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Vimentin: Regulation and pathogenesis. Biochimie 2022; 197:96-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Svobodová J, Procházková J, Kabátková M, Krkoška M, Šmerdová L, Líbalová H, Topinka J, Kléma J, Kozubík A, Machala M, Vondráček J. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) Disrupts Control of Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis in a Human Model of Adult Liver Progenitors. Toxicol Sci 2020; 172:368-384. [PMID: 31536130 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation has been shown to alter proliferation, apoptosis, or differentiation of adult rat liver progenitors. Here, we investigated the impact of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-mediated AhR activation on a human model of bipotent liver progenitors, undifferentiated HepaRG cells. We used both intact undifferentiated HepaRG cells, and the cells with silenced Hippo pathway effectors, yes-associated protein 1 (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), which play key role(s) in tissue-specific progenitor cell self-renewal and expansion, such as in liver, cardiac, or respiratory progenitors. TCDD induced cell proliferation in confluent undifferentiated HepaRG cells; however, following YAP, and, in particular, double YAP/TAZ knockdown, TCDD promoted induction of apoptosis. These results suggested that, unlike in mature hepatocytes, or hepatocyte-like cells, activation of the AhR may sensitize undifferentiated HepaRG cells to apoptotic stimuli. Induction of apoptosis in cells with silenced YAP/TAZ was associated with upregulation of death ligand TRAIL, and seemed to involve both extrinsic and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. Global gene expression analysis further suggested that TCDD significantly altered expression of constituents and/or transcriptional targets of signaling pathways participating in control of expansion or differentiation of liver progenitors, including EGFR, Wnt/β-catenin, or tumor growth factor-β signaling pathways. TCDD significantly upregulated cytosolic proapoptotic protein BMF (Bcl-2 modifying factor) in HepaRG cells, which could be linked with an enhanced sensitivity of TCDD-treated cells to apoptosis. Our results suggest that, in addition to promotion of cell proliferation and alteration of signaling pathways controlling expansion of human adult liver progenitors, AhR ligands may also sensitize human liver progenitor cells to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Svobodová
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 61265, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 61137, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Procházková
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno 62100, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Kabátková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 61265, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Krkoška
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 61265, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 61137, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Šmerdová
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 61265, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Líbalová
- Department of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Topinka
- Department of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kléma
- Department of Computer Science, Czech Technical University, Prague 12135, Czech Republic
| | - Alois Kozubík
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 61265, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno 62100, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 61265, Czech Republic
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Dioxin Receptor Adjusts Liver Regeneration After Acute Toxic Injury and Protects Against Liver Carcinogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10420. [PMID: 28874739 PMCID: PMC5585208 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10984-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has roles in cell proliferation, differentiation and organ homeostasis, including the liver. AhR depletion induces undifferentiation and pluripotency in normal and transformed cells. Here, AhR-null mice (AhR-/-) were used to explore whether AhR controls liver regeneration and carcinogenesis by restricting the expansion of stem-like cells and the expression of pluripotency genes. Short-term CCl4 liver damage was earlier and more efficiently repaired in AhR-/- than in AhR+/+ mice. Stem-like CK14 + and TBX3 + and pluripotency-expressing OCT4 + and NANOG + cells expanded sooner in AhR-/- than in AhR+/+ regenerating livers. Stem-like side population cells (SP) isolated from AhR-/- livers had increased β-catenin (β-Cat) signaling with overexpression of Axin2, Dkk1 and Cyclin D1. Interestingly, β-Cat, Axin2 and Dkk1 also increased during regeneration but more notably in AhR-null livers. Liver carcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) produced large carcinomas in all AhR-/- mice but mostly premalignant adenomas in less than half of AhR+/+ mice. AhR-null tumoral tissue, but not their surrounding non-tumoral parenchyma, had nuclear β-Cat and Axin2 overexpression. OCT4 and NANOG were nevertheless similarly expressed in AhR+/+ and AhR-/- lesions. We suggest that AhR may serve to adjust liver repair and to block tumorigenesis by modulating stem-like cells and β-Cat signaling.
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Sawanobori A, Moriwaki K, Takamatsu S, Kamada Y, Miyoshi E. A glycoproteomic approach to identify novel glycomarkers for cancer stem cells. Proteomics 2016; 16:3073-3080. [PMID: 26949200 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Most cancers consist of heterogeneous populations of cells with substantial differences in tumorigenicity. Cells that possess self-renewal and tumor-initiating properties are often called cancer stem cells (CSCs). Since CSCs underlie tumor recurrence and metastasis and are resistant to current anti-cancer therapies, novel therapeutic strategies to efficiently target this subset of cells are needed. Aberrant glycosylation is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Many cancer-associated glycans have been reported to be involved in tumor progression and metastasis, and are used as tumor markers. Over the past several years, we have identified characteristic glycans on CSCs by utilizing recent advances in glycoproteomic technologies. In this review, we would like to summarize a series of our recent studies and discuss possible applications of glycomarkers for CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Sawanobori
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry & Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Kenta Moriwaki
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry & Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Shinji Takamatsu
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry & Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kamada
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry & Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Eiji Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry & Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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Environmental Ligands of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Their Effects in Models of Adult Liver Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:4326194. [PMID: 27274734 PMCID: PMC4870370 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4326194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxicity of environmental and dietary ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in mature liver parenchymal cells is well appreciated, while considerably less attention has been paid to their impact on cell populations exhibiting phenotypic features of liver progenitor cells. Here, we discuss the results suggesting that the consequences of the AhR activation in the cellular models derived from bipotent liver progenitors could markedly differ from those in hepatocytes. In contact-inhibited liver progenitor cells, the AhR agonists induce a range of effects potentially linked with tumor promotion. They can stimulate cell cycle progression/proliferation and deregulate cell-to-cell communication, which is associated with downregulation of proteins forming gap junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes (such as connexin 43, E-cadherin, β-catenin, and plakoglobin), as well as with reduced cell adhesion and inhibition of intercellular communication. At the same time, toxic AhR ligands may affect the activity of the signaling pathways contributing to regulation of liver progenitor cell activation and/or differentiation, such as downregulation of Wnt/β-catenin and TGF-β signaling, or upregulation of transcriptional targets of YAP/TAZ, the effectors of Hippo signaling pathway. These data illustrate the need to better understand the potential role of liver progenitors in the AhR-mediated liver carcinogenesis and tumor promotion.
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Bour G, Martel F, Goffin L, Bayle B, Gangloff J, Aprahamian M, Marescaux J, Egly JM. Design and development of a robotized system coupled to µCT imaging for intratumoral drug evaluation in a HCC mouse model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106675. [PMID: 25203629 PMCID: PMC4159281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancer related deaths worldwide. One of the main challenges in cancer treatment is drug delivery to target cancer cells specifically. Preclinical evaluation of intratumoral drugs in orthotopic liver cancer mouse models is difficult, as percutaneous injection hardly can be precisely performed manually. In the present study we have characterized a hepatoma model developing a single tumor nodule by implantation of Hep55.1C cells in the liver of syngeneic C57BL/6J mice. Tumor evolution was followed up by µCT imaging, and at the histological and molecular levels. This orthotopic, poorly differentiated mouse HCC model expressing fibrosis, inflammation and cancer markers was used to assess the efficacy of drugs. We took advantage of the high precision of a previously developed robotized system for automated, image-guided intratumoral needle insertion, to administer every week in the tumor of the Hep55.1C mouse model. A significant tumor growth inhibition was observed using our robotized system, whereas manual intraperitoneal administration had no effect, by comparison to untreated control mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaétan Bour
- Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l′Appareil Digestif (IRCAD), Strasbourg, France
| | - Fernand Martel
- IGBMC, Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, CNRS/INSERM/Université de Strasbourg, BP 163, Illkirch, C. U. Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Goffin
- ICube laboratory UMR, CNRS 7357, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernard Bayle
- ICube laboratory UMR, CNRS 7357, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jacques Gangloff
- ICube laboratory UMR, CNRS 7357, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marc Aprahamian
- Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l′Appareil Digestif (IRCAD), Strasbourg, France
| | - Jacques Marescaux
- Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l′Appareil Digestif (IRCAD), Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Marc Egly
- Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l′Appareil Digestif (IRCAD), Strasbourg, France
- IGBMC, Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, CNRS/INSERM/Université de Strasbourg, BP 163, Illkirch, C. U. Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Tsuji S, Kawamura F, Kubiura M, Hayashi A, Ohbayashi T, Kazuki Y, Chesné C, Oshimura M, Tada M. Dual-color fluorescence imaging to monitor CYP3A4 and CYP3A7 expression in human hepatic carcinoma HepG2 and HepaRG cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104123. [PMID: 25101946 PMCID: PMC4125183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adult hepatocytes expressing CYP3A4, a major cytochrome P450 enzyme, are required for cell-based assays to evaluate the potential risk of drug-drug interactions caused by transcriptional induction of P450 enzymes in early-phase drug discovery and development. However, CYP3A7 is preferentially expressed in premature hepatoblasts and major hepatic carcinoma cell lines. The human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepaRG possesses a high self-renewal capacity and can differentiate into hepatic cells similar to human adult hepatocytes in vitro. Transgenic HepaRG cells, in which the expression of fluorescent reporters is regulated by 35 kb regulatory elements of CYP3A4, have a distinct advantage over human hepatocytes isolated by collagenase perfusion, which are unstable in culture. Thus, we created transgenic HepaRG and HepG2 cells by replacing the protein-coding regions of human CYP3A4 and CYP3A7 with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and DsRed reporters, respectively, in a bacterial artificial chromosome vector that included whole regulatory elements. The intensity of DsRed fluorescence was initially high during the proliferation of transgenic HepaRG cells. However, most EGFP-positive cells were derived from those in which DsRed fluorescence was extinguished. Comparative analyses in these transgenic clones showed that changes in the total fluorescence intensity of EGFP reflected fold changes in the mRNA level of endogenous CYP3A4. Moreover, CYP3A4 induction was monitored by the increase in EGFP fluorescence. Thus, this assay provides a real-time evaluation system for quality assurance of hepatic differentiation into CYP3A4-expressing cells, unfavourable CYP3A4 induction, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting-mediated enrichment of CYP3A4-expressing hepatocytes based on the total fluorescence intensities of fluorescent reporters, without the need for many time-consuming steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Tsuji
- Bio Frontier Project Promotion Section, Organization for Tottori Industrial Promotion, Yonago, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Kawamura
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biofunction, Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Musashi Kubiura
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biofunction, Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Ayaka Hayashi
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biofunction, Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ohbayashi
- Division of Laboratory Animal Science, Research Center for Bioscience and Technology, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biofunction, Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | | | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Masako Tada
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Schievenbusch S, Sauer E, Curth HM, Schulte S, Demir M, Toex U, Goeser T, Nierhoff D. Neighbor of Punc E 11: Expression Pattern of the New Hepatic Stem/Progenitor Cell Marker During Murine Liver Development. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2656-66. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabeth Sauer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Harald-Morten Curth
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sigrid Schulte
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Münevver Demir
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrich Toex
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Goeser
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dirk Nierhoff
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Procházková J, Kabátková M, Bryja V, Umannová L, Bernatík O, Kozubík A, Machala M, Vondráček J. The Interplay of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and β-Catenin Alters Both AhR-Dependent Transcription and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Liver Progenitors. Toxicol Sci 2011; 122:349-60. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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10
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Haga H, Saito T, Okumoto K, Ugajin S, Sato C, Ishii R, Nishise Y, Ito J, Watanabe H, Saito K, Togashi H, Kawata S. Enhanced expression of fibroblast growth factor 2 in bone marrow cells and its potential role in the differentiation of hepatic epithelial stem-like cells into the hepatocyte lineage. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 343:371-8. [PMID: 21152936 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The transplantation of bone marrow cells (BMCs) has been applied in liver regenerative cell therapy. However, details of the interaction between the transplanted BMCs and hepatic stem cells have not been elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the interaction of BMCs with hepatic stem-like cells (HSLCs) and to determine the BMC factor that steers HSLC differentiation into the hepatocyte lineage. Both BMCs and HSLCs were obtained from an adult Sprague-Dawley rat, and a co-culture system was established. Cell proliferation was analyzed by a proliferation assay, and the differentiation of HSLCs into the hepatocyte lineage was evaluated by the detection of cellular mRNA for liver-specific proteins. DNA microarray analysis was applied to BMCs co-cultured with HSLCs to determine the genes upregulated by their interaction. The proliferation of HSLCs co-cultured with BMCs was significantly higher than that of HSLCs cultured alone, and the expression of mRNAs for both albumin and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase was detectable in the co-cultured HSLCs. DNA microarray analysis showed the upregulated expression of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) mRNA in BMCs co-cultured with HSLCs, and the expression of mRNAs for both albumin and tyrosine aminotransferase became detectable in HSLCs cultured with FGF2. Thus, BMCs stimulate both the proliferation of HSLCs and their differentiation into the hepatocyte lineage. FGF2 is one of the factors that is produced by the interacting BMCs and that stimulates this differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Haga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
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11
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Sangan CB, Tosh D. Hepatic progenitor cells. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 342:131-7. [PMID: 20957497 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver diseases are associated with a marked reduction in the viable mass of hepatocytes. The most severe cases of liver disease (liver failure) are treated by orthotopic liver transplantation. One alternative to whole organ transplantation for patients with hepatic failure (and hereditary liver disease) is hepatocyte transplantation. However, there is a serious limitation to the treatment of liver diseases either by whole organ or hepatocyte transplantation, and that is the shortage of organ donors. Therefore, to overcome the problem of organ shortage, additional sources of hepatocytes must be found. Alternative sources of cells for transplantation have been proposed including embryonic stem cells, immortalised liver cells and differentiated cells. One other source of cells for transplantation found in the adult liver is the progeny of stem cells. These cells are termed hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs). The therapeutic potential of HPCs lies in their ability to proliferate and differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. However, using HPCs as a cell therapy cannot be exploited fully until the mechanisms governing hepatocyte differentiation are elucidated. Here, we discuss the fundamental cellular and molecular elements required for HPC differentiation to hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Beth Sangan
- Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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12
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Huter EN, Natarajan K, Torgerson TR, Glass DD, Shevach EM. Autoantibodies in scurfy mice and IPEX patients recognize keratin 14. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1391-9. [PMID: 20147963 PMCID: PMC3767981 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Scurfy mice have a deletion in the Foxp3 gene, resulting in a failure to generate Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells, and they subsequently develop severe CD4(+) T-cell-mediated autoimmune inflammation. Multiple organs are involved, but the skin is one of the main organs affected. During the course of disease, Scurfy mice develop autoantibodies; however, the targeted antigens are unknown. In this study, we show that Scurfy mice develop autoantibodies directed against skin antigens. Using western blot analysis, we found that Scurfy serum reacted with proteins in total skin lysate, as well as in a keratinocyte lysate. Most of the Scurfy sera tested identified a major band at 50 kDa. Transfer of Scurfy CD4(+) T cells into nu/nu mice yielded autoantibodies with similar reactivity. Further analysis using 2D western blots, followed by peptide mass fingerprinting, identified several keratins as targets. To confirm this observation, we chose one of the identified targets, keratin 14, and prepared recombinant proteins encompassing the N-terminal, middle, and C-terminal portions of the keratin 14 protein. Scurfy serum predominantly recognized the C-terminal fragment. Sera from patients with immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome, the human disease resulting from FOXP3 mutations, also recognized skin antigens, including keratin 14. Thus, the results of our study indicate that autoantibodies in Scurfy mice and patients with IPEX target keratins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva N. Huter
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kannan Natarajan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Troy R. Torgerson
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Deborah D. Glass
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ethan M. Shevach
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Proteomic analysis of regenerating mouse liver following 50% partial hepatectomy. Proteome Sci 2009; 7:48. [PMID: 20040084 PMCID: PMC2813229 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-7-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although 70% (or 2/3) partial hepatectomy (PH) is the most studied model for liver regeneration, the hepatic protein expression profile associated with lower volume liver resection (such as 50% PH) has not yet been reported. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the global protein expression profile of the regenerating mouse liver following 50% PH by differential proteomics, and thereby gaining some insights into the hepatic regeneration mechanism(s) under this milder but clinically more relevant condition. Results Proteins from sham-operated mouse livers and livers regenerating for 24 h after 50% PH were separated by SDS-PAGE and analyzed by nanoUPLC-Q-Tof mass spectrometry. Compared to sham-operated group, there were totally 87 differentially expressed proteins (with 50 up-regulated and 37 down-regulated ones) identified in the regenerating mouse livers, most of which have not been previously related to liver regeneration. Remarkably, over 25 differentially expressed proteins were located at mitochondria. Several of the mitochondria-resident proteins which play important roles in citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production were found to be down-regulated, consistent with the recently-proposed model in which the reduction of ATP content in the remnant liver gives rise to early stress signals that contribute to the onset of liver regeneration. Pathway analysis revealed a central role of c-Myc in the regulation of liver regeneration. Conclusions Our study provides novel evidence for mitochondria as a pivotal organelle that is connected to liver regeneration, and lays the foundation for further studies on key factors and pathways involved in liver regeneration following 50% PH, a condition frequently used for partial liver transplantation and conservative liver resection.
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Abstract
Loss of hepatic tissue triggers a regenerative response in the whole organ. Under typical normal conditions, all hepatic cells (epithelial: hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells; non-epithelial: stellate cells, macrophages and endothelial cells) undergo one to three rounds of replication to establish the original number of cells and restore organ size. The review summarizes the literature of regenerative patterns in situations in which proliferation of either hepatocytes or biliary epithelial cells is inhibited. The evidence strongly suggests that under these circumstances, hepatocytes or biliary epithelial cells can function as facultative stem cells for each other and replenish the inhibited cellular compartment by a process of transdifferentiation, involving complex signaling pathways. These pathways are activated under experimental conditions in rodents and in fulminant hepatitis associated with liver failure in humans. Mechanistic analysis of these pathways has implications for liver biology and for potential therapeutic modalities in human liver disease.
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15
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Michalopoulos GK. Liver regeneration: alternative epithelial pathways. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 43:173-9. [PMID: 19788929 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Loss of hepatic tissue triggers a regenerative response in the whole organ. Under typical normal conditions, all hepatic cells (epithelial: hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells; non-epithelial: stellate cells, macrophages and endothelial cells) undergo one to three rounds of replication to establish the original number of cells and restore organ size. The review summarizes the literature of regenerative patterns in situations in which proliferation of either hepatocytes or biliary epithelial cells is inhibited. The evidence strongly suggests that under these circumstances, hepatocytes or biliary epithelial cells can function as facultative stem cells for each other and replenish the inhibited cellular compartment by a process of transdifferentiation, involving complex signaling pathways. These pathways are activated under experimental conditions in rodents and in fulminant hepatitis associated with liver failure in humans. Mechanistic analysis of these pathways has implications for liver biology and for potential therapeutic modalities in human liver disease.
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16
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High levels of E4-PHA-reactive oligosaccharides: potential as marker for cells with characteristics of hepatic progenitor cells. Glycoconj J 2009; 26:1213-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-009-9240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Tsamandas AC, Antonacopoulou A, Kalogeropoulou C, Tsota I, Zabakis P, Giannopoulou E, Liava A, Tzelepi V, Tepetes K, Petsas T, Kardamakis D, Kalofonos HP. Oval cell proliferation in cirrhosis in rats. An experimental study. Hepatol Res 2007; 37:755-64. [PMID: 17617113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2007.00124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Oval cells are liver stem cells involved in liver regeneration following liver damage. Previous studies have shown that pretreatment with a hepatocyte inhibitor is required to allow full oval cell activation. This study investigates whether oval cells develop and proliferate in a model of experimental liver fibrosis without pretreatment with a known hepatocyte inhibitor. METHODS The study comprised 66 male Wistar rats divided into two groups: A (n = 6): controls; and B (n = 60): CCl(4) injection (intraperitoneally 2 mL/kg bodyweight 1:1 volume in corn oil twice weekly). Rats were sacrificed at four, eight and 12 weeks. Liver tissues were evaluated for the degree of fibrosis (Masson's trichrome), cell proliferation (Ki67 antigen), expression of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) mRNA (RT-PCR and in situ hybridization), AFP protein (Western blot) and cytokeratin-19. Cells with morphologic features of oval cells that were cytokeratin 19 (CK19)+ and AFP mRNA+ were scored in morphometric analysis. RESULTS Oval cells were present in all 66 specimens; their percentage was higher in group B compared to group A (P < 0.001). AFP mRNA and protein expression increased as fibrosis advanced. Similarly, the numbers of CK19+, AFP mRNA+ and Ki67+ oval cells were higher in advanced fibrosis stages. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that oval cells develop and proliferate in a model of experimental liver fibrosis without pretreatment with a known hepatocytic inhibitor. However, further research is warranted in order to identify the exact molecular mechanisms involved in this process.
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18
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Evdokimova VN, Liu Y, Potter DM, Butterfield LH. AFP-specific CD4+ helper T-cell responses in healthy donors and HCC patients. J Immunother 2007; 30:425-37. [PMID: 17457217 PMCID: PMC3612834 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e31802fd8e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, and is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. We have investigated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) as a tumor-associated antigen for HCC. We identified major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted peptide epitopes derived from AFP and studied CD8 T-cell responses in vivo and in vitro in ongoing immunotherapy studies. Helper T cells are of critical importance in shaping the immune response; therefore, we investigated the frequency and function of AFP-specific CD4 T cells in the general population and among HCC patients. CD4 T-cell responses were assessed by direct ex vivo multicytokine enzyme-linked immunospot assay and by measurement of cytokine levels using a multicytokine assay. Our analysis indicates that healthy donors have very low frequencies of AFP-specific CD4 T-cell responses, which are of TH1 type, detectable ex vivo. In contrast, these T cells were either reduced or eliminated in HCC patients at advanced stages of disease. To better activate these cells, we compared the stimulatory capacity of both AFP protein-fed and AdVhAFP-engineered dendritic cells (DC). Healthy donors have CD4 T-cell responses, which were activated in response to AFP protein-fed DC whereas HCC patients do not demonstrate significant responses to AFP protein. AdVhAFP-transduced DC were capable of activating higher frequency TH1 CD4 responses to AFP in both healthy donors and AFP-positive HCC patients. Importantly, CD4 T-cell cytokine expression profiles were skewed towards interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma production when activated by adenovirally engineered DC, which has therapeutic implications for vaccination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria N. Evdokimova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Douglas M. Potter
- Biostatistics Department, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
- Biostatistics Facility, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Lisa H. Butterfield
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
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Yoshizato K. Growth potential of adult hepatocytes in mammals: Highly replicative small hepatocytes with liver progenitor‐like traits. Dev Growth Differ 2007; 49:171-84. [PMID: 17335438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2007.00918.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The liver is one of the few organs that is capable of completely regenerating itself without using a stem cell population. When damaged, growth factors and cytokines are released, stimulating terminally differentiated adult hepatocytes and making them re-enter the cell cycle. We have been developing a series of studies on the growth potential of rat and human hepatocytes to identify a population of hepatocytes that is responsible for the regeneration of the injured liver. For this purpose, we established an appropriate culture method for hepatocytes by which growth and differentiation capacities are practically examined under various experimental conditions. This in vitro assay system allows us to identify small hepatocytes that are prominently replicative compared to large hepatocytes. Non-parenchymal cells play critical roles in the proliferation of small hepatocytes. These hepatocytes are present in both rat and human liver and are located in portal regions there. Phenotypic features were examined at morphological and gene/protein levels in detail, which showed the phenotypic plasticity in vitro. Mammalian liver includes a population of small hepatocytes in normal adults with a minute occupancy rate. We speculate that small hepatocytes play a role in regenerating the injured liver and in compensating for apoptotic hepatocytes in the physiological turnover of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutoshi Yoshizato
- Developmental Biology Laboratory and Hiroshima University 21st Century COE Program for Advanced Radiation Casualty Medicine, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Japan.
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20
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Leite AR, Corrêa-Giannella ML, Dagli MLZ, Fortes MAZ, Vegas VMT, Giannella-Neto D. Fibronectin and laminin induce expression of islet cell markers in hepatic oval cells in culture. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 327:529-37. [PMID: 17149594 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic oval cells (OC) are considered to be facultative liver stem cells and, because they may undergo differentiation into a variety of cell lineages, they might have the potential to be used in cellular therapy. Signals delivered by extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins take part in cellular differentiation in cooperation with signals from growth factors; indeed, some ECM proteins, such as laminin (LAM) and fibronectin (FN), have been shown to contribute to beta-cell differentiation and islet development, respectively. Since no previous studies have investigated the effect of ECM proteins on the expression of islet cell markers by cultured OC, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether FN and LAM modulate the expression of genes related to the endocrine pancreas in these liver cells. OC proliferation was induced in Wistar rats by prolonged treatment with 2-acetoaminofluorene/allyl alcohol and confirmed by reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction and hepatic immunocytochemical and histopathological analyses. OC isolation was performed by Ficoll gradient and magnetic-activated cell sorting. OC were cultured for 1 and 2 months under several conditions with specific growth factors, over a FN or LAM substrate or in high glucose, nicotinamide and fetal calf serum. OC cultured on FN substrate expressed Pdx-1, Pax-6, insulin 2 and glucagon. LAM also induced the expression of Pdx-1, insulin 1 and insulin 2, glucagon, somatostatin and GLUT-2. Our results suggest that these ECM proteins can be used in protocols of OC transdifferentiation aimed at reducing the period necessary for complete transdifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ribeiro Leite
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology LIM-25, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 s/4307, 01246-903, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Tanaka S, Tanaka H, Yamamoto T, Shuto T, Takemura S, Hai S, Sakabe K, Uenishi T, Hirohashi K, Kubo S. Immunohistochemical demonstration of c-Kit protooncogene product in gallbladder cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 13:228-34. [PMID: 16708300 DOI: 10.1007/s00534-005-1074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2004] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Although some gallbladder carcinomas are immunoreactive for c-Kit, the reasons for the c-Kit expression and its clinicopathologic implications are unknown. METHODS We investigated the prevalence of c-Kit immunoreactivity, its clinicopathologic correlates (including microvessel density and postoperative outcome), and the possible mechanisms of c-Kit expression. We reviewed retrospectively, the clinicopathologic records of 47 patients who had undergone macroscopically complete gallbladder carcinoma resection. The numbers of patients at pathologic stages I to IV, according to current TNM-based staging, were 10, 5, 18, and 14, respectively. For immunohistochemical examination, we used monoclonal antibodies against c-Kit and CD 34 (progenitor cell markers), cytokeratin 7 and cytokeratin 19 (cholangiocyte markers), and OCH1E5 (a hepatocyte marker). Control tissue samples were from five gallbladder specimens each with chronic cholecystitis, polyp, and adenoma. RESULTS Cytoplasmic immunostaining for c-Kit was detected in 21 of the 47 gallbladder carcinomas (45%), and in 1 of the 15 control specimens (diagnosis, chronic cholecystitis). Young age was significantly associated with c-Kit positivity; however, there were no significant differences in the incidence of c-Kit positivity among other variables, including tumor stage and outcome. However, microvessel density was significantly higher in c-Kit-positive gallbladder carcinoma compared with c-Kit-negative gallbladder carcinoma. None of the 47 cancer specimens or the 15 control specimens were stained for CD34 and OCH1E5, but all 47 cancer specimens were stained for cytokeratins 7 and 19. CONCLUSIONS Gallbladder carcinomas positive for c-Kit are unlikely to arise from immature cells, but may be associated with neovascularization. Angiogenesis inhibitors, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, therefore, may suppress the growth of some gallbladder cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Tanaka
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
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22
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Meier V, Tron K, Batusic D, Elmaouhoub A, Ramadori G. Expression of AFP and Rev-Erb A/Rev-Erb B and N-CoR in fetal rat liver, liver injury and liver regeneration. COMPARATIVE HEPATOLOGY 2006; 5:2. [PMID: 16822301 PMCID: PMC1552085 DOI: 10.1186/1476-5926-5-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) expression can resume in the adult liver under pathophysiological conditions. Orphan nuclear receptors were supposed to regulate AFP gene expression, in vitro. We were interested to study the expression of AFP and orphan nuclear receptors, in vivo. Results The expression of AFP gene and orphan nuclear receptors in the liver was examined in different rat models: (a) fetal liver (b) liver regeneration [partial hepatectomy (PH) with and without 2-acetyl-aminofluren treatment (2-AAF)], (c) acute liver damage [treatment with CCl4] and (d) acute phase reaction [treatment with turpentine oil]. After PH of 2-AAF treated rats, clusters of AFP positive cells occurred in the periportal region. In the Northern blot analysis, a positive hybridization signal for the full-length AFP-RNA was observed only in liver samples from 2-AAF treated rats after PH. In real-time PCR analysis, the full-length AFP-RNA was highly up regulated in the fetal liver (maximum at day 14: 21,500 fold); after PH of 2-AAF treated rats, the full-length AFP-RNA was also up regulated up to 400 fold (day 7 after PH). The orphan nuclear receptors were down regulated at nearly each time points in all models, also at time point of up regulation of the AFP gene. Conclusion Expression of "fetal" AFP could be demonstrated during liver development and during proliferation of the so-called oval cells. Changes of expression of orphan nuclear receptors, however, did not correlate with AFP expression. Other regulatory pathways were possibly involved in controlling AFP expression, in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Meier
- University of Goettingen, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kyrylo Tron
- University of Goettingen, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Danko Batusic
- University of Goettingen, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Abderrahim Elmaouhoub
- University of Goettingen, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Giuliano Ramadori
- University of Goettingen, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Goettingen, Germany
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23
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Santoni-Rugiu E, Jelnes P, Thorgeirsson SS, Bisgaard HC. Progenitor cells in liver regeneration: molecular responses controlling their activation and expansion. APMIS 2006; 113:876-902. [PMID: 16480456 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2005.apm_386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although normally quiescent, the adult mammalian liver possesses a great capacity to regenerate after different types of injuries in order to restore the lost liver mass and ensure maintenance of the multiple liver functions. Major players in the regeneration process are mature residual cells, including hepatocytes, cholangiocytes and stromal cells. However, if the regenerative capacity of mature cells is impaired by liver-damaging agents, hepatic progenitor cells are activated and expand into the liver parenchyma. Upon transit amplification, the progenitor cells may generate new hepatocytes and biliary cells to restore liver homeostasis. In recent years, hepatic progenitor cells have been the subject of increasing interest due to their therapeutic potential in numerous liver diseases as alternative or supportive/complementary tools to liver transplantation. While the first investigations on hepatic progenitor cells have focused on their origin and phenotypic characterization, recent attention has focused on the influence of the hepatic microenvironment on their activation and proliferation. This microenvironment comprises the extracellular matrix, epithelial and non-epithelial resident liver cells, and recruited inflammatory cells as well as the variety of growth-modulating molecules produced and/or harboured by these elements. The cellular and molecular responses to different regenerative stimuli seem to depend on the injury inflicted and consequently on the molecular microenvironment created in the liver by a certain insult. This review will focus on molecular responses controlling activation and expansion of the hepatic progenitor cell niche, emphasizing similarities and differences in the microenvironments orchestrating regeneration by recruitment of progenitor cell populations or by replication of mature cells.
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24
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Shan YF, Zhou WP, Fu XY, Yan HX, Yang W, Liu SQ, Cao HF, Kang B, Wu MC, Wang HY. The role of p28GANK in rat oval cells activation and proliferation. Liver Int 2006; 26:240-7. [PMID: 16448463 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2005.01203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human gankyrin gene product (p28GANK) is a novel oncogenic protein ubiquitously overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma and also plays a role in cell cycle progression in normal hepatocytes and liver regeneration. However, little is known about the physiological role of p28GANK in the liver oval cell activation and proliferation. We investigated the possible involvement of p28GANK in oval cell-mediated liver regeneration and cell cycle progression. METHODS We examined the different p28GANK expression in 2-acetylaminofuorene/partial heptectomy (2-AAF/PH) rats, as a model of oval cell activation, and PH rats by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Oval cells isolated from 2-AAF/PH rat model were cultured in our study. p28GANK expression was examined in the oval cells after mitogenic stimulation. RESULTS In 2-AAF/PH rats, p28GANK was expressed in the activated oval cells and located in the nucleus. p28GANK protein expression was increased in 2-AFF/PH rats after hepatectomy lasting for 96 h when retinoblastoma maintained hyperphosphorylation status at Ser-795. The isolated oval cells express AFP, OV6, CK19, CD34, CD45, c-kit and albumin. After epidermal growth factor stimulation, p28GANK protein was up-regulated in oval cells from 24 to 72 h, which coincided with increased expression of CyclinD1, CDK4 and decreased of Rb protein. CONCLUSIONS p28GANK expression was increased in oval cell-mediated liver regeneration and oval cells after mitogenic stimulation. Thus, p28GANK may play a role in oval cell-mediated liver regeneration and liver oval cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Feng Shan
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Shanghai, China
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25
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König S, Krause P, Markus PM, Becker H. [Role of stem cells in adult hepatic regeneration]. Chirurg 2005; 76:445-52. [PMID: 15827705 DOI: 10.1007/s00104-005-1020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Central to the successful surgically treatment numerous liver diseases is the ability of the organ to regenerate. The understanding of the process of self-renewal has both changed and progressed over the last few decades. For many years, the assumption was that the liver regenerates primarily through the division of mature liver cells. However, over the last few years there has been increasing evidence of the participation of stem cells. Intrahepatic stem cells, so-called oval cells, are activated under conditions of severe or chronic liver disease and originate from the canals of Hering. In addition, extrahepatic stem cells may migrate from the bone marrow into the liver when the regenerative capacity of the liver itself is depleted. It is not yet fully clear how the different stem cell populations interact with both each other and the mature liver cell population to achieve homeostatic cell and differentiation equilibrium in the diseased and/or regenerating organ. In any case, the outstanding growth potential of liver stem cells may become a clinically viable option in the field of cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S König
- Klinik für Allgemeinchirurgie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen.
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26
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Kania G, Blyszczuk P, Jochheim A, Ott M, Wobus AM. Generation of glycogen- and albumin-producing hepatocyte-like cells from embryonic stem cells. Biol Chem 2005; 385:943-53. [PMID: 15551869 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2004.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel two-step protocol for the differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells into the hepatic lineage. Differentiated hepatocyte-like cells express genes and proteins characteristic for endodermal and hepatic cells and acquire a functional hepatic phenotype as demonstrated by albumin secretion and glycogen storage. During differentiation, alpha-fetoprotein, albumin, transthyretin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, cytochrome P450 subunits 2b9 and 2b13 and tyrosine aminotransferase transcripts are upregulated. Quantitative RT-PCR data revealed a fetal hepatic phenotype corresponding to day 13-14 of liver development. Terminally differentiated hepatocyte-like cells show a bi-nucleated, cuboidal morphology labeled by albumin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, liver amylase, dipeptidyl peptidase IV, c-met and cytokeratin 18. ES-derived intermediate cell types transiently and partially co-express nestin with albumin and alpha-fetoprotein, respectively, but not cytokeratin 19. This finding suggests an ES-derived potential hepatic progenitor cell type, which is partially nestin-, albumin- and alpha-fetoprotein-positive, but cytokeratin 19-negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Kania
- In vitro Differentiation Group, IPK Gatersleben, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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27
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Sánchez A, Factor VM, Espinoza LA, Schroeder IS, Thorgeirsson SS. In vitro differentiation of rat liver derived stem cells results in sensitization to TNFalpha-mediated apoptosis. Hepatology 2004; 40:590-9. [PMID: 15349897 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic stem cells are activated after liver damage and have a critical role in tissue homeostasis and repair. Characterization of molecular and cellular events accompanying the expansion and differentiation of liver stem cells is essential for understanding the basic biology of stem cells and for facilitating clinical application of the stem cells. We assessed whether in vitro differentiation of putative hepatic progenitor (rat liver epithelial [RLE]) cells toward hepatocytic lineage affects the response to TNFalpha-mediated cytotoxicity, a common determinant of liver injury. The data show that 50% of differentiated cells underwent apoptosis after 6 hours of TNFalpha treatment whereas control RLE cells were resistant. Both cell types displayed mitochondrial depolarization and release of cytochrome c but the TNFalpha treatment resulted in activation of caspases 9 and 3 and the execution of apoptosis only in differentiated RLE cells. Apoptotic death was associated with increased ROS production and depletion of glutathione. Antioxidants completely prevented both glutathione depletion and apoptosis induced by TNFalpha in differentiated RLE cells. Conversely, glutathione-depleting agents sensitized control RLE cells to TNFalpha induced apoptosis. In conclusion, efficient antioxidant defense system involving glutathione renders hepatic progenitor cells resistant to TNFalpha-mediated apoptosis and acquisition of sensitivity to death stimuli is an implicit feature of the differentiation process. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the HEPATOLOGY website (http://interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0270-9139/suppmat/index.html).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aránzazu Sánchez
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4258, USA
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28
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Jensen CH, Jauho EI, Santoni-Rugiu E, Holmskov U, Teisner B, Tygstrup N, Bisgaard HC. Transit-amplifying ductular (oval) cells and their hepatocytic progeny are characterized by a novel and distinctive expression of delta-like protein/preadipocyte factor 1/fetal antigen 1. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 164:1347-59. [PMID: 15039222 PMCID: PMC1615354 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2003] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic regeneration from toxic or surgical injury to the adult mammalian liver, endorses different cellular responses within the hepatic lineage. The molecular mechanisms determining commitment of a cell population at a specific lineage level to participate in liver repair as well as the fate of its progeny in the hostile environment created by the injury are not well defined. Based on the role of the Notch/Delta/Jagged system in cell fate specification and recent reports linking Notch signaling with normal bile duct formation in mouse and human liver, we examined the expression of Notch1, Notch2, Notch3, Delta1, Delta3, Jagged1, and Jagged2, and delta-like protein/preadipocyte factor 1/fetal antigen 1 (dlk) in four well-defined experimental rat models of liver injury and regeneration. Although Delta3 and Jagged2 were undetectable by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot, we observed the most significant up-regulation of all other transcripts in the 2-acetylaminofluorene-70% hepatectomy (AAF/PHx) model, in which liver mass is restored by proliferation and differentiation of transit-amplifying ductular (oval) cells. The most profound change was observed for dlk. Accordingly, immunohistochemical analyses in the AAF/PHx model showed a specific expression of dlk in atypical ductular structures composed of oval cells. Delta-like protein was not observed in proliferating hepatocytes or bile duct cells after partial hepatectomy or ligation of the common bile duct whereas clusters of dlk immunoreactive oval cells were found in both the retrorsine and the AAF/PHx models. Finally, we used dlk to isolate alpha-fetoprotein-positive cells from fetal and adult regenerating rat liver by a novel antibody panning technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Harken Jensen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Danish Stem Cell Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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29
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Sánchez A, Factor VM, Schroeder IS, Nagy P, Thorgeirsson SS. Activation of NF-kappaB and STAT3 in rat oval cells during 2-acetylaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy-induced liver regeneration. Hepatology 2004; 39:376-85. [PMID: 14767990 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Proliferation and differentiation of hepatic stem cell progenies (i.e., oval cells) sustain liver regeneration when the replicative and functional capacity of hepatocytes is impaired. The signaling pathways that control stem cell activation remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the involvement of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in oval cell-mediated liver regeneration induced by 2-acetylaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy (AAF/PH) protocol. Using OV1 as a marker for identification and sorting of oval cells, we established that both NF-kappaB and STAT3 were highly activated in the OV1(+) cell population. Three distinct subpopulations of oval cells were defined as OV1(low), OV1(medium), and OV1(high), based on the intensity of OV1 staining. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that they represent different stages of oval cell differentiation along hepatocyte lineage. OV1(low) cells displayed the least differentiated phenotype as judged by high expression of c-kit and lack of hepatocytic differentiation markers, whereas OV1(high) cells lost c-kit expression, were more proliferative, and acquired more mature hepatocytic phenotype. Notably, NF-kappaB was activated uniformly in all three subpopulations of oval cells. In contrast, phosphorylation of STAT3 was detected only in OV1(high) cells. In conclusion, transcriptional activity supported by NF-kappaB and STAT3 is required for oval cell activation, expansion, and differentiation. The differential induction of NF-kappaB and STAT3 point to a distinct role for these transcription factors at different stages of hepatic stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aránzazu Sánchez
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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30
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Braun KM, Thompson AW, Sandgren EP. Hepatic microenvironment affects oval cell localization in albumin-urokinase-type plasminogen activator transgenic mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 162:195-202. [PMID: 12507902 PMCID: PMC1851108 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mice carrying an albumin-urokinase type plasminogen activator transgene (AL-uPA) develop liver disease secondary to uPA expression in hepatocytes. Transgene-expressing parenchyma is replaced gradually by clones of cells that have deleted transgene DNA and therefore are not subject to uPA-mediated damage. Diseased liver displays several abnormalities, including hepatocyte vacuolation and changes in nonparenchymal tissue. The latter includes increases in laminin protein within parenchyma and the appearance of cytokeratin 19-positive bile ductule-like cells (oval cells) both in portal regions and extending into the hepatic parenchyma. In this study, we subjected AL-uPA mice to two-thirds partial hepatectomy to identify the response of these livers to additional growth stimulation. We observed several changes in hepatic morphology. First, the oval cells increased in number and often formed ductules in the parenchyma. Second, this cellular change was accompanied by a further increase in laminin associated with single or clusters of oval cells. Third, desmin-positive Ito cells increased in number and maintained close association with oval cells. Fourth, these changes were localized precisely to uPA-expressing areas of liver. Regenerating clones of uPA-deficient cells appeared to be unaffected both by stromal and cellular alterations. Thus, additional growth stimulation of diseased uPA-expressing liver induces an oval cell-like response, as observed in other models of severe hepatic injury, but the localization of this response seems to be highly regulated by the hepatic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Braun
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706, USA
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31
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Michalopoulos GK, Bowen WC, Mulè K, Luo J. HGF-, EGF-, and dexamethasone-induced gene expression patterns during formation of tissue in hepatic organoid cultures. Gene Expr 2003; 11:55-75. [PMID: 12837037 PMCID: PMC1913286 DOI: 10.3727/000000003108748964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2003] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroids, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) play important roles in hepatic biology. We have previously shown that these molecules are required for formation of tissue with specific histology in complex organoid cultures. Dexamethasone suppresses growth and induces hepatocyte maturation; HGF and EGF are needed for formation of the nonepithelial elements. All three are needed for formation of the biliary epithelium. The gene expression patterns by which corticosteroids, HGF, and EGF mediate their effects in hepatic tissue formation are distinct. These patterns affect many gene families and are described in detail. In terms of main findings, dexamethasone induces expression of both HNF4 and C/EBPalpha, essential transcription factors for hepatocyte differentiation. It suppresses hepatocyte growth by suppressing many molecules associated with growth in liver and other tissues, including IL-6, CXC-chemokine receptor, amphiregulin, COX-2, HIF, etc. HGF and EGF induce all members of the TGF-beta family. They also induced multiple CNS-related genes, probably associated with stellate cells. Dexamethasone, as well as HGF and EGF, induces expression of HNF6-beta, associated with biliary epithelium formation. Combined addition of all three molecules is associated with mature histology in which hepatocyte and biliary lineages are separate and HNF4 is expressed only in hepatocyte nuclei. In conclusion, the results provide new and surprising information on the gene expression alterations by which corticosteroids, HGF, and EGF exert their effects on formation of hepatic tissue. The results underscore the usefulness of the organoid cultures for generating information on histogenesis, which cannot be obtained by other culture or whole animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K Michalopoulos
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Bisgaard HC, Holmskov U, Santoni-Rugiu E, Nagy P, Nielsen O, Ott P, Hage E, Dalhoff K, Rasmussen LJ, Tygstrup N. Heterogeneity of ductular reactions in adult rat and human liver revealed by novel expression of deleted in malignant brain tumor 1. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 161:1187-98. [PMID: 12368192 PMCID: PMC1867299 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of mammalian adult liver reflects the ability of a number of cell populations within the hepatic lineage to take action. Limited information is available regarding factors and mechanisms that determine the specific lineage level at which liver cells contribute to liver repair as well as the fate of their progeny in the hostile environment created by liver injury. In the present study, we attempted to identify novel molecules preferentially involved in liver regeneration by recruitment of transit-amplifying, ductular (oval) cell populations. With a subtractive cDNA library screening approach, we identified 48 enriched, nonredundant gene products associated with liver injury and oval cell proliferation in the adult rat liver. Of these, only two, namely alpha-fetoprotein and a novel transcript with high homology to human DMBT1 (deleted in malignant brain tumor 1), were specifically associated with the emergence of ductular (oval) cell populations in injured liver. Subsequent cloning and characterization of the rat DMBT1 homologue revealed a highly inducible expression in ductular reactions composed of transit-amplifying ductular (oval) cells, but not in ductular reactions after ligation of the common bile duct. In human liver diseases, DMBT1 was expressed in ductular reactions after infection with hepatitis B and acetaminophen intoxication, but not in primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and obstruction of the large bile duct. The expression heterogeneity in ductular reactions and multiple functions of DMBT1 homologues point to intriguing roles in regulating not only tissue repair but also fate decision and differentiation paths of specific cell populations in the hepatic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Cathrine Bisgaard
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bishr Omary
- Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Abstract
The existence of a liver stem cell population has only gained credence recently, following the results of animal experiments. These cells are thought to reside in the terminal bile ductules (canals of Hering). Hepatocyte division is responsible for liver regeneration after most causes of injury. However, stem cells may contribute to hepatocyte regeneration, or even take over this role if the liver injury is severe and associated with an impairment of hepatocyte proliferation as in cirrhosis or submassive/massive necrosis, due to drugs, toxins or viruses. "Oval" cells are the descendants of the stem cells and are found in the portal and periportal regions in experimental animals within days of the liver injury. These cells proliferate to form narrow ductules, which may stain positively for biliary cytokeratins CK 19, and radiate out into the damaged parenchyma. Both in vitro and in vivo animal studies now suggest that oval cells can differentiate into bile ductular cells or hepatocytes to allow repopulation of the injured liver. As the oval cells differentiate into hepatocytes they may show positive staining for pyruvate kinase isoenzyme L-PK, albumin and alpha-fetoprotein. There is also growing evidence that bone marrow stem cells may contribute to liver regeneration. The possible involvement of hepatic stem cells in the development of dysplastic nodules, hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma has been suggested but remains highly controversial. Oval cell isolation and culture techniques, together with stem cell transplantation strategies, may in the future provide novel treatments for individuals with inherited and acquired hepatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Vessey
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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35
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Abstract
Although the unlimited capacity of hepatocytes to divide has been recently proven, more and more evidences support the existence of a primitive stem cell compartment in the liver. These cells probably do not participate in the usual maintenance of the liver mass, but they are activated in case of extensive hepatocyte injury. In vivo the oval cells show deep similarly to the primitive cells of the embryonic liver and seem to be the amplification compartment of the hepatic stem cells. A primitive epithelial cell population can be isolated from the normal liver and maintained in vitro. Studies of these two experimental systems provide most of the data about liver stem cells, which may become important for the clinical practice if we understand how their growth is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nagy
- Semmelweis University of Medicine, 1st Institute of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Budapest, Hungary
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36
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Knight B, Yeoh GC, Husk KL, Ly T, Abraham LJ, Yu C, Rhim JA, Fausto N. Impaired preneoplastic changes and liver tumor formation in tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 knockout mice. J Exp Med 2000; 192:1809-18. [PMID: 11120777 PMCID: PMC2213505 DOI: 10.1084/jem.192.12.1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stem cells (oval cells) proliferate within the liver after exposure to a variety of hepatic carcinogens and can generate both hepatocytes and bile duct cells. Oval cell proliferation is commonly seen in the preneoplastic stages of liver carcinogenesis, often accompanied by an inflammatory response. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), an inflammatory cytokine, is also important in liver regeneration and hepatocellular growth. The experiments reported here explore the relationship among the TNF inflammatory pathway, liver stem cell activation, and tumorigenesis. We demonstrate that TNF is upregulated during oval cell proliferation induced by a choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented diet and that it is expressed by oval cells. In TNF receptor type 1 knockout mice, oval cell proliferation is substantially impaired and tumorigenesis is reduced. Oval cell proliferation is impaired to a lesser extent in interleukin 6 knockout mice and is unchanged in TNF receptor type 2 knockout mice. These findings demonstrate that TNF signaling participates in the proliferation of oval cells during the preneoplastic phase of liver carcinogenesis and that loss of signaling through the TNF receptor type 1 reduces the incidence of tumor formation. The TNF inflammatory pathway may be a target for therapeutic intervention during the early stages of liver carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Knight
- University of Western Australia, Department of Biochemistry, Nedlands WA 6907, Australia
- Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands WA 6009, Australia
| | - George C.T. Yeoh
- University of Western Australia, Department of Biochemistry, Nedlands WA 6907, Australia
- Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands WA 6009, Australia
| | - Kirsten L. Husk
- University of Western Australia, Department of Biochemistry, Nedlands WA 6907, Australia
| | - Tina Ly
- University of Western Australia, Department of Biochemistry, Nedlands WA 6907, Australia
| | - Lawrence J. Abraham
- University of Western Australia, Department of Biochemistry, Nedlands WA 6907, Australia
| | - Changpu Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Jonathan A. Rhim
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Nelson Fausto
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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Petkov PM, Kim K, Sandhu J, Shafritz DA, Dabeva MD. Identification of differentially expressed genes in epithelial stem/progenitor cells of fetal rat liver. Genomics 2000; 68:197-209. [PMID: 10964518 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Differentially expressed cDNA clones from fetal rat liver were isolated using suppression subtractive hybridization, combined with an efficient screening strategy. Approximately 30,000 clones were screened, yielding 643 genes whose expression was induced, of which 201 clones were distinct and 68 represented ESTs or newly discovered genes of unknown function. Based on their expression patterns in different organs, fetal liver, liver regeneration models, and gut epithelial progenitor cell lines, the subtracted clones presented in this work were placed into four categories: (1) hepatoblast-specific genes; (2) hematopoietic cell-specific genes; (3) genes expressed in hepatoblasts, in hematopoietic cells, and at varying levels in other tissues; and (4) genes overexpressed in fetal liver, in models of activation of liver progenitor cells, and in epithelial progenitor cell lines. Hepatoblast-specific clones and those representing genes induced during liver regeneration are under further study to define their specific function(s) in liver cell growth control and/or differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Petkov
- The Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Braun KM, Sandgren EP. Cellular origin of regenerating parenchyma in a mouse model of severe hepatic injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 157:561-9. [PMID: 10934158 PMCID: PMC1850119 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64566-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Several treatments in rodents, including administration of the alkylating agent dipin, followed by two-thirds partial hepatectomy in mice combine destruction of liver parenchyma with hepatocyte mitoinhibition. These treatments induce proliferation of bile epithelial-like cells (termed oval cells), development of foci composed of small hepatocytes, and eventual replacement of damaged parenchyma by healthy hepatocytes. It has been proposed that these oval cells represent transitional cells in a nonhepatocytic liver facultative stem cell lineage that can give rise to the small hepatocyte foci, and that these foci eventually become confluent and replace liver parenchyma. In this study, we used in vivo cell lineage marking in genetically chimeric livers to test the hypothesis that hepatocytes can serve as the precursor cell type to the small hepatocyte foci that develop in mouse liver after treatment with dipin plus partial hepatectomy. Although we do not exclude the possibility that some small hepatocyte foci may be stem cell-derived, we demonstrate that hepatocyte-derived foci are present after dipin-induced liver damage in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Braun
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Bisgaard HC, Müller S, Nagy P, Rasmussen LJ, Thorgeirsson SS. Modulation of the gene network connected to interferon-gamma in liver regeneration from oval cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 155:1075-85. [PMID: 10514390 PMCID: PMC1867006 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Suppression subtractive hybridization was used to clone genes associated with proliferation of oval cells in rat liver regenerating after a 70% partial hepatectomy combined with the feeding of 2-acetylaminofluorene. A subset of the identified genes comprised interferon-gamma receptor alpha subunit (IFN-gammaRalpha), gp91phox, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), lymphocyte function-associated molecule-1alpha (LFA-1), eukaryotic initiation factor-2-associated 67-kd protein (eIF-2-associated 67-kd protein), and alpha-fetoprotein, which constitute part of the cellular program modulated by IFN-gamma. Therefore, expression analysis performed by Northern blotting and immunohistochemistry were extended to include IFN-gamma, the IFN-gamma receptor beta subunit (IFN-gammaRbeta), three secondary response genes induced by interaction of IFN-gamma with IFN-gamma receptor complexes, ie, IL-1beta-converting enzyme (ICE), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), and a cytokine inducing IFN-gamma expression, ie, interleukin-18 (IL-18). The Northern blot analysis showed that all examined genes were modulated when progenitor-like oval cells were activated and recruited for liver regeneration. Immunohistochemistry localized the subunits of the IFN-gamma receptor complex, IFN-gammaRalpha and IFN-gammaRbeta, the secondary response genes uPAR and ICAM-1, the IFN-gamma-inducing factor IL-18, and ICE to the ductular structures of oval cells. In contrast, during liver regeneration after a 70% partial hepatectomy, only modulation of IL-1beta and ICE was observed. Our results, therefore, indicate that IFN-gamma-mediated events may be particularly important when cells in the bile ductules must respond to liver damage by production of ductular oval cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Cathrine Bisgaard
- Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark; the First Institute of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research,†
| | - Sven Müller
- Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark; the First Institute of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research,†
| | - Peter Nagy
- Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest, Hungary; and the Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis,‡
| | - Lene Juel Rasmussen
- Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark; the First Institute of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research,†
| | - Snorri S. Thorgeirsson
- Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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40
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Yin L, Lynch D, Sell S. Participation of different cell types in the restitutive response of the rat liver to periportal injury induced by allyl alcohol. J Hepatol 1999; 31:497-507. [PMID: 10488710 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(99)80043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Restitution of periportal liver necrosis induced by allyl alcohol involves proliferation and differentiation of putative liver stem cells. The participation of different non-epithelial cell types required to restore the liver cord structure in this process has not been well documented. The aim of the study was to determine the anatomic relationships among cells of liver lineage, extracellular matrix, and non-parenchymal cells during repair of periportal liver injury. METHODS Periportal liver injury in rats was induced by intraperitoneal injection of allyl alcohol. Cells of the liver lineage, as well as Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells, macrophages, and the extracellular matrix components fibronectin and laminin were localized using immunohistologic methods for 7 days after injury. RESULTS During the first day there was loss of periportal hepatocytes, as well as sinusoidal nonparenchymal cells, including macrophages, Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells. After day 1 macrophages appeared within the necrotic zone, increased until days 3-4, and then decreased to a few cells within reappearing sinusoids. At days 2-5 there was first proliferation of small "null" intraportal cells, which later acquired markers of ductular (OV-6, CKPan ) and liver cell differentiation (alphafetoprotein, carbamoylphosphate synthetase-I), eventually assuming mature hepatocyte morphology. There was also moderate bile duct hyperplasia with extension of small newly-formed ducts from the intraportal zone into the immediate periportal zone. Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells became enlarged at the borders of the necrotic and non-necrotic central zone and then appeared to migrate into the oval cell population expanding across the periportal zone. During the restitution phase, hepatic stellate cells were closely associated with the proliferating oval cells, surrounding small aggregates of oval cells which appeared to be forming liver cords. Kupffer cells also stained for fibronectin, and fibronectin was seen at the intersection of the injured portal and uninjured central zones and around the expanding oval cells. In some intraportal zones, the laminin surrounding the bile ducts was lost. It was speculated that this may permit proliferating ductular cells to migrate out of the bile ducts into the periportal zone. By days 6 and 7 most of the injured liver was restored to normal, with a few foci of chronic inflammation remaining. CONCLUSIONS There is a close anatomic relationship between immature liver lineage cells (oval/duct cells) and non-parenchymal cells during the restitutive repair of periportal injury. The nature of this relationship to the possible production of growth factors and expression of growth factor receptors by the cells involved during the restitution process is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, NY 12208-3479, USA
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41
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Nakanishi Y, Ochiai A, Shimoda T, Yamaguchi H, Tachimori Y, Kato H, Watanabe H, Hirohashi S. Heterotopic sebaceous glands in the esophagus: histopathological and immunohistochemical study of a resected esophagus. Pathol Int 1999; 49:364-8. [PMID: 10365859 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1827.1999.00874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A resected esophagus with numerous heterotopic sebaceous glands was examined in an attempt to determine whether esophageal heterotopic sebaceous glands are the result of a metaplastic process or a congenital anomaly. The present case concerns a 79-year-old Japanese man with numerous esophageal heterotopic sebaceous glands accompanied by superficial esophageal cancer. The resected esophagus possessed numerous heterotopic sebaceous glands, which could be seen clearly as slightly elevated, yellowish lesions. Histological examination of these glands, all of which were located in the lamina propria, revealed lobules of cells that showed characteristic sebaceous differentiation. Bulbous nests of proliferating basal cells showing sebaceous differentiation were occasionally observed in the esophageal epithelium. Of the antibodies against six different keratins used, only anti-keratin 14 labeled both the heterotopic sebaceous glands and the bulbous nests. Acquired metaplastic change of the esophageal epithelium is probably the pathogenetic mechanism involved in these unusual lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nakanishi
- Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute and Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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42
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Hino H, Tateno C, Sato H, Yamasaki C, Katayama S, Kohashi T, Aratani A, Asahara T, Dohi K, Yoshizato K. A long-term culture of human hepatocytes which show a high growth potential and express their differentiated phenotypes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 256:184-91. [PMID: 10066444 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study succeeded for the first time in cultivating for more than 2 months human normal hepatocytes which showed a high growth potential and expressed their differentiated phenotypes. Constituents of culture medium were critical for this culture, and the medium optimized for their growth contained fresh human serum, fetal bovine serum, Swiss 3T3-cell conditioned medium, L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, epidermal growth factor, nicotinamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide. Hepatocytes steadily replicated and formed colonies which continued to increase in size up to around 35 days. The number of hepatocytes in the most replicative colonies increased 17-fold during 31 days. Cells in colonies expressed normal differentiated hepatocytic phenotypes for as long as 35 days. These hepatocytes retained normal liver functions at least for 70 days such as to secrete albumin, and to metabolize lidocaine and D-galactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hino
- Yoshizato MorphoMatrix Project, ERATO, JST, Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
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43
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Lowes KN, Brennan BA, Yeoh GC, Olynyk JK. Oval cell numbers in human chronic liver diseases are directly related to disease severity. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 154:537-41. [PMID: 10027411 PMCID: PMC1849988 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma is significantly increased in patients with genetic hemochromatosis, alcoholic liver disease, or chronic hepatitis C infection. The precise mechanisms underlying the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in these conditions are not well understood. Stem cells within the liver, termed oval cells, are involved in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma in animal models and may be important in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in human chronic liver diseases. The aims of this study were to determine whether oval cells could be detected in the liver of patients with genetic hemochromatosis, alcoholic liver disease, or chronic hepatitis C, and whether there is a relationship between the severity of the liver disease and the number of oval cells. Oval cells were detected using histology and immunohistochemistry in liver biopsies from patients with genetic hemochromatosis, alcoholic liver disease, or chronic hepatitis C. Oval cells were not observed in normal liver controls. Oval cell numbers increased significantly with the progression of disease severity from mild to severe in each of the diseases studied. We conclude that oval cells are frequently found in subjects with genetic hemochromatosis, alcoholic liver disease, or chronic hepatitis C. There is an association between severity of liver disease and increase in the number of oval cells consistent with the hypothesis that oval cell proliferation is associated with increased risk for development of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Lowes
- University Department of Medicine, Fremantle Hospital, Western Australia, Australia
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Hooth MJ, Coleman WB, Presnell SC, Borchert KM, Grisham JW, Smith GJ. Spontaneous neoplastic transformation of WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1998; 153:1913-21. [PMID: 9846981 PMCID: PMC1866323 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65705-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that cultured rat liver epithelial cells transform spontaneously after chronic maintenance in a confluent state in vitro. In the present study, multiple independent lineages of low-passage WB-F344 rat liver epithelial stem-like cells were initiated and subjected in parallel to selection for spontaneous transformation to determine whether spontaneous acquisition of tumorigenicity was the result of events (genetic or epigenetic) that occurred independently and stochastically, or reflected the expression of a pre-existing alteration within the parental WB-F344 cell line. Temporal analysis of the spontaneous acquisition of tumorigenicity by WB-F344 cells demonstrated lineage-specific differences in the time of first expression of the tumorigenic phenotype, frequencies and latencies of tumor formation, and tumor differentiations. Although spontaneously transformed WB-F344 cells produced diverse tumor types (including hepatocellular carcinomas, cholangiocarcinomas, hepatoblastomas, and osteogenic sarcomas), individual lineages yielded tumors with consistent and specific patterns of differentiation. These results provide substantial evidence that the stochastic accumulation of independent transforming events during the selection regimen in vitro were responsible for spontaneous neoplastic transformation of WB-F344 cells. Furthermore, cell lineage commitment to a specific differentiation program was stable with time in culture and with site of transplantation. This is the first report of a cohort of related, but independent, rat liver epithelial cell lines that collectively produce a spectrum of tumor types but individually reproduce a specific tumor type. These cell lines will provide valuable reagents for investigation of the molecular mechanisms involved in the differentiation of hepatic stem-like cells and for examination of potential causal relationships in spontaneously transformed rat liver epithelial cell lines between molecular/cellular alterations and the ability to produce tumors in syngeneic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hooth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599-7525, USA
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45
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D'Errico A, Deleonardi G, Fiorentino M, Scoazec JY, Grigioni WF. Diagnostic implications of albumin messenger RNA detection and cytokeratin pattern in benign hepatic lesions and biliary cystadenocarcinoma. DIAGNOSTIC MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY : THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL PATHOLOGY, PART B 1998; 7:289-94. [PMID: 10207666 DOI: 10.1097/00019606-199812000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytokeratin (CK) patterns and albumin messenger RNA (mRNA) are investigated in 24 patients with benign hepatic lesions (7 patients with focal nodular hyperplasia [FNH], 10 with hepatocellular adenomas [HA], 1 with biliary hamartoma, 4 with biliary cysts, 2 with cystadenomas) and in 8 patients with cystadenocarcinoma, a rare liver malignancy. The lesions and surrounding tissue of the hepatocytic components expressed CK 8 and 18 at immunohistochemistry, whereas the biliary elements evidenced CK 8 and 18 and CK 7 and 19. The albumin mRNA, as detected by in situ hybridization (ISH), revealed different distributions in the hepatocytes of FNH and HA. In the benign biliary lesions, the normal hepatocytes surrounding the tumors expressed albumin mRNA, whereas the biliary structures did not. Interestingly, in the cystadenocarcinomas, albumin mRNA was observed not only in the hepatocytes of residual parenchyma, but also in neoplastic bile duct cells lining the carcinomatous cysts; no signal was identified in the nonneoplastic biliary elements. This indicates that cystadenocarcinomas have a mixed biological phenotype and suggests they could arise either from pluripotent cells or from neoplastic cells that reacquire epigenetic features. Our results suggest two possible diagnostic applications for albumin ISH: on routine sections, it could represent an important tool for distinguishing between cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma; and on fine needle biopsy specimens, it could reduce uncertainty between FNH and HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D'Errico
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerche sul Cancro G. Prodi, Policlinico S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy
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46
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Su Q, Zerban H, Otto G, Bannasch P. Cytokeratin expression is reduced in glycogenotic clear hepatocytes but increased in ground-glass cells in chronic human and woodchuck hepadnaviral infection. Hepatology 1998; 28:347-59. [PMID: 9695996 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510280209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocytes of normal adult liver express cytokeratins (CKs) 8/18, but bile duct cells additionally contain CK7/19. We have previously demonstrated the frequent occurrence of foci of altered hepatocytes in association with hepatic tumors in humans and provided evidence for a preneoplastic nature of the focal lesions. In this study, we investigated the CK expression in both the preneoplastic lesions and extrafocal parenchyma. Sixty-seven explanted livers with cirrhosis or advanced fibrosis harboring preneoplastic focal lesions, with or without hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, as well as 9 livers with HBV-associated fulminant hepatitis, were studied for the expression of CK7/8/14/18/19. Five livers from woodchucks infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) were also investigated. Glycogenotic clear hepatocytes were negative or weakly positive for CK8/18, while amphophilic hepatocytes were strongly positive for these CKs, the changes being associated with marked reduction and increase, respectively, of highly organized membranous components in their cytoplasm. This allows the distinct recognition of the clear-cell and clear-cell-dominant preneoplastic lesions in the human and woodchuck livers. In ground-glass hepatocytes expressing viral antigens, an unusual accumulation of CK8/18 was observed, but there was no evidence of preferential necrosis of ground-glass hepatocytes. Many CK7- and CK19-positive ductular (oval) cells were found in extrafocal liver tissue, but only rarely were they present within focal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Su
- Division of Cell Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg
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47
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Alison M, Golding M, Sarraf C. Wound healing in the liver with particular reference to stem cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1998; 353:877-94. [PMID: 9684285 PMCID: PMC1692283 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1998.0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of liver regeneration in response to the loss of hepatocytes is widely acknowledged, and this is usually accomplished by the triggering of normally proliferatively quiescent hepatocytes into the cell cycle. However, when regeneration is defective, tortuous ductular structures, initially continuous with the biliary tree, proliferate and migrate into the surrounding hepatocyte parenchyma. In humans, these biliary cells have variously been referred to as ductular structures, neoductules and neocholangioles, and have been observed in many forms of chronic liver disease, including cancer. In experimental animals, similar ductal cells are usually called oval cells, and their association with impaired regeneration has led to the conclusion that they are the progeny of facultative stem cells. Oval cells are of considerable biological interest as they may represent a target population for hepatic carcinogens, and they may also be useful vehicles for ex vivo gene therapy for the correction of inborn errors of metabolism. This review proposes that the liver harbours stem cells that are located in the biliary epithelium, that oval cells are the progeny of these stem cells, and that these cells can undergo massive expansion in their numbers before differentiating into hepatocytes. This is a conditional process that only occurs when the regenerative capacity of hepatocytes is overwhelmed, and thus, unlike the intestinal epithelium, the liver is not behaving as a classical, continually renewing, stem cell-fed lineage. We focus on the biliary network, not merely as a conduit for bile, but also as a cell compartment with the ability to proliferate under appropriate conditions and give rise to fully differentiated hepatocytes and other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alison
- Histopathology Department, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK
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48
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Fiorino AS, Diehl AM, Lin HZ, Lemischka IR, Reid LM. Maturation-dependent gene expression in a conditionally transformed liver progenitor cell line. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1998; 34:247-58. [PMID: 9557943 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-998-0131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated a conditionally transformed liver progenitor cell line with phenotypic similarities to both hepatoblasts (bipotent embryonic liver cells that give rise to hepatocytes and intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells) and liver epithelial cells (primitive hepatic cells isolated from adult livers capable of generating both hepatocytic and biliary lineages). Cell line L2039 was derived from E14 fetal mouse liver after transformation with temperature-sensitive SV-40 large T antigen. At 33 degrees C, these cells have an epithelial morphology with a high nucleocytoplasmic ratio and express both hepatocytic and biliary genes, including albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, glutamine synthetase, insulinlike growth factor II receptor, fibronectin and laminin, and cytokeratins 8 and 19, a set of markers characteristic for hepatoblasts. The presence of cytokeratin 14, vimentin, and several oval-cell antigens link cell line L2039 to nonparenchymal liver epithelial cell populations thought to contain progenitor cells. Serum-free, hormonally defined media conditions and extracellular matrix requirements were determined for growth and differentiation of this cell line. During culture on type IV collagen at 39 degrees C, L2039 cells cease dividing and demonstrate hepatocytic differentiation with the assumption of a hepatocytelike morphology and glucocorticoid-dependent regulation of liver-specific genes, including albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and liver-enriched transcription factors. The number of albumin-positive cells increases during culture at 39 degrees C, indicating that L2039 cells convert from a prehepatocytic to a hepatocytic phenotype. Under conditions specific for hepatocytic differentiation, C/EBPs were expressed and differentially regulated, with C/EBPbeta and C/EBPdelta upregulated early and C/EBPalpha only slightly expressed after 7 d, indicating that C/EBPalpha may not be a crucial factor in commitment to the hepatocytic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Fiorino
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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49
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Sell S. Comparison of liver progenitor cells in human atypical ductular reactions with those seen in experimental models of liver injury. Hepatology 1998; 27:317-31. [PMID: 9462626 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510270202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ultrastructural characteristics of liver progenitor cell types of human atypical ductular reactions seen in chronic cholestasis, in regenerating human liver after submassive necrosis, in alcoholic liver disease, and in focal nodular hyperplasia are compared with liver progenitor cell types seen during experimental cholangiocarcinogenesis in hamsters; during hepatocarcinogenesis in rats; and in response to periportal liver injury induced by allyl alcohol in rats. Three types of progenitor cells have been identified in human atypical ductular reactions: type I: primitive, has an oval shape, marginal chromatin, few cellular organelles, rare tonofilaments, and forms desmosomal junctions with adjacent liver cells; type II: bile duct-like, is located within ducts, has few organelles, and forms lateral membrane interdigitations with other duct-like cells; and type III: hepatocyte-like, is located in hepatic cords, forms a bile canaliculus, has tight junctions with other hepatocyte-like cells, prominent mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and some have lysosomes and a poorly developed Golgi apparatus. Each type is seen during cholangiocarcinogenesis in hamsters, but the most prominent cell type is type II, duct-like. A more primitive cell type ("type 0 cell"), as well as type I cells, are seen in the intraportal zone of the liver within 1 to 2 days after carcinogen exposure or periportal injury in the rat, but both type II and type III are seen later as the progenitor cells expand into the liver lobule. After allyl alcohol injury, type 0 cells precede the appearance of type I and type III cells, but most of the cells that span the periportal necrotic zone are type III hepatocyte-like cells showing different degrees of hepatocytic differentiation. Some type II cells are also seen, but these are essentially limited to ducts. It is concluded that there is a primitive stem cell type in the liver (type 0) that may differentiate directly into type I and then into type II, duct-like or or type III hepatocyte-like cells. The terms oval cell, transitional hepatocyte, biliary hepatocyte, hepatocyte-like cell, atypical ductular cell, neocholangiole, etc., are used to describe these cells. Although these terms are useful as general descriptive terms for liver precursor cells at the light microscopic level, the cells included in these descriptive categories may be very different from one another biologically and ultrastructurally.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, NY 12209-3479, USA
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Vassy J, Irinopoulou T, Beil M, Rigaut JP. Spatial distribution of cytoskeleton intermediate filaments during fetal rat hepatocyte differentiation. Microsc Res Tech 1997; 39:436-43. [PMID: 9408910 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19971201)39:5<436::aid-jemt6>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The construction of the liver parenchyma throughout fetal development depends on the elaboration of intercellular contacts between epithelial cells and between epithelial and mesenchymal cells. During this time, the spatial distribution of cytokeratins in hepatocytes shows a striking evolution as demonstrated by confocal microscopy and image analysis. In the early stages of fetal rat development, the liver is mainly a hematopoietic organ and hepatocytes represent fewer than 40% of all liver cells. At this time, cytokeratin filaments are scarce and are randomly distributed inside the cytoplasm. A coexpression of desmin and cytokeratin is found in some cells. Intercellular contacts between epithelial and mesenchymal cells are more numerous than between epithelial cells. Later in development, hepatocytes are arranged in a "muralium duplex" architecture (two-cell-thick sheets). Contacts between hepatocytes become more numerous and bile canaliculi become well developed. The density of cytokeratin filaments increases and appears to be very high near the bile canaliculi. In adult liver, hepatocytes are arranged in a "muralium simplex" architecture. Cytokeratin filaments show a symmetrical distribution in relation to the nuclear region. The highest density of filaments is found near the cytoplasmic membrane. Variations of the spatial distribution of intermediate filaments throughout hepatocyte differentiation were investigated in a pilot study using computerized image analysis. We found significant differences between the filament networks in fetal and adult hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vassy
- Laboratoire d'Analyse d'Images en Pathologie Cellulaire, Université Paris 7, Hôpital Saint Louis, France
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