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Farrugia BL, Melrose J. The Glycosaminoglycan Side Chains and Modular Core Proteins of Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycans and the Varied Ways They Provide Tissue Protection by Regulating Physiological Processes and Cellular Behaviour. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14101. [PMID: 37762403 PMCID: PMC10531531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the roles of HS-proteoglycans (HS-PGs) in general, and, in particular, perlecan and syndecan as representative examples and their interactive ligands, which regulate physiological processes and cellular behavior in health and disease. HS-PGs are essential for the functional properties of tissues both in development and in the extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling that occurs in response to trauma or disease. HS-PGs interact with a biodiverse range of chemokines, chemokine receptors, protease inhibitors, and growth factors in immune regulation, inflammation, ECM stabilization, and tissue protection. Some cell regulatory proteoglycan receptors are dually modified hybrid HS/CS proteoglycans (betaglycan, CD47). Neurexins provide synaptic stabilization, plasticity, and specificity of interaction, promoting neurotransduction, neurogenesis, and differentiation. Ternary complexes of glypican-1 and Robbo-Slit neuroregulatory proteins direct axonogenesis and neural network formation. Specific neurexin-neuroligin complexes stabilize synaptic interactions and neural activity. Disruption in these interactions leads to neurological deficits in disorders of functional cognitive decline. Interactions with HS-PGs also promote or inhibit tumor development. Thus, HS-PGs have complex and diverse regulatory roles in the physiological processes that regulate cellular behavior and the functional properties of normal and pathological tissues. Specialized HS-PGs, such as the neurexins, pikachurin, and Eyes-shut, provide synaptic stabilization and specificity of neural transduction and also stabilize the axenome primary cilium of phototoreceptors and ribbon synapse interactions with bipolar neurons of retinal neural networks, which are essential in ocular vision. Pikachurin and Eyes-Shut interactions with an α-dystroglycan stabilize the photoreceptor synapse. Novel regulatory roles for HS-PGs controlling cell behavior and tissue function are expected to continue to be uncovered in this fascinating class of proteoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L. Farrugia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Raymond Purves Laboratory of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School (Northern), University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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Rousselle P, Laigle C, Rousselet G. The basement membrane in epidermal polarity, stemness, and regeneration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1807-C1822. [PMID: 36374168 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00069.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is a specialized epithelium that constitutes the outermost layer of the skin, and it provides a protective barrier against environmental assaults. Primarily consisting of multilayered keratinocytes, the epidermis is continuously renewed by proliferation of stem cells and the differentiation of their progeny, which undergo terminal differentiation as they leave the basal layer and move upward toward the surface, where they die and slough off. Basal keratinocytes rest on a basement membrane at the dermal-epidermal junction that is composed of specific extracellular matrix proteins organized into interactive and mechanically supportive networks. Firm attachment of basal keratinocytes, and their dynamic regulation via focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes, is essential for maintaining major skin processes, such as self-renewal, barrier function, and resistance to physical and chemical stresses. The adhesive integrin receptors expressed by epidermal cells serve structural, signaling, and mechanosensory roles that are critical for epidermal cell anchorage and tissue homeostasis. More specifically, the basement membrane components play key roles in preserving the stem cell pool, and establishing cell polarity cues enabling asymmetric cell divisions, which result in the transition from a proliferative basal cell layer to suprabasal cells committed to terminal differentiation. Finally, through a well-regulated sequence of synthesis and remodeling, the components of the dermal-epidermal junction play an essential role in regeneration of the epidermis during skin healing. Here too, they provide biological and mechanical signals that are essential to the restoration of barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rousselle
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Chloé Laigle
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Gaelle Rousselet
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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3
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Signaling Pathways Associated with Chronic Wound Progression: A Systems Biology Approach. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081506. [PMID: 36009225 PMCID: PMC9404828 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we have shown that several oxidative stress-driven pathways in cutaneous chronic wounds are dysregulated in the first 48 h post-wounding. Here, we performed an RNASeq analysis of tissues collected up to day 20 after wounding, when we have determined full chronicity is established. Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis was performed in R segregating the genes into 14 modules. Genes in the modules significantly correlated (p < 0.05) to early and full chronicity were used for pathway analysis using pathfindR. In early chronicity, we observed enrichment of several pathways. Dysregulation of Ephrin/Eph signaling leads to growth cone collapse and impairs neuronal regeneration. Adra2b and Adra2a overexpression in early and full chronicity, respectively, decreased cAMP production and impaired re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation. Several pathways involving a Smooth-muscle-actin (Acta1) were also enriched with Acta1 overexpression contributing to impaired angiogenesis. During full chronicity, the ‘JAK-STAT’ pathway was suppressed undermining host defenses against infection. Wnt signaling was also suppressed, impairing re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation. Biomarkers of cancer such as overexpression of SDC1 and constitutive activation of ErbB2/HER2 were also identified. In conclusion, we show that during progression to full chronicity, numerous signaling pathways are dysregulated, including some related to carcinogenesis, suggesting that chronic wounds behave much like cancer. Experimental verification in vivo could identify candidates for treatment of chronic wounds.
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What Are the Potential Roles of Nuclear Perlecan and Other Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycans in the Normal and Malignant Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094415. [PMID: 33922532 PMCID: PMC8122901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of nuclear and perinuclear perlecan in annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus cells and its known matrix stabilizing properties in tissues introduces the possibility that perlecan may also have intracellular stabilizing or regulatory roles through interactions with nuclear envelope or cytoskeletal proteins or roles in nucleosomal-chromatin organization that may regulate transcriptional factors and modulate gene expression. The nucleus is a mechano-sensor organelle, and sophisticated dynamic mechanoresponsive cytoskeletal and nuclear envelope components support and protect the nucleus, allowing it to perceive and respond to mechano-stimulation. This review speculates on the potential roles of perlecan in the nucleus based on what is already known about nuclear heparan sulphate proteoglycans. Perlecan is frequently found in the nuclei of tumour cells; however, its specific role in these diseased tissues is largely unknown. The aim of this review is to highlight probable roles for this intriguing interactive regulatory proteoglycan in the nucleus of normal and malignant cell types.
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Niland S, Eble JA. Hold on or Cut? Integrin- and MMP-Mediated Cell-Matrix Interactions in the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010238. [PMID: 33379400 PMCID: PMC7794804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) has become the focus of interest in cancer research and treatment. It includes the extracellular matrix (ECM) and ECM-modifying enzymes that are secreted by cancer and neighboring cells. The ECM serves both to anchor the tumor cells embedded in it and as a means of communication between the various cellular and non-cellular components of the TME. The cells of the TME modify their surrounding cancer-characteristic ECM. This in turn provides feedback to them via cellular receptors, thereby regulating, together with cytokines and exosomes, differentiation processes as well as tumor progression and spread. Matrix remodeling is accomplished by altering the repertoire of ECM components and by biophysical changes in stiffness and tension caused by ECM-crosslinking and ECM-degrading enzymes, in particular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). These can degrade ECM barriers or, by partial proteolysis, release soluble ECM fragments called matrikines, which influence cells inside and outside the TME. This review examines the changes in the ECM of the TME and the interaction between cells and the ECM, with a particular focus on MMPs.
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Michopoulou A, Montmasson M, Garnier C, Lambert E, Dayan G, Rousselle P. A novel mechanism in wound healing: Laminin 332 drives MMP9/14 activity by recruiting syndecan-1 and CD44. Matrix Biol 2020; 94:1-17. [PMID: 32621878 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Re-epithelialization describes the resurfacing of a skin wound with new epithelium. In response to various stimuli including that of growth factors, cytokines and extracellular matrix (ECM), wound edge epidermal keratinocytes undergo cytoskeleton rearrangements compatible with their motile behavior and develop protrusive adhesion contacts. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) expression is crucial for proper cell movement and ECM remodeling; however, their deposition mechanism is unknown in keratinocytes. Here, we show that similar to cytokine IL-1ß, the precursor laminin 332 pro-migratory fragment G45 induces expression of the MMP-9 pro-enzyme, which together with MMP-14, further exerts its proteolytic activity within epithelial podosomes. This event strictly depends on the expression of the proteoglycan receptor syndecan-1 that was found in a ring surrounding the podosome core, co-localised with CD44. Our findings uncover that by directly recruiting both syndecan-1 and CD44, the laminin-332 G45 domain plays a major role in regulating mechanisms underlying keratinocyte / ECM remodeling during wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Michopoulou
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5305; CNRS; Univ. Lyon 1; SFR BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Marine Montmasson
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5305; CNRS; Univ. Lyon 1; SFR BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Cécile Garnier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5305; CNRS; Univ. Lyon 1; SFR BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Elise Lambert
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5305; CNRS; Univ. Lyon 1; SFR BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Guila Dayan
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5305; CNRS; Univ. Lyon 1; SFR BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Patricia Rousselle
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5305; CNRS; Univ. Lyon 1; SFR BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France.
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7
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Kleiser S, Nyström A. Interplay between Cell-Surface Receptors and Extracellular Matrix in Skin. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1170. [PMID: 32796709 PMCID: PMC7465455 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin consists of the epidermis and dermis, which are connected by a specialized basement membrane-the epidermal basement membrane. Both the epidermal basement membrane and the underlying interstitial extracellular matrix (ECM) created by dermal fibroblasts contain distinct network-forming macromolecules. These matrices play various roles in order to maintain skin homeostasis and integrity. Within this complex interplay of cells and matrices, cell surface receptors play essential roles not only for inside-out and outside-in signaling, but also for establishing mechanical and biochemical properties of skin. Already minor modulations of this multifactorial cross-talk can lead to severe and systemic diseases. In this review, major epidermal and dermal cell surface receptors will be addressed with respect to their interactions with matrix components as well as their roles in fibrotic, inflammatory or tumorigenic skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Kleiser
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Nyström
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Anastasi C, Rousselle P, Talantikite M, Tessier A, Cluzel C, Bachmann A, Mariano N, Dussoyer M, Alcaraz LB, Fortin L, Aubert A, Delolme F, El Kholti N, Armengaud J, Fournié P, Auxenfans C, Valcourt U, Goff SVL, Moali C. BMP-1 disrupts cell adhesion and enhances TGF-β activation through cleavage of the matricellular protein thrombospondin-1. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/639/eaba3880. [PMID: 32636307 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aba3880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP-1) is an important metalloproteinase that synchronizes growth factor activation with extracellular matrix assembly during morphogenesis and tissue repair. The mechanisms by which BMP-1 exerts these effects are highly context dependent. Because BMP-1 overexpression induces marked phenotypic changes in two human cell lines (HT1080 and 293-EBNA cells), we investigated how BMP-1 simultaneously affects cell-matrix interactions and growth factor activity in these cells. Increasing BMP-1 led to a loss of cell adhesion that depended on the matricellular glycoprotein thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). BMP-1 cleaved TSP-1 between the VWFC/procollagen-like domain and the type 1 repeats that mediate several key TSP-1 functions. This cleavage induced the release of TSP-1 C-terminal domains from the extracellular matrix and abolished its previously described multisite cooperative interactions with heparan sulfate proteoglycans and CD36 on HT1080 cells. In addition, BMP-1-dependent proteolysis potentiated the TSP-1-mediated activation of latent transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), leading to increased signaling through the canonical SMAD pathway. In primary human corneal stromal cells (keratocytes), endogenous BMP-1 cleaved TSP-1, and the addition of exogenous BMP-1 enhanced cleavage, but this had no substantial effect on cell adhesion. Instead, processed TSP-1 promoted the differentiation of keratocytes into myofibroblasts and stimulated production of the myofibroblast marker α-SMA, consistent with the presence of processed TSP-1 in human corneal scars. Our results indicate that BMP-1 can both trigger the disruption of cell adhesion and stimulate TGF-β signaling in TSP-1-rich microenvironments, which has important potential consequences for wound healing and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Anastasi
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Patricia Rousselle
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Maya Talantikite
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Agnès Tessier
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Cluzel
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Alice Bachmann
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Natacha Mariano
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Mélissa Dussoyer
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Lindsay B Alcaraz
- University of Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - Laëtitia Fortin
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Aubert
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Delolme
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INSERM US8, CNRS UMS3444, SFR Biosciences, F-69366 Lyon, France
| | - Naïma El Kholti
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Jean Armengaud
- CEA Marcoule, Innovative Technologies for Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory (DRF/Joliot/DMTS/SPI/Li2D), F-30200 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Pierre Fournié
- Purpan University Hospital, Ophthalmology Department, F-31059 Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5165, INSERM U1056, Epithelial Differentiation and Rheumatoid Autoimmunity Unit (UDEAR), F-31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Auxenfans
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Tissue and Cell Bank, F-69437 Lyon, France
| | - Ulrich Valcourt
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - Sandrine Vadon-Le Goff
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Moali
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France.
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Rousselle P, Scoazec JY. Laminin 332 in cancer: When the extracellular matrix turns signals from cell anchorage to cell movement. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 62:149-165. [PMID: 31639412 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Laminin 332 is crucial in the biology of epithelia. This large extracellular matrix protein consists of the heterotrimeric assembly of three subunits - α3, β3, and γ2 - and its multifunctionality relies on a number of extracellular proteolytic processing events. Laminin 332 is central to normal epithelium homeostasis by sustaining cell adhesion, polarity, proliferation, and differentiation. It also supports a major function in epithelial tissue formation, repair, and regeneration by buttressing cell migration and survival and basement membrane assembly. Interest in this protein increased after the discovery that its expression is perturbed in tumor cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and the tumor microenvironment. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the established involvement of the laminin 332 γ2 chain in tumor invasiveness and discusses the role of its α3 and β3 subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rousselle
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS - Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, SFR BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, 7 passage du Vercors, F-69367, France.
| | - Jean Yves Scoazec
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex, France; Université Paris Sud, Faculté de Médecine de Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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10
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Mechanism of anchorage-independency and tumor formation of cancer cells: possible involvement of cell membrane-bound laminin-332. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 379:255-259. [PMID: 31705213 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells are characterized by anchorage-independency and tumor formation. Involvement of laminin-332 in the pathogenesis of cancer has also been reported. I present a theory that can explain these characteristics together. Proliferating keratinocytes in wound healing produce and deposit laminin-332, which is shown in the provisional basement membrane of a wound. In association with wound closure, expression of LG4/5 domain on the α3 chain of laminin-332 disappears, implicating cleavage of LG4/5 domain. LG4/5 domain expression indicates that laminin-332 prior to the cleavage is bound to the cell membrane, because LG4/5 domain is a cell binding site. In this binding, heparan sulfate proteoglycan on the cell surface seems to be the acceptor for LG4/5 domain. I named this laminin "cell membrane-bound laminin-332" (ML332). ML332 would then bind to integrin α3β1 via LG1-3 domain, the integrin binding site, and activate FAK and the following Ras/MAPK pathway. Therefore, ML332 eliminates the need for proliferating keratinocytes to bind to processed laminin-332 secreted and deposited into the basement membrane for their proliferation (anchorage-independency). This may hold true of every proliferating epithelial cell, either benign or malignant. Whereas wound closure deprives keratinocytes of anchorage-independency, such events do not occur in cancer cells, and cancer cells maintain anchorage-independency. In the basement membrane formation by epithelial cells, short arms of laminin-332 anchored to the cell membrane bind each other and generate a meshwork polymer. This is the three-arm interaction model. In a similar manner, short-arm interactions between adjacent cancer cells may occur and induce tumor formation.
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Eble JA, Niland S. The extracellular matrix in tumor progression and metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2019; 36:171-198. [PMID: 30972526 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-019-09966-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) constitutes the scaffold of tissues and organs. It is a complex network of extracellular proteins, proteoglycans and glycoproteins, which form supramolecular aggregates, such as fibrils and sheet-like networks. In addition to its biochemical composition, including the covalent intermolecular cross-linkages, the ECM is also characterized by its biophysical parameters, such as topography, molecular density, stiffness/rigidity and tension. Taking these biochemical and biophysical parameters into consideration, the ECM is very versatile and undergoes constant remodeling. This review focusses on this remodeling of the ECM under the influence of a primary solid tumor mass. Within this tumor stroma, not only the cancer cells but also the resident fibroblasts, which differentiate into cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), modify the ECM. Growth factors and chemokines, which are tethered to and released from the ECM, as well as metabolic changes of the cells within the tumor bulk, add to the tumor-supporting tumor microenvironment. Metastasizing cancer cells from a primary tumor mass infiltrate into the ECM, which variably may facilitate cancer cell migration or act as barrier, which has to be proteolytically breached by the infiltrating tumor cell. The biochemical and biophysical properties therefore determine the rates and routes of metastatic dissemination. Moreover, primed by soluble factors of the primary tumor, the ECM of distant organs may be remodeled in a way to facilitate the engraftment of metastasizing cancer cells. Such premetastatic niches are responsible for the organotropic preference of certain cancer entities to colonize at certain sites in distant organs and to establish a metastasis. Translational application of our knowledge about the cancer-primed ECM is sparse with respect to therapeutic approaches, whereas tumor-induced ECM alterations such as increased tissue stiffness and desmoplasia, as well as breaching the basement membrane are hallmark of malignancy and diagnostically and histologically harnessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Stephan Niland
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
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12
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Has C, Nyström A, Saeidian AH, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Uitto J. Epidermolysis bullosa: Molecular pathology of connective tissue components in the cutaneous basement membrane zone. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:313-329. [PMID: 29627521 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa (EB), a group of heritable skin fragility disorders, is characterized by blistering, erosions and chronic ulcers in the skin and mucous membranes. In some forms, the blistering phenotype is associated with extensive mutilating scarring and development of aggressive squamous cell carcinomas. The skin findings can be associated with extracutaneous manifestations in the ocular as well as gastrointestinal and vesico-urinary tracts. The phenotypic heterogeneity reflects the presence of mutations in as many as 20 different genes expressed in the cutaneous basement membrane zone, and the types and combinations of the mutations and their consequences at the mRNA and protein levels contribute to the spectrum of severity encountered in different subtypes of EB. This overview highlights the molecular genetics of EB based on mutations in the genes encoding type VII and XVII collagens as well as laminin-332. The mutations identified in these protein components of the extracellular matrix attest to their critical importance in providing stability to the cutaneous basement membrane zone, with implications for heritable and acquired diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Has
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Nyström
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Amir Hossein Saeidian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leena Bruckner-Tuderman
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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14
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Tao C, Zhang X. Retinal Proteoglycans Act as Cellular Receptors for Basement Membrane Assembly to Control Astrocyte Migration and Angiogenesis. Cell Rep 2017; 17:1832-1844. [PMID: 27829154 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The basement membrane is crucial for cell polarity, adhesion, and motility, but how it is assembled on the cell surface remains unclear. Here, we find that ablation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains of proteoglycans in the neuroretina disrupts the retinal basement membrane, leading to arrested astrocyte migration and reduced angiogenesis. Using genetic deletion and time-lapse imaging, we show that retinal astrocytes require neuronal-derived PDGF as a chemoattractive cue and the retinal basement membrane as a migratory substrate. Genetic ablation of heparan sulfates does not produce the same defects as GAG null mutants. In contrast, enzymatic removal of heparan sulfates and chondroitin sulfates together inhibits de novo laminin network assembly. These results indicate that both heparan and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans participate in retinal basement membrane assembly, thus promoting astrocyte migration and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenqi Tao
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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15
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Varshney S, Hunter DD, Brunken WJ. Extracellular Matrix Components Regulate Cellular Polarity and Tissue Structure in the Developing and Mature Retina. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2016; 10:329-39. [PMID: 26730321 PMCID: PMC4687269 DOI: 10.4103/2008-322x.170354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While genetic networks and other intrinsic mechanisms regulate much of retinal development, interactions with the extracellular environment shape these networks and modify their output. The present review has focused on the role of one family of extracellular matrix molecules and their signaling pathways in retinal development. In addition to their effects on the developing retina, laminins play a role in maintaining Müller cell polarity and compartmentalization, thereby contributing to retinal homeostasis. This article which is intended for the clinical audience, reviews the fundamentals of retinal development, extracellular matrix organization and the role of laminins in retinal development. The role of laminin in cortical development is also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Varshney
- Department of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn NY, USA; SUNY Eye Institute, NY, USA
| | - Dale D Hunter
- Department of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn NY, USA; SUNY Eye Institute, NY, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - William J Brunken
- Department of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn NY, USA; SUNY Eye Institute, NY, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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16
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BMP-1/tolloid-like proteinases synchronize matrix assembly with growth factor activation to promote morphogenesis and tissue remodeling. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:14-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Stepp MA, Pal-Ghosh S, Tadvalkar G, Pajoohesh-Ganji A. Syndecan-1 and Its Expanding List of Contacts. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2015; 4:235-249. [PMID: 25945286 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2014.0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: The binding of cytokines and growth factors to heparan sulfate (HS) chains on proteoglycans generates gradients that control development and regulate wound healing. Syndecan-1 (sdc1) is an integral membrane HS proteoglycan. Its structure allows it to bind with cytosolic, transmembrane, and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. It plays important roles in mediating key events during wound healing because it regulates a number of important processes, including cell adhesion, cell migration, endocytosis, exosome formation, and fibrosis. Recent Advances: Recent studies reveal that sdc1 regulates wound healing by altering integrin activation. Differences in integrin activation lead to cell-type-specific changes in the rate of cell migration and ECM assembly. Sdc1 also regulates endocytosis and the formation and release of exosomes. Critical Issues: Understanding how sdc1 facilitates wound healing and resolution will improve treatment options for elderly and diabetic patients with delayed wound healing. Studies showing that sdc1 function is altered in cancer are relevant to those interested in controlling fibrosis and scarring. Future Directions: The key to understanding the various functions ascribed to sdc1 is resolving how it interacts with its numerous binding partners. The role played by chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains on the ability of sdc1 to associate with its ligands needs further investigation. At wound sites heparanase can cleave the HS GAG chains of sdc1, alter its ability to bind cytokines, and induce shedding of the ectodomain. This review will discuss how the unique structure of sdc1 allows it to play key roles in cell signaling, ECM assembly, and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Stepp
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University Medical School, Washington, District of Columbia
- Department of Ophthalmology, George Washington University Medical School, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Sonali Pal-Ghosh
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University Medical School, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Gauri Tadvalkar
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University Medical School, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Ahdeah Pajoohesh-Ganji
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University Medical School, Washington, District of Columbia
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18
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Smith MM, Melrose J. Proteoglycans in Normal and Healing Skin. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2015; 4:152-173. [PMID: 25785238 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2013.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Proteoglycans have a distinct spatial localization in normal skin and are essential for the correct structural development, organization, hydration, and functional properties of this tissue. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is no longer considered to be just an inert supportive material but is a source of directive, spatial and temporal, contextual information to the cells via components such as the proteoglycans. There is a pressing need to improve our understanding of how these important molecules functionally interact with other matrix structures, cells and cellular mediators in normal skin and during wound healing. Recent Advances: New antibodies to glycosaminoglycan side chain components of skin proteoglycans have facilitated the elucidation of detailed localization patterns within skin. Other studies have revealed important proliferative activities of proteinase-generated fragments of proteoglycans and other ECM components (matricryptins). Knockout mice have further established the functional importance of skin proteoglycans in the assembly and homeostasis of the normal skin ECM. Critical Issues: Our comprehension of the molecular and structural complexity of skin as a complex, dynamic, constantly renewing, layered connective tissue is incomplete. The impact of changes in proteoglycans on skin pathology and the wound healing process is recognized as an important area of pathobiology and is an area of intense investigation. Future Directions: Advanced technology is allowing the development of new artificial skins. Recent knowledge on skin proteoglycans can be used to incorporate these molecules into useful adjunct therapies for wound healing and for maintenance of optimal tissue homeostasis in aging skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Mary Smith
- Raymond Purves Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute (University of Sydney), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute (University of Sydney), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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19
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Wang H, Jin H, Beauvais DM, Rapraeger AC. Cytoplasmic domain interactions of syndecan-1 and syndecan-4 with α6β4 integrin mediate human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER1 and HER2)-dependent motility and survival. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30318-30332. [PMID: 25202019 PMCID: PMC4215216 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.586438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells are highly dependent during wound healing and tumorigenesis on the α6β4 integrin and its association with receptor tyrosine kinases. Previous work showed that phosphorylation of the β4 subunit upon matrix engagement depends on the matrix receptor syndecan (Sdc)-1 engaging the cytoplasmic domain of the β4 integrin and coupling of the integrin to human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2). In this study, HER2-dependent migration activated by matrix engagement is compared with migration stimulated by EGF. We find that whereas HER2-dependent migration depends on Sdc1, EGF-dependent migration depends on a complex consisting of human epidermal growth factor receptor-1 (HER1, commonly known as EGFR), α6β4, and Sdc4. The two syndecans recognize distinct sites at the extreme C terminus of the β4 integrin cytoplasmic domain. The binding motif in Sdc1 is QEEXYX, composed in part by its syndecan-specific variable (V) region and in part by the second conserved (C2) region that it shares with other syndecans. A cell-penetrating peptide containing this sequence competes for HER2-dependent epithelial migration and carcinoma survival, although it is without effect on the EGFR-stimulated mechanism. β4 mutants bearing mutations specific for Sdc1 and Sdc4 recognition act as dominant negative mutants to block cell spreading or cell migration that depends on HER2 or EGFR, respectively. The interaction of the α6β4 integrin with the syndecans appears critical for it to be utilized as a signaling platform; migration depends on α3β1 integrin binding to laminin 332 (LN332; also known as laminin 5), whereas antibodies that block α6β4 binding are without effect. These findings indicate that specific syndecan family members are likely to have key roles in α6β4 integrin activation by receptor tyrosine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyao Wang
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Haining Jin
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - DeannaLee M Beauvais
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Alan C Rapraeger
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705; Carbone Cancer Center, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705.
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20
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Wang C, Tseng T, Jhang Y, Tseng J, Hsieh C, Wu WG, Lee S. Loss of cell invasiveness through PKC-mediated syndecan-1 downregulation in melanoma cells under anchorage independency. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:843-9. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ChiaChen Wang
- School of Medicine; FuJen Catholic University; New Taipei City Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology; Cardinal Tien Hospital; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - TingTing Tseng
- School of Medicine; FuJen Catholic University; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Yaoyun Jhang
- School of Medicine; FuJen Catholic University; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - JenChih Tseng
- School of Medicine; FuJen Catholic University; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - ChiaoHui Hsieh
- School of Medicine; FuJen Catholic University; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Wen-guey Wu
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology; National TsingHua University; Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - ShaoChen Lee
- School of Medicine; FuJen Catholic University; New Taipei City Taiwan
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21
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Murali A, Rajalingam K. Small Rho GTPases in the control of cell shape and mobility. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1703-21. [PMID: 24276852 PMCID: PMC11113993 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1519-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rho GTPases are a class of evolutionarily conserved proteins comprising 20 members, which are predominantly known for their role in regulating the actin cytoskeleton. They are primarily regulated by binding of GTP/GDP, which is again controlled by regulators like GEFs, GAPs, and RhoGDIs. Rho GTPases are thus far well known for their role in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton and migration. Here we present an overview on the role of Rho GTPases in regulating cell shape and plasticity of cell migration. Finally, we discuss the emerging roles of ubiquitination and sumoylation in regulating Rho GTPases and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Murali
- Cell Death Signaling Group, Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Krishnaraj Rajalingam
- Cell Death Signaling Group, Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
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22
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Abstract
Laminin 332, composed of the α3, β3 and γ2 chains, is an epithelial-basement membrane specific laminin variant. Its main role in normal tissues is the maintenance of epithelial-mesenchymal cohesion in tissues exposed to external forces, including skin and stratified squamous mucosa. After being secreted and deposited in the extracellular matrix, laminin 332 undergoes physiological maturation processes consisting in the proteolytic processing of domains located within the α3 and the γ2 chains. These maturation events are essential for laminin 332 integration into the basement membrane where it plays an important function in the nucleation and maintenance of anchoring structures. Studies in normal and pathological situations have revealed that laminin 332 can trigger distinct cellular events depending on the level of its proteolytic cleavages. In this review, the biological and structural characteristics of laminin 332 domains are presented and we discuss whether they trigger specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rousselle
- SFR BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5305, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
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23
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Wilson MJ, Jiang Y, Yañez-Soto B, Liliensiek S, Murphy WL, Nealey PF. Arrays of topographically and peptide-functionalized hydrogels for analysis of biomimetic extracellular matrix properties. JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. B, NANOTECHNOLOGY & MICROELECTRONICS : MATERIALS, PROCESSING, MEASUREMENT, & PHENOMENA : JVST B 2012; 30:6F903. [PMID: 23847749 PMCID: PMC3634313 DOI: 10.1116/1.4762842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells reside on specialized extracellular matrices that provide instructive cues to regulate and support cell function. The authors have previously demonstrated that substrate topography with dimensions similar to the native extracellular matrix (submicrometer and nanoscale features) significantly impacts corneal epithelial proliferation and migration. In this work, synthetic hydrogels were modified with both topographic and biochemical cues, where specified peptide ligands were immobilized within nanopatterned hydrogels. The efficient, systematic study of multiple instructive cues (peptide, peptide concentration, topographic dimensions), however, is contingent on the development of higher throughput platforms. Toward this goal, the authors developed a hydrogel array platform to systematically and rapidly evaluate combinations of two different peptide motifs and a range of nanoscale topographic dimensions. Specifically, distinct functional pegylated peptide ligands, RGD (GGGRGDSP) and AG73 (GRKRLQVQLSIRT), were synthesized for incorporation into an inert hydrogel network. Elastomeric stencils with arrays of millimeter-scale regions were used to spatially confine hydrogel precursor solutions on elastomeric stamps with nanoscale patterns generated by soft lithography. The resulting topographically and peptide-functionalized hydrogel arrays were used to characterize single cell migration. Epithelial cell migration speed and persistence were governed by both the biochemical and topographical cues of the underlying substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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24
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Abstract
Syndecans are transmembrane heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) that have gained increasing interest as regulators of a variety of tissue responses, including cartilage development and remodelling. These proteoglycans are composed of a core protein to which extracellular glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains are attached. Through these GAG chains, syndecans can interact with a variety of extracellular matrix molecules and bind to a number of soluble mediators including morphogens, growth factors, chemokines and cytokines. The structure and post-translational modification of syndecan GAG chains seem to differ not only from cell to cell, but also during different stages of cellular differentiation, leading to a complexity of syndecan function that is unique among membrane-bound HSPGs. Unlike other membrane-bound HSPGs, syndecans contain intracellular signalling motifs that can initiate signalling mainly through protein kinase C. This Review summarizes our knowledge of the biology of syndecans and the mechanisms by which binding of molecules to syndecans exert different biological effects, particularly in the joints. On the basis of the structural and functional peculiarities of syndecans, we discuss the regulation of syndecans and their roles in the developing joint as well as during degenerative and inflammatory cartilage remodelling as understood from expression studies and functional analyses involving syndecan-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pap
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Domagkstraße 3, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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25
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Carulli S, Beck K, Dayan G, Boulesteix S, Lortat-Jacob H, Rousselle P. Cell surface proteoglycans syndecan-1 and -4 bind overlapping but distinct sites in laminin α3 LG45 protein domain. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:12204-16. [PMID: 22351752 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.300061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte migration during epidermal repair depends on interactions between cellular heparan sulfate proteoglycan receptors, syndecan-1 and -4, and the C-terminal globular domains (LG45) of the extracellular matrix protein laminin 332. This study investigates the molecular basis of the binding specificity of the syndecan-1 and -4 receptors expressed by human keratinocytes. We used site-directed mutagenesis to alter a recombinant LG45 protein by substituting the most critical basic residues with glutamine. All proteins were expressed in mammalian cells, purified, and characterized biochemically. We used in vitro binding assays, including surface plasmon resonance, to examine interactions between mutated LG45 and heparan sulfates, syndecan-1 and -4. We identify a major heparin binding domain on the outer edge of a β-strand of LG45 surrounded by a track of converging low affinity residues. This domain harbors distinctive syndecan-1 and -4 binding-specific sequences. This is the first study to demonstrate a binding specificity of two proteoglycans produced by a single cell type. In addition, we found that although syndecan-1 interacts exclusively through its glycosaminoglycan chains, syndecan-4 binding relies on both its core protein and its heparan sulfate chains. These results suggest that LG45 may trigger different signals toward keratinocytes depending on its interaction with syndecan-1 or -4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Carulli
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, FRE 3310, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
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26
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Garusi E, Rossi S, Perris R. Antithetic roles of proteoglycans in cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:553-79. [PMID: 21964924 PMCID: PMC11114698 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0816-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs), a family of complex post-translationally sculptured macromolecules, are fundamental regulators of most normal and aberrant cellular functions. The unparalleled structural-functional diversity of PGs endows them with the ability to serve as critical mediators of the tumor cells' interaction with the host microenvironment, while directly contributing to the organization and dynamic remodeling of this milieu. Despite their indisputable importance during embryonic development and in the adult organism, and their frequent dysregulation in tumor lesions, their precise involvement in tumorigenesis awaits a more decisive demonstration. Particularly challenging is to ascertain to what extent selected PGs may catalyze tumor progression and to what extent they may inhibit it, implying antithetic functions of individual PGs. Integrated efforts are needed to consolidate the routine use of PGs in the clinical monitoring of cancer patients and to broaden the exploitation of these macromolecules as therapeutic targets. Several PGs have the required attributes to be contemplated as effective antigens for immunotherapeutic approaches, while the tangible results obtained in recent clinical trials targeting the NG2/CSPG4 transmembrane PG urge further development of PG-based cancer treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Garusi
- COMT, Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology, University of Parma, Via G.P. Usberti 11/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Rossi
- COMT, Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology, University of Parma, Via G.P. Usberti 11/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
- Department of Genetic, Biology of Microorganism, Anthropology and Evolution, University of Parma, Via G.P. Usberti 11/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Roberto Perris
- COMT, Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology, University of Parma, Via G.P. Usberti 11/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
- Department of Genetic, Biology of Microorganism, Anthropology and Evolution, University of Parma, Via G.P. Usberti 11/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
- S.O.C. of Experimental Oncology 2, The National Cancer Institute Aviano, CRO-IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini, 2, 33081 Aviano, PN Italy
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27
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Abstract
The dermal-epidermal basement membrane is a complex assembly of proteins that provide adhesion and regulate many important processes such as development, wound healing, and cancer progression. This contribution focuses on the structure and function of individual components of the basement membrane, how they assemble together, and how they participate in human tissues and diseases, with an emphasis on skin involvement. Understanding the composition and structure of the basement membrane provides insight into the pathophysiology of inherited blistering disorders, such as epidermolysis bullosa, and acquired bullous diseases, such as the pemphigoid group of autoimmune diseases and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Hashmi
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Building, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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28
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Hashimoto Y, Kim DJ, Adams JC. The roles of fascins in health and disease. J Pathol 2011; 224:289-300. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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29
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Madsen CD, Sahai E. Cancer dissemination--lessons from leukocytes. Dev Cell 2010; 19:13-26. [PMID: 20643347 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2010.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells can move through tissues in a variety of different ways. In some cases, an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition enables cancer cells to acquire fibroblast-like migratory properties. However, it is also becoming apparent that some cancer cells move in an amoeboid way similar to leukocytes. This theme will be the focus of the review, where we will discuss the similarities and differences between the mechanisms used by cancer cells and leukocytes to cross parenchymal basement membranes, move through interstitial tissue, and enter and exit the vasculature. Further, we propose that the ability to switch between different migratory mechanisms is critical for cells to relocate from one tissue to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D Madsen
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
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30
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Yamashita H, Shang M, Tripathi M, Jourquin J, Georgescu W, Liu S, Weidow B, Quaranta V. Epitope mapping of function-blocking monoclonal antibody CM6 suggests a "weak" integrin binding site on the laminin-332 LG2 domain. J Cell Physiol 2010; 223:541-8. [PMID: 20301201 PMCID: PMC2874318 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Laminin-332 (Ln-332) is an extracellular matrix molecule that regulates cell adhesion, spreading, and migration by interaction with cell surface receptors such as alpha3beta1 and alpha6beta4. Previously, we developed a function-blocking monoclonal antibody against rat Ln-332, CM6, which blocks hemidesmosome assembly induced by Ln-332-alpha6beta4 interactions. However, the location of its epitope on Ln-332 has remained unclear. In this study, we show that the CM6 epitope is located on the laminin G-like (LG)2 module of the Ln-332 alpha3 chain. To specify the residues involved in this epitope, we produced a series of GST-fused alpha3 LG2 mutant proteins in which rat-specific acids were replaced with human acids by a site-directed mutagenesis strategy. CM6 reactivity against these proteins showed that CM6 binds to the (1089)NERSVR(1094) sequence of rat Ln-332 LG2 module. In a structural model, this sequence maps to an LG2 loop sequence that is exposed to solvent according to predictions, consistent with its accessibility to antibody. CM6 inhibits integrin-dependent cell adhesion on Ln-332 and inhibits cell spreading on both Ln-332 and recombinant LG2 (rLG2; but not rLG3), suggesting the presence of an alpha3beta1 binding site on LG2. However, we were unable to show that rLG2 supports adhesion in standard assays, suggesting that LG2 may contain a "weak" integrin binding site, only detectable in spreading assays that do not require washes. These results, together with our previous findings, indicate that binding sites for alpha3beta1 and alpha6beta4 are closely spaced in the Ln-332 LG domains where they regulate alternative cell functions, namely adhesion/migration or hemidesmosome anchoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Yamashita
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Meiling Shang
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Manisha Tripathi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jerome Jourquin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Walter Georgescu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Brandy Weidow
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Vito Quaranta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
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31
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Stepp MA, Pal-Ghosh S, Tadvalkar G, Rajjoub L, Jurjus RA, Gerdes M, Ryscavage A, Cataisson C, Shukla A, Yuspa SH. Loss of syndecan-1 is associated with malignant conversion in skin carcinogenesis. Mol Carcinog 2010; 49:363-73. [PMID: 20082322 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Syndecan-1 (sdc-1) is a cell surface proteoglycan that mediates the interaction of cells with their matrix, influencing attachment, migration, and response to growth factors. In keratinocytes, loss of sdc-1 delays wound healing, reduces migration, and increases Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) 1 expression. In this study we show that sdc-1 expression is significantly reduced in basal cell, squamous cell, and metastatic human skin cancers compared to normal human skin. In experimental mouse skin tumor induction, compared to wildtype (wt) BALB/c mice, papilloma formation in sdc-1 null mice was reduced by 50% and the percent of papillomas converting to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was enhanced. sdc-1 expression on wt mouse papillomas decreased as they converted to SCC. Furthermore, papillomas forming on sdc-1 null mice expressed suprabasal alpha3 and beta4 integrins; suprabasal beta4 integrin is a marker of a high risk for progression. While the proliferative response to phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (TPA) did not differ among the genotypes, sdc-1 null mice had an enhanced inflammatory response and retained higher levels of total TGFbeta1 within their skin after TPA treatment. sdc-1 null keratinocytes, transduced in vitro by oncogenic ras(Ha), expressed higher levels of beta4 integrin and had enhanced pSmad2 signaling and reduced senescence when compared to wt ras(Ha)-transduced keratinocytes. When ras(Ha)-transduced cells of both genotypes were grafted onto nude mice, null tumors converted to SCC with higher frequency confirming the skin painting experiments. These data indicate that sdc-1 is important both early in the development of skin tumors and in progression of skin cancers suggesting that reduced expression of sdc-1 could be a useful marker for progression in neoplastic skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Stepp
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Wang H, Leavitt L, Ramaswamy R, Rapraeger AC. Interaction of syndecan and alpha6beta4 integrin cytoplasmic domains: regulation of ErbB2-mediated integrin activation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:13569-79. [PMID: 20181947 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.102137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The alpha6beta4 integrin is a laminin 332 (LN332) receptor central to the formation of hemidesmosomes in epithelial layers. However, the integrin becomes phosphorylated by keratinocytes responding to epidermal growth factor in skin wounds or by squamous cell carcinomas that overexpress/hyperactivate the tyrosine kinase ErbB2, epidermal growth factor receptor, or c-Met. We show here that the beta4-dependent signaling in A431 human squamous carcinoma cells is dependent on the syndecan family of matrix receptors. Yeast two-hybrid analysis identifies an interaction within the distal third (amino acids 1473-1752) of the beta4 cytoplasmic domain and the conserved C2 region of the syndecan cytoplasmic domain. Via its C2 region, Sdc1 forms a complex with the alpha6beta4 integrin along with the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB2 and the cytoplasmic kinase Fyn in A431 cells. Engagement of LN332 or clustering of the alpha6beta4 integrin with integrin-specific antibodies causes phosphorylation of ErbB2, Fyn, and the beta4 subunit as well as activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt and their assimilation into this complex. This leads to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent cell spreading and Akt-dependent protection from apoptosis. This is disrupted by RNA interference silencing of Sdc1 but can be rescued by mouse Sdc1 or Sdc4 but not by syndecan mutants lacking their C-terminal C2 region. This disruption does not prevent the phosphorylation of ErbB2 or Fyn but blocks the Fyn-mediated phosphorylation of the beta4 tail. We propose that syndecans engage the distal region of the beta4 cytoplasmic domain and bring it to the plasma membrane, where it can be acted upon by Src family kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyao Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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Ko MS, Marinkovich MP. Role of dermal-epidermal basement membrane zone in skin, cancer, and developmental disorders. Dermatol Clin 2010; 28:1-16. [PMID: 19945611 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The dermal-epidermal basement membrane zone is an important epithelial and stromal interface, consisting of an intricately organized collection of intracellular, transmembrane, and extracellular matrix proteins. The basement membrane zone has several main functions including acting as a permeability barrier, forming an adhesive interface between epithelial cells and the underlying matrix, and controlling cellular organization and differentiation. This article identifies key molecular players of the dermal-epidermal membrane zone, and highlights recent research studies that have identified structural and functional roles of these components in the context of various blistering, neoplastic, and developmental syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung S Ko
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Okamoto O, Hozumi K, Katagiri F, Takahashi N, Sumiyoshi H, Matsuo N, Yoshioka H, Nomizu M, Fujiwara S. Dermatopontin promotes epidermal keratinocyte adhesion via alpha3beta1 integrin and a proteoglycan receptor. Biochemistry 2010; 49:147-55. [PMID: 19928997 DOI: 10.1021/bi901066f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dermatopontin, an extracellular matrix component initially purified from bovine dermis, promoted cell adhesion of the human epidermal keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT cells). HaCaT cells spread on dermatopontin and formed actin fibers. Adhesion of HaCaT cells to dermatopontin was inhibited by both EDTA and heparin and was mediated in part by alpha3beta1 integrin. A synthetic peptide (DP-4, PHGQVVVAVRS; bovine dermatopontin residues 33-43) specifically inhibited adhesion of cells to dermatopontin, and when the DP-4 peptide was coated on the well, it promoted cell adhesion in a dose-dependent manner. An active core sequence of the DP-4 peptide was localized to an eight-amino acid sequence (GQVVVAVR). These results indicate that dermatopontin is a novel epidermal cell adhesion molecule and suggest that the DP-4 sequence is critical for the cell adhesive activity of dermatopontin. Adhesion of cells to DP-4 was strongly inhibited by heparin. When HaCaT cells were treated with heparitinase I, the cells failed to adhere to DP-4 but chondroitinase ABC treatment did not influence the adhesion activity. DP-4 specifically interacted with biotinylated heparin, and this interaction was inhibited by unlabeled heparin. DP-4 peptide significantly promoted the adhesion of cells overexpressing syndecans, and syndecan bound to a DP-4 peptide affinity column. These results suggest that HaCaT cells adhere to dermatopontin through alpha3beta1 integrin and a heparan sulfate proteoglycan-type receptor, which is likely a syndecan. We conclude that dermatopontin plays a role as a multifunctional adhesion molecule for epidermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Okamoto
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
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Armanet M, Wojtusciszyn A, Morel P, Parnaud G, Rousselle P, Sinigaglia C, Berney T, Bosco D. Regulated laminin-332 expression in human islets of Langerhans. FASEB J 2009; 23:4046-55. [PMID: 19667121 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-127142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Laminin-332 (LN-332) is a basement membrane component known to exert a beneficial effect on rat pancreatic beta cells in vitro. In this work, we analyzed the expression of LN-332 in human islets, its expression after inflammatory insults by cytokines, and the molecular mechanisms responsible for this effect. By Western blotting and RT-PCR, we showed that LN-332 was expressed in isolated human islets. By immunofluorescence on pancreas sections, we observed that labeling was confined to endocrine cells in islets. Confocal microscopy analysis on isolated islet cells revealed that labeling was granular but did not colocalize with hormone secretory granules. LN-332 was most abundant in cultured islets compared to freshly isolated islets and was found in culture medium, which suggests that it was secreted by islets. When islets were exposed to interleukin (IL)-1beta, expression and secretion of LN-332 increased as compared to control. No effect was observed with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma. LY294002, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) activity, inhibited culture- and IL-1beta-induced LN-332 expression in islets. These results show that LN-332, known to have some beneficial effect on beta cells in vitro, is produced and secreted by endocrine islet cells and is up-regulated by stressing conditions such as culture and IL-1beta-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Armanet
- Department of Surgery, Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva-4, Switzerland
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O'Connell MP, Fiori JL, Kershner EK, Frank BP, Indig FE, Taub DD, Hoek KS, Weeraratna AT. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan modulation of Wnt5A signal transduction in metastatic melanoma cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:28704-12. [PMID: 19696445 PMCID: PMC2781415 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.028498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are important modulators for optimizing signal transduction of many pathways, including the Wnt pathways. We demonstrate that HSPG glycosaminoglycan levels increased with increasing metastatic potential of melanoma cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that Wnt5A increases the invasiveness of melanoma cells. We further demonstrate that HSPGs potentiate Wnt5A signaling, since enzymatic removal of the HSPG backbone resulted in a decrease in cellular Wnt5A levels, an increase in secreted Wnt5A in cell media, a decrease in downstream signaling, and ultimately, a decrease in invasiveness. Specifically, syndecan 1 and syndecan 4 expression correlated to Wnt5A expression and melanoma malignancy. Knockdown of syndecan 1 or 4 caused decreases in cell invasion, which could be restored by treating the cells with recombinant Wnt5A. These data indicate that syndecan 1 and 4 correlate to increased metastatic potential in melanoma patients and are an important component of the Wnt5A autocrine signaling loop, the activation of which leads to increased metastasis of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fred E. Indig
- the Confocal Imaging Unit, Research Resources Branch, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224 and
| | | | - Keith S. Hoek
- the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
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MMP7 shedding of syndecan-1 facilitates re-epithelialization by affecting alpha(2)beta(1) integrin activation. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6565. [PMID: 19668337 PMCID: PMC2719060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung injury promotes the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP7, matrilysin), which is required for neutrophil recruitment and re-epithelialization. MMP7 governs the lung inflammatory response through the shedding of syndecan-1. Because inflammation and repair are related events, we evaluated the role of syndecan-1 shedding in lung re-epithelialization. Methodology/Principal Finding Epithelial injury induced syndecan-1 shedding from wild-type epithelium but not from Mmp7−/− mice in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, cell migration and wound closure was enhanced by MMP7 shedding of syndecan-1. Additionally, we found that syndecan-1 augmented cell adhesion to collagen by controlling the affinity state of the α2β1 integrin. Conclusion/Significance MMP7 shedding of syndecan-1 facilitates wound closure by causing the α2β1 integrin to assume a less active conformation thereby removing restrictions to migration. MMP7 acts in the lungs to regulate inflammation and repair, and our data now show that both these functions are controlled through the shedding of syndecan-1.
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Hozumi K, Suzuki N, Uchiyama Y, Katagiri F, Kikkawa Y, Nomizu M. Chain-specific heparin-binding sequences in the laminin alpha chain LG45 modules. Biochemistry 2009; 48:5375-81. [PMID: 19415899 DOI: 10.1021/bi900542u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Laminin alpha chains contain five tandem globular modules (LG1-5) at the C-terminus. Here, we focused on the LG45 module, which play a critical biological role via binding to heparin/heparan sulfate, and examined their chain-specific heparin-binding affinity. The relative heparin-binding affinity of recombinant laminin alpha chain LG45 proteins was as follows: alpha5 > alpha4 > alpha1 > alpha2 and alpha3. The alpha5 chain LG45 module also promoted the strongest cell attachment. We screened heparin-binding sequences using the recombinant alpha5LG45 protein and 43 synthetic peptides. Four peptides, A5G71 (GPLPSYLQFVGI) (IC(50) = 91.8 microM), A5G77 (LVLFLNHGHFVA) (IC(50) = 7.0 microM), A5G81 (AGQWHRVSVRWG) (IC(50) = 5.9 microM), and A5G94 (KMPYVSLELEMR) (IC(50) = 0.84 microM), inhibited the heparin-binding of rec-alpha5LG45. Additionally, the same four peptides exhibited dose-dependent heparin-binding activity in a solid-phase assay. We found that the alpha5 chain LG45 module contains four heparin-binding sequences, and this number is higher than that of the other LG45 modules (alpha2 and alpha3, one sequence; alpha1 and alpha4, two sequences). The data suggest that the active sequences identified from the synthetic peptide screening contribute to the heparin-binding activity of the LG45 module. Most of the heparin-binding sequences in the LG45 modules are located in the N-terminal regions of the LG4 module within the loop regions in the proteins. The data suggest that the N-terminal loop regions of the LG4 module are mainly involved in the heparin/heparan sulfate-mediated biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hozumi
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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40
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Syndecans as receptors and organizers of the extracellular matrix. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 339:31-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Chang YC, Sabourin CLK, Lu SE, Sasaki T, Svoboda KKH, Gordon MK, Riley DJ, Casillas RP, Gerecke DR. Upregulation of gamma-2 laminin-332 in the mouse ear vesicant wound model. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2009; 23:172-84. [PMID: 19526566 PMCID: PMC4465420 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cell migration during wound healing is regulated in part by enzymatic processing of laminin-332 (formerly LN-5), a heterodimer formed from alpha, beta, and gamma polypeptide chains. Under static conditions, laminin-332 is secreted into the extracellular matrix as a proform and has two chains processed to smaller forms, allowing it to anchor epithelial cells to the basement membrane of the dermis. During incisional wounding, laminin gamma2 chains in particular are processed to smaller sizes and function to promote epithelial sheet migration over the wound bed. The present study examines whether this same function occurs following chemical injury. The mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM) was used to follow the pathology in the ear and test whether processed laminin-332 enhances epithelial cell migration. Skin biopsies of sulfur mustard (SM) exposed ears for several time points were analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR, and Western blot analysis. SM exposure greatly increased mRNA levels for laminin-gamma2 in comparison to the other two chains. Protein production of laminin-gamma2 was upregulated, and there was an increase in the processed forms. Protein production was in excess of the amount required to form heterotrimeric laminin-332 and was associated with the migrating epithelial sheet, suggesting a potential role in wound healing for monomeric laminin-gamma2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoke-Chen Chang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, EOHSI, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | | | - Shou-En Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, UMDNJ School of Public Health, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Takako Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kathy K. H. Svoboda
- Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Marion K. Gordon
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, EOHSI, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - David J. Riley
- Department of Medicine, UMDNJ–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Robert P. Casillas
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Avenue, Columbus, OH 43201-2693, USA
| | - Donald R. Gerecke
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, EOHSI, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Sulka B, Lortat-Jacob H, Terreux R, Letourneur F, Rousselle P. Tyrosine dephosphorylation of the syndecan-1 PDZ binding domain regulates syntenin-1 recruitment. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:10659-71. [PMID: 19228696 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807643200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycan receptor syndecan-1 interacts with the carboxyl-terminal LG4/5 domain in laminin 332 (alpha3LG4/5) and participates in cell adhesion and spreading. To dissect the function of syndecan-1 in these processes, we made use of a cell adhesion model in which syndecan-1 exclusively interacts with a recombinantly expressed alpha3LG4/5 fragment. Plating HT1080 cells on this fragment induces the formation of actin-containing protrusive structures in an integrin-independent manner. Here we show that syndecan-1-mediated formation of membrane protrusions requires dephosphorylation of tyrosine residues in syndecan-1. Accordingly, inhibition of phosphatases with orthovanadate decreases cell adhesion to the alpha3LG4/5 fragment. We demonstrate that the PDZ-containing protein syntenin-1, known to connect cytoskeletal proteins, binds to syndecan-1 in cells plated on the alpha3LG4/5 fragment and participates in the formation of membrane protrusions. We further show that syntenin-1 recruitment depends on the dephosphorylation of Tyr-309 located within syndecan-1 PDZ binding domain EFYA. We propose that tyrosine dephosphorylation of syndecan-1 may regulate its association with cytoskeleton components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Sulka
- IFR128 BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086, CNRS, Université Lyon1, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) was long thought to be merely a structural tissue support and/or a filter. However, recent studies have suggested that ECM proteins regulate many intracellular and extracellular events, including cell growth, cell adhesion, cell division, cell movement, and apoptosis. They do so through activation of several families of cell surface receptor, including the integrins and syndecans. The focus of this review is on two laminin isoforms expressed in the skin. Laminins are an important molecular component of the basement membranes in a variety of tissue types. They have a cruciform shape, and are composed of three chains-alpha, beta, and gamma. Keratinocytes of the skin secrete numerous laminin isoforms, including laminin-511 and laminin-332. The latter are known to affect the behaviour of keratinocytes through binding to membrane-penetrating receptors (outside-in signal transduction). Conversely, the expression, secretion and assembly of laminin-rich matrices is regulated by cell surface receptors through inside-out signal transduction. We will review how integrins regulate laminin matrix assembly and the signals elicited by laminins that support either migration or stable adhesion of keratinocytes. We will also discuss recent data indicating that laminins plays key regulatory roles in the development of skin appendages and contribute to the pathogenesis of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Sugawara
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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