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van Leerdam TR, Zajac JD, Cheung AS. The Effect of Gender-Affirming Hormones on Gender Dysphoria, Quality of Life, and Psychological Functioning in Transgender Individuals: A Systematic Review. Transgend Health 2023;8:6-21. [PMID: 36895312 PMCID: PMC9991433 DOI: 10.1089/trgh.2020.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open

Coleman E, Radix AE, Bouman WP, Brown GR, de Vries ALC, Deutsch MB, Ettner R, Fraser L, Goodman M, Green J, Hancock AB, Johnson TW, Karasic DH, Knudson GA, Leibowitz SF, Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, Monstrey SJ, Motmans J, Nahata L, Nieder TO, Reisner SL, Richards C, Schechter LS, Tangpricha V, Tishelman AC, Van Trotsenburg MAA, Winter S, Ducheny K, Adams NJ, Adrián TM, Allen LR, Azul D, Bagga H, Başar K, Bathory DS, Belinky JJ, Berg DR, Berli JU, Bluebond-Langner RO, Bouman MB, Bowers ML, Brassard PJ, Byrne J, Capitán L, Cargill CJ, Carswell JM, Chang SC, Chelvakumar G, Corneil T, Dalke KB, De Cuypere G, de Vries E, Den Heijer M, Devor AH, Dhejne C, D'Marco A, Edmiston EK, Edwards-Leeper L, Ehrbar R, Ehrensaft D, Eisfeld J, Elaut E, Erickson-Schroth L, Feldman JL, Fisher AD, Garcia MM, Gijs L, Green SE, Hall BP, Hardy TLD, Irwig MS, Jacobs LA, Janssen AC, Johnson K, Klink DT, Kreukels BPC, Kuper LE, Kvach EJ, Malouf MA, Massey R, Mazur T, McLachlan C, Morrison SD, Mosser SW, Neira PM, Nygren U, Oates JM, Obedin-Maliver J, Pagkalos G, Patton J, Phanuphak N, Rachlin K, Reed T, Rider GN, Ristori J, Robbins-Cherry S, Roberts SA, Rodriguez-Wallberg KA, Rosenthal SM, Sabir K, Safer JD, Scheim AI, Seal LJ, Sehoole TJ, Spencer K, St Amand C, Steensma TD, Strang JF, Taylor GB, Tilleman K, T'Sjoen GG, Vala LN, Van Mello NM, Veale JF, Vencill JA, Vincent B, Wesp LM, West MA, Arcelus J. Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSGENDER HEALTH 2022;23:S1-S259. [PMID: 36238954 PMCID: PMC9553112 DOI: 10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 765] [Impact Index Per Article: 382.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]

Abstract

Background: Transgender healthcare is a rapidly evolving interdisciplinary field. In the last decade, there has been an unprecedented increase in the number and visibility of transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people seeking support and gender-affirming medical treatment in parallel with a significant rise in the scientific literature in this area. The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) is an international, multidisciplinary, professional association whose mission is to promote evidence-based care, education, research, public policy, and respect in transgender health. One of the main functions of WPATH is to promote the highest standards of health care for TGD people through the Standards of Care (SOC). The SOC was initially developed in 1979 and the last version (SOC-7) was published in 2012. In view of the increasing scientific evidence, WPATH commissioned a new version of the Standards of Care, the SOC-8. Aim: The overall goal of SOC-8 is to provide health care professionals (HCPs) with clinical guidance to assist TGD people in accessing safe and effective pathways to achieving lasting personal comfort with their gendered selves with the aim of optimizing their overall physical health, psychological well-being, and self-fulfillment. Methods: The SOC-8 is based on the best available science and expert professional consensus in transgender health. International professionals and stakeholders were selected to serve on the SOC-8 committee. Recommendation statements were developed based on data derived from independent systematic literature reviews, where available, background reviews and expert opinions. Grading of recommendations was based on the available evidence supporting interventions, a discussion of risks and harms, as well as the feasibility and acceptability within different contexts and country settings. Results: A total of 18 chapters were developed as part of the SOC-8. They contain recommendations for health care professionals who provide care and treatment for TGD people. Each of the recommendations is followed by explanatory text with relevant references. General areas related to transgender health are covered in the chapters Terminology, Global Applicability, Population Estimates, and Education. The chapters developed for the diverse population of TGD people include Assessment of Adults, Adolescents, Children, Nonbinary, Eunuchs, and Intersex Individuals, and people living in Institutional Environments. Finally, the chapters related to gender-affirming treatment are Hormone Therapy, Surgery and Postoperative Care, Voice and Communication, Primary Care, Reproductive Health, Sexual Health, and Mental Health. Conclusions: The SOC-8 guidelines are intended to be flexible to meet the diverse health care needs of TGD people globally. While adaptable, they offer standards for promoting optimal health care and guidance for the treatment of people experiencing gender incongruence. As in all previous versions of the SOC, the criteria set forth in this document for gender-affirming medical interventions are clinical guidelines; individual health care professionals and programs may modify these in consultation with the TGD person.

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Affiliation(s)

E Coleman Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
A E Radix Callen-Lorde Community Health Center, New York, NY, USA Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
W P Bouman Nottingham Centre for Transgender Health, Nottingham, UK School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
G R Brown James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA James H. Quillen VAMC, Johnson City, TN, USA
A L C de Vries Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
M B Deutsch Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA UCSF Gender Affirming Health Program, San Francisco, CA, USA
R Ettner New Health Foundation Worldwide, Evanston, IL, USA Weiss Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
L Fraser Independent Practice, San Francisco, CA, USA
M Goodman Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
J Green Independent Scholar, Vancouver, WA, USA
A B Hancock The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
T W Johnson Department of Anthropology, California State University, Chico, CA, USA
D H Karasic University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Independent Practice at dankarasic.com
G A Knudson University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, Canada
S F Leibowitz Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
H F L Meyer-Bahlburg New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
S J Monstrey Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
J Motmans Transgender Infopunt, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium Centre for Research on Culture and Gender, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
L Nahata Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA Endocrinology and Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
T O Nieder University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Interdisciplinary Transgender Health Care Center Hamburg, Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, Hamburg, Germany
S L Reisner Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
C Richards Regents University London, UK Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
L S Schechter Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
V Tangpricha Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
A C Tishelman Boston College, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
M A A Van Trotsenburg Bureau GenderPRO, Vienna, Austria University Hospital Lilienfeld-St. Pölten, St. Pölten, Austria
S Winter School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
K Ducheny Howard Brown Health, Chicago, IL, USA
N J Adams University of Toronto, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Toronto, Canada Transgender Professional Association for Transgender Health (TPATH)
T M Adrián Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela Diverlex Diversidad e Igualdad a Través de la Ley, Caracas, Venezuela
L R Allen University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
D Azul La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
H Bagga Monash Health Gender Clinic, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
K Başar Department of Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
D S Bathory Independent Practice at Bathory International PLLC, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
J J Belinky Durand Hospital, Guemes Clinic and Urological Center, Buenos Aires, Argentina
D R Berg National Center for Gender Spectrum Health, Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
J U Berli Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
R O Bluebond-Langner NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York, NY, USA
M-B Bouman Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Plastic Surgery, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, , Amsterdam, Netherlands
M L Bowers Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, Burlingame, CA, USA
P J Brassard GrS Montreal, Complexe CMC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada
J Byrne University of Waikato/Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato, Hamilton/Kirikiriroa, New Zealand/Aotearoa
L Capitán The Facialteam Group, Marbella International Hospital, Marbella, Spain
C J Cargill Independent Scholar
J M Carswell Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Boston's Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
S C Chang Independent Practice, Oakland, CA, USA
G Chelvakumar Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
T Corneil School of Population & Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
K B Dalke Penn State Health, PA, USA Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
G De Cuypere Center for Sexology and Gender, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
E de Vries Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
M Den Heijer Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, , Amsterdam, Netherlands
A H Devor University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
C Dhejne ANOVA, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
A D'Marco UCTRANS-United Caribbean Trans Network, Nassau, The Bahamas D M A R C O Organization, Nassau, The Bahamas
E K Edmiston University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
L Edwards-Leeper Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR, USA Independent Practice, Beaverton, OR, USA
R Ehrbar Whitman Walker Health, Washington, DC, USA Independent Practice, Maryland, USA
D Ehrensaft University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
J Eisfeld Transvisie, Utrecht, The Netherlands
E Elaut Center for Sexology and Gender, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium Department of Clinical Experimental and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
L Erickson-Schroth The Jed Foundation, New York, NY, USA Hetrick-Martin Institute, New York, NY, USA
J L Feldman Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
A D Fisher Andrology, Women Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
M M Garcia Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA Departments of Urology and Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
L Gijs Institute of Family and Sexuality Studies, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
S E Green Mermaids, London/Leeds, UK
B P Hall Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA Duke Adult Gender Medicine Clinic, Durham, NC, USA
T L D Hardy Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
M S Irwig Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
L A Jacobs Independent Practice, New York, NY, USA
A C Janssen Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
K Johnson RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
D T Klink Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, ZNA Queen Paola Children's Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
B P C Kreukels Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, , Amsterdam, Netherlands
L E Kuper Department of Psychiatry, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA Department of Endocrinology, Children's Health, Dallas, TX, USA
E J Kvach Denver Health, Denver, CO, USA University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
M A Malouf Malouf Counseling and Consulting, Baltimore, MD, USA
R Massey WPATH Global Education Institute Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
T Mazur Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, NY, USA
C McLachlan Professional Association for Transgender Health, South Africa Gender DynamiX, Cape Town, South Africa
S D Morrison Division of Plastic Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
S W Mosser Gender Confirmation Center, San Francisco, CA, USA Saint Francis Memorial Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
P M Neira Johns Hopkins Center for Transgender Health, Baltimore, MD, USA Johns Hopkins Medicine Office of Diversity, Inclusion and Health Equity, Baltimore, MD, USA
U Nygren Division of Speech and Language Pathology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Speech and Language Pathology, Medical Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
J M Oates La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia Melbourne Voice Analysis Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
J Obedin-Maliver Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Palo Alto, CA, USA Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford, CA, USA
G Pagkalos Independent PracticeThessaloniki, Greece Military Community Mental Health Center, 424 General Military Training Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
J Patton Talkspace, New York, NY, USA CytiPsychological LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
N Phanuphak Institute of HIV Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand
K Rachlin Independent Practice, New York, NY, USA
T Reed Gender Identity Research and Education Society, Leatherhead, UK
G N Rider National Center for Gender Spectrum Health, Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
J Ristori Andrology, Women Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
S Robbins-Cherry Nottingham Centre for Transgender Health, Nottingham, UK
S A Roberts Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Division of Endocrinology, Boston's Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
K A Rodriguez-Wallberg Department of Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
S M Rosenthal Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA UCSF Child and Adolescent Gender Center
K Sabir FtM Phoenix Group, Krasnodar Krai, Russia
J D Safer Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Mount Sinai Center for Transgender Medicine and Surgery, New York, NY, USA
A I Scheim Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, Ontario, Canada
L J Seal Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
T J Sehoole Iranti, Johannesburg, South Africa
K Spencer National Center for Gender Spectrum Health, Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
C St Amand University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
T D Steensma Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, , Amsterdam, Netherlands
J F Strang Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
G B Taylor Atrium Health Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Charlotte, NC, USA
K Tilleman Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
G G T'Sjoen Center for Sexology and Gender, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
L N Vala Independent Practice, Campbell, CA, USA
N M Van Mello Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
J F Veale School of Psychology, University of Waikato/Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato, Hamilton/Kirikiriroa, New Zealand/Aotearoa
J A Vencill Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
B Vincent Trans Learning Partnership at https://spectra-london.org.uk/trans-learning-partnership, UK
L M Wesp College of Nursing, University of Wisconsin MilwaukeeMilwaukee, WI, USA Health Connections Inc., Glendale, WI, USA
M A West North Memorial Health Hospital, Robbinsdale, MN, USA University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
J Arcelus School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain

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Rozga M, Linsenmeyer W, Cantwell Wood J, Darst V, Gradwell E. Hormone therapy, health outcomes and the role of nutrition in transgender individuals: A scoping review. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020;40:42-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]

T'Sjoen G, Arcelus J, Gooren L, Klink DT, Tangpricha V. Endocrinology of Transgender Medicine. Endocr Rev 2019;40:97-117. [PMID: 30307546 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]

Witcomb GL, Bouman WP, Claes L, Brewin N, Crawford JR, Arcelus J. Levels of depression in transgender people and its predictors: Results of a large matched control study with transgender people accessing clinical services. J Affect Disord 2018;235:308-315. [PMID: 29665513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Depression is a serious disorder which significantly impacts wellbeing and quality of life. Studies exploring mental wellbeing in the transgender population are mostly limited by small, non-homogenous samples and lack of matched controls. This study aimed to address these limitations and explore depression rates in a large sample of transgender people, compared with matched controls from the general population, as well as factors predicting depression in those taking cross-sex hormone treatment (CHT) compared to those not.

METHODS

Transgender individuals (n = 913) completed a measure of depression, measures which predict psychopathology (self-esteem, victimization, social support, interpersonal problems), and information regarding CHT use. Participants were matched by age and experienced gender with adults from the general population who had completed the measure of depression.

RESULTS

Individuals were categorized as having no, possible or probable depressive disorder. Transgender individuals not on CHT had a nearly four-fold increased risk of probable depressive disorder, compared to controls. Older age, lower self-esteem, poorer interpersonal function and less social support predicted depressive disorder. Use of CHT was associated with less depression.

LIMITATIONS

Participants were attending a national gender identity service and therefore represent only a sub-group of transgender people. Due to the cross-sectional design, longitudinal research is required to fully confirm the finding that CHT use reduces depression.

CONCLUSION

This study confirms that non-treated transgender individuals have an increased risk of a depressive disorder. Interventions offered alongside gender affirming treatment to develop interpersonal skills, increase self-esteem and improve social support may reduce depression and prepare individuals for a more successful transition.

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Jones BA, Haycraft E, Bouman WP, Brewin N, Claes L, Arcelus J. Risk Factors for Eating Disorder Psychopathology within the Treatment Seeking Transgender Population: The Role of Cross-Sex Hormone Treatment. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2018;26:120-128. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]

Arcelus J, Bouman WP, Jones BA, Richards C, Jimenez-Murcia S, Griffiths MD. Video gaming and gaming addiction in transgender people: An exploratory study. J Behav Addict 2017;6:21-29. [PMID: 28198637 PMCID: PMC5572994 DOI: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open

Bouman WP, Claes L, Brewin N, Crawford JR, Millet N, Fernandez-Aranda F, Arcelus J. Transgender and anxiety: A comparative study between transgender people and the general population. Int J Transgend 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2016.1258352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open

Millet N, Longworth J, Arcelus J. Prevalence of anxiety symptoms and disorders in the transgender population: A systematic review of the literature. Int J Transgend 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2016.1258353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open

Dhejne C, Van Vlerken R, Heylens G, Arcelus J. Mental health and gender dysphoria: A review of the literature. Int Rev Psychiatry 2016;28:44-57. [PMID: 26835611 DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2015.1115753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]

Arcelus J, Claes L, Witcomb GL, Marshall E, Bouman WP. Risk Factors for Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Trans Youth. J Sex Med 2016;13:402-12. [PMID: 26944465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Previous research has reported high levels of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in trans populations and younger age has been identified as a risk factor.

AIMS

To explore the prevalence of NSSI in a large group of young trans people and to identify risk factors for this group.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Sociodemographic variables and measurements of NSSI (Self-Injury Questionnaire), psychopathology (Symptom Checklist-90-Revised), self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale), victimization (Experiences of Transphobia Scale), interpersonal functioning (Inventory of Interpersonal Problems), and social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support).

METHODS

Two hundred sixty-eight young people attending a national gender clinic completed questionnaires assessing presence and frequency of NSSI and levels of general psychopathology, depression, anxiety, interpersonal problems, self-esteem, social support, transphobia, and information on hormone treatment.

RESULTS

A lifetime presence of NSSI was identified in 46.3% of patients and 28.73% reported currently engaging in NSSI (within at least the past few months). Analyses showed that those with a lifetime presence of NSSI had significantly greater general psychopathology, lower self-esteem, had suffered more transphobia, and experienced greater interpersonal problems than those without NSSI. Findings were similar when comparing current with non-current NSSI. Overall, natal male patients reported less social support than natal female patients, but current NSSI was more common in natal female patients. Regression analyses confirmed that natal female gender and greater general psychopathology predicted current and lifetime NSSI. Further analyses confirmed that general psychopathology itself could be predicted by transphobic experiences, low self-esteem, and interpersonal problems, but not by the use of cross-sex hormones.

CONCLUSION

These findings confirm that NSSI is common in trans youth and emphasize the need for interventions that decrease transphobia, increase social support, and help trans youth navigate their relationships with others to decrease psychopathology and NSSI.

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Bergero-Miguel T, García-Encinas MA, Villena-Jimena A, Pérez-Costillas L, Sánchez-Álvarez N, de Diego-Otero Y, Guzman-Parra J. Gender Dysphoria and Social Anxiety: An Exploratory Study in Spain. J Sex Med 2016;13:1270-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]

Bouman WP, Davey A, Meyer C, Witcomb GL, Arcelus J. Predictors of psychological well-being among treatment seeking transgender individuals. SEXUAL AND RELATIONSHIP THERAPY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/14681994.2016.1184754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]

Bouman WP, Claes L, Marshall E, Pinner GT, Longworth J, Maddox V, Witcomb G, Jimenez-Murcia S, Fernandez-Aranda F, Arcelus J. Sociodemographic Variables, Clinical Features, and the Role of Preassessment Cross-Sex Hormones in Older Trans People. J Sex Med 2016;13:711-9. [PMID: 26897462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

As referrals to gender identity clinics have increased dramatically over the last few years, no studies focusing on older trans people seeking treatment are available.

AIMS

The aim of this study was to investigate the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of older trans people attending a national service and to investigate the influence of cross-sex hormones (CHT) on psychopathology.

METHODS

Individuals over the age of 50 years old referred to a national gender identity clinic during a 30-month period were invited to complete a battery of questionnaires to measure psychopathology and clinical characteristics. Individuals on cross-sex hormones prior to the assessment were compared with those not on treatment for different variables measuring psychopathology.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Sociodemographic and clinical variables and measures of depression and anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale), victimization (Experiences of Transphobia Scale), social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support), interpersonal functioning (Inventory of Interpersonal Problems), and nonsuicidal self-injury (Self-Injury Questionnaire).

RESULTS

The sex ratio of trans females aged 50 years and older compared to trans males was 23.7:1. Trans males were removed for the analysis due to their small number (n = 3). Participants included 71 trans females over the age of 50, of whom the vast majority were white, employed or retired, and divorced and had children. Trans females on CHT who came out as trans and transitioned at an earlier age were significantly less anxious, reported higher levels of self-esteem, and presented with fewer socialization problems. When controlling for socialization problems, differences in levels of anxiety but not self-esteem remained.

CONCLUSION

The use of cross-sex hormones prior to seeking treatment is widespread among older trans females and appears to be associated with psychological benefits. Existing barriers to access CHT for older trans people may need to be re-examined.

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