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Tiwari R, Bommi PV, Gao P, Schipma MJ, Zhou Y, Quaggin SE, Chandel NS, Kapitsinou PP. Chemical inhibition of oxygen-sensing prolyl hydroxylases impairs angiogenic competence of human vascular endothelium through metabolic reprogramming. iScience 2022; 25:105086. [PMID: 36157579 PMCID: PMC9494243 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) metabolism has emerged as a driver of angiogenesis. While hypoxia inactivates the oxygen sensors prolyl-4 hydroxylase domain-containing proteins 1-3 (PHD1-3) and stimulates angiogenesis, the effects of PHDs on EC functions remain poorly defined. Here, we investigated the impact of chemical PHD inhibition by dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) on angiogenic competence and metabolism of human vascular ECs. DMOG reduced EC proliferation, migration, and tube formation capacities, responses that were associated with an unfavorable metabolic reprogramming. While glycolytic genes were induced, multiple genes encoding sub-units of mitochondrial complex I were suppressed with concurrent decline in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels. Importantly, the DMOG-induced defects in EC migration could be partially rescued by augmenting NAD+ levels through nicotinamide riboside or citrate supplementation. In summary, by integrating functional assays, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, we provide insights into the effects of PHD inhibition on angiogenic competence and metabolism of human vascular ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnakar Tiwari
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, SQBRC 8-408, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Prashant V. Bommi
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, SQBRC 8-408, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Medicine and Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew J. Schipma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yalu Zhou
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, SQBRC 8-408, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Susan E. Quaggin
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, SQBRC 8-408, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Navdeep S. Chandel
- Department of Medicine and Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pinelopi P. Kapitsinou
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, SQBRC 8-408, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine and Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Jain T, Nikolopoulou EA, Xu Q, Qu A. Hypoxia inducible factor as a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 183:22-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Raedle-Hurst T, Mueller M, Meinitzer A, Maerz W, Dschietzig T. Homoarginine-A prognostic indicator in adolescents and adults with complex congenital heart disease? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184333. [PMID: 28886170 PMCID: PMC5590899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Homoarginine (hArg) has been shown to be of prognostic value in patients with chronic left heart failure. The present study aims to assess the clinical utility and prognostic value of hArg levels in patients with complex congenital heart disease (CHD). Methods Plasma hArg levels were measured in 143 patients with complex CHD and compared to clinical status, echocardiographic and laboratory parameters as well as the occurrence of adverse cardiac events. Results Median hArg levels were 1.5 μmol/l in CHD patients as compared to 1.70 μmol/l in healthy controls (p = 0.051). Median hArg levels were lowest in patients with Fontan palliation (1.27 μmol/l) and Eisenmenger physiology (0.99 μmol/l) and decreased with the severity of adverse cardiac events with lowest values found in patients prior to death or overt heart failure (0.89 μmol/l). According to ROC analysis, the most important predictors of adverse cardiac events were hArg levels (AUC 0.837, p<0.001, CI 0.726–0.947), NYHA class (AUC 0.800, p<0.001, CI 0.672–0.928) and NT-proBNP levels (AUC 0.780, p<0.001, CI 0.669–0.891). The occurrence of overt heart failure or death due to progressive heart failure were best predicted by NYHA class (AUC 0.945, p<0.001, CI 0.898–0.992), hArg levels (AUC 0.911, p<0.001, CI 0.850–0.971) and NT-proBNP levels (AUC 0.877, p<0.001, CI 0.791–0.962), respectively. Conclusion In patients with complex CHD, hArg levels can predict adverse cardiac events as reliably as or even better than NT-proBNP levels and thus might be of prognostic value in this subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Raedle-Hurst
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Marieke Mueller
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Andreas Meinitzer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Winfried Maerz
- Medical Clinic V (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Synlab Academy, Synlab Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim and Augsburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dschietzig
- Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Medical Clinic for Cardiology and Angiology, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- Immundiagnostik GmbH, Bensheim, Germany
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Lokhov PG, Balashova EE. SANTAVAC ™: A Novel Universal Antigen Composition for Developing Cancer Vaccines. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2016; 11:32-41. [PMID: 27903220 PMCID: PMC5396256 DOI: 10.2174/1872208309666161130140535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background: Development of a universal cancer vaccine for the prevention of all cancers has been under development for many years. Antiangiogenic cancer vaccines elicit immune responses with the potential of destroying tumor vasculature endothelial cells without affecting vasculature integrity in normal tissues. The methods used in the development of antigen compositions comprising these vaccines have been recently improved and described in this report in the context of SANTAVAC ™ development - the first cancer vaccine based on endothelial cell heterogeneity. Methods: The present report summarizes data related to SANTAVAC™ development, including technical key points associated with optimal SANTAVAC™ production, a description of the composition required for preparing cancer vaccines with the highest predicted efficacy and safety, and a strategy for SANTAVAC™ large-scale implementation. Patents related to SANTAVAC™ and other universal cancer vaccines are also described. Results: SANTAVAC ™ was shown to be the most promising antigen composition for anti-cancer vaccination, allowing for immune targeting of the tumor vasculature in experimental models with a high predicted efficacy (up to 60), where efficacy represents the fold decrease in the number of endothelial cells with a tumor-induced phenotype and directly related to predicted arrest of tumor growth. Conclusion: The use of SANTAVAC ™ as a universal antigenic composition may spur vaccine development activities resulting in a set of therapeutic or prophylactic vaccines against different types of solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr G Lokhov
- Institute of biomedical chemistry, P.O. Box: 119121, Pogodinskaya st., 10, Moscow. Russian Federation
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Alonso-Fernández A, Suquia AG, de la Peña M, Casitas R, Pierola J, Barceló A, Soriano JB, Fernández-Capitán C, Martinez-Ceron E, Carrera M, García-Río F. OSA Is a Risk Factor for Recurrent VTE. Chest 2016; 150:1291-1301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Rowe J, Campbell S, Gallery EDM. Effects of Hypoxia on Regulation of Prostanoid Production in Decidual Endothelial Cells in Normal and Preeclamptic Pregnancy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107155760000700207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Suzanne Campbell
- Departments of Renal Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sydney University at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eileen D. M. Gallery
- Departments of Renal Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sydney University at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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Lokhov PG, Balashova EE. Design of universal cancer vaccines using natural tumor vessel-specific antigens (SANTAVAC). Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:689-98. [PMID: 25714389 PMCID: PMC4514425 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1011022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against endothelial cells (ECs) lining the tumor vasculature represents one of the most attractive potential cancer immunotherapy options due to its ability to prevent solid tumor growth. Using this approach, target antigens can be derived from ECs and used to develop a universal cancer vaccine. Unfortunately, direct immunization with EC preparations can elicit autoimmune vasculitis in normal tissues. Recently, tumor-induced changes to the human EC surface were described that provided a basis for designing efficient EC-based vaccines capable of eliciting immune responses that targeted the tumor endothelium directly. This review examines these data from the perspective of designing EC-based cancer vaccines for the treatment of all solid tumors, including the antigen composition of vaccine formulations, the selection ECs for antigen derivation, the production and control of antigens, and the method for estimating vaccine efficacy and safety. As the vaccine preparation requires a specifically derived set of natural cell surface antigens, a new vaccine preparation concept was formulated. Antigen compositions prepared according to this concept were named SANTAVAC (Set of All Natural Target Antigens for Vaccination Against Cancer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr G Lokhov
- a Institute of Biomedical Chemistry ; Moscow , Russia
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García Suquia A, Alonso-Fernández A, de la Peña M, Romero D, Piérola J, Carrera M, Barceló A, Soriano JB, Arque M, Fernández-Capitán C, Lorenzo A, García-Río F. High D-dimer levels after stopping anticoagulants in pulmonary embolism with sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J 2015. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02041-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnoea is a risk factor for pulmonary embolism. Elevated D-dimer levels and other biomarkers are associated with recurrent pulmonary embolism. The objectives were to compare the frequency of elevated D-dimer levels (>500 ng·mL−1) and further coagulation biomarkers after oral anticoagulation withdrawal in pulmonary embolism patients, with and without obstructive sleep apnoea, including two control groups without pulmonary embolism.We performed home respiratory polygraphy. We also measured basic biochemical profile and haemogram, and coagulation biomarkers (D-dimer, prothrombin fragment 1+2, thrombin-antithrombin complex, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, and soluble P-selectin).64 (74.4%) of the pulmonary embolism cases and 41 (46.11%) of the controls without pulmonary embolism had obstructive sleep apnoea. Plasmatic D-dimer was higher in PE patients with OSA than in those without obstructive sleep apnoea. D-dimer levels were significantly correlated with apnoea–hypopnoea index, and nocturnal hypoxia. There were more patients with high D-dimer after stopping anticoagulants in those with pulmonary embolism and obstructive sleep apnoea compared with PE without obstructive sleep apnoea (35.4% versus 19.0%, p=0.003). Apnoea–hypopnoea index was independently associated with high D-dimer.Pulmonary embolism patients with obstructive sleep apnoea had higher rates of elevated D-dimer levels after anticoagulation discontinuation for pulmonary embolism than in patients without obstructive sleep apnoea and, therefore, higher procoagulant state that might increase the risk of pulmonary embolism recurrence.
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Lokhov PG, Balashova EE. Tumor-induced endothelial cell surface heterogeneity directly affects endothelial cell escape from a cell-mediated immune response in vitro. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:198-209. [PMID: 23442592 PMCID: PMC3667939 DOI: 10.4161/hv.22828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated damage to tumor vessels is a potential means of preventing solid tumor progression. Antiangiogenic cancer vaccines capable of inducing this kind of damage include formulations comprised of endothelial cell-specific antigens. Identification of antigens capable of eliciting efficient vaccination is difficult because the endothelial cell phenotype is affected by surrounding tissues, including angiogenic stimuli received from surrounding tumor cells. Therefore, phenotype endothelial cell variations (heterogeneity) were examined in the context of the development of an efficient vaccine using mass spectrometry-based cell surface profiling. This approach was applied to primary human microvascular endothelial cell (HMEC) cultures proliferated under growth stimuli provided by either normal tissues (growth supplement from human hypothalamus) or cancer cells (MCF-7, LNCap and HepG2). It was found that tumors induced pronounced, tumor type-dependent changes to HMEC surface targets that in an in vitro model of human antiangiogenic vaccination directly facilitated HMEC escape from cytotoxic T cell-mediated cell death. Furthermore, it was found that tumors influenced the HMEC phenotype unidirectionally and that HMEC imunogenicity was reciprocal to the intensity of tumor-induced changes to the HMEC surface. These findings provide data for the design of tumor-specific endothelial cell based vaccines with sufficient immunogenicity without posing a risk to the elicitation of autoimmunity if administered in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr G Lokhov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, RAMS, Moscow, Russia.
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Tsuji T, Aoshiba K, Itoh M, Nakamura H, Yamaguchi K. Hypercapnia accelerates wound healing in endothelial cell monolayers exposed to hypoxia. Open Respir Med J 2013; 7:6-12. [PMID: 23524473 PMCID: PMC3601342 DOI: 10.2174/1874306401307010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While tissue hypoxia is known to play a critical role in the process of vascular injury and repair, the effect of hypercapnia on this process remains uncertain. We investigated whether hypercapnia might influence endothelial cell wound healing under the influence of hypoxia. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY Monolayers of human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVECs) were scratch-wounded and incubated under different levels of O2, CO2, and pH in the environment. RESULTS Inhibition of wound healing was observed in the HUVEC monolayers under the hypoxic condition as compared to the normoxic condition. Both hypercapnic acidosis and buffered hypercapnia, but not normocapnic acidosis improved the rate of wound healing under the influence of hypoxia. The beneficial effect of hypercapnia was associated with stimulation of cell proliferation, without effects on cell adhesion, migration or apoptosis. On the other hand, the stimulatory effect of hypercapnia on wound healing and cell proliferation was not noted under normoxic conditions. CONCLUSION These results suggest that hypercapnia, rather than acidosis per se, accelerated the wound healing in HUVEC monolayers cultured under hypoxic conditions. The effect of hypercapnia on wound healing was due, at least in part, to the stimulation of cell proliferation by hypercapnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Tsuji
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
| | - Kazutetsu Aoshiba
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center3-20-1, Chuou, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan; Tel: 81-29-887-1161;
Fax 81-29-888-3463; E-mail:
| | - Masayuki Itoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuou, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamaguchi
- Comprehensive and Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center East, 2-1-10 nishi-ogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-8567, Japan
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Akimoto T, Hammerman MR, Kusano E. Low ambient o(2) enhances ureteric bud branching in vitro. Organogenesis 2012; 2:17-21. [PMID: 19521524 DOI: 10.4161/org.2.1.1726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2004] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia exists widely in developing embryos where it may regulate blood vessel formation. VEGF and FGF2 produced in developing renal primordia (metanephroi) stimulate microvessel formation from embryonic thoracic aorta cultured under hypoxic conditions (HC) relative to room air (RA). The aim of the present study was to provide insight into the participation of hypoxia in a process that occurs concomitant with metanephros vascularization in vivo, ureteric bud (UB) branching. To this end, the arborization of the UB and growth of metanephroi were measured in metanephroi grown in serum-free organ culture for two days under RA or HC. When metanephroi were cultured under HC the arborization of UB was stimulated relative to RA. In the presence of anti-VEGF neutralizing antibody (alphamVEGF), or anti-FGF2 neutralizing antibody (alphahFGF2) UB branching was inhibited under both RA and HC. When both alphamVEGF and alphahFGF2 were added, the inhibition was enhanced. Addition of exogenous VEGF or FGF2 to cultures stimulated UB branching under RA and HC and addition of both stimulated it further. These findings provide evidence for roles of hypoxia and metanephric VEGF and FGF2, as regulators not only for vascularization but also for UB bud branching during renal organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Akimoto
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; Jichi Medical School; Tochigi, Japan
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Esmon CT. Protein S and protein C Biochemistry, physiology, and clinical manifestation of deficiencies. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2012; 2:214-9. [PMID: 21239244 DOI: 10.1016/1050-1738(92)90027-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Protein C and protein S are two plasma proteins that participate in an anticoagulant pathway. Protein C circulates as an inactive precursor that is converted to an active serine protease by a complex between thrombin and the endothelial cell-surface protein thrombomodulin. Activated protein C and protein S form an anticoagulant complex on cell surfaces that inactivates two of the regulatory proteins of coagulation, factors Va and VIIIa. Activated protein C is then cleared from the circulation by a relatively slow inactivation by α(1) antitrypsin and the protein C inhibitor. Deficiencies in protein C and protein S are associated with thrombotic complications. With protein S, this can arise as the result of a deficiency in protein S synthesis, proteolytic cleavage, and/or due to an increase in binding to the complement regulatory protein C4bBP, which behaves like an acute phase reactant. Inflammatory mediators not only elevate C4bBP levels, but also lead to downregulation of thrombomodulin expression. Animal experiments suggest that activated protein C and protein S may be effective and safe antithrombotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Esmon
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, and Departments of Pathology and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Zhang J, Hanig JP, De Felice AF. Biomarkers of endothelial cell activation: candidate markers for drug-induced vasculitis in patients or drug-induced vascular injury in animals. Vascul Pharmacol 2011; 56:14-25. [PMID: 21968053 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a pressing need for vascular biomarkers for studies of drug-induced vasculitis in patients and drug-induced vascular injury (DIVI) in animals. We previously reviewed a variety of candidate biomarkers of endothelial cell (EC) activation (Zhang et al., 2010). Now we update information on EC activation biomarkers from animal data on DIVI and clinical data of vasculitic patients, particularly patients with primary antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated small vessel vasculitis (primary AAVs), including Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome and necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis. Drug-associated ANCA-positive small vessel vasculitis (drug-AAVs) can closely resemble primary AAVs, suggesting the large overlap between primary idiopathic systemic vasculitis and drug-induced vasculitis. AAVs in patients and DIVI in animals vary considerably; however, there is close resemblance between AAVs and DIVI in some respects: (1) the immunopathogenetic mechanisms (activation of primed neutrophils, ECs and T cells by ANCA in patients and activation of ECs, mast cells, and macrophages by drugs in animals); (2) the morphologic changes (fibrinoid necrosis of the vessel wall and neutrophilic infiltration); (3) the preferable sites (small arteries, arterioles, capillaries and venules); and (4) elevation of vascular biomarkers suggestive of an endothelial origin. The present review discusses soluble and cell component biomarkers and provides a rationale for the potential utility of EC activation biomarkers in nonclinical and clinical studies during new drug development. Further investigation, however, is needed to assess their potential utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Division of Drug Safety Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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Egidy Assenza G, Krieger E, Valente AM, Landzberg MJ. Vascular Health and Cardiovascular Prevention in Adult Patients with Congenital Heart Disease. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2010. [DOI: 10.2165/11311720-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Wang K, Jiang YZ, Chen DB, Zheng J. Hypoxia enhances FGF2- and VEGF-stimulated human placental artery endothelial cell proliferation: roles of MEK1/2/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT1 pathways. Placenta 2009; 30:1045-51. [PMID: 19892399 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Placental development occurs under a low oxygen (2-8% O(2)) environment, which is critical for placental development and angiogenesis. In this study, we examined if hypoxia affected fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2)- and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-stimulated cell proliferation via the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2)/extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/v-akt murine thymomaviral oncogene homologue (AKT1) pathways in human placental artery endothelial (HPAE) cells. We observed that under normoxia (approximately 20% O(2)), FGF2 and VEGF dose-dependently stimulated cell proliferation. Hypoxia (3% O(2)) significantly promoted FGF2- and VEGF-stimulated cell proliferation as compared to normoxia. Under both normoxia and hypoxia, FGF2 rapidly induced ERK1/2 and AKT1 phosphorylation, while VEGF-induced ERK1/2, but not AKT1 phosphorylation. However, hypoxia did not significantly alter FGF2- and VEGF-induced ERK1/2 and AKT1 phosphorylation as compared to normoxia. PD98059 (a MEK1/2 inhibitor) at 20microM and LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) at 5microM attenuated FGF2- and VEGF-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT1, respectively. PD98059, even at doses that drastically inhibited FGF2-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation (20microM) and caused cell loss (40microM), did not affect FGF2-stimulated cell proliferation, which was confirmed by U0126 (another potent MEK1/2 inhibitor). PD98059, however, dose-dependently inhibited VEGF-stimulated cell proliferation. Conversely, LY294002 dose-dependently inhibited FGF2-, but not VEGF-stimulated cell proliferation. These data suggest that in the MEK1/2/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT1 pathways differentially mediate FGF2- and VEGF-stimulated HPAE cell proliferation. These results also indicate that hypoxia promotes FGF2- and VEGF-stimulated cell proliferation without further activation of the PI3K/AKT1 and MEK1/2/ERK1/2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perinatal Research Laboratories, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
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Abstract
In 1856 Virchow proposed a triad of causes for venous thrombosis, postulating that stasis, changes in the vessel wall or changes in the blood could lead to thrombosis. We now know that abnormally high levels of some coagulation factors and defects in the natural anticoagulants contribute to thrombotic risk. Among these, factor V Leiden, which renders factor Va resistant to activated protein C, is the most prevalent with approximately 5% of the Caucasian population having this genetic alteration. These genetically controlled variants in coagulation factors work in concert with other risk factors, such as oral contraceptive use, to dramatically increase thrombotic risk. While these abnormalities in the blood coagulation proteins are associated with thrombotic disease propensity, they are less frequent contributors to thrombosis than age or cancer. Cancer increases thrombotic risk by producing tissue factor to initiate coagulation, by shedding procoagulant lipid microparticles or by impairing blood flow. Age is the strongest risk factor for thrombosis. Among possible reasons are fragility of the vessels potentially contributing to stasis, increased coagulation factor levels, impaired function of the venous valves, decreases in the efficacy of natural anticoagulants associated with the vessel wall, increased risk of immobilization and increased risk of severe infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Esmon
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Departments of Pathology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States.
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Abstract
This year marks the 250th anniversary of the discovery by William Hunter of the existence of two distinct circulations within the human placenta. Until relatively recently the placenta has been viewed with “respect” – a passive structure which occasionally elicited fear and anxiety if implanted either too low or too deep. More recently our understanding of perinatal physiology, blood flow regulation and epidemiological data linking prenatal events with adult disease has created renewed interest in the placenta. This review will focus on the regulation of fetal blood flow in the placenta, the possible mechanisms whereby it may be deranged and why this might be relevant to adult disease.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thrombosis has been widely described after the Fontan procedure. The vascular endothelium plays a central role in the control of coagulation and fibrinolysis. The aim of this study was to investigate if patients undergoing a modified Fontan procedure have impaired endothelial function and fibrinolysis in the late postoperative course. PATIENTS AND METHODS We compared 23 patients aged from 7 to 26 years with age-matched healthy volunteers, collecting blood samples prior to and following standardized venous occlusion testing. Plasma levels of von Willebrand factor antigen, tissue-type plasminogen activator antigen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and D-dimer were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS We found increased plasma levels of von Willebrand factor antigen in patients when compared to controls (p = 0.003). At the basal condition, concentrations of tissue-type plasminogen activator antigen and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 antigen in the plasma, as well as their activity, were not significantly different between patients and controls. Following venous occlusion, concentrations of tissue-type plasminogen activator antigen in the plasma were significantly increased both in patients and controls, compared to pre-occlusion values. D-dimer was within the reference range. Multivariate discriminant analysis differentiated patients and their controls on the basis of differences for plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and von Willebrand factor antigen (p = 0.0016). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that patients with the Fontan circulation may have endothelial dysfunction, as indicated by raised levels of von Willebrand factor. Fibrinolysis seems to be relatively preserved, as suggested by appropriate response to venous occlusion.
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19
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Wojnicz R, Nowak J, Szyguła-Jurkiewicz B, Wilczek K, Lekston A, Trzeciak P, Nowalany-Kozielska E, Zembala M, Wodniecki J, Poloński L. Adjunctive therapy with low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with chronic heart failure secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy: one-year follow-up results of the randomized trial. Am Heart J 2006; 152:713.e1-7. [PMID: 16996844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2006.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defective endothelial function has been shown in dilated cardiomyopathy. Therefore, improvement in endothelial function after low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) therapy may be clinically beneficial. Consequently, the effect of adjunct enoxaparin, a LMWH, on standard treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy was investigated. METHODS This was a randomized, standard treatment-controlled, 2-center pilot trial of 102 patients (52 receiving adjunctive therapy with enoxaparin at a dosage of 1.5 mg/kg daily for 3 months and 50 receiving standard therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, and diuretics alone) with stable chronic heart failure secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy (New York Heart Association [NYHA] class II and III; left ventricular [LV] ejection fraction, < or = 40%). All patients underwent coronary angiography and endomyocardial biopsy and were clinically stable for at least 6 months before enrollment. The combined primary end point included mortality, urgent heart transplantation, and readmission to hospital due to heart failure progression. The secondary end point was to determine the severity of heart failure (serum level of N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide), cardiac function (LV ejection fraction by radionuclide ventriculography), LV diameters by echocardiography, exercise capacity (changes in NYHA class, changes in peak oxygen consumption), and changes in quality of life (Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire). The clinical outcome was assessed after 6 and 12 months of therapy. RESULTS Baseline characteristics were comparable in both groups. Five patients dropped out during 12 months of the study. Twelve patients achieved primary end point (8 in the control group and 4 in the LMWH group). The free survival rate was 94% for the LMWH group and 90% for the controls (not statistically significant). After the 12-month period, in the LMWH group, N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide level and LV diameters decreased significantly (P < .001 and P = .006, respectively), whereas LV systolic function increased (P < .001). Changes in exercise capacity and subjective improvement did not differentiate the groups (nonsignificant). Adverse reactions to the enoxaparin therapy were minor and transient. CONCLUSIONS In patients with chronic heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy, adjunct long-term enoxaparin therapy may offer additional clinical benefit without deleterious effects on major cardiac events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romuald Wojnicz
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Silesian Center of Heart Disease, Silesian Medical University, Zabrze, Poland.
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20
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Dudley AC, Thomas D, Best J, Jenkins A. A VEGF/JAK2/STAT5 axis may partially mediate endothelial cell tolerance to hypoxia. Biochem J 2006; 390:427-36. [PMID: 15918795 PMCID: PMC1198922 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Perturbation of oxygen flow occurs in disease states such as diabetic retinopathy and cancer. To maintain oxygen homoeostasis, the mammalian microvascular endothelium undergoes a dramatic reorganization to assist in bringing oxygen and nutrients to oxygen-starved tissues. This process is termed angiogenesis and is common in certain cancers with hypoxic foci and in areas of focal ischaemia in the diabetic retina. In the present study, we report on the activation of the JAK2/STAT5 pathway (where JAK stands for Janus kinase and STAT stands for signal transduction and activator of transcription) by low oxygen in microvascular endothelial cells. This activation appears to occur downstream of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), a well-known proangiogenic factor, and is related to repression of proapoptotic FAS(CD95)/FASL(CD95L). These results indicate that the JAK/STAT pathway may play a pivotal role during tumour-associated or retinal angiogenesis in which endothelial cell survival during tissue hypoxia is critical for maintaining either the growth of neoplasms or the inappropriate retinal neovascularization common in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Dudley
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Corner of Princes and Regent Streets, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.
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21
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de P S Soares R, Maeda NY, Bydlowski SP, Lopes AA. Markers of endothelial dysfunction and severity of hypoxaemia in the Eisenmenger syndrome. Cardiol Young 2005; 15:504-13. [PMID: 16164790 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951105001381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction has been reported in hypoxaemic patients with the Eisenmenger syndrome, but a direct correlation between levels of endothelial markers and the severity of hypoxaemia has not been explored. With this in mind, we compared the levels in the plasma of tissue-type plasminogen activator, thrombomodulin, and von Willebrand factor in 25 patients with the Eisenmenger syndrome. They had a median age of 31 years, and were divided into 2 groups according to their recent clinical history. Thus, 18 patients were stable, being in functional class II or III, seen as outpatients, and having peripheral saturations of oxygen of 89 plus or minus 5 percent. In contrast, 7 patients were unstable, showing episodes of symptoms placing them in functional class IV, requiring care in hospital, and manifesting saturations of oxygen of 77 plus or minus 5 percent. We were able to follow 12 patients, 8 who were stable and 4 unstable, for 24 months. At baseline, levels of von Willebrand factor were higher in the unstable patients when compared to those who were stable, at 142 plus or minus 29 and 110 plus or minus 25 units per decilitre, respectively (p equal to 0.013). This correlated positively with oxygen desaturation (p less than 0.020). The structural abnormalities also correlated positively with the magnitude of hypoxaemia (p less than 0.020). Levels remained higher in the unstable patients throughout the period of follow-up (p equal to 0.006). Tissue-type plasminogen activator was also increased, at 14.3 plus or minus 8.4 versus 6.5 plus or minus 2.7 nanograms per millilitre in controls (p less than 0.001), whereas thrombomodulin was decreased, with values of 14.4 versus 34.6 nanograms per millilitre in controls (p for median values of less than 0.001). There was no correlation with saturations of oxygen. We conclude that measurement of von Willebrand factor, as compared with tissue-type plasminogen activator and thrombomodulin, will prove a better marker of endothelial response to hypoxaemia in patients with the Eisenmenger syndrome.
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22
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Oechslin E, Kiowski W, Schindler R, Bernheim A, Julius B, Brunner-La Rocca HP. Systemic endothelial dysfunction in adults with cyanotic congenital heart disease. Circulation 2005; 112:1106-12. [PMID: 16103236 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.534073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary erythrocytosis results in increased shear stress in cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD), which may modify the balance between vasodilators and vasoconstrictors and affect systemic endothelial function. Because no data are available on systemic vasomotion, systemic endothelial function and nitric oxide (NO) availability were investigated in CCHD patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Responses to arterial endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine [Ach]) and -independent (sodium nitroprusside [SNP]) vasodilation, NO synthase blockade (NG-monomethyl-L-arginine [L-NMMA]), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and ET-1 receptor blockade by BQ-123 in 11 CCHD patients (O2 saturation <90%; mean+/-SD, 79+/-1%; mean+/-SD age, 39+/-2 years) were compared with those in 10 age-matched healthy referents by using forearm venous occlusion plethysmography. Resting forearm blood flow (FBF) was lower in CCHD patients than in referents (2.4+/-0.2 versus 3.5+/-0.4 mL.min(-1).100 mL(-1) of forearm volume [FAV], P<0.05). Although the response to SNP was similar in both groups (CCHD, 2.0+/-0.3 to 8.3+/-1.0; referents, 3.6+/-0.7 to 11.9+/-1.2 mL.min(-1).100 mL(-1) of FAV; P>0.1), the response to Ach was markedly reduced in CCHD (maximal increase in FBF, 2.8+/-0.8 versus 37.5+/-4.4 mL.min(-1).100 mL(-1) of FAV; P<0.0001). l-NMMA was less effective in CCHD (decrease in FBF, 25+/-6% versus 40+/-4%; P<0.05). ET-1 caused less vasoconstriction in the CCHD group (-25+/-9% versus -51+/-7%, P<0.05), but the response to BQ-123 was similar in both groups (32+/-9% versus 27+/-9%). CONCLUSIONS Systemic endothelial dysfunction is evident in CCHD patients as shown by strikingly reduced endothelial vasodilation to Ach. The response to exogenous ET-1 is reduced, possibly because of elevated endogenous ET-1 levels, but the effects of endogenous ET-1 on arterial tone are not enhanced, as indicated by the similar response to ET-1 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Oechslin
- CardioVascular Center, Division of Cardiology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
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23
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Abstract
The regulation of angiogenesis by hypoxia is an important component of homeostatic mechanisms that link vascular oxygen supply to metabolic demand. Molecular characterization of angiogenic pathways, identification of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) as a key transcriptional regulator of these molecules, and the definition of the HIF hydoxylases as a family of dioxygenases that regulate HIF in accordance with oxygen availability have provided new insights into this process. Here we review these findings, and the role of HIF in developmental, adaptive and neoplastic angiogenesis. We also discuss the implications of oncogenic activation of extensive, physiologically interconnected hypoxia pathways for the tumor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Pugh
- The Henry Wellcome Building of Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
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24
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Akimoto T, Hammerman MR. Fibroblast growth factor 2 promotes microvessel formation from mouse embryonic aorta. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003; 284:C371-7. [PMID: 12388106 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00193.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To delineate the roles that oxygen and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play in the process of angiogenesis from the embryonic aorta, we cultured mouse embryonic aorta explants (thoracic level to lateral vessels supplying the mesonephros and metanephros) in a three-dimensional type I collagen gel matrix. During 8 days of culture under 5% O(2), but not room air, the addition of FGF2 to explants stimulated the formation of Gs-IB(4-)positive, CD31-positive, and Flk-1-positive microvessels in a concentration-dependent manner. FGF2-stimulated microvessel formation was inhibited by sequestration of FGF2 via addition of soluble FGF receptor (FGFR) chimera protein or anti-FGF2 antibodies. FGFR1 and FGFR2 were present on explants. Levels of FGFR1, but not FGFR2, were increased in embryonic aorta cultured under 5% O(2) relative to room air. Our data suggest that low oxygen upregulates FGFR1 expression in embryonic aorta in vitro and renders it more responsive to FGF2.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/embryology
- Aorta/metabolism
- Capillaries/drug effects
- Capillaries/embryology
- Capillaries/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelial Growth Factors/metabolism
- Endothelial Growth Factors/pharmacology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Fetus
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/pharmacology
- Lymphokines/metabolism
- Lymphokines/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microcirculation/drug effects
- Microcirculation/embryology
- Microcirculation/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology
- Oxygen/pharmacology
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/drug effects
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/pharmacology
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/drug effects
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/physiology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Akimoto
- George M. O'Brien Kidney and Urological Disease Center, Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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25
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Lopes AA, Caramurú LH, Maeda NY. Endothelial dysfunction associated with chronic intravascular coagulation in secondary pulmonary hypertension. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2002; 8:353-8. [PMID: 12516685 DOI: 10.1177/107602960200800407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered endothelial anti-thrombotic properties have been observed in primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension. In the Eisenmenger syndrome, correlations of these abnormalities with the clinical status and occurrence of chronic intravascular coagulation (CIC) have not been confirmed. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the occurrence of CIC, as determined by circulating levels of D-dimer is associated with changes in endothelial markers in Eisenmenger patients; and to identify variables that correlate with the severity of clinical presentation. Twenty-one patients were enrolled (ages, 4-52 years). Plasma levels of D-dimer, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), thrombomodulin, and von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag) were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to differentiate patients with stable (group 1, N=12) from those with unstable disease (group 2, N=9). Increased t-PA (p<0.0001) and vWF:Ag (p=0.001) and decreased thrombomodulin (p<0.0001) were associated with increased D-dimer levels (p=0.0201) in patients. Group 2 had a higher prevalence of affected women (p=0.0242), lower arterial oxygen saturation, and higher t-PA levels compared with group 1 (p<0.0001, discriminant analysis). t-PA and vWF:Ag correlated positively in group 2 (r=0.71, p=0.0309), but not in group 1 (r=0.25, p=NS). Two patients in group 2 but none in group 1 had episodes of pulmonary arterial thrombosis. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with evidence of CIC and correlates to some extent with the severity of symptoms in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Augusto Lopes
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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26
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Ben-Yosef Y, Lahat N, Shapiro S, Bitterman H, Miller A. Regulation of endothelial matrix metalloproteinase-2 by hypoxia/reoxygenation. Circ Res 2002; 90:784-91. [PMID: 11964371 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000015588.70132.dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Among the consequences resulting from the exposure of endothelial cells (ECs) to ischemia/reperfusion is angiogenesis, involving degradation of vascular basement membrane and extracellular matrix. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, a member of the MMP family, partakes in this process. MMP-2, secreted as a proenzyme, undergoes activation through interaction with membrane type (MT)1-MMP and the endogenous tissue inhibitor of MMPs (TIMP)-2. Although hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R) are major constituents of ischemia/reperfusion processes, their direct effects on endothelial MMP-2 have been scarcely investigated. This study examined the in vitro effects of H/R on human macrovascular ECs (EAhy 926). The level of MMP-2 mRNA (Northern blot) and protein (zymography, ELISA) and the mRNA of its activator (MT1-MMP) and inhibitor (TIMP-2) were analyzed. Short (6-hour) hypoxia inhibited the mRNA expression of MMP-2, MT1-MMP, and TIMP-2, culminating in reduced latent and active MMP-2 protein. Prolonged (24-hour) hypoxia further suppressed MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 mRNA, whereas it enhanced MMP-2 mRNA and enzyme secretion (after 48-hour hypoxia). Reoxygenation did not influence the inhibited TIMP-2 but upregulated MMP-2 and MT1-MMP mRNA expression, leading to enhanced secretion of active MMP-2 protein. These results demonstrate H/R-mediated modulation of EC MMP-2 at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Prolonged hypoxia of ECs appears to enhance MMP-2 production and secretion, whereas reoxygenation further increases its level. These H/R-mediated effects on MMPs have the potential of enabling EC migration and possible angiogenesis.
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27
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Furuta GT, Turner JR, Taylor CT, Hershberg RM, Comerford K, Narravula S, Podolsky DK, Colgan SP. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-dependent induction of intestinal trefoil factor protects barrier function during hypoxia. J Exp Med 2001; 193:1027-34. [PMID: 11342587 PMCID: PMC2193432 DOI: 10.1084/jem.193.9.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal organs such as the intestine are supported by a rich and complex underlying vasculature. For this reason, the intestine, and particularly barrier-protective epithelial cells, are susceptible to damage related to diminished blood flow and concomitant tissue hypoxia. We sought to identify compensatory mechanisms that protect epithelial barrier during episodes of intestinal hypoxia. Initial studies examining T84 colonic epithelial cells revealed that barrier function is uniquely resistant to changes elicited by hypoxia. A search for intestinal-specific, barrier-protective factors revealed that the human intestinal trefoil factor (ITF) gene promoter bears a previously unappreciated binding site for hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1. Hypoxia resulted in parallel induction of ITF mRNA and protein. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay analysis using ITF-specific, HIF-1 consensus motifs resulted in a hypoxia-inducible DNA binding activity, and loading cells with antisense oligonucleotides directed against the alpha chain of HIF-1 resulted in a loss of ITF hypoxia inducibility. Moreover, addition of anti-ITF antibody resulted in a loss of barrier function in epithelial cells exposed to hypoxia, and the addition of recombinant human ITF to vascular endothelial cells partially protected endothelial cells from hypoxia-elicited barrier disruption. Extensions of these studies in vivo revealed prominent hypoxia-elicited increases in intestinal permeability in ITF null mice. HIF-1-dependent induction of ITF may provide an adaptive link for maintenance of barrier function during hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn T. Furuta
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital, the
- Combined Program for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital
| | - Jerrold R. Turner
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Cormac T. Taylor
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital, the
| | | | - Katrina Comerford
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital, the
| | - Sailaja Narravula
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital, the
| | - Daniel K. Podolsky
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Sean P. Colgan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital, the
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28
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Tsukamoto Y, Matsuo N, Ozawa K, Hori O, Higashi T, Nishizaki J, Tohnai N, Nagata I, Kawano K, Yutani C, Hirota S, Kitamura Y, Stern DM, Ogawa S. Expression of a novel RNA-splicing factor, RA301/Tra2beta, in vascular lesions and its role in smooth muscle cell proliferation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 158:1685-94. [PMID: 11337366 PMCID: PMC1891943 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64124-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
RA301/Tra2beta, a sequence-specific RNA-binding protein, was first cloned as a stress molecule in re-oxygenated astrocytes. In human vascular tissues, we have found enhanced RA301/Tra2beta expression in coronary artery with intimal thickening, and atherosclerotic aorta. Balloon injury to the rat carotid artery induced RA301/Tra2beta transcripts followed by expression of the antigen, which was detected in medial and neointimal vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In cultured VSMCs, hypoxia/re-oxygenation caused induction of RA301/Tra2beta and was accompanied by cell proliferation, both of which were blocked by the addition of either diphenyl iodonium, a NADPH oxidase inhibitor, PD98059, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor, or antisense oligonucleotide for RA301/Tra2beta. Consistent with a link between RA301/Tra2beta and cell proliferation, platelet-derived growth factor also induced expression of RA301/Tra2beta in cultured VSMCS: These data suggest a possible role for RA301/Tra2beta in the regulation of VSMC proliferation, especially in the setting of hypoxia/re-oxygenation-induced cell stress.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology
- Carotid Arteries/metabolism
- Carotid Arteries/pathology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/physiology
- DNA, Antisense/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Infant
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology
- Onium Compounds/pharmacology
- Oxygen/pharmacology
- RNA Splicing
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Serine-Arginine Splicing Factors
- Superoxides/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tsukamoto
- Department of Pathology and Neurosurgery, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita City, Japan.
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29
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Erichsen JT, Jarvis-Evans J, Khaliq A, Boulton M. Oxygen modulates the release of urokinase and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 by retinal pigment epithelial cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2001; 33:237-47. [PMID: 11311855 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(01)00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to examine the effect of oxygen, in the presence or absence of exogenous growth factors, on the release of plasminogen activators and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 by cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Antigen and activity levels of urokinase, tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor were measured in conditioned media after cells were exposed to three different oxygen environments: hypoxia, normoxia and hyperoxia. Overall proteolytic balance was determined by zymography. The effects of exogenous basic fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta were also examined. it was found that retinal pigment epithelial cells released urokinase, tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor in measurable quantities. After 48 h, urokinase levels were highest at normoxia, reaching 7.2ng/10(6) cells (+/-2.0 SEM), whereas plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 levels were highest at hyperoxia, reaching 67.5ng/10(6) cells (+/-3.7 SEM). Tissue plasminogen activator levels were minimal (<0.5ng/10(6) cells) and unaffected by both oxygen and growth factors. Overall proteolytic activity was also greatest at normoxia. Fibroblast growth factor stimulated urokinase production dose-dependently, but plasminogen activator inhibitor only minimally. Transforming growth factor-beta stimulated plasminogen activator inhibitor production dose-dependently but urokinase only at higher concentrations. These results suggest that both oxygen tension and growth factors may interact to modulate the proteolytic properties of the human retinal pigment epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Erichsen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, Wales, UK
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30
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Stratton RJ, Pompon L, Coghlan JG, Pearson JD, Black CM. Soluble thrombomodulin concentration is raised in scleroderma associated pulmonary hypertension. Ann Rheum Dis 2000; 59:132-4. [PMID: 10666169 PMCID: PMC1753064 DOI: 10.1136/ard.59.2.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of thrombomodulin in scleroderma associated pulmonary hypertension. METHODS Soluble thrombomodulin (sTM), was measured in plasma samples from 34 scleroderma patients shown to have pulmonary hypertension at echocardiogram, and comparison drawn against samples from 38 scleroderma control patients, and 20 healthy controls. Serial measurements of sTM were performed in the 34 patients with scleroderma associated pulmonary hypertension to investigate possible changes in sTM concentration with progression of the condition. RESULTS Mean sTM was raised in scleroderma associated pulmonary hypertension when compared with scleroderma controls (mean sTM 65.4 ng/ml v 43.3 ng/ml, p<0.05), and when compared with healthy controls (mean sTM 38.1 ng/ml, p<0.05). There was no significant difference between mean sTM in scleroderma controls and healthy controls. Mean sTM concentration did not change with progression of pulmonary hypertension. CONCLUSION Plasma sTM is raised in scleroderma associated pulmonary hypertension. The pathogenesis of scleroderma associated pulmonary hypertension may be distinct from the pathogenesis of other forms of pulmonary vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Stratton
- Academic Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Disease Unit, The Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF
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31
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Park JH, Okayama N, Gute D, Krsmanovic A, Battarbee H, Alexander JS. Hypoxia/aglycemia increases endothelial permeability: role of second messengers and cytoskeleton. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 277:C1066-74. [PMID: 10600758 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1999.277.6.c1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of hypoxia/aglycemia on microvascular endothelial permeability were evaluated, and the second messenger systems and the cytoskeletal-junctional protein alterations in this response were also examined. Monolayers of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells on microcarrier beads were exposed to either thioglycolic acid (5 mM, an O(2) chelator), glucose-free medium, or both stresses together. Permeability measurements were performed over a 90-min time course. Although neither hypoxia alone nor aglycemia alone increased endothelial permeability significantly, the combination of both increased significantly as early as 15 min. Intracellular Ca(2+) measurements with fura 2-AM showed that hypoxia/aglycemia treatment increased Ca(2+) influx. To determine the second messengers involved in increased permeability, monolayers were incubated for 30 min with the cytosolic Ca(2+) scavenger 3,4, 5-trimethoxybenzoic acid 8-(diethylamino)octyl ester (TMB-8, 0.1 mM), a classical protein kinase C (PKC) blocker, Gö-6976 (10 nM), a cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) antagonist, KT-5823 (0.5 microM), or the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitor PD-98059 (20 microM). Hypoxia/aglycemia-mediated permeability changes were blocked by chelating cell Ca(2+), PKC blockade, PKG blockade, and by inhibiting p38 MAP kinase-1. Finally, changes in the binding of junctional proteins to the cytoskeleton under the same conditions were assessed. The concentrations of occludin and pan-reactive cadherin binding to the cytoskeleton were significantly decreased by only both stresses together. However, these effects were also blocked by pretreatment with TMB-8, Gö-6976, KT-5823 (not in occludin), and PD-98059. These data suggest that hypoxia/aglycemia-mediated endothelial permeability may occur through PKC, PKG, MAP kinase, and Ca(2+) related to dissociation of cadherin-actin and occludin-actin junctional bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932, USA
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32
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Abstract
Diminished oxygen supply to tissues (hypoxia) can stem from many sources, and is a contributing factor to diverse disease processes. Cell and tissue responses to hypoxia are diverse and include dramatic changes in metabolic demand, regulation of cellular gene products, and release of lipid and protein mediators. Surprisingly little attention has been paid to targeted development of therapeutics for hypoxia-related disease processes. This review will focus on recent advances in cellular and molecular biology pertaining to the hypoxia response, and will discuss paradigms used to study hypoxia and the potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Taylor
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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33
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Schwarz MA, Kandel J, Brett J, Li J, Hayward J, Schwarz RE, Chappey O, Wautier JL, Chabot J, Lo Gerfo P, Stern D. Endothelial-monocyte activating polypeptide II, a novel antitumor cytokine that suppresses primary and metastatic tumor growth and induces apoptosis in growing endothelial cells. J Exp Med 1999; 190:341-54. [PMID: 10430623 PMCID: PMC2195582 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.3.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/1999] [Accepted: 06/02/1999] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neovascularization is essential for growth and spread of primary and metastatic tumors. We have identified a novel cytokine, endothelial-monocyte activating polypeptide (EMAP) II, that potently inhibits tumor growth, and appears to have antiangiogenic activity. Mice implanted with Matrigel showed an intense local angiogenic response, which EMAP II blocked by 76% (P < 0.001). Neovascularization of the mouse cornea was similarly prevented by EMAP II (P < 0.003). Intraperitoneally administered EMAP II suppressed the growth of primary Lewis lung carcinomas, with a reduction in tumor volume of 65% versus controls (P < 0.003). Tumors from human breast carcinoma-derived MDA-MB 468 cells were suppressed by >80% in EMAP II-treated animals (P < 0.005). In a lung metastasis model, EMAP II blocked outgrowth of Lewis lung carcinoma macrometastases; total surface metastases were diminished by 65%, and of the 35% metastases present, approximately 80% were inhibited with maximum diameter <2 mm (P < 0.002 vs. controls). In growing capillary endothelial cultures, EMAP II induced apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner, whereas other cell types were unaffected. These data suggest that EMAP II is a tumor-suppressive mediator with antiangiogenic properties allowing it to target growing endothelium and limit establishment of neovasculature.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung
- Cattle
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology
- Growth Inhibitors/blood
- Growth Inhibitors/genetics
- Growth Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics
- Growth Inhibitors/physiology
- Humans
- Infusions, Intravenous
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Proteins/blood
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/pharmacokinetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/blood
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/pharmacokinetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Recombinant Proteins/blood
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacokinetics
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Tissue Distribution/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Schwarz
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York 10032, USA.
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34
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Blank M, Krause I, Goldkorn T, Praprotnik S, Livneh A, Langevitz P, Kaganovsky E, Morgenstern S, Cohen S, Barak V, Eldor A, Weksler B, Shoenfeld Y. Monoclonal anti-endothelial cell antibodies from a patient with Takayasu arteritis activate endothelial cells from large vessels. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1999; 42:1421-32. [PMID: 10403270 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199907)42:7<1421::aid-anr16>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To create monoclonal anti-endothelial cell antibodies (mAECA) from a patient with Takayasu arteritis to evaluate their ability to activate human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), and to characterize the mechanism of EC activation. METHODS A panel of mAECA was generated from peripheral blood lymphocytes of a patient with Takayasu arteritis, using Epstein-Barr virus transformation. Activity against macrovascular EC (HUVEC) and microvascular EC (human bone marrow EC immortalized by SV40) antigens was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Inhibition studies were used to select the monoclonal antibodies (mAECA) which share the same EC epitope binding specificity as the total IgG-AECA from the Takayasu arteritis patient. The binding of the mAECA to human aortic EC was studied by immunohistochemistry. The secretion levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) were determined, to serve as markers for EC activation. The activated EC were examined for the adherence of a monocytic cell line (U937), as well as for expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and E-selectin. In addition, nuclear extracts of the mAECA-treated EC were analyzed for the induction of translocation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), using a specific NF-kappaB oligoprobe in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS Six mAECA were selected, the mixture of which produced 100% inhibition of binding of the original IgG (from the patient with Takayasu arteritis) to HUVEC. All mAECA possessed high activity against macrovascular EC, but none had significant antimicrovascular EC activity. The mAECA, but not normal human IgG, had anti-human aortic EC activity. Four of the 6 mAECA activated EC, manifested by increased IL-6 and vWF secretion. The 4 mAECA induced EC expression of adhesion molecules and increased adhesion of U937 monocytic cells to EC. In addition, these mAECA stimulated the nuclear translocation of the NF-kappaB transcription factor. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that AECA may directly stimulate EC in Takayasu arteritis through elevation of adhesion molecule expression associated with NF-kappaB activation and adhesion of monocytes, and may therefore play a pathogenic role in the development of the vasculopathy in Takayasu arteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Blank
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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35
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Ozawa K, Kuwabara K, Tamatani M, Takatsuji K, Tsukamoto Y, Kaneda S, Yanagi H, Stern DM, Eguchi Y, Tsujimoto Y, Ogawa S, Tohyama M. 150-kDa oxygen-regulated protein (ORP150) suppresses hypoxia-induced apoptotic cell death. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:6397-404. [PMID: 10037731 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.10.6397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the contribution of 150-kDa oxygen-regulated protein (ORP150) to cellular processes underlying adaptation to hypoxia, a cell line stably transfected to overexpress ORP150 antisense RNA was created. In human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells stably overexpressing ORP150 antisense RNA, ORP150 antigen and transcripts were suppressed to low levels in normoxia and hypoxia, whereas wild-type cells showed induction of ORP150 with oxygen deprivation. Inhibition of ORP150 in antisense transfectants was selective, as hypoxia-mediated enhancement of glucose-regulated protein (GRP) 78 and GRP94 was maintained. However, antisense ORP150 transfectants displayed reduced viability when subjected to hypoxia, compared with wild-type and sense-transfected HEK cells. In contrast, diminished levels of ORP150 had no effect on cytotoxicity induced by other stimuli, including oxygen-free radicals and sodium arsenate. Although cellular ATP content was similar in hypoxia, compared with ORP150 antisense transfectants and wild-type HEK cells, suppression of ORP150 expression was associated with accelerated apoptosis. Hypoxia-mediated cell death in antisense HEK transfectants did not cause an increase in caspase activity or in cytoplasmic cytochrome c antigen. A well recognized inducer of apoptosis in HEK cells, staurosporine, caused increased caspase activity and cytoplasmic cytochrome c levels in both wild-type and antisense cells. These data indicate that ORP150 has an important cytoprotective role in hypoxia-induced cellular perturbation and that ORP150-associated inhibition of apoptosis may involve mechanisms distinct from those triggered by other apoptotic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ozawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita City 565, Japan.
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36
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Basile J, Busuttil A, Sheiner PA, Emre S, Guy S, Schwartz ME, Boros P, Miller CM. Correlation between von Willebrand factor levels and early graft function in clinical liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 1999; 13:25-31. [PMID: 10081631 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0012.1999.t01-2-130104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cold preservation/reperfusion leads to sinusoidal endothelial cell (SEC) activation and damage in nearly every liver transplantation; the extent of these changes influences early graft function. Upon reperfusion, activated SEC show increased expression of adhesion molecules, including von Willebrand factor (vWF) which is released into the circulation. This study was designed to evaluate the levels of vWF measured in the caval effluent and correlate these findings with known markers of SEC damage and early graft function. Data were obtained from 35 patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (LTx). Two samples were taken from each patient for measurement of vWF: a) from the portal vein immediately prior to reperfusion; and b) from the first 50 ml of the caval effluent. Commercial assays were used to measure vWF, as well as hyaluronic acid (HA), thrombomodulin (TM), IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha. Patients were divided into two groups based on early graft function. Poor early graft function (PEGF) was defined as a peak aspartate transaminase (AST) or alanine transaminase (ALT) level > 2500 U/L during the first three postoperative days (POD) and a prothrombin time (PT) > 16 s on POD 2 (n = 8). The remaining 27 patients had good early graft function (GEGF). In patients with GEGF, vWF levels dropped significantly between the two time points. This change was not observed in those with PEGF. A positive linear correlation was observed in the PEGF group between vWF and HA and IL-6. The different pattern of change in vWF between the two groups, as well as the positive correlation between HA, IL-6 and vWF in PEGF, suggest that vWF may be a useful marker of early graft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Basile
- Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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37
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Cutaia MV, Parks N, Centracchio J, Rounds S, Yip KP, Sun AM. Effect of hypoxic exposure on Na+/H+ antiport activity, isoform expression, and localization in endothelial cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 275:L442-51. [PMID: 9728038 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1998.275.3.l442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the effects of prolonged hypoxic exposure on membrane ion transport activity. The Na+/H+ antiport is an ion transport site that regulates intracellular pH in mammalian cells. We determined the effect of prolonged hypoxic exposure on human pulmonary arterial endothelial cell antiport activity, gene expression, and localization. Monolayers were incubated under hypoxic or normoxic conditions for 72 h. Antiport activity was determined as the rate of recovery from intracellular acidosis. Antiport isoform identification and gene expression were determined with RT-PCR and Northern and Western blots. Antiport localization and F-actin cytoskeleton organization were defined with immunofluorescent staining. Prolonged hypoxic exposure decreased antiport activity, with no change in cell viability compared with normoxic control cells. One antiport isoform [Na+/H+ exchanger isoform (NHE) 1] that was localized to the basolateral cell surface was present in human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells. Hypoxic exposure had no effect on NHE1 mRNA transcript expression, but NHE1 protein expression was upregulated. Immunofluorescent staining demonstrated a significant alteration of the F-actin cytoskeleton after hypoxic exposure but no change in NHE1 localization. These results demonstrate that the decrease in NHE1 activity after prolonged hypoxic exposure is not related to altered gene expression. The change in NHE1 activity may have important consequences for vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Cutaia
- Pulmonary Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 02908-9019, USA
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38
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Gupta N, Jacobs DL, Miller TA, Smith GS, Dahms TE. Hypoxia-reoxygenation potentiates zymosan activated plasma-induced endothelial injury. J Surg Res 1998; 77:91-8. [PMID: 9733593 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1998.5344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury and the role played by the interaction of plasma proteins, including complement, with reperfused endothelium remains incompletely understood. Venular endothelial changes due to hypoxia followed by reoxygenation (H-R) are vital because venules are the primary site of fluid accumulation and polymorphonuclear leukocyte deposition due to inflammation. This investigation focused on whether H-R potentiates the response to permeability inducing agents found in activated plasma. Activated complement was studied by using zymosan activated plasma (ZAP). Permeability changes were assessed by quantitating rate of clearance of albumin across the monolayers. H-R alone did not change permeability relative to the normoxic condition. ZAP at 2% in normoxic cells increased albumin clearance from 2 +/- 0.2 to 9 +/- 1. 0 microL/h, which increased significantly to 13.5 +/- 2.0 microL/h when given to hypoxia-reoxygenation challenged monolayers. The permeability response to ZAP was dose related and not present with heat inactivated ZAP. ZAP at 2% altered the structure of the cytoskeleton of the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). However, addition of monoclonal anti-complement antibodies or addition of soluble complement receptor-1 did not attenuate ZAP-induced HUVEC permeability. Addition of zymosan-activated serum did not alter the permeability and addition of heparin inhibited the ZAP-induced changes in permeability, suggesting that these changes were mediated via thrombin and not complement. The increase in monolayer permeability due to ZAP was prevented by increasing intracellular adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate. These findings suggest that HUVEC monolayers challenged with H-R are more susceptible to increases in permeability induced by activated plasma components.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gupta
- Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
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39
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Lopez JJ, Edelman ER, Stamler A, Hibberd MG, Prasad P, Thomas KA, DiSalvo J, Caputo RP, Carrozza JP, Douglas PS, Sellke FW, Simons M. Angiogenic potential of perivascularly delivered aFGF in a porcine model of chronic myocardial ischemia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 274:H930-6. [PMID: 9530206 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1998.274.3.h930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of heparin-binding growth factors, including basic (bFGF) and acidic (aFGF) fibroblast growth factors have been shown to promote angiogenesis in vivo. In this study, we employed a sustained-release polymer extravascular delivery system to evaluate the angiogenic efficacy of a novel form of genetically modified aFGF in the setting of chronic myocardial ischemia. Fifteen Yorkshire pigs subjected to Ameroid occluder placement on the left circumflex (LCX) artery were treated with perivascularly administered aFGF in ethylene vinyl acetate (EVAc) polymer (10 micrograms, n = 7) or EVAc alone (controls, n = 8). Seven to nine weeks later, after coronary angiography to document Ameroid-induced coronary occlusion, all animals underwent studies of coronary flow and global and regional left ventricular function. Microsphere-determined coronary flow in the Ameroid-compromised territory was significantly increased in aFGF-treated compared with control animals, and this improvement in perfusion was maintained during ventricular pacing. Left ventricular function studies demonstrated improved global and regional function in aFGF-treated animals. We conclude that local perivascular delivery of genetically modified aFGF results in significant improvement in myocardial flow and regional and global left ventricular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Lopez
- Angiogenesis Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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40
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Calnek DS, Grinnell BW. Thrombomodulin-dependent anticoagulant activity is regulated by vascular endothelial growth factor. Exp Cell Res 1998; 238:294-8. [PMID: 9457083 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1997.3812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thrombomodulin (TM) is a cell-surface receptor that plays a critical role in endothelial cell anticoagulant activity through its cofactor role in the thrombin-catalyzed activation of human protein C. In this study, we examined the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent angiogenic factor, on surface anticoagulant activity and thrombomodulin expression. We show that thrombin-dependent activation of human protein C, measured on the endothelial cell surface, increased from 50 to 80% following exposure of cells to VEGF for 24 h. The effect was concentration dependent with the half-maximal stimulatory effect at approximately 100 pM. This increase in thrombin-dependent aPC generation correlated with a proportional and concentration-dependent increase in the level of cell-surface TM antigen. Both the total cellular TM antigen and the total cellular TM mRNA levels increased approximately 2.5-fold in VEGF-treated cells suggesting that most if not all of the regulation was at the message level. We further show that VEGF blocked IL-1 beta-induced suppression of both TM surface antigen and mRNA and was similarly capable of antagonizing the down-regulation of TM by TGF-beta and from cell activation by LPS. Our data suggest that VEGF regulation of TM may contribute to mechanisms that would maintain local hemostasis during angiogenesis and revascularization and could play a role in minimizing loss of vessel anticoagulant function during inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Calnek
- Research Technologies and Proteins, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285-0444, USA
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41
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Abstract
The increasing practice of preterm delivery in the fetal interest for conditions such as pre-eclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has provided an opportunity to study placental structure in pregnancies with prenatal evidence of fetal compromise. These data suggest that the origin of fetal hypoxia in IUGR with absent end-diastolic flow in the umbilical arteries is due to a failure of oxygen transport from intervillous space to umbilical vein. Failure of the fetoplacental circulation to extract oxygen from the intervillous space under such circumstances means intervillous PO2 is closer to maternal arterial values than under physiological conditions. Correspondingly the placental villi are chronically exposed to a higher oxygen tension than under normal circumstances--the term ¿hyperoxia', relative to normal intraplacental oxygenation, is proposed to describe this situation. Both the trophoblast and villous core react to increased oxygen despite fetal hypoxia. These results challenge the generally accepted concept of ¿placental hypoxia' in all circumstances where fetal hypoxia might arise. Therefore three categories are proposed for the origins of fetal hypoxia: (1) preplacental hypoxia; (2) uteroplacental hypoxia; and (3) postplacental hypoxia. Examples for these three disease states are listed in this review and the structural reaction patterns of placental villi to these differences in oxygenation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Kingdom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College London Medical School, UK
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42
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Demir R, Kosanke G, Kohnen G, Kertschanska S, Kaufmann P. Classification of human placental stem villi: review of structural and functional aspects. Microsc Res Tech 1997; 38:29-41. [PMID: 9260835 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19970701/15)38:1/2<29::aid-jemt5>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The stem villi of the human placenta represent the central branches of the villous trees. They are characterized by a condensed fibrous stroma in which the fetal arteries and veins as well as the arterioles and venules are embedded. Functionally they are accepted as the mechanically supporting structures of the villous trees, and they are supposed to control fetal blood flow to the maternofetal exchange area, which is located in the peripheral villi. To obtain further insights into the functions of the stem villi, the recent literature has been reviewed, and some immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and reconstruction studies have been added. These new studies were aimed at identifying immunohistochemically different subtypes of stem villi, their branching patterns, the distribution of macrophages, the stromal proliferation patterns, and the differentiation of extravascular stromal cells. Our findings demonstrate that the stem villi and their precursors, the immature intermediate villi, can selectively be identified by anti-gamma-smooth muscle (sm) actin staining. Furthermore, the existence of three different subtypes of stem villi is shown; these differ regarding the presence and distribution of gamma-sm actin-positive cells. These cells were immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally identified as smooth muscle cells and myofibroblasts. Increasingly complex coexpression patterns of cytoskeletal proteins reflect a clearly defined differentiation gradient of extravascular stromal cells, which covers the whole range of an undifferentiated germinative layer beneath the trophoblast to highly differentiated myofibroblasts surrounding the medias of the stem vessels. Possible functions of the extravascular contractile system include the regulation of villous turgor and the control of intervillous blood flow impedance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Demir
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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43
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Tucci M, Hammerman SI, Furfaro S, Saukonnen JJ, Conca TJ, Farber HW. Distinct effect of hypoxia on endothelial cell proliferation and cycling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 272:C1700-8. [PMID: 9176162 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1997.272.5.c1700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (EC) occupy a strategic location in the vasculature as a barrier between the intravascular compartment and underlying tissues; as such, they are often exposed to stresses, such as decreases in ambient oxygen, diminished metabolic substrate, or changes in temperature, that could affect their ability to divide and proliferate. The present study characterizes cell counts, cell cycle distribution, and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in pulmonary artery and aortic EC exposed to acute and/or chronic hypoxia and other cellular stresses. During hypoxia, EC division slows but does not arrest; progression through the G1-to-S transition point and/or progression from S to G2/M is altered with an increased percent of EC in S phase. These changes in EC cell cycle distribution with hypoxia are dependent on the origin of the EC as well as the ambient oxygen concentration; moreover, they are distinct from changes observed with elevated temperature or glucose deprivation. and differ from the quiescent pattern induced by serum deprivation or high-density confluence. These findings demonstrate that hypoxia exerts a distinct effect on the cell cycle distribution and proliferation of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tucci
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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44
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Lee PJ, Jiang BH, Chin BY, Iyer NV, Alam J, Semenza GL, Choi AM. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 mediates transcriptional activation of the heme oxygenase-1 gene in response to hypoxia. J Biol Chem 1997. [PMID: 9038135 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.9.5375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of rats to hypoxia (7% O2) markedly increased the level of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA in several tissues. Accumulation of HO-1 transcripts was also observed after exposure of rat aortic vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells to 1% O2, and this induction was dependent on gene transcription. Activation of the mouse HO-1 gene by all agents thus far tested is mediated by two 5'-enhancer sequences, SX2 and AB1, but neither fragment was responsive to hypoxia in VSM cells. Hypoxia-dependent induction of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene was mediated by a 163-bp fragment located approximately 9.5 kilobases upstream of the transcription start site. This fragment contains two potential binding sites for hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). A role for HIF-1 in HO-1 gene regulation was established by the following observations: 1) HIF-1 specifically bound to an oligonucleotide spanning these sequences, 2) mutation of these sequences abolished HIF-1 binding and hypoxia-dependent gene activation in VSM cells, 3) hypoxia increased HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta protein levels in VSM cells, and 4) hypoxia-dependent HO-1 mRNA accumulation was not observed in mutant hepatoma cells lacking HIF-1 DNA-binding activity. Taken together, these data demonstrate that hypoxia induces HO-1 expression in animal tissues and cell cultures and implicate HIF-1 in this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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45
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Yan SF, Ogawa S, Stern DM, Pinsky DJ. Hypoxia-induced modulation of endothelial cell properties: regulation of barrier function and expression of interleukin-6. Kidney Int 1997; 51:419-25. [PMID: 9027716 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1997.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial cell response to hypoxia involves a range of adaptive mechanisms that reflect an active response of the cell's biosynthetic and metabolic apparatus. Hypoxia-mediated suppression of endothelial barrier function, resulting in increased vascular leakage, is likely to contribute to pulmonary and cerebral edema associated with high altitude and is closely associated with a fall in intracellular cyclic AMP levels. Buttressing of this second messenger pathway in the endothelium using membrane permeant cyclic AMP analogs prevents increased vascular leakage due to hypoxia. Application of this principle to organ preservation has shown that supplementation with cyclic AMP analogs or inhibition of endogenous cAMP metabolism enables extension of the time a harvested organ can remain extracorporeally, after which transplantation is successful. The underlying mechanism through which cyclic AMP exerts its effects appears to be maintenance of vascular homeostasis in the graft. A distinct adaptive mechanism triggered in the endothelium by hypoxia is expression of the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) by a novel mechanism involving transcription driven by the nuclear factor IL-6 (NF-IL-6) DNA binding site in the promoter. IL-6 may exert protective effects on vascular function, thereby limiting vascular injury by a different mechanism than those recruited by elevated cAMP levels. These studies provide insights into tow independent mechanisms through which endothelium responds to oxygen deprivation, and suggest possible new approaches to attentuate vascular injury associated with ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Yan
- Department of Physiology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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46
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Closse C, Seigneur M, Renard M, Pruvost A, Dumain P, Belloc F, Boisseau MR. Influence of hypoxia and hypoxia-reoxygenation on endothelial P-selectin expression. Thromb Res 1997; 85:159-64. [PMID: 9058490 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(96)00233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Closse
- Laboratory of Hematology, University of Bordeaux II, Pessac, France
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47
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Cacoub P, Karmochkine M, Dorent R, Nataf P, Piette JC, Godeau P, Gandjbakhch I, Boffa MC. Plasma levels of thrombomodulin in pulmonary hypertension. Am J Med 1996; 101:160-4. [PMID: 8757355 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9343(96)80070-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-standing pulmonary hypertension (PH) leads to structural alterations of the pulmonary vasculature and its endothelium, and occlusion of small vessels by microthrombi. In patients with PH, the search for factors inducing or worsening endothelium damage and in situ thrombi is still ongoing. Thrombomodulin (TM), an endothelial cell membrane protein, is a receptor for thrombin and a major anticoagulant proteoglycan. PURPOSE To analyze plasma TM levels in patients with different forms of severe PH. PATIENTS We prospectively studied 32 consecutive patients with PH referred for heart, lung, or heart-lung transplantation: 11 patients with primary PH (group 1), 11 patients with secondary precapillary PH (Eisenmenger's syndrome, group 2) and 10 patients with secondary postcapillary PH due to congestive heart failure (group 3). Thirty-eight healthy subjects were also studied as a control group. METHODS Plasma concentrations of TM were measured by an immunoenzymatic technique that uses two anti-TM monoclonal antibodies that have a strong avidity and react with different epitopes of the molecule. RESULTS Thrombomodulin plasma levels decreased in all patients with precapillary PH, and this decrease was highly significant compared with controls (26 +/- 2 versus 44 +/- 2 ng/mL, P = 0.0001). In primary PH, the TM decrease was only significant in males whereas in the Eisenmenger's syndrome TM values were the lowest of all the patients studied, with mean values twice as low as controls (22 +/- 2 versus 44 +/- 2 ng/mL, P = 0.0001). In contrast, in postcapillary PH, studied only in males, TM levels were increased (85 +/- 17 versus 54 +/- 3 ng/mL, P = 0.02). Patients with precapillary PH had more severe disease than patients with postcapillary PH, with higher pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance (P < 0.001). There was no correlation between TM plasma levels and all hemodynamic variables. CONCLUSION We found low levels of plasma TM in patients with precapillary PH but not in postcapillary PH compared with healthy controls. This may be related to the severity of PH and may contribute to the initiation or worsening of in situ thromboses frequently found in pulmonary hypertension. Further studies should analyze whether other markers of endothelial cell damage are correlated with plasma TM levels in patients with precapillary pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cacoub
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hopital La Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
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48
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Zünd G, Nelson DP, Neufeld EJ, Dzus AL, Bischoff J, Mayer JE, Colgan SP. Hypoxia enhances stimulus-dependent induction of E-selectin on aortic endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:7075-80. [PMID: 8692947 PMCID: PMC38938 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.14.7075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In many diseases, tissue hypoxia occurs in conjunction with other inflammatory processes. Since previous studies have demonstrated a role for leukocytes in ischemia/reperfusion injury, we hypothesized that endothelial hypoxia may "superinduce" expression of an important leukocyte adhesion molecule, E-selectin (ELAM-1, CD62E). Bovine aortic endothelial monolayers were exposed to hypoxia in the presence or absence of tumor-necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell surface E-selectin was quantitated by whole cell ELISA or by immunoprecipitation using polyclonal anti-E-selectin sera. Endothelial mRNA levels were assessed using ribonuclease protection assays. Hypoxia alone did not induce endothelial E-selectin expression. However, enhanced induction of E-selectin was observed with the combination of hypoxia and TNF-alpha (270% increase over normoxia and TNF-alpha) or hypoxia and LPS (190% increase over normoxia and LPS). These studies revealed that a mechanism for such enhancement may be hypoxia-elicited decrements in endothelial intracellular levels of cAMP (<50% compared with normoxia). Addition of forskolin and isobutyl-methyl-xanthine during hypoxia resulted in reversal of cAMP decreases and a loss of enhanced E-selectin surface expression with the combination of TNF-alpha and hypoxia. We conclude that endothelial hypoxia may provide a novel signal for superinduction of E-selectin during states of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zünd
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesia, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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49
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Kuwabara K, Matsumoto M, Ikeda J, Hori O, Ogawa S, Maeda Y, Kitagawa K, Imuta N, Kinoshita T, Stern DM, Yanagi H, Kamada T. Purification and characterization of a novel stress protein, the 150-kDa oxygen-regulated protein (ORP150), from cultured rat astrocytes and its expression in ischemic mouse brain. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:5025-32. [PMID: 8617779 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.9.5025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
As the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system, astrocytes are positioned to nurture and sustain neurons, especially in response to cellular stresses, which occur in ischemic cerebrovascular disease. In a previous study (Hori, O., Matsumoto, M., Kuwabara, K., Maeda, M., Ueda, H., Ohtsuki, T., Kinoshita, T., Ogawa, S., Kamada, T., and Stern, D. (1996) J. Neurochem., in press), we identified five polypeptide bands on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, corresponding to molecular masses of about 28, 33, 78, 94, and 150 kDa, whose expression was induced/enhanced in astrocytes exposed to hypoxia or hypoxia followed by replacement into the ambient atmosphere (reoxygenation). In the current study, the approximately 150-kDa polypeptide has been characterized. Chromatography of lysates from cultured rat astrocytes on fast protein liquid chromatography Mono Q followed by preparative SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis led to isolation of a approximately 150-kDa band only observed in hypoxic cells and which had a unique N-terminal sequence of 15 amino acids. Antisera raised to either the purified approximately 150-kDa band in polyacrylamide gels or to a synthetic peptide comprising the N-terminal sequence detected the same polypeptide in extracts of cultured rat astrocytes exposed to hypoxia; expression was not observed in normoxia but was induced by hypoxia within 24 h, augmented further during early reoxygenation, and thereafter decreased to the base line by 24 h in normoxia. ORP150 expression in hypoxic astrocytes resulted from de novo protein synthesis, as shown by inhibition in the presence of cycloheximide. In contrast to hypoxia-mediated induction of the approximately 150-kDa polypeptide, neither heat shock nor a range of other stimuli, including hydrogen peroxide, cobalt chloride, 2-deoxyglucose, or tunicamycin, led to its expression, suggesting selectivity for production of ORP150 in response to oxygen deprivation, i.e. it was an oxygen-regulated protein (ORP150). Northern and nuclear run-off analysis confirmed the apparent selectivity for ORP150 mRNA induction in hypoxia. Subcellular localization studies showed ORP150 to be present intracellularly within endoplasmic reticulum and only in hypoxic astrocytes, not cultured microglia, endothelial cells, or neurons subject to hypoxia. Consistent with these in vitro results, induction of cerebral ischemia in mice resulted in expression of ORP150 (the latter was not observed in normoxic brain). These data suggest that astroglia respond to oxygen deprivation by redirection of protein synthesis with the appearance of a novel stress protein, ORP150. This polypeptide, selectively expressed by astrocytes, may contribute to their adaptive response to ischemic stress, thereby ultimately contributing to enhanced survival of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kuwabara
- First Department of Medicine and the Department of Neurology, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 Yamada Oka, Suita City, 565 Japan
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50
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Pinsky DJ, Naka Y, Liao H, Oz MC, Wagner DD, Mayadas TN, Johnson RC, Hynes RO, Heath M, Lawson CA, Stern DM. Hypoxia-induced exocytosis of endothelial cell Weibel-Palade bodies. A mechanism for rapid neutrophil recruitment after cardiac preservation. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:493-500. [PMID: 8567972 PMCID: PMC507042 DOI: 10.1172/jci118440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The period of hypoxia is an important priming event for the vascular dysfunction that accompanies reperfusion, with endothelial cells (ECs) and neutrophils (PMNs) playing a central role. We hypothesized that EC Weibel-Palade (WP) body exocytosis during the hypoxic/ischemic period during organ preservation permits brisk PMN recruitment into postischemic tissue, a process further amplified in an oxidant-rich milieu. Exposure of human umbilical vein ECs to a hypoxic environment (pO2 approximately 20 torr) stimulated release of von Willebrand factor (vWF), stored in EC WP bodies, as well as increased expression of the WP body-derived PMN adhesion molecule P-selectin at the EC surface. Increased binding of 111In-labeled PMNs to hypoxic EC monolayers (compared with normoxic controls) was blocked with a blocking antibody to P-selectin, but was not affected by a nonblocking control antibody. Although increased P-selectin expression and vWF release were also noted during reoxygenation, hypoxia alone (even in the presence of antioxidants) was sufficient to increase WP body exocytosis. To determine the relevance of these observations to hypothermic cardiac preservation, during which the pO2 within the cardiac vasculature declines to similarly low levels, experiments were performed in a rodent (rat and mouse) cardiac preservation/transplantation model. Immunodepletion of recipient PMNs or administration of a blocking anti-P-selectin antibody before transplantation resulted in reduced graft neutrophil infiltration and improved graft survival, compared with identically preserved hearts transplanted into control recipients. To establish the important role of endothelial P-selectin expression on the donor vasculature, murine cardiac transplants were performed using homozygous P-selectin deficient and wild-type control donor hearts flushed free of blood/platelets before preservation/transplantation. P-selectin-null hearts transplanted into wild-type recipients demonstrated a marked (13-fold) reduction in graft neutrophil infiltration and increased graft survival compared with wild-type hearts transplanted into wild-type recipients. To determine whether coronary endothelial WP exocytosis may occur during cardiac preservation in humans, the release of vWF into the coronary sinus (CS) was measured in 32 patients during open heart surgery. CS samples obtained at the start and conclusion of the ischemic period demonstrated an increase in CS vWF antigen (by ELISA) consisting of predominantly high molecular weight multimers (by immunoelectrophoresis). These data suggest that EC WP exocytosis occurs during hypothermic cardiac preservation, priming the vasculature to recruit PMNs rapidly during reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Pinsky
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York 10032, USA
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