathione homeostasis via NGF/TrkA and mTOR signaling in the cerebellum. Neurochem Int 2018; 121:8-18. [PMID: 30300680 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is an essential component of intracellular antioxidant systems that plays a primordial role in the protection of cells against oxidative stress, maintaining redox homeostasis and xenobiotic detoxification. GSH synthesis in the brain is limited by the availability of cysteine and glutamate. Cystine, the disulfide form of cysteine is transported into endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and astrocytes via the system xc-, which is composed of xCT and the heavy chain of 4F2 cell surface antigen (4F2hc). Cystine is reduced inside the cells and the L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) transports cysteine from the endothelial cells into the brain, cysteine is transported into the neurons through the excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), also known as excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1). The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and neurotrophins can activate signaling pathways that modulate amino acid transporters for GSH synthesis. The present study found that systemic L-buthionine-S-R-sulfoximine (BSO) administration selectively altered GSH homeostasis and EAAT3 levels in the mice cerebellum. Intraperitoneal treatment of mice with 6 mmol/kg of BSO depleted GSH and GSSG in the liver at 2 h of treatment. The cerebellum, but not other brain regions, exhibited a redox response. The mTOR and the neuronal growth factor (NGF)/tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) signaling pathways were activated and lead to an increase in the protein levels of the EAAT3 transporter, which was linked to an increase in the GSH/GSSG ratio and GSH concentration in the cerebellum at 0.5 and 2 h, respectively. Therefore, the cerebellum responds to peripheral GSH depletion via activation of the mTOR and NGF/TrkA pathways, which increase the transport of cysteine for GSH synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Garza-Lombó
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Pavel Petrosyan
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Miguel Tapia-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Microscopía, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Cesar Valdovinos-Flores
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
| | - María E Gonsebatt
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
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17
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Yang F, Yi M, Liu Y, Wang Q, Hu Y, Deng H. Glutaredoxin-1 Silencing Induces Cell Senescence via p53/p21/p16 Signaling Axis. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1091-1100. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Meiqi Yi
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan Liu
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qingtao Wang
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yadong Hu
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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18
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Abstract
During the process of neurogenesis, the stem cell committed to the neuronal cell fate starts a series of molecular and morphological changes. The understanding of the physio-pathology of mechanisms controlling the molecular and morphological changes occurring during neuronal differentiation is fundamental to the development of effective therapies for many neurologic diseases. Unfortunately, our knowledge of the biological events occurring in the cell during neuronal differentiation is still poor. In this study, we focus preliminarily on the relevance of the cytoskeletal rearrangements, which earlier drive the morphology of the neuronal precursors, and later the migrating/mature neurons. In fact, neuritogenesis, neurite branching, outgrowth and retraction are seminal to the development of a fully functional nervous system. With this in mind, we highlight the importance of iPSC technology to study the processes of cytoskeletal-driven morphological changes during neuronal differentiation.
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19
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Glutathione degradation has for long been thought to occur only on noncytosolic pools. This is because there has been only one enzyme known to degrade glutathione (γ-glutamyl transpeptidase) and this localizes to either the plasma membrane (mammals, bacteria) or the vacuolar membrane (yeast, plants) and acts on extracellular or vacuolar pools. The last few years have seen the discovery of several new enzymes of glutathione degradation that function in the cytosol, throwing new light on glutathione degradation. Recent Advances: The new enzymes that have been identified in the last few years that can initiate glutathione degradation include the Dug enzyme found in yeast and fungi, the ChaC1 enzyme found among higher eukaryotes, the ChaC2 enzyme found from bacteria to man, and the RipAY enzyme found in some bacteria. These enzymes play roles ranging from housekeeping functions to stress responses and are involved in processes such as embryonic neural development and pathogenesis. CRITICAL ISSUES In addition to delineating the pathways of glutathione degradation in detail, a critical issue is to find how these new enzymes impact cellular physiology and homeostasis. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Glutathione degradation plays a far greater role in cellular physiology than previously envisaged. The differential regulation and differential specificities of various enzymes, each acting on distinct pools, can lead to different consequences to the cell. It is likely that the coming years will see these downstream effects being unraveled in greater detail and will lead to a better understanding and appreciation of glutathione degradation. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 1200-1216.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Bachhawat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Mohali, Mohali, India
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20
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Giustarini D, Colombo G, Garavaglia ML, Astori E, Portinaro NM, Reggiani F, Badalamenti S, Aloisi AM, Santucci A, Rossi R, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I. Assessment of glutathione/glutathione disulphide ratio and S-glutathionylated proteins in human blood, solid tissues, and cultured cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:360-375. [PMID: 28807817 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the major non-protein thiol in humans and other mammals, which is present in millimolar concentrations within cells, but at much lower concentrations in the blood plasma. GSH and GSH-related enzymes act both to prevent oxidative damage and to detoxify electrophiles. Under oxidative stress, two GSH molecules become linked by a disulphide bridge to form glutathione disulphide (GSSG). Therefore, assessment of the GSH/GSSG ratio may provide an estimation of cellular redox metabolism. Current evidence resulting from studies in human blood, solid tissues, and cultured cells suggests that GSH also plays a prominent role in protein redox regulation via S -glutathionylation, i.e., the conjugation of GSH to reactive protein cysteine residues. A number of methodologies that enable quantitative analysis of GSH/GSSG ratio and S-glutathionylated proteins (PSSG), as well as identification and visualization of PSSG in tissue sections or cultured cells are currently available. Here, we have considered the main methodologies applied for GSH, GSSG and PSSG detection in biological samples. This review paper provides an up-to-date critical overview of the application of the most relevant analytical, morphological, and proteomics approaches to detect and analyse GSH, GSSG and PSSG in mammalian samples as well as discusses their current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Graziano Colombo
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Astori
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Marcello Portinaro
- Clinica ortopedica e traumatologica, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Reggiani
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Badalamenti
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Aloisi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Dalle-Donne
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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21
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Kong Y, Yang G, Kong L, Hou Z, Yang G, Li H, Ji X, Gao M. New Application of pH-Mediated Acid Stacking Technique for Amphoteric Compounds in Capillary Electrophoresis: Example Assay of Blood Glutathiones. J Chromatogr Sci 2017; 55:477-483. [PMID: 28039154 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Both reduced and oxidized forms of glutathiones were firstly stacked and detected using pH-mediated acid stacking method, in which glutathiones were stacked as cations and separated as anions. Factors, such as injection time, sweeping time, buffer pH, concentration of sodium chloride in sample matrix, that influenced stacking and separation were systematically studied and optimized. Under the optimum condition, the enhancement factors of ~20 times for both reduced and oxidized forms of glutathiones could be easily obtained within 20 min with satisfied sensitivities (limit of detections were 0.12 and 0.06 μmol/L for reduced and oxidized glutathione, respectively, at signal-to-noise ratio, S/N = 3), linearity range (0.3-300.0 and 0.6-300.0 μmol/L for reduced and oxidized glutathione, respectively), recoveries (>98%) and reproducibilities (relative standard deviation <5.1% for peak height). The proposed method provides an alternation way for assaying of glutathiones, as well as amphoteric compounds, in blood sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kong
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine,Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
| | - Guifang Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine,Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
| | - Linghong Kong
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine,Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
| | - Zhanwu Hou
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine,Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
| | - Guifang Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine,Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
| | - Hua Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine,Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Ji
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine,Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
| | - Meili Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine,Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
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22
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Allan KM, Loberg MA, Chepngeno J, Hurtig JE, Tripathi S, Kang MG, Allotey JK, Widdershins AH, Pilat JM, Sizek HJ, Murphy WJ, Naticchia MR, David JB, Morano KA, West JD. Trapping redox partnerships in oxidant-sensitive proteins with a small, thiol-reactive cross-linker. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 101:356-366. [PMID: 27816612 PMCID: PMC5154803 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A broad range of redox-regulated proteins undergo reversible disulfide bond formation on oxidation-prone cysteine residues. Heightened reactivity of the thiol groups in these cysteines also increases susceptibility to modification by organic electrophiles, a property that can be exploited in the study of redox networks. Here, we explored whether divinyl sulfone (DVSF), a thiol-reactive bifunctional electrophile, cross-links oxidant-sensitive proteins to their putative redox partners in cells. To test this idea, previously identified oxidant targets involved in oxidant defense (namely, peroxiredoxins, methionine sulfoxide reductases, sulfiredoxin, and glutathione peroxidases), metabolism, and proteostasis were monitored for cross-link formation following treatment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with DVSF. Several proteins screened, including multiple oxidant defense proteins, underwent intermolecular and/or intramolecular cross-linking in response to DVSF. Specific redox-active cysteines within a subset of DVSF targets were found to influence cross-linking; in addition, DVSF-mediated cross-linking of its targets was impaired in cells first exposed to oxidants. Since cross-linking appeared to involve redox-active cysteines in these proteins, we examined whether potential redox partners became cross-linked to them upon DVSF treatment. Specifically, we found that several substrates of thioredoxins were cross-linked to the cytosolic thioredoxin Trx2 in cells treated with DVSF. However, other DVSF targets, like the peroxiredoxin Ahp1, principally formed intra-protein cross-links upon DVSF treatment. Moreover, additional protein targets, including several known to undergo S-glutathionylation, were conjugated via DVSF to glutathione. Our results indicate that DVSF is of potential use as a chemical tool for irreversibly trapping and discovering thiol-based redox partnerships within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Allan
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Program, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Matthew A Loberg
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Program, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Juliet Chepngeno
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Program, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Jennifer E Hurtig
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Program, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Susmit Tripathi
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Program, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Min Goo Kang
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Program, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan K Allotey
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Program, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Afton H Widdershins
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Program, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Jennifer M Pilat
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Program, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Herbert J Sizek
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Program, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Wesley J Murphy
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Program, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Matthew R Naticchia
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Program, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Joseph B David
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Program, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Kevin A Morano
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - James D West
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Program, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, United States.
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23
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Stathopoulou K, Wittig I, Heidler J, Piasecki A, Richter F, Diering S, van der Velden J, Buck F, Donzelli S, Schröder E, Wijnker PJM, Voigt N, Dobrev D, Sadayappan S, Eschenhagen T, Carrier L, Eaton P, Cuello F. S-glutathiolation impairs phosphoregulation and function of cardiac myosin-binding protein C in human heart failure. FASEB J 2016; 30:1849-64. [PMID: 26839380 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac myosin-binding protein C (cMyBP-C) regulates actin-myosin interaction and thereby cardiac myocyte contraction and relaxation. This physiologic function is regulated by cMyBP-C phosphorylation. In our study, reduced site-specific cMyBP-C phosphorylation coincided with increased S-glutathiolation in ventricular tissue from patients with dilated or ischemic cardiomyopathy compared to nonfailing donors. We used redox proteomics, to identify constitutive and disease-specific S-glutathiolation sites in cMyBP-C in donor and patient samples, respectively. Among those, a cysteine cluster in the vicinity of the regulatory phosphorylation sites within the myosin S2 interaction domain C1-M-C2 was identified and showed enhanced S-glutathiolation in patients. In vitro S-glutathiolation of recombinant cMyBP-C C1-M-C2 occurred predominantly at Cys(249), which attenuated phosphorylation by protein kinases. Exposure to glutathione disulfide induced cMyBP-C S-glutathiolation, which functionally decelerated the kinetics of Ca(2+)-activated force development in ventricular myocytes from wild-type, but not those from Mybpc3-targeted knockout mice. These oxidation events abrogate protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation of cMyBP-C and therefore potentially contribute to the reduction of its phosphorylation and the contractile dysfunction observed in human heart failure.-Stathopoulou, K., Wittig, I., Heidler, J., Piasecki, A., Richter, F., Diering, S., van der Velden, J., Buck, F., Donzelli, S., Schröder, E., Wijnker, P. J. M., Voigt, N., Dobrev, D., Sadayappan, S., Eschenhagen, T., Carrier, L., Eaton, P., Cuello, F. S-glutathiolation impairs phosphoregulation and function of cardiac myosin-binding protein C in human heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Stathopoulou
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ilka Wittig
- Functional Proteomics, SFB 815 Core Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Macromolecular Complexes," Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Partner Site Rhein/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Juliana Heidler
- Functional Proteomics, SFB 815 Core Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Macromolecular Complexes," Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Partner Site Rhein/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Angelika Piasecki
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Florian Richter
- Functional Proteomics, SFB 815 Core Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Macromolecular Complexes," Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Partner Site Rhein/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Simon Diering
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jolanda van der Velden
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ICIN-The Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Friedrich Buck
- Department of Clinical Chemistry/Central Laboratories, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sonia Donzelli
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ewald Schröder
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J M Wijnker
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Voigt
- Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; and
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; and
| | - Sakthivel Sadayappan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University, Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lucie Carrier
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Philip Eaton
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Friederike Cuello
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Frankfurt, Germany;
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Kalinina EV, Chernov NN, Novichkova MD. Role of glutathione, glutathione transferase, and glutaredoxin in regulation of redox-dependent processes. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:1562-83. [PMID: 25749165 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914130082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade fundamentally new features have been revealed for the participation of glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes (glutathione transferase and glutaredoxin) in cell proliferation, apoptosis, protein folding, and cell signaling. Reduced glutathione (GSH) plays an important role in maintaining cellular redox status by participating in thiol-disulfide exchange, which regulates a number of cell functions including gene expression and the activity of individual enzymes and enzyme systems. Maintaining optimum GSH/GSSG ratio is essential to cell viability. Decrease in the ratio can serve as an indicator of damage to the cell redox status and of changes in redox-dependent gene regulation. Disturbance of intracellular GSH balance is observed in a number of pathologies including cancer. Consequences of inappropriate GSH/GSSG ratio include significant changes in the mechanism of cellular redox-dependent signaling controlled both nonenzymatically and enzymatically with the participation of isoforms of glutathione transferase and glutaredoxin. This review summarizes recent data on the role of glutathione, glutathione transferase, and glutaredoxin in the regulation of cellular redox-dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Kalinina
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, 117198, Russia.
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25
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Edmunds LR, Sharma L, Wang H, Kang A, d’Souza S, Lu J, McLaughlin M, Dolezal JM, Gao X, Weintraub ST, Ding Y, Zeng X, Yates N, Prochownik EV. c-Myc and AMPK Control Cellular Energy Levels by Cooperatively Regulating Mitochondrial Structure and Function. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134049. [PMID: 26230505 PMCID: PMC4521957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-Myc (Myc) oncoprotein and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulate glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (Oxphos) although often for different purposes. Because Myc over-expression depletes ATP with the resultant activation of AMPK, we explored the potential co-dependency of and cross-talk between these proteins by comparing the consequences of acute Myc induction in ampk+/+ (WT) and ampk-/- (KO) murine embryo fibroblasts (MEFs). KO MEFs showed a higher basal rate of glycolysis than WT MEFs and an appropriate increase in response to activation of a Myc-estrogen receptor (MycER) fusion protein. However, KO MEFs had a diminished ability to increase Oxphos, mitochondrial mass and reactive oxygen species in response to MycER activation. Other differences between WT and KO MEFs, either in the basal state or following MycER induction, included abnormalities in electron transport chain function, levels of TCA cycle-related oxidoreductases and cytoplasmic and mitochondrial redox states. Transcriptional profiling of pathways pertinent to glycolysis, Oxphos and mitochondrial structure and function also uncovered significant differences between WT and KO MEFs and their response to MycER activation. Finally, an unbiased mass-spectrometry (MS)-based survey capable of quantifying ~40% of all mitochondrial proteins, showed about 15% of them to be AMPK- and/or Myc-dependent in their steady state. Significant differences in the activities of the rate-limiting enzymes pyruvate kinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase, which dictate pyruvate and acetyl coenzyme A abundance, were also differentially responsive to Myc and AMPK and could account for some of the differences in basal metabolite levels that were also detected by MS. Thus, Myc and AMPK are highly co-dependent and appear to engage in significant cross-talk across numerous pathways which support metabolic and ATP-generating functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia R. Edmunds
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Lokendra Sharma
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Huabo Wang
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Audry Kang
- The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Sonia d’Souza
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Jie Lu
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Michael McLaughlin
- The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - James M. Dolezal
- The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio TX, United States of America
| | - Susan T. Weintraub
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio TX, United States of America
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Xuemei Zeng
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Nathan Yates
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Edward V. Prochownik
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- The Hillman Cancer Center, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Jacquoilleot S, Sheffield D, Olayanju A, Sison-Young R, Kitteringham NR, Naisbitt DJ, Aleksic M. Glutathione metabolism in the HaCaT cell line as a model for the detoxification of the model sensitisers 2,4-dinitrohalobenzenes in human skin. Toxicol Lett 2015; 237:11-20. [PMID: 26022718 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the most prominent antioxidant in cells and the co-factor of an important set of enzymes involved in the skin metabolic clearance system, glutathione S-transferases (GST). Here, we describe an LC-MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy) method to measure GSH and its disulfide form (GSSG) in HaCaT cells and a 3D Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RHE) model. In our assay, the basal level of GSH in both systems was in the low nmol/mg soluble protein range, while the level of GSSG was systematically below our limit of quantification (0.1 μM). We found that 2,4-dinitrohalobenzenes deplete the GSH present in HaCaT cells within the first hour of exposure, in a dose dependent manner. The level of GSH in HaCaT cells treated with a single non-toxic dose of 10 μM of dinitrohalobenzene was also shown to increase after two hours. While cells treated with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) and 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB) repleted GSH to levels similar to untreated control cells within 24h, 1-bromo-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNBB) seemed to prevent such a repletion and appeared to be the most toxic compound in all assays. A mathematical modelling of experimental results was performed to further rationalise the differences observed between test chemicals. For this purpose the biological phenomena observed were simplified into two sequential events: the initial depletion of the GSH stock after chemical treatment followed by the repletion of the GSH once the chemical was cleared. Activation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway was observed with all compounds within two hours, and at concentrations less than 10 μM. These data show that GSH depletion and repletion occur rapidly in skin cells and emphasize the importance of conducting kinetic studies when performing in vitro experiments exploring skin sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Jacquoilleot
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK.
| | - David Sheffield
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Adedamola Olayanju
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Rowena Sison-Young
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Neil R Kitteringham
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Dean J Naisbitt
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Maja Aleksic
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
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Victorino VJ, Mencalha AL, Panis C. Post-translational modifications disclose a dual role for redox stress in cardiovascular pathophysiology. Life Sci 2015; 129:42-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Klichko VI, Chow ES, Kotwica-Rolinska J, Orr WC, Giebultowicz JM, Radyuk SN. Aging alters circadian regulation of redox in Drosophila. Front Genet 2015; 6:83. [PMID: 25806044 PMCID: PMC4353305 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian coordination of metabolism, physiology, and neural functions contributes to healthy aging and disease prevention. Clock genes govern the daily rhythmic expression of target genes whose activities underlie such broad physiological parameters as maintenance of redox homeostasis. Previously, we reported that glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis is controlled by the circadian system via effects of the clock genes on expression of the catalytic (Gclc) and modulatory (Gclm) subunits comprising the glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) holoenzyme. The objective of this study was to determine whether and how aging, which leads to weakened circadian oscillations, affects the daily profiles of redox-active biomolecules. We found that fly aging is associated with altered profiles of Gclc and Gclm expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. Analysis of free aminothiols and GCL activity revealed that aging abolishes daily oscillations in GSH levels and alters the activity of glutathione biosynthetic pathways. Unlike GSH, its precursors and products of catabolism, methionine, cysteine and cysteinyl-glycine, were not rhythmic in young or old flies, while rhythms of the glutathione oxidation product, GSSG, were detectable. We conclude that the temporal regulation of GSH biosynthesis is altered in the aging organism and that age-related loss of circadian modulation of pathways involved in glutathione production is likely to impair temporal redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir I Klichko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas TX, USA
| | - Eileen S Chow
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR, USA
| | | | - William C Orr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas TX, USA
| | | | - Svetlana N Radyuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas TX, USA
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Protein redox modification as a cellular defense mechanism against tissue ischemic injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:343154. [PMID: 24883175 PMCID: PMC4026984 DOI: 10.1155/2014/343154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein oxidative or redox modifications induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS) not only can impair protein function, but also can regulate and expand protein function under a variety of stressful conditions. Protein oxidative modifications can generally be classified into two categories: irreversible oxidation and reversible oxidation. While irreversible oxidation usually leads to protein aggregation and degradation, reversible oxidation that usually occurs on protein cysteine residues can often serve as an “on and off” switch that regulates protein function and redox signaling pathways upon stress challenges. In the context of ischemic tolerance, including preconditioning and postconditioning, increasing evidence has indicated that reversible cysteine redox modifications such as S-sulfonation, S-nitrosylation, S-glutathionylation, and disulfide bond formation can serve as a cellular defense mechanism against tissue ischemic injury. In this review, I highlight evidence of cysteine redox modifications as protective measures in ischemic injury, demonstrating that protein redox modifications can serve as a therapeutic target for attenuating tissue ischemic injury. Prospectively, more oxidatively modified proteins will need to be identified that can play protective roles in tissue ischemic injury, in particular, when the oxidative modifications of such identified proteins can be enhanced by pharmacological agents or drugs that are available or to be developed.
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30
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Sikalidis AK, Mazor KM, Lee JI, Roman HB, Hirschberger LL, Stipanuk MH. Upregulation of capacity for glutathione synthesis in response to amino acid deprivation: regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase subunits. Amino Acids 2014; 46:1285-96. [PMID: 24557597 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Using HepG2/C3A cells and MEFs, we investigated whether induction of GSH synthesis in response to sulfur amino acid deficiency is mediated by the decrease in cysteine levels or whether it requires a decrease in GSH levels per se. Both the glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic (GCLC) and modifier (GCLM) subunit mRNA levels were upregulated in response to a lack of cysteine or other essential amino acids, independent of GSH levels. This upregulation did not occur in MEFs lacking GCN2 (general control non-derepressible 2, also known as eIF2α kinase 4) or in cells expressing mutant eIF2α lacking the eIF2α kinase Ser(51) phosphorylation site, indicating that expression of both GCLC and GCLM was mediated by the GCN2/ATF4 stress response pathway. Only the increase in GCLM mRNA level, however, was accompanied by a parallel increase in protein expression, suggesting that the enhanced capacity for GSH synthesis depended largely on increased association of GCLC with its regulatory subunit. Upregulation of both GCLC and GLCM mRNA levels in response to cysteine deprivation was dependent on new protein synthesis, which is consistent with expression of GCLC and GCLM being mediated by proteins whose synthesis depends on activation of the GCN2/ATF4 pathway. Our data suggest that the regulation of GCLC expression may be mediated by changes in the abundance of transcriptional regulators, whereas the regulation of GCLM expression may be mediated by changes in the abundance of mRNA stabilizing or destabilizing proteins. Upregulation of GCLM levels in response to low cysteine levels may serve to protect the cell in the face of a future stress requiring GSH as an antioxidant or conjugating/detoxifying agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos K Sikalidis
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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