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Rodríguez-Rojas K, Cortes-Reynosa P, Torres-Alamilla P, Rodríguez-Ochoa N, Salazar EP. A novel role of IGFBP5 in the migration, invasion and spheroids formation induced by IGF-I and insulin in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2024; 208:79-88. [PMID: 38896333 PMCID: PMC11452427 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-024-07397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system includes IGF-I, IGF-II insulin and their membrane receptors. IGF system also includes a family of proteins namely insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) composed for six major members (IGFBP-1 to IGFBP6), which capture, transport and prolonging half-life of IGFs. However, it has been described that IGFBPs can also have other functions. METHODS IGFBP5 expression was inhibited by shRNAs, migration was analyzed by scratch-wound assays, invasion assays were performed by the Boyden chamber method, spheroids formation assays were performed on ultra-low attachment surfaces, expression and phosphorylation of proteins were analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS IGFBP5 is a repressor of IGF-IR expression, but it is not a repressor of IR in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In addition, IGFBP5 is a suppressor of migration and MMP-9 secretion induced by IGF-I and insulin, but it does not regulate invasion in MCF-7 cells. IGFBP5 also is a repressor of MCF-7 spheroids formation. However treatment with 340 nM rescues the inhibitory effect of IGFBP in the MCF-7 spheroids formation. CONCLUSION IGFBP5 regulates IGF-IR expression, migration and MMP-9 secretion induced by IGF-I and/or insulin, and the spheroids formation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karem Rodríguez-Rojas
- Departamento de Biologia Celular. Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Av. IPN # 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pedro Cortes-Reynosa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular. Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Av. IPN # 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pablo Torres-Alamilla
- Departamento de Biologia Celular. Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Av. IPN # 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nínive Rodríguez-Ochoa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular. Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Av. IPN # 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Perez Salazar
- Departamento de Biologia Celular. Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Av. IPN # 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico.
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2
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Resovi A, Persichitti P, Brunelli L, Minoli L, Borsotti P, Garattini G, Tironi M, Dugnani E, Redegalli M, De Simone G, Pastorelli R, Bani MR, Piemonti L, Mosher DF, Giavazzi R, Taraboletti G, Belotti D. Fibronectin fragments generated by pancreatic trypsin act as endogenous inhibitors of pancreatic tumor growth. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:201. [PMID: 37559126 PMCID: PMC10411016 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pancreatic microenvironment has a defensive role against cancer but it can acquire tumor-promoting properties triggered by multiple mechanisms including alterations in the equilibrium between proteases and their inhibitors. The identification of proteolytic events, targets and pathways would set the basis for the design of new therapeutic approaches. METHODS AND RESULTS Here we demonstrate that spheroids isolated from human and murine healthy pancreas and co-transplanted orthotopically with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in mouse pancreas inhibited tumor growth. The effect was mediated by trypsin-generated fibronectin (FN) fragments released by pancreatic spheroids. Tumor inhibition was observed also in a model of acute pancreatitis associated with trypsin activation. Mass spectrometry proteomic analysis of fragments and mAb against different FN epitopes identified the FN type III domain as responsible for the activity. By inhibiting integrin α5β1, FAK and FGFR1 signaling, the fragments induced tumor cell detachment and reduced cell proliferation. Consistent with the mutual relationship between the two pathways, FGF2 restored both FGFR1 and FAK signaling and promoted PDAC cell adhesion and proliferation. FAK and FGFR inhibitors additively inhibited PDAC growth in vitro and in orthotopic in vivo models. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies a novel role for pancreatic trypsin and fibronectin cleavage as a mechanism of protection against cancer by the pancreatic microenvironment. The finding of a FAK-FGFR cross-talk in PDAC support the combination of FAK and FGFR inhibitors for PDAC treatment to emulate the protective effect of the normal pancreas against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Resovi
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo and Milan, Italy
| | - Perla Persichitti
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo and Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Brunelli
- Department of Environmental Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Minoli
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo and Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Borsotti
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo and Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Garattini
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo and Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Tironi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Erica Dugnani
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Miriam Redegalli
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo and Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia De Simone
- Department of Environmental Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Pastorelli
- Department of Environmental Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Bani
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo and Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Deane F Mosher
- Departments of Biomolecular Chemistry and Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raffaella Giavazzi
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo and Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Taraboletti
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo and Milan, Italy
| | - Dorina Belotti
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo and Milan, Italy.
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Ivanov AI, Rana N, Privitera G, Pizarro TT. The enigmatic roles of epithelial gasdermin B: Recent discoveries and controversies. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:48-59. [PMID: 35821185 PMCID: PMC9789163 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Gasdermin B (GSDMB) belongs to a family of structurally related proteins [(i.e., gasdermins (GSDMs)]. It distinguishes itself from other members by the lack of autoinhibition but clear bioactivity of its full-length form, its preference to bind to phosphatidylinositol phosphates and sulfatides, and the ability to promote both lytic and nonlytic cellular functions. It is the only gasdermin that lacks a mouse ortholog, making in vivo mechanistic studies challenging to perform. GSDMB is abundantly expressed in epithelial cells lining organs that directly interface with the external environment, such as the gastrointestinal tract, with emerging evidence supporting its role in enteric infections, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and colorectal cancer. This review discusses the unique features of GSDMB among other gasdermin family members and controversies surrounding GSDMB-dependent mammalian inflammatory cell death (i.e., pyroptosis), including recent discoveries revealing both lytic and nonlytic functions of epithelial-derived GSDMB, particularly during gut health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nitish Rana
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Giuseppe Privitera
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Theresa T Pizarro
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Zhao XX, Xie WQ, Xiao WF, Li HZ, Naranmandakh S, Bruyere O, Reginster JY, Li YS. Perlecan: Roles in osteoarthritis and potential treating target. Life Sci 2022; 312:121190. [PMID: 36379311 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease, affecting hundreds of millions of people globally, which leads to a high cost of treatment and further medical care and an apparent decrease in patient prognosis. The recent view of OA pathogenesis is that increased vascularity, bone remodeling, and disordered turnover are influenced by multivariate risk factors, such as age, obesity, and overloading. The view also reveals the gap between the development of these processes and early stage risk factors. This review presents the latest research on OA-related signaling pathways and analyzes the potential roles of perlecan, a typical component of the well-known protective structure against osteoarthritic pericellular matrix (PCM). Based on the experimental results observed in end-stage OA models, we summarized and analyzed the role of perlecan in the development of OA. In normal cartilage, it plays a protective role by maintaining the integrin of PCM and sequesters growth factors. Second, perlecan in cartilage is required to not only activate vascular epithelium growth factor receptor (VEGFR) signaling of endothelial cells for vascular invasion and catabolic autophagy, but also for different signaling pathways for the catabolic and anabolic actions of chondrocytes. Finally, perlecan may participate in pain sensitization pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xuan Zhao
- Deparment of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Wen-Qing Xie
- Deparment of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Wen-Feng Xiao
- Deparment of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Heng-Zhen Li
- Deparment of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Shinen Naranmandakh
- School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Sukhbaatar district, 14201 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Olivier Bruyere
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman B23, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Yves Reginster
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman B23, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Yu-Sheng Li
- Deparment of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
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Regulation of FGF-2, FGF-18 and Transcription Factor Activity by Perlecan in the Maturational Development of Transitional Rudiment and Growth Plate Cartilages and in the Maintenance of Permanent Cartilage Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041934. [PMID: 35216048 PMCID: PMC8872392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to highlight the roles of perlecan in the regulation of the development of the rudiment developmental cartilages and growth plate cartilages, and also to show how perlecan maintains permanent articular cartilage homeostasis. Cartilage rudiments are transient developmental templates containing chondroprogenitor cells that undergo proliferation, matrix deposition, and hypertrophic differentiation. Growth plate cartilage also undergoes similar changes leading to endochondral bone formation, whereas permanent cartilage is maintained as an articular structure and does not undergo maturational changes. Pericellular and extracellular perlecan-HS chains interact with growth factors, morphogens, structural matrix glycoproteins, proteases, and inhibitors to promote matrix stabilization and cellular proliferation, ECM remodelling, and tissue expansion. Perlecan has mechanotransductive roles in cartilage that modulate chondrocyte responses in weight-bearing environments. Nuclear perlecan may modulate chromatin structure and transcription factor access to DNA and gene regulation. Snail-1, a mesenchymal marker and transcription factor, signals through FGFR-3 to promote chondrogenesis and maintain Acan and type II collagen levels in articular cartilage, but prevents further tissue expansion. Pre-hypertrophic growth plate chondrocytes also express high Snail-1 levels, leading to cessation of Acan and CoI2A1 synthesis and appearance of type X collagen. Perlecan differentially regulates FGF-2 and FGF-18 to maintain articular cartilage homeostasis, rudiment and growth plate cartilage growth, and maturational changes including mineralization, contributing to skeletal growth.
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Rana N, Privitera G, Kondolf HC, Bulek K, Lechuga S, De Salvo C, Corridoni D, Antanaviciute A, Maywald RL, Hurtado AM, Zhao J, Huang EH, Li X, Chan ER, Simmons A, Bamias G, Abbott DW, Heaney JD, Ivanov AI, Pizarro TT. GSDMB is increased in IBD and regulates epithelial restitution/repair independent of pyroptosis. Cell 2022; 185:283-298.e17. [PMID: 35021065 PMCID: PMC8879997 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gasdermins are a family of structurally related proteins originally described for their role in pyroptosis. Gasdermin B (GSDMB) is currently the least studied, and while its association with genetic susceptibility to chronic mucosal inflammatory disorders is well established, little is known about its functional relevance during active disease states. Herein, we report increased GSDMB in inflammatory bowel disease, with single-cell analysis identifying epithelial specificity to inflamed colonocytes/crypt top colonocytes. Surprisingly, mechanistic experiments and transcriptome profiling reveal lack of inherent GSDMB-dependent pyroptosis in activated epithelial cells and organoids but instead point to increased proliferation and migration during in vitro wound closure, which arrests in GSDMB-deficient cells that display hyper-adhesiveness and enhanced formation of vinculin-based focal adhesions dependent on PDGF-A-mediated FAK phosphorylation. Importantly, carriage of disease-associated GSDMB SNPs confers functional defects, disrupting epithelial restitution/repair, which, altogether, establishes GSDMB as a critical factor for restoration of epithelial barrier function and the resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Rana
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Departments of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Giuseppe Privitera
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hannah C Kondolf
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Katarzyna Bulek
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Susana Lechuga
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Carlo De Salvo
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Daniele Corridoni
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Agne Antanaviciute
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L Maywald
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alexander M Hurtado
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Junjie Zhao
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Emina H Huang
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Colon & Rectal Surgery, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - E Ricky Chan
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Alison Simmons
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgos Bamias
- Academic Department of Gastroenterology, Ethnikon & Kapodistriakon University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Derek W Abbott
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jason D Heaney
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Theresa T Pizarro
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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7
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Amable G, Martínez-León E, Picco ME, Nemirovsky SI, Rozengurt E, Rey O. Metformin inhibition of colorectal cancer cell migration is associated with rebuilt adherens junctions and FAK downregulation. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:8334-8344. [PMID: 32239671 PMCID: PMC7529638 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
E-cadherin, a central component of the adherens junction (AJ), is a single-pass transmembrane protein that mediates cell-cell adhesion. The loss of E-cadherin surface expression, and therefore cell-cell adhesion, leads to increased cell migration and invasion. Treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC)-derived cells (SW-480 and HT-29) with 2.0 mM metformin promoted a redistribution of cytosolic E-cadherin to de novo formed puncta along the length of the contacting membranes of these cells. Metformin also promoted translocation from the cytosol to the plasma membrane of p120-catenin, another core component of the AJs. Furthermore, E-cadherin and p120-catenin colocalized with β-catenin at cell-cell contacts. Western blot analysis of lysates of CRC-derived cells revealed a substantial metformin-induced increase in the level of p120-catenin as well as E-cadherin phosphorylation on Ser838/840 , a modification associated with β-catenin/E-cadherin interaction. These modifications in E-cadherin, p120-catenin and β-catenin localization suggest that metformin induces rebuilding of AJs in CRC-derived cells. Those modifications were accompanied by the inhibition of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), as revealed by a significant decrease in the phosphorylation of FAK at Tyr397 and paxillin at Tyr118 . These changes were associated with a reduction in the numbers, but an increase in the size, of focal adhesions and by the inhibition of cell migration. Overall, these observations indicate that metformin targets multiple pathways associated with CRC development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gastón Amable
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 1120, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Martínez-León
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 1120, Argentina
| | - María Elisa Picco
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 1120, Argentina
| | - Sergio I. Nemirovsky
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Enrique Rozengurt
- Unit of Signal Transduction and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1768, USA
| | - Osvaldo Rey
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 1120, Argentina
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Schwartz-Duval AS, Konopka CJ, Moitra P, Daza EA, Srivastava I, Johnson EV, Kampert TL, Fayn S, Haran A, Dobrucki LW, Pan D. Intratumoral generation of photothermal gold nanoparticles through a vectorized biomineralization of ionic gold. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4530. [PMID: 32913195 PMCID: PMC7483505 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17595-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Various cancer cells have been demonstrated to have the capacity to form plasmonic gold nanoparticles when chloroauric acid is introduced to their cellular microenvironment. But their biomedical applications are limited, particularly considering the millimolar concentrations and longer incubation period of ionic gold. Here, we describe a simplistic method of intracellular biomineralization to produce plasmonic gold nanoparticles at micromolar concentrations within 30 min of application utilizing polyethylene glycol as delivery vector for ionic gold. We have characterized this process for intracellular gold nanoparticle formation, which progressively accumulates proteins as the ionic gold clusters migrate to the nucleus. This nano-vectorized application of ionic gold emphasizes its potential biomedical opportunities while reducing the quantity of ionic gold and required incubation time. To demonstrate its biomedical potential, we further induce in-situ biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles within MCF7 tumor mouse xenografts which is followed by its photothermal remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Schwartz-Duval
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Christian J Konopka
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Parikshit Moitra
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Health Sciences Research Facility III, 670 W Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Facility, 1000 Hilltop Circle Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Enrique A Daza
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Indrajit Srivastava
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Taylor L Kampert
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stanley Fayn
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Anand Haran
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Lawrence W Dobrucki
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Dipanjan Pan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Health Sciences Research Facility III, 670 W Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Facility, 1000 Hilltop Circle Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA.
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Jiang W, Cai F, Xu H, Lu Y, Chen J, Liu J, Cao N, Zhang X, Chen X, Huang Q, Zhuang H, Hua ZC. Extracellular signal regulated kinase 5 promotes cell migration, invasion and lung metastasis in a FAK-dependent manner. Protein Cell 2020; 11:825-845. [PMID: 32144580 PMCID: PMC7647985 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate ERK5 expression in lung cancer and malignant melanoma progression and to ascertain the involvement of ERK5 signaling in lung cancer and melanoma. We show that ERK5 expression is abundant in human lung cancer samples, and elevated ERK5 expression in lung cancer was linked to the acquisition of increased metastatic and invasive potential. Importantly, we observed a significant correlation between ERK5 activity and FAK expression and its phosphorylation at the Ser910 site. Mechanistically, ERK5 increased the expression of the transcription factor USF1, which could transcriptionally upregulate FAK expression, resulting in FAK signaling activation to promote cell migration. We also provided evidence that the phosphorylation of FAK at Ser910 was due to ERK5 but not ERK1/2, and we then suggested a role for Ser910 in the control of cell motility. In addition, ERK5 had targets in addition to FAK that regulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cell motility in cancer cells. Taken together, our findings uncover a cancer metastasis-promoting role for ERK5 and provide the rationale for targeting ERK5 as a potential therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Fangfang Cai
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huangru Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yanyan Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jia Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jia Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Nini Cao
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qilai Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hongqin Zhuang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Zi-Chun Hua
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China. .,Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University and Jiangsu TargetPharma Laboratories Inc., Changzhou, 213164, China.
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10
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Ronca R, Ghedini GC, Maccarinelli F, Sacco A, Locatelli SL, Foglio E, Taranto S, Grillo E, Matarazzo S, Castelli R, Paganini G, Desantis V, Cattane N, Cattaneo A, Mor M, Carlo-Stella C, Belotti A, Roccaro AM, Presta M, Giacomini A. FGF Trapping Inhibits Multiple Myeloma Growth through c-Myc Degradation-Induced Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2340-2354. [PMID: 32094301 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma, the second most common hematologic malignancy, frequently relapses because of chemotherapeutic resistance. Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) act as proangiogenic and mitogenic cytokines in multiple myeloma. Here, we demonstrate that the autocrine FGF/FGFR axis is essential for multiple myeloma cell survival and progression by protecting multiple myeloma cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. In keeping with the hypothesis that the intracellular redox status can be a target for cancer therapy, FGF/FGFR blockade by FGF trapping or tyrosine kinase inhibitor impaired the growth and dissemination of multiple myeloma cells by inducing mitochondrial oxidative stress, DNA damage, and apoptotic cell death that were prevented by the antioxidant vitamin E or mitochondrial catalase overexpression. In addition, mitochondrial oxidative stress occurred as a consequence of proteasomal degradation of the c-Myc oncoprotein that led to glutathione depletion. Accordingly, expression of a proteasome-nondegradable c-Myc protein mutant was sufficient to avoid glutathione depletion and rescue the proapoptotic effects due to FGF blockade. These findings were confirmed on bortezomib-resistant multiple myeloma cells as well as on bone marrow-derived primary multiple myeloma cells from newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory patients, including plasma cells bearing the t(4;14) translocation obtained from patients with high-risk multiple myeloma. Altogether, these findings dissect the mechanism by which the FGF/FGFR system plays a nonredundant role in multiple myeloma cell survival and disease progression, and indicate that FGF targeting may represent a therapeutic approach for patients with multiple myeloma with poor prognosis and advanced disease stage. SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides new insights into the mechanisms by which FGF antagonists promote multiple myeloma cell death. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/11/2340/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ronca
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaia C Ghedini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Maccarinelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Sacco
- Clinical Research Development and Phase I Unit, CREA Laboratory, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia L Locatelli
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS and Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Foglio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Taranto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Grillo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Matarazzo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Paganini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vanessa Desantis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Consorziale Universitaria Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nadia Cattane
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cattaneo
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Mor
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carmelo Carlo-Stella
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS and Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Belotti
- Department of Hematology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Aldo M Roccaro
- Clinical Research Development and Phase I Unit, CREA Laboratory, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Presta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Arianna Giacomini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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11
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D'Onofrio PM, Shabanzadeh AP, Choi BK, Bähr M, Koeberle PD. MMP Inhibition Preserves Integrin Ligation and FAK Activation to Induce Survival and Regeneration in RGCs Following Optic Nerve Damage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:634-649. [PMID: 30743263 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Integrin adherence to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival: damage causes production and release of ECM degrading matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that disrupt integrin ligation, leading to RGC death. The interplay of MMPs, integrins, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) was studied in RGCs after optic nerve injury. Methods Optic nerve transection and optic nerve crush were used to study RGC survival and regeneration, respectively. Treatments were administered intravitreally or into the cut end of the optic nerve. RGC survival was assessed by fluorescence or confocal microscopy; cell counting, peptide levels, and localization were assessed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Results MMP-9 was most strongly increased and localized to RGCs after injury. Pan-MMP, MMP-2/-9, and MMP-3 inhibition all significantly enhanced RGC survival and increased RGC axon regeneration. FAK activation was decreased at 4 days postaxotomy, when apoptosis begins. FAK inhibition reduced RGC survival and abrogated the neuroprotective effects of MMP inhibition, whereas FAK activation increased RGC survival despite MMP activation. Integrin ligation with CD29 antibody or glycine-arginine-glycine-aspatate-serine (GRGDS) peptide increased RGC survival after axotomy. Conclusions ECM-integrin ligation promotes RGC survival and axon regeneration via FAK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe M D'Onofrio
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Rehabilitation Science Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alireza P Shabanzadeh
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian K Choi
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Rehabilitation Science Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paulo D Koeberle
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Rehabilitation Science Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Impact of diet-induced obesity on the mouse brain phosphoproteome. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 58:102-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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13
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Eblen ST. Extracellular-Regulated Kinases: Signaling From Ras to ERK Substrates to Control Biological Outcomes. Adv Cancer Res 2018; 138:99-142. [PMID: 29551131 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular-regulated kinases ERK1 and ERK2 are evolutionarily conserved, ubiquitous serine-threonine kinases that are involved in regulating cellular signaling in both normal and pathological conditions. Their expression is critical for development and their hyperactivation is a major factor in cancer development and progression. Since their discovery as one of the major signaling mediators activated by mitogens and Ras mutation, we have learned much about their regulation, including their activation, binding partners and substrates. In this review I will discuss some of what has been discovered about the members of the Ras to ERK pathway, including regulation of their activation by growth factors and cell adhesion pathways. Looking downstream of ERK activation I will also highlight some of the many ERK substrates that have been discovered, including those involved in feedback regulation, cell migration and cell cycle progression through the control of transcription, pre-mRNA splicing and protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Eblen
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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14
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Hernández AJA, Reyes VL, Albores-García D, Gómez R, Calderón-Aranda ES. MeHg affects the activation of FAK, Src, Rac1 and Cdc42, critical proteins for cell movement in PDGF-stimulated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Toxicology 2017; 394:35-44. [PMID: 29197552 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is an environmental neurotoxicant that inhibits neuronal migration. This process requires several cyclic steps involving the formation of membrane protrusions (lamellipodia and filopodia) and focal adhesion turnover. FAK and Src are critical proteins that regulate both processes. The FAK-Src complex promotes the activation of Rac1 and Cdc42, two GTPases involved in the remodeling of the actin cytoskeletal network. Here, we studied the effect of MeHg (1, 10, 100, 500 and 1000nM) on cell migration, the formation of cell protrusions, focal adhesion location and the activation of FAK, Src, Rac1 and Cdc42 using the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line stimulated with PDGF-BB (PDGF). The data show that MeHg (1-500nM) inhibited PDGF-stimulated cell migration. In PDGF-stimulated cells, MeHg (100-1000nM) decreased protrusions and increased the size of the p-FAKY397 clusters. MeHg also inhibited PDGF-induced FAK and Src activation and, at 100nM, MeHg inhibited the activation of Rac1 and Cdc42. Altogether, the findings show that low concentrations of MeHg inhibit SH-SY5Y cell migration by disrupting the activation and disassembly of FAK. This negatively affects the activation of Src, Rac1 and Cdc42, all of which are critical proteins for the regulation of cell movement. These effects could be related to the MeHg-mediated inhibition of PDGF-induced formation of lamellipodia and filopodia, focal adhesion disassembly and PDGF-induced movement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rocío Gómez
- Departamento de Toxicologia, Cinvestav, DF. Mexico, Mexico
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15
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Hammer A, Diakonova M. Prolactin-induced PAK1 tyrosyl phosphorylation promotes FAK dephosphorylation, breast cancer cell motility, invasion and metastasis. BMC Cell Biol 2016; 17:31. [PMID: 27542844 PMCID: PMC4992334 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-016-0109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serine/threonine kinase PAK1 is an important regulator of cell motility. Both PAK1 and the hormone/cytokine prolactin (PRL) have been implicated in breast cancer cell motility, however, the exact mechanisms guiding PRL/PAK1 signaling in breast cancer cells have not been fully elucidated. Our lab has previously demonstrated that PRL-activated tyrosine kinase JAK2 phosphorylates PAK1 on tyrosines 153, 201, and 285, and that tyrosyl phosphorylated PAK1 (pTyr-PAK1) augments migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. RESULTS Here we further investigate the mechanisms by which pTyr-PAK1 enhances breast cancer cell motility in response to PRL. We demonstrate a distinct reduction in PRL-induced FAK auto-phosphorylation in T47D and TMX2-28 breast cancer cells overexpressing wild-type PAK1 (PAK1 WT) when compared to cells overexpressing either GFP or phospho-tyrosine-deficient mutant PAK1 (PAK1 Y3F). Furthermore, pTyr-PAK1 phosphorylates MEK1 on Ser298 resulting in subsequent ERK1/2 activation. PRL-induced FAK auto-phosphorylation is rescued in PAK1 WT cells by inhibiting tyrosine phosphatases and tyrosine phosphatase inhibition abrogates cell motility and invasion in response to PRL. siRNA-mediated knockdown of the tyrosine phosphatase PTP-PEST rescues FAK auto-phosphorylation in PAK1 WT cells and reduces both cell motility and invasion. Finally, we provide evidence that PRL-induced pTyr-PAK1 stimulates tumor cell metastasis in vivo. CONCLUSION These data provide insight into the mechanisms guiding PRL-mediated breast cancer cell motility and invasion and highlight a significant role for pTyr-PAK1 in breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Hammer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, 43606-3390, OH, USA
| | - Maria Diakonova
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, 43606-3390, OH, USA.
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16
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Hermann I, Räth S, Ziesemer S, Volksdorf T, Dress RJ, Gutjahr M, Müller C, Beule AG, Hildebrandt JP. Staphylococcus aureusHemolysin A Disrupts Cell–Matrix Adhesions in Human Airway Epithelial Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:14-24. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0082oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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17
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Kadaré G, Gervasi N, Brami-Cherrier K, Blockus H, El Messari S, Arold ST, Girault JA. Conformational dynamics of the focal adhesion targeting domain control specific functions of focal adhesion kinase in cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:478-91. [PMID: 25391654 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.593632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion (FA) kinase (FAK) regulates cell survival and motility by transducing signals from membrane receptors. The C-terminal FA targeting (FAT) domain of FAK fulfils multiple functions, including recruitment to FAs through paxillin binding. Phosphorylation of FAT on Tyr(925) facilitates FA disassembly and connects to the MAPK pathway through Grb2 association, but requires dissociation of the first helix (H1) of the four-helix bundle of FAT. We investigated the importance of H1 opening in cells by comparing the properties of FAK molecules containing wild-type or mutated FAT with impaired or facilitated H1 openings. These mutations did not alter the activation of FAK, but selectively affected its cellular functions, including self-association, Tyr(925) phosphorylation, paxillin binding, and FA targeting and turnover. Phosphorylation of Tyr(861), located between the kinase and FAT domains, was also enhanced by the mutation that opened the FAT bundle. Similarly phosphorylation of Ser(910) by ERK in response to bombesin was increased by FAT opening. Although FAK molecules with the mutation favoring FAT opening were poorly recruited at FAs, they efficiently restored FA turnover and cell shape in FAK-deficient cells. In contrast, the mutation preventing H1 opening markedly impaired FAK function. Our data support the biological importance of conformational dynamics of the FAT domain and its functional interactions with other parts of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gress Kadaré
- From the INSERM, UMR-S 839, F-75005 Paris, France, the Université Pierre & Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne Universités, F-75005 Paris, France, the Institut du Fer à Moulin, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Gervasi
- From the INSERM, UMR-S 839, F-75005 Paris, France, the Université Pierre & Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne Universités, F-75005 Paris, France, the Institut du Fer à Moulin, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Karen Brami-Cherrier
- From the INSERM, UMR-S 839, F-75005 Paris, France, the Université Pierre & Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne Universités, F-75005 Paris, France, the Institut du Fer à Moulin, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Heike Blockus
- From the INSERM, UMR-S 839, F-75005 Paris, France, the Université Pierre & Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne Universités, F-75005 Paris, France, the Institut du Fer à Moulin, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Said El Messari
- From the INSERM, UMR-S 839, F-75005 Paris, France, the Université Pierre & Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne Universités, F-75005 Paris, France, the Institut du Fer à Moulin, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Stefan T Arold
- the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia, and the Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS UMR5048, INSERM U1054, Université de Montpellier I & II, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- From the INSERM, UMR-S 839, F-75005 Paris, France, the Université Pierre & Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne Universités, F-75005 Paris, France, the Institut du Fer à Moulin, F-75005 Paris, France,
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18
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Nikitovic D, Mytilinaiou M, Berdiaki A, Karamanos NK, Tzanakakis GN. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans and heparin regulate melanoma cell functions. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2471-81. [PMID: 24486410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The solid melanoma tumor consists of transformed melanoma cells, and the associated stromal cells including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells, as well as, soluble macro- and micro-molecules of the extracellular matrix (ECM) forming the complex network of the tumor microenvironment. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are an important component of the melanoma tumor ECM. Importantly, there appears to be both a quantitative and a qualitative shift in the content of HSPGs, in parallel to the nevi-radial growth phase-vertical growth phase melanoma progression. Moreover, these changes in HSPG expression are correlated to modulations of key melanoma cell functions. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review will critically discuss the roles of HSPGs/heparin in melanoma development and progression. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS We have correlated HSPGs' expression and distribution with melanoma cell signaling and functions as well as angiogenesis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The current knowledge of HSPGs/heparin biology in melanoma provides a foundation we can utilize in the ongoing search for new approaches in designing anti-tumor therapy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nikitovic
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - M Mytilinaiou
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Ai Berdiaki
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - N K Karamanos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
| | - G N Tzanakakis
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece.
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19
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Cellular kinetics of perivascular MSC precursors. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:983059. [PMID: 24023546 PMCID: PMC3760099 DOI: 10.1155/2013/983059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and MSC-like multipotent stem/progenitor cells have been widely investigated for regenerative medicine and deemed promising in clinical applications. In order to further improve MSC-based stem cell therapeutics, it is important to understand the cellular kinetics and functional roles of MSCs in the dynamic regenerative processes. However, due to the heterogeneous nature of typical MSC cultures, their native identity and anatomical localization in the body have remained unclear, making it difficult to decipher the existence of distinct cell subsets within the MSC entity. Recent studies have shown that several blood-vessel-derived precursor cell populations, purified by flow cytometry from multiple human organs, give rise to bona fide MSCs, suggesting that the vasculature serves as a systemic reservoir of MSC-like stem/progenitor cells. Using individually purified MSC-like precursor cell subsets, we and other researchers have been able to investigate the differential phenotypes and regenerative capacities of these contributing cellular constituents in the MSC pool. In this review, we will discuss the identification and characterization of perivascular MSC precursors, including pericytes and adventitial cells, and focus on their cellular kinetics: cell adhesion, migration, engraftment, homing, and intercellular cross-talk during tissue repair and regeneration.
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20
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Signal transduction in cerebral arteries after subarachnoid hemorrhage-a phosphoproteomic approach. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1259-69. [PMID: 23715060 PMCID: PMC3734778 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
After subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), pathologic changes in cerebral arteries contribute to delayed cerebral ischemia and poor outcome. We hypothesize such changes are triggered by early intracellular signals, targeting of which may prevent SAH-induced vasculopathy. We performed an unbiased quantitative analysis of early SAH-induced phosphorylations in cerebral arteries and evaluated identified signaling components as targets for prevention of delayed vasculopathy and ischemia. Labeled phosphopeptides from rat cerebral arteries were quantified by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Selected SAH-induced phosphorylations were validated by immunoblotting and monitored over a 24-hour time course post SAH. Moreover, inhibition of key phosphoproteins was performed. Major SAH-induced phosphorylations were observed on focal adhesion complexes, extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), calcium calmodulin-dependent kinase II, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) and c-Jun, the latter two downstream of ERK1/2. Inhibition of ERK1/2 6-hour post SAH prevented increases in cerebrovascular constrictor receptors, matrix metalloprotease-9, wall thickness, and improved neurologic outcome. STAT3 inhibition partially mimicked these effects. The study shows that quantitative mass spectrometry is a strong approach to study in vivo vascular signaling. Moreover, it shows that targeting of ERK1/2 prevents delayed pathologic changes in cerebral arteries and improves outcome, and identifies SAH-induced signaling components downstream and upstream of ERK1/2.
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21
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Ryu S, McDonnell K, Choi H, Gao D, Hahn M, Joshi N, Park SM, Catena R, Do Y, Brazin J, Vahdat LT, Silver RB, Mittal V. Suppression of miRNA-708 by polycomb group promotes metastases by calcium-induced cell migration. Cancer Cell 2013; 23:63-76. [PMID: 23328481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The progression of cancer to metastatic disease is a major cause of death. We identified miR-708 being transcriptionally repressed by polycomb repressor complex 2-induced H3K27 trimethylation in metastatic breast cancer. miR-708 targets the endoplasmic reticulum protein neuronatin to decrease intracellular calcium level, resulting in reduction of activation of ERK and FAK, decreased cell migration, and impaired metastases. Ectopic expression of neuronatin refractory to suppression by miR-708 rescued cell migration and metastasis defects. In patients with breast cancer, miR-708 expression was decreased in lymph node and distal metastases, suggesting a metastasis-suppressive role. Our findings uncover a mechanistic role for miR-708 in metastasis and provide a rationale for developing miR-708 as a therapeutic agent against metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongho Ryu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Fonseca C, Voabil P, Carvalho AS, Matthiesen R. Tools for protein posttranslational modifications analysis: FAK, a case study. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1007:335-58. [PMID: 23666734 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-392-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in mass spectrometry have resulted in an exponential increase in annotation of posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Just in the Swiss-Prot Knowledgebase, there are 89,931 of a total of 27 characterized PTM types reported experimentally. A single protein can be dynamically modified during its lifetime for regulation of its function. Considering a PTM can occur at different levels and the number of different PTMs described, the number of possibilities for a single protein is unthinkable. Narrowing the study to a single PTM can be rather unmerited considering that most proteins are heavily modified. Currently crosstalk between PTMs is plentifully reported in the literature. The example of amino acids serine and threonine on one hand and lysine on the other hand, as targets of different modifications, demand a more global analysis approach of a protein. Besides the direct competition for the same amino acid, a PTM can directly or indirectly influence other PTMs in the same protein molecule by for example steric hindrance due to close proximity between the modifications or creation of a binding site such as an SH2 binding domain for protein recruitment and further modifications. Given the complexity of PTMs a number of tools have been developed to archive, analyze, and visualize modifications. VISUALPROT is presented here to demonstrate the usefulness of visualizing all annotated protein features such as amino acid content, domains, amino acid modification sites and single amino acid polymorphisms in a single image. VISUALPROT application is demonstrated for the protein focal adhesion kinase (FAK) as an example. FAK is a highly phosphorylated cytoplasmatic tyrosine kinase comprising different domains and regions. FAK is crucial for integrating signals from integrins and receptor tyrosine kinases in processes such as cell survival, proliferation, and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Fonseca
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
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23
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Kaplan FM, Kugel CH, Dadpey N, Shao Y, Abel EV, Aplin AE. SHOC2 and CRAF mediate ERK1/2 reactivation in mutant NRAS-mediated resistance to RAF inhibitor. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41797-807. [PMID: 23076151 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.390906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ERK1/2 signaling is frequently dysregulated in tumors through BRAF mutation. Targeting mutant BRAF with vemurafenib frequently elicits therapeutic responses; however, durable effects are often limited by ERK1/2 pathway reactivation via poorly defined mechanisms. We generated mutant BRAF(V600E) melanoma cells that exhibit resistance to PLX4720, the tool compound for vemurafenib, that co-expressed mutant (Q61K) NRAS. In these BRAF(V600E)/NRAS(Q61K) co-expressing cells, re-activation of the ERK1/2 pathway during PLX4720 treatment was dependent on NRAS. Expression of mutant NRAS in parental BRAF(V600) cells was sufficient to by-pass PLX4720 effects on ERK1/2 signaling, entry into S phase and susceptibility to apoptosis in a manner dependent on the RAF binding site in NRAS. ERK1/2 activation in BRAF(V600E)/NRAS(Q61K) cells required CRAF only in the presence of PLX4720, indicating a switch in RAF isoform requirement. Both ERK1/2 activation and resistance to apoptosis of BRAF(V600E)/NRAS(Q61K) cells in the presence of PLX4720 was modulated by SHOC-2/Sur-8 expression, a RAS-RAF scaffold protein. These data show that NRAS mutations confer resistance to RAF inhibitors in mutant BRAF cells and alter RAF isoform and scaffold molecule requirements to re-activate the ERK1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred M Kaplan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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24
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Tolkin T, Christiaen L. Development and Evolution of the Ascidian Cardiogenic Mesoderm. Curr Top Dev Biol 2012; 100:107-42. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387786-4.00011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Kolodziej CM, Kim SH, Broyer RM, Saxer SS, Decker CG, Maynard HD. Combination of integrin-binding peptide and growth factor promotes cell adhesion on electron-beam-fabricated patterns. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 134:247-55. [PMID: 22126191 DOI: 10.1021/ja205524x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling cell adhesion on engineered scaffolds is important in biomaterials and tissue engineering. In this report we used an electron-beam (e-beam) lithography technique to fabricate patterns of a cell adhesive integrin ligand combined with a growth factor. Specifically, micron-sized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels with aminooxy- and styrene sulfonate-functional groups were fabricated. Cell adhesion moieties were introduced using a ketone-functionalized arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide to modify the O-hydroxylamines by oxime bond formation. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was immobilized by electrostatic interaction with the sulfonate groups. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) formed focal adhesion complexes on RGD- and RGD and bFGF-immobilized patterns as shown by immunostaining of vinculin and actin. In the presence of both bFGF and RGD, cell areas were larger. The data demonstrate confinement of cellular focal adhesions to chemically and physically well-controlled microenvironments created by a combination of e-beam lithography and "click" chemistry techniques. The results also suggest positive implications for addition of growth factors into adhesive patterns for cell-material interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Kolodziej
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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A novel function of p38-regulated/activated kinase in endothelial cell migration and tumor angiogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 32:606-18. [PMID: 22124154 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06301-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway has been implicated in both suppression and promotion of tumorigenesis. It remains unclear how these 2 opposite functions of p38 operate in vivo to impact cancer development. We previously reported that a p38 downstream kinase, p38-regulated/activated kinase (PRAK), suppresses tumor initiation and promotion by mediating oncogene-induced senescence in a murine skin carcinogenesis model. Here, using the same model, we show that once the tumors are formed, PRAK promotes the growth and progression of skin tumors. Further studies identify PRAK as a novel host factor essential for tumor angiogenesis. In response to tumor-secreted proangiogenic factors, PRAK is activated by p38 via a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2)-dependent mechanism in host endothelial cells, where it mediates cell migration toward tumors and incorporation of these cells into tumor vasculature, at least partly by regulating the phosphorylation and activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and cytoskeletal reorganization. These findings have uncovered a novel signaling circuit essential for endothelial cell motility and tumor angiogenesis. Moreover, we demonstrate that the tumor-suppressing and tumor-promoting functions of the p38-PRAK pathway are temporally and spatially separated during cancer development in vivo, relying on the stimulus, and the tissue type and the stage of cancer development in which it is activated.
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Arold ST. How focal adhesion kinase achieves regulation by linking ligand binding, localization and action. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2011; 21:808-13. [PMID: 22030387 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has an astonishing number of ligands and functions, which enable it to contribute to embryonic development and human health. FAK can promote different effects in similar cellular environments or similar effects in different cellular environments. Recent advances in structural and cellular analysis of FAK are starting to reveal the interrelationships between the conformations, localizations, interactions, and functions of FAK. This review focuses on our emerging understanding of how the structural framework of FAK mechanistically allows it to integrate manifold stimuli into environment-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan T Arold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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28
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Chu M, Iyengar R, Koshman YE, Kim T, Russell B, Martin JL, Heroux AL, Robia SL, Samarel AM. Serine-910 phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase is critical for sarcomere reorganization in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 92:409-19. [PMID: 21937583 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Tyrosine-phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is required for the hypertrophic response of cardiomyocytes to growth factors and mechanical load, but the role of FAK serine phosphorylation in this process is unknown. The aims of the present study were to characterize FAK serine phosphorylation in cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM), analyse its functional significance during hypertrophic signalling, and examine its potential role in the pathogenesis of human dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). METHODS AND RESULTS Endothelin-1 (ET-1) and other hypertrophic factors induced a time- and dose-dependent increase in FAK-S910 phosphorylation. ET-1-induced FAK-S910 phosphorylation required ET(A)R-dependent activation of PKCδ and Src via parallel Raf-1 → MEK1/2 → ERK1/2 and MEK5 → ERK5 signalling pathways. Replication-deficient adenoviruses expressing wild-type (WT) FAK and a non-phosphorylatable, S910A-FAK mutant were then used to examine the functional significance of FAK-S910 phosphorylation. Unlike WT-FAK, S910A-FAK increased the half-life of GFP-tagged paxillin within costameres (as determined by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching) and increased the steady-state FAK-paxillin interaction (as determined by co-immunoprecipitation and western blotting). These alterations resulted in reduced NRVM sarcomere reorganization and cell spreading. Finally, we found that FAK was serine-phosphorylated at multiple sites in non-failing, human left ventricular tissue. FAK-S910 phosphorylation and ERK5 expression were dramatically reduced in patients undergoing heart transplantation for end-stage DCM. CONCLUSION FAK undergoes S910 phosphorylation via PKCδ and Src-dependent pathways that are important for cell spreading and sarcomere reorganization. Reduced FAK-S910 phosphorylation may contribute to sarcomere disorganization in DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miensheng Chu
- Department of Physiology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
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29
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Flinder LI, Timofeeva OA, Rosseland CM, Wierød L, Huitfeldt HS, Skarpen E. EGF-induced ERK-activation downstream of FAK requires rac1-NADPH oxidase. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2267-78. [PMID: 21660950 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) function as signaling molecules mainly by reversible oxidation of redox-sensitive target proteins. ROS can be produced in response to integrin ligation and growth factor stimulation through Rac1 and its effector protein NADPH oxidase. One of the central roles of Rac1-NADPH oxidase is actin cytoskeletal rearrangement, which is essential for cell spreading and migration. Another important regulator of cell spread is focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a coordinator of integrin and growth factor signaling. Here, we propose a novel role for NADPH oxidase as a modulator of the FAK autophosphorylation site. We found that Rac1-NADPH oxidase enhanced the phosphorylation of FAK at Y397. This site regulates FAK's ability to act as a scaffold for EGF-mediated signaling, including activation of ERK. Accordingly, we found that EGF-induced activation of FAK at Y925, the following activation of ERK, and phosphorylation of FAK at the ERK-regulated S910-site depended upon NADPH oxidase. Furthermore, the inhibition of NADPH oxidase caused excessive focal adhesions, which is in accordance with ERK and FAK being modulators of focal adhesion dissociation. Our data suggest that Rac1 through NADPH oxidase is part of the signaling pathway constituted by FAK, Rac1, and ERK that regulates focal adhesion disassembly during cell spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv Ingrid Flinder
- Laboratory for Toxicopathology, Institute of Pathology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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30
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Shi C, Lu J, Wu W, Ma F, Georges J, Huang H, Balducci J, Chang Y, Huang Y. Endothelial cell-specific molecule 2 (ECSM2) localizes to cell-cell junctions and modulates bFGF-directed cell migration via the ERK-FAK pathway. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21482. [PMID: 21720547 PMCID: PMC3123356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite its first discovery by in silico cloning of novel endothelial cell-specific genes a decade ago, the biological functions of endothelial cell-specific molecule 2 (ECSM2) have only recently begun to be understood. Limited data suggest its involvement in cell migration and apoptosis. However, the underlying signaling mechanisms and novel functions of ECSM2 remain to be explored. Methodology/Principal Findings A rabbit anti-ECSM2 monoclonal antibody (RabMAb) was generated and used to characterize the endogenous ECSM2 protein. Immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, deglycosylation, immunostaining and confocal microscopy validated that endogenous ECSM2 is a plasma membrane glycoprotein preferentially expressed in vascular endothelial cells (ECs). Expression patterns of heterologously expressed and endogenous ECSM2 identified that ECSM2 was particularly concentrated at cell-cell contacts. Cell aggregation and transwell assays showed that ECSM2 promoted cell-cell adhesion and attenuated basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-driven EC migration. Gain or loss of function assays by overexpression or knockdown of ECSM2 in ECs demonstrated that ECSM2 modulated bFGF-directed EC motility via the FGF receptor (FGFR)-extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)-focal adhesion kinase (FAK) pathway. The counterbalance between FAK tyrosine phosphorylation (activation) and ERK-dependent serine phosphorylation of FAK was critically involved. A model of how ECSM2 signals to impact bFGF/FGFR-driven EC migration was proposed. Conclusions/Significance ECSM2 is likely a novel EC junctional protein. It can promote cell-cell adhesion and inhibit bFGF-mediated cell migration. Mechanistically, ECSM2 attenuates EC motility through the FGFR-ERK-FAK pathway. The findings suggest that ECSM2 could be a key player in coordinating receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-, integrin-, and EC junctional component-mediated signaling and may have important implications in disorders related to endothelial dysfunction and impaired EC junction signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwei Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fanxin Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Joseph Georges
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Hanju Huang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - James Balducci
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Yongchang Chang
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Yao Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Abstract
The Src/FAK complex is involved in many signaling pathways and plays crucial roles in cell adhesion/migration. It becomes clear that the subcellular localization of Src and FAK is crucial for their activities and functions. In this article, we first overview the molecular mechanisms and functions of Src and FAK involved in cell adhesion/migration. We then introduce the development of genetically encoded biosensors based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to visualize the activities of Src and FAK in live cells with high spatiotemporal resolutions. Different kinds of signal peptides targeting subcellular compartments are also discussed. FRET-based biosensors fused with these targeting signals peptides are further introduced to provide an overview on how these targeting signals can facilitate the localization of biosensors to continuously monitor the local activity of Src and FAK at subcellular compartments. In summary, genetically-encoded FRET biosensors integrated with subcellular compartment-targeting signals can provide powerful tools for the visualization of subcellular Src and FAK activities in live cells and advance our in-depth understanding of Src/FAK functions at different subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Seong
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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32
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Wang S, Basson MD. Akt directly regulates focal adhesion kinase through association and serine phosphorylation: implication for pressure-induced colon cancer metastasis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 300:C657-70. [PMID: 21209368 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00377.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is typically considered upstream of Akt, extracellular pressure stimulates cancer cell adhesion via Akt-dependent FAK activation. How Akt regulates FAK is unknown. We studied Akt-FAK interaction in colon cancer cells under 15 mmHg increased extracellular pressure. Pressure enhanced Akt-FAK association, blocked by inhibiting FAK or silencing Akt1 but not Akt2, and stimulated FAK serine phosphorylation in Caco-2 and human colon cancer cells from surgical specimens Akt1-dependently. FAK includes three serine (S517/601/695) and one threonine (T600)-containing consensus sequences for Akt phosphorylation. Studying S->A nonphosphorylatable point mutants suggests that these sites coordinately upregulate FAK Y397 tyrosine phosphorylation, which conventionally initiates FAK activation, and mediate pressure-induced cancer cell adhesion. FAK(T600A) mutation did not prevent pressure-induced FAK(Y397) phosphorylation or adhesion. Akt1 appeared to directly bind FAK, and this binding did not depend on the FAK autophosphorylation site (Y397). In addition, our results demonstrated that Akt phosphorylated FAK at three novel serine phosphorylation sites, which were also not required for FAK-Akt binding. This novel interaction suggests that FAK and Akt may be dual kinase targets to prevent cancer cell adhesion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouye Wang
- Dept. of Surgery, Michigan State Univ., 1200 East Michigan Ave., Suite No. 655, Lansing, MI 48912, USA
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33
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Kaplan FM, Shao Y, Mayberry MM, Aplin AE. Hyperactivation of MEK-ERK1/2 signaling and resistance to apoptosis induced by the oncogenic B-RAF inhibitor, PLX4720, in mutant N-RAS melanoma cells. Oncogene 2010; 30:366-71. [PMID: 20818433 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Activating mutations in B-RAF and N-RAS occur in ∼60 and ∼15% of melanomas, respectively. The most common mutation in B-RAF is V600E, which activates B-RAF and the downstream MEK-ERK1/2 pathway. Thus, B-RAF(V600E) is a viable therapeutic target. PLX4720 is a selective inhibitor of mutant B-RAF and its analog, PLX4032, is currently undergoing clinical trials in melanoma. However, the effects of PLX4720 across the genotypic spectrum in melanoma remain unclear. Here, we describe that PLX4720 treatment rapidly induces hyperactivation of the MEK-ERK1/2 pathway in mutant N-RAS melanoma cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that C-RAF is the major RAF isoform involved in this process. Importantly, PLX4720-induced hyperactivation of the MEK-ERK1/2 pathway promotes resistance to apoptosis in both non-invasive and invasive mutant N-RAS melanoma cells but does not enhance cell cycle properties. These findings underscore the need to genotypically stratify melanoma patients before enrollment on a mutant B-RAF inhibitor trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Kaplan
- Department of Cancer Biology and Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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34
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Thomas M, Felcht M, Kruse K, Kretschmer S, Deppermann C, Biesdorf A, Rohr K, Benest AV, Fiedler U, Augustin HG. Angiopoietin-2 stimulation of endothelial cells induces alphavbeta3 integrin internalization and degradation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:23842-9. [PMID: 20519501 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.097543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The angiopoietins (Ang-1 and Ang-2) have been identified as agonistic and antagonistic ligands of the endothelial receptor tyrosine kinase Tie2, respectively. Both ligands have been demonstrated to induce translocation of Tie2 to cell-cell junctions. However, only Ang-1 induces Tie2-dependent Akt activation and subsequent survival signaling and endothelial quiescence. Ang-2 interferes negatively with Ang-1/Tie2 signaling, thereby antagonizing the Ang-1/Tie2 axis. Here, we show that both Ang-1 and Ang-2 recruit beta3 integrins to Tie2. This co-localization is most prominent in cell-cell junctions. However, only Ang-2 stimulation resulted in complex formation among Tie2, alphavbeta3 integrin, and focal adhesion kinase as evidenced by co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Focal adhesion kinase was phosphorylated in the FAT domain at Ser(910) upon Ang-2 stimulation and the adaptor proteins p130Cas and talin dissociated from alphavbeta3 integrin. The alphavbeta3 integrin was internalized, ubiquitinylated, and gated toward lysosomes. Taken together, the experiments define Tie2/alphavbeta3 integrin association-induced integrin internalization and degradation as mechanistic consequences of endothelial Ang-2 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Thomas
- Joint Research Division Vascular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim (CBTM), Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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35
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Zheng Y, Xia Y, Hawke D, Halle M, Tremblay ML, Gao X, Zhou XZ, Aldape K, Cobb MH, Xie K, He J, Lu Z. FAK phosphorylation by ERK primes ras-induced tyrosine dephosphorylation of FAK mediated by PIN1 and PTP-PEST. Mol Cell 2009; 35:11-25. [PMID: 19595712 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activated Ras has been found in many types of cancer. However, the mechanism underlying Ras-promoted tumor metastasis remains unclear. We demonstrate here that activated Ras induces tyrosine dephosphorylation and inhibition of FAK mediated by the Ras downstream Fgd1-Cdc42-PAK1-MEK-ERK signaling cascade. ERK phosphorylates FAK S910 and recruits PIN1 and PTP-PEST, which colocalize with FAK at the lamellipodia of migrating cells. PIN1 binding and prolyl isomerization of FAK cause PTP-PEST to interact with and dephosphorylate FAK Y397. Inhibition of FAK mediated by this signal relay promotes Ras-induced cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. These findings uncover the importance of sequential modification of FAK-by serine phosphorylation, isomerization, and tyrosine dephosphorylation--in the regulation of FAK activity and, thereby, in Ras-related tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Zheng
- Brain Tumor Center and Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Vallejo-Illarramendi A, Zang K, Reichardt LF. Focal adhesion kinase is required for neural crest cell morphogenesis during mouse cardiovascular development. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:2218-30. [PMID: 19587446 DOI: 10.1172/jci38194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) participate in the remodeling of the cardiac outflow tract and pharyngeal arch arteries during cardiovascular development. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) mediates signal transduction by integrin and growth factor receptors, each of which is important for normal cardiovascular development. To investigate the role of FAK in NCC morphogenesis, we deleted it in murine NCCs using Wnt1cre, yielding craniofacial and cardiovascular malformations resembling those observed in individuals with DiGeorge syndrome. In these mice, we observed normal cardiac NCC migration but reduced differentiation into smooth muscle within the aortic arch arteries and impaired cardiac outflow tract rotation, which resulted in a dextroposed aortic root. Moreover, within the conotruncal cushions, Fak-deficient NCCs formed a less organized mesenchyme, with reduced expression of perlecan and semaphorin 3C, and exhibited disorganized F-actin stress fibers within the aorticopulmonary septum. Additionally, absence of Fak resulted in reduced in vivo phosphorylation of Crkl and Erk1/2, components of a signaling pathway essential for NCC development. Consistent with this, both TGF-beta and FGF induced FAK and Crkl phosphorylation in control but not Fak-deficient NCCs in vitro. Our results indicate that FAK plays an essential role in cardiac outflow tract development by promoting the activation of molecules such as Crkl and Erk1/2.
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Palumbo R, De Marchis F, Pusterla T, Conti A, Alessio M, Bianchi ME. Src family kinases are necessary for cell migration induced by extracellular HMGB1. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:617-23. [PMID: 19401391 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0908581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
HMGB1 is a nuclear protein that signals tissue damage, as it is released by cells dying traumatically or secreted by activated innate immunity cells. Extracellular HMGB1 elicits the migration to the site of tissue damage of several cell types, including inflammatory cells and stem cells. The identity of the signaling pathways activated by extracellular HMGB1 is not known completely: We reported previously that ERK and NF-kappaB pathways are involved, and we report here that Src is also activated. The ablation of Src or inhibition with the kinase inhibitor PP2 blocks migration toward HMGB1. Src associates to and mediates the phosphorylation of FAK and the formation of focal adhesions.
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38
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Manso AM, Kang SM, Plotnikov SV, Thievessen I, Oh J, Beggs HE, Ross RS. Cardiac fibroblasts require focal adhesion kinase for normal proliferation and migration. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 296:H627-38. [PMID: 19136609 PMCID: PMC2660223 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00444.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Migration and proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) play an important role in the myocardial remodeling process. While many factors have been identified that regulate CF growth and migration, less is known about the signaling mechanisms involved in these processes. Here, we utilized Cre-LoxP technology to obtain focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-deficient adult mouse CFs and studied how FAK functioned in modulating cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration of these cells. Treatment of FAK(flox/flox) CFs with Ad/Cre virus caused over 70% reduction of FAK protein levels within a cell population. FAK-deficient CFs showed no changes in focal adhesions, cell morphology, or protein expression levels of vinculin, talin, or paxillin; proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) expression and activity were increased. Knockdown of FAK protein in CFs increased PDGF-BB-induced proliferation, while it reduced PDGF-BB-induced migration. Adhesion to fibronectin was not altered. To distinguish between the function of FAK and Pyk2, FAK function was inhibited via adenoviral-mediated overexpression of the natural FAK inhibitor FAK-related nonkinase (FRNK). Ad/FRNK had no effect on Pyk2 expression, inhibited the PDGF-BB-induced migration, but did not change the PDGF-BB-induced proliferation. FAK deficiency had only modest effects on increasing PDGF-BB activation of p38 and JNK MAPKs, with no alteration in the ERK response vs. control cells. These results demonstrate that FAK is required for the PDGF-BB-induced migratory response of adult mouse CFs and suggest that FAK could play an essential role in the wound-healing response that occurs in numerous cardiac pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Manso
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
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Park AYJ, Shen TL, Chien S, Guan JL. Role of focal adhesion kinase Ser-732 phosphorylation in centrosome function during mitosis. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:9418-25. [PMID: 19201755 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m809040200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is the major cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase in focal adhesions and a critical mediator of integrin signaling in a variety of cells, including endothelial cells (ECs). Here we describe a new function for FAK in the regulation of centrosome functions in a Ser-732 phosphorylation-dependent manner during mitosis. Deletion of FAK in primary ECs causes increases in centrosome numbers, multipolar and disorganized spindles, and unaligned chromosomes during mitosis. Re-expression of wild-type FAK, but not S732A mutant, rescued these mitotic defects, suggesting a role for Ser-732 phosphorylation in the regulation of centrosomal functions. Consistent with this possibility, Ser-732-phosphorylated FAK was found to co-localize in centrosomes in mitotic cells. FAK also associated with cytoplasmic dynein in a Ser-732 phosphorylation-dependent manner. Further analysis in FAK-null primary ECs showed that S732A mutant could rescue EC migration but not proliferation or tubulogenesis in vitro. Last, we showed that deletion of FAK in ECs reduced tumor angiogenesis in vivo, which could be restored by re-expression of wild-type FAK but not S732A mutant. Together, these studies demonstrated a novel role for Ser-732 phosphorylation of FAK in the regulation of centrosome function during mitosis, which may contribute to EC proliferation and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Y J Park
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Hayashida T, Wu MH, Pierce A, Poncelet AC, Varga J, Schnaper HW. MAP-kinase activity necessary for TGFbeta1-stimulated mesangial cell type I collagen expression requires adhesion-dependent phosphorylation of FAK tyrosine 397. J Cell Sci 2008; 120:4230-40. [PMID: 18032789 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The signals mediating transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)-stimulated kidney fibrogenesis are poorly understood. We previously reported TGFbeta-stimulated, Smad-mediated collagen production by human kidney mesangial cells, and that ERK MAP kinase activity optimizes collagen expression and enhances phosphorylation of the Smad3 linker region. Furthermore, we showed that disrupting cytoskeletal integrity decreases type I collagen production. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK, PTK2) activity could integrate these findings. Adhesion-dependent FAK Y397 phosphorylation was detected basally, whereas FAK Y925 phosphorylation was TGFbeta1-dependent. By immunocytochemistry, TGFbeta1 stimulated the merging of phosphorylated FAK with the ends of thickening stress fibers. Cells cultured on poly-L-lysine (pLL) to promote integrin-independent attachment spread less than those on control substrate and failed to demonstrate focal adhesion (FA) engagement with F-actin. FAK Y397 phosphorylation and ERK activity were also decreased under these conditions. In cells with decreased FAK Y397 phosphorylation from either plating on pLL or overexpressing a FAK Y397F point mutant, serine phosphorylation of the Smad linker region, but not of the C-terminus, was reduced. Y397F and Y925F FAK point mutants inhibited TGFbeta-induced Elk-Gal activity, but only the Y397F mutant inhibited TGFbeta-stimulated collagen-promoter activity. The inhibition by the Y397F mutant or by culture on pLL was prevented by co-transfection of constitutively active ERK MAP kinase kinase (MEK), suggesting that FAK Y397 phosphorylation promotes collagen expression via ERK MAP kinase activity. Finally, Y397 FAK phosphorylation, and both C-terminal and linker-region Smad3 phosphorylation were detected in murine TGFbeta-dependent kidney fibrosis. Together, these data demonstrate adhesion-dependent FAK phosphorylation promoting TGFbeta-induced responses to regulate collagen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Hayashida
- Division of Kidney Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, The Freinberg School Of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Papakonstanti EA, Stournaras C. Cell responses regulated by early reorganization of actin cytoskeleton. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:2120-7. [PMID: 18325339 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Microfilaments exist in a dynamic equilibrium between monomeric and polymerized actin and the ratio of monomers to polymeric forms is influenced by a variety of extracellular stimuli. The polymerization, depolymerization and redistribution of actin filaments are modulated by several actin-binding proteins, which are regulated by upstream signalling molecules. Actin cytoskeleton is involved in diverse cellular functions including migration, ion channels activity, secretion, apoptosis and cell survival. In this review we have outlined the role of actin dynamics in representative cell functions induced by the early response to extracellular stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Papakonstanti
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Crete, GR-71110, Heraklion-Voutes, Greece.
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42
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Brink TC, Sudheer S, Janke D, Jagodzinska J, Jung M, Adjaye J. The origins of human embryonic stem cells: a biological conundrum. Cells Tissues Organs 2007; 188:9-22. [PMID: 18160822 DOI: 10.1159/000112843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human inner cell mass (ICM) cells isolated from in vitro fertilized blastocysts are the progenitor cells used to establish in vitro stable human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) which are pluripotent and self-renew indefinitely. This long-term perpetuation of hESCs in the undifferentiated state is thought to be an in vitro adaptation of the ICM cells. To investigate at the molecular level how hESCs acquired their unique properties, transcriptional profiles of isolated ICM cells and undifferentiated hESCs were compared. We identified 33 genes enriched in the ICM compared to the trophectoderm and hESCs. These genes are involved in signaling cascades (SEMA7A and MAP3K10), cell proliferation (CUZD1 and MS4A7) and chromatin remodeling (H1FOO and HRMT1L4). Furthermore, primordial germ cell-specific genes (SGCA and TEX11) were detected as expressed in the ICM cells and not hESCs. We propose that the transcriptional differences observed between ICM cells and hESCs might be accounted for by adaptive reprogramming events induced by the in vitro culture conditions which are distinct from that of in vitro fertilized blastocysts. hESCs are a distinct cell type lacking in the human embryo but, nonetheless, resemble the ICM in their ability to differentiate into cells representative of the endodermal, ectodermal and mesodermal cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thore C Brink
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics (Molecular Embryology and Aging), Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists, including neurotransmitters, hormones, chemokines, and bioactive lipids, act as potent cellular growth factors and have been implicated in a variety of normal and abnormal processes, including development, inflammation, and malignant transformation. Typically, the binding of an agonistic ligand to its cognate GPCR triggers the activation of multiple signal transduction pathways that act in a synergistic and combinatorial fashion to relay the mitogenic signal to the nucleus and promote cell proliferation. A rapid increase in the activity of phospholipases C, D, and A2 leading to the synthesis of lipid-derived second messengers, Ca2+ fluxes and subsequent activation of protein phosphorylation cascades, including PKC/PKD, Raf/MEK/ERK, and Akt/mTOR/p70S6K is an important early response to mitogenic GPCR agonists. The EGF receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase has emerged as a transducer in the signaling by GPCRs, a process termed transactivation. GPCR signal transduction also induces striking morphological changes and rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple cellular proteins, including the non-receptor tyrosine kinases Src, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and the adaptor proteins CAS and paxillin. The pathways stimulated by GPCRs are extensively interconnected by synergistic and antagonistic crosstalks that play a critical role in signal transmission, integration, and dissemination. The purpose of this article is to review recent advances in defining the pathways that play a role in transducing mitogenic responses induced by GPCR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Rozengurt
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1786, USA.
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Villa-Moruzzi E. Targeting of FAK Ser910 by ERK5 and PP1delta in non-stimulated and phorbol ester-stimulated cells. Biochem J 2007; 408:7-18. [PMID: 17692050 PMCID: PMC2049076 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ser910 of FAK (focal adhesion kinase) was phosphorylated in fibroblasts treated with the phorbol ester PMA and dephosphorylated by PP1d (protein phosphatase 1d), as indicated by shRNA (small-hairpin RNA) gene silencing. Ser910 of FAK was reported previously to be an ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) 1/2 target in cells treated with phorbol esters. In contrast, various approaches, including the use of the MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase) inhibitors UO126 and CI-1040 to inhibit ERK1/2 pointed to the involvement of ERK5. This hypothesis was confirmed by: (i) shRNA ERK5 gene silencing, which resulted in complete pSer910 loss in non-stimulated and PMA-stimulated cells; (ii) direct phosphorylation of recombinant FAK by ERK5; and (iii) ERK5 activation by PMA. PMA stimulation and ERK5 silencing in MDA-MB 231 and MDA-MB 361 breast cancer cells indicated Ser910 targeting by ERK5 also in these cells. Given the proximity of Ser910 to the FAT (focal adhesion targeting) regulatory domain of FAK, cell proliferation and morphology were investigated in FAK-/- cells expressing S910A mutant FAK. The cell growth rate decreased and exposure to PMA induced peculiar morphological changes in cells expressing S910A, with respect to wild-type FAK, suggesting a role for Ser910 in these processes. The present study indicates, for the first time, the phosphorylation of Ser910 of FAK by ERK5 and its dephosphorylation by PP1d, and suggested a role for Ser910 in the control of cell shape and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Villa-Moruzzi
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Sezione Patologia Generale, via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Thamilselvan V, Craig DH, Basson MD. FAK association with multiple signal proteins mediates pressure-induced colon cancer cell adhesion via a Src-dependent PI3K/Akt pathway. FASEB J 2007; 21:1730-41. [PMID: 17317726 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-6545com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cell adhesion is traditionally viewed as random, occurring if the cell's receptors match the substrate. Cancer cells are subjected to pressure and shear during growth against a constraining stroma, surgical manipulation, and passage through the venous and lymphatic system. Cells shed into a cavity such as the abdomen postoperatively also experience increased pressure from postoperative edema. Increased extracellular pressure stimulates integrin-mediated cancer cell adhesion via FAK and Src. PI 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors (LY294002 or wortmannin), Akt inhibitors, or Akt1 siRNA blocked adhesion stimulated by 15 mmHg pressure in SW620 or primary human malignant colonocytes. Pressure activated PI3K, tyrosine-phosphorylated and membrane-translocated the p85 subunit, and phosphorylated Akt. PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) prevented pressure-stimulated Akt Ser473 and FAK Tyr397, but not FAK576 or Src416 phosphorylation. PP2 inhibited PI3K activity and Akt phosphorylation. FAK siRNA did not affect pressure-induced PI3K activation but blocked Akt phosphorylation. Pressure also stimulated FAK or FAKY397F mutant translocation to the membrane. Akt inhibitor IV blocked pressure-induced Akt and FAK translocation. Pressure activated Src- and PI3K-dependently induced p85 interaction with FAK, and FAK with beta1 integrin. These results delineate a novel force-activated inside-out Src/PI3K/FAK/Akt pathway by which cancer cells regulate their own adhesion. These signals may be potential targets for inhibition of metastatic adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalakshmi Thamilselvan
- Department of Surgery, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, 4646 John R. St., Detroit, Michigan 48201-1932, USA
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Golubovskaya VM, Cance WG. Focal adhesion kinase and p53 signaling in cancer cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2007; 263:103-53. [PMID: 17725966 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(07)63003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The progression of human cancer is characterized by a process of tumor cell motility, invasion, and metastasis to distant sites, requiring the cancer cells to be able to survive the apoptotic pressures of anchorage-independent conditions. One of the critical tyrosine kinases linked to these processes of tumor invasion and survival is the focal adhesion kinase (FAK). FAK was first isolated from human tumors, and FAK mRNA was found to be upregulated in invasive and metastatic human breast and colon cancer samples. Recently, the FAK promoter was cloned, and it has been found to contain p53-binding sites. p53 inhibits FAK transcription, and recent data show direct binding of FAK and p53 proteins in vitro and in vivo. The structure of FAK and p53, proteins interacting with FAK, and the role of FAK in tumorigenesis and FAK-p53-related therapy are reviewed. This review focuses on FAK signal transduction pathways, particularly on FAK and p53 signaling, revealing a new paradigm in cell biology, linking signaling from the extracellular matrix to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vita M Golubovskaya
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida School of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Jiang X, Sinnett-Smith J, Rozengurt E. Differential FAK phosphorylation at Ser-910, Ser-843 and Tyr-397 induced by angiotensin II, LPA and EGF in intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Signal 2006; 19:1000-10. [PMID: 17240116 PMCID: PMC1868572 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A rapid increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase FAK is a prominent early event in fibroblasts stimulated by a variety of signaling molecules. However, a variety of epithelial cells, including intestinal epithelial cells, show a high basal level of tyrosine phosphorylated FAK that is only slightly further increased by addition of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists or growth factors. In this study, we determined whether these stimuli could elicit FAK phosphorylation at serine residues, including Ser-910 and Ser-843. Our results show that multiple agonists including angiotensin II (ANGII), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), phorbol esters and EGF induced a striking stimulation of FAK phosphorylation at Ser-910 in rat intestinal epithelial IEC-18 cells via an ERK-dependent pathway. In striking contrast, none of these stimuli promoted a significant further increase in FAK phosphorylation at Tyr-397 in these cells. These results were extended using cultures of polarized human colonic epithelial T84 cells. We found that either carbachol or EGF promoted a striking ERK-dependent phosphorylation of FAK at Ser-910, but these agonists caused only slight stimulation of FAK at Tyr-397 in T84 cells. In addition, we demonstrated that GPCR agonists also induced a dramatic increase of FAK phosphorylation at Ser-843 in either IEC-18 or T84 cells. Our results indicate that Ser-910 and Ser-843, rather than Tyr-397, are prominent sites differentially phosphorylated in response to neurotransmitters, bioactive lipids, tumor promoters and growth factors in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Jiang
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-178622, USA
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Basson MD, Sanders MA, Gomez R, Hatfield J, Vanderheide R, Thamilselvan V, Zhang J, Walsh MF. Focal adhesion kinase protein levels in gut epithelial motility. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 291:G491-9. [PMID: 16899713 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00292.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal healing requires migration and proliferation. Most studies of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a protein that regulates motility, proliferation, and apoptosis, have focused on rapid phosphorylation. We reported lower FAK protein levels in motile Caco-2 colon cancer cells and postulated that this reduction in FAK available for activation might impact cell migration and mucosal healing. Therefore, total and active FAK (FAK(397)) immunoreactivity was assessed at the migrating fronts of human Caco-2 and rat IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cells. Caco-2 and IEC-6 motility, quantitated as migration into linear or circular wounds, was examined following FAK protein inhibition by small interfering RNA (siRNA). FAK protein stability and mRNA expression were ascertained by cycloheximide decay, RT-PCR, and in situ hybridization in static and migrating Caco-2 cells. Cells at the migrating front of Caco-2 and IEC-6 monolayers exhibited lower immunostaining for both total and activated FAK than cells immediately behind the front. Western blot analysis also demonstrated diminished FAK protein levels in motile cells by >/=30% in both the differential density seeding and multiple scrape models. siRNA FAK protein inhibition enhanced motility in both the linear scrape (20% in Caco-2) and circular wound (16% in Caco-2 and 19% in IEC-6 cells) models. FAK protein degradation did not differ in motile and static Caco-2 cells and was unaffected by FAK(397) phosphorylation, but FAK mRNA was lower in migrating Caco-2 cells. Thus FAK protein abundance appears regulated at the mRNA level during gut epithelial cell motility and may influence epithelial cell migration coordinately with signals that modify FAK phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc D Basson
- Chief, Surgical Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, 4646 John R. St., Detroit, MI 48201-1932, USA.
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Reiland J, Kempf D, Roy M, Denkins Y, Marchetti D. FGF2 binding, signaling, and angiogenesis are modulated by heparanase in metastatic melanoma cells. Neoplasia 2006; 8:596-606. [PMID: 16867222 PMCID: PMC1601937 DOI: 10.1593/neo.06244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase (HPSE) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) are critical regulators of melanoma angiogenesis and metastasis. Elevated HPSE expression contributes to melanoma progression; however, further augmentation of HPSE presence can inhibit tumorigenicity. HPSE enzymatically cleaves heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains (HS) from proteoglycans. HS act as both low-affinity FGF2 receptors and coreceptors in the formation of high-affinity FGF2 receptors. We have investigated HPSE's ability to modulate FGF2 activity through HS remodeling. Extensive HPSE degradation of human metastatic melanoma cells (70W) inhibited FGF2 binding. Unexpectedly, treatment of 70W cells with low HPSE concentrations enhanced FGF2 binding. In addition, HPSE-unexposed cells did not phosphorylate extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) or focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in response to FGF2. Conversely, in cells treated with HPSE, FGF2 stimulated ERK and FAK phosphorylation. Secondly, the presence of soluble HPSE-degraded HS enhanced FGF2 binding and ERK phosphorylation at low HS concentrations. Higher concentrations of soluble HS inhibited FGF2 binding, but FGF2 signaling through ERK remained enhanced. Soluble HS were unable to support FGF2-stimulated FAK phosphorylation irrespective of HPSE treatment. Finally, cell exposure to HPSE or to HPSE-degraded HS modulated FGF2-induced angiogenesis in melanoma. In conclusion, these effects suggest relevant mechanisms for the HPSE modulation of melanoma growth factor responsiveness and tumorigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Reiland
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences-SVM, Louisiana State University-Baton Rouge, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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50
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Bianchi M, De Lucchini S, Marin O, Turner D, Hanks S, Villa-Moruzzi E. Regulation of FAK Ser-722 phosphorylation and kinase activity by GSK3 and PP1 during cell spreading and migration. Biochem J 2006; 391:359-70. [PMID: 15975092 PMCID: PMC1276935 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In addition to tyrosine sites, FAK (focal adhesion kinase) is phosphorylated on multiple serine residues. In the present study, the regulation of two of these sites, Ser-722 (S1) and Ser-911 (S4), was investigated. Phosphorylation of S1 (but not S4) decreased in resuspended cells, and recovered during spreading on fibronectin, indicating adhesion-dependent regulation. GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3) inhibitors decreased S1 phosphorylation, and siRNA (short interfering RNA) silencing indicated further the involvement of GSK3beta. Furthermore, GSK3beta was found to become activated during cell spreading on fibronectin, and to physically associate with FAK. S1 phosphorylation was observed to decrease in wounded cell monolayers, while GSK3beta underwent inactivation and later was observed to increase to the original level within 24 h. Direct phosphorylation of S1, requiring pre-phosphorylation of Ser-726 in the +4 position, was demonstrated using purified GSK3 and a synthetic peptide containing FAK residues 714-730. An inhibitory role for S1 phosphorylation in FAK signalling was indicated by findings that both alanine substitution for S1 and dephosphorylation of S1 by PP1 (serine/threonine protein phosphatase type-1) resulted in an increase in FAK kinase activity; likewise, this role was also shown by cell treatment with the GSK3 inhibitor LiCl. The inhibitory role was confirmed by the finding that cells expressing FAK with alanine substitution for S1 displayed improved cell spreading and faster migration in wound-healing and trans-well assays. Finally, the finding that S1 phosphorylation increased in cells treated with the PP1 inhibitor okadaic acid indicated targeting of this site by PP1. These results indicate an additional mechanism for regulation of FAK activity during cell spreading and migration, involving Ser-722 phosphorylation modulated through the competing actions of GSK3beta and PP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarita Bianchi
- *Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefania De Lucchini
- †Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratories, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Pisa, 56010 Pisa, Italy
- ‡Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Oriano Marin
- §Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - David L. Turner
- ∥Department of Biological Chemistry and Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, U.S.A
| | - Steven K. Hanks
- ¶Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, U.S.A
| | - Emma Villa-Moruzzi
- *Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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