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La Sala L, Carlini V, Conte C, Macas-Granizo MB, Afzalpour E, Martin-Delgado J, D'Anzeo M, Pedretti RFE, Naselli A, Pontiroli AE, Cappato R. Metabolic disorders affecting the liver and heart: Therapeutic efficacy of miRNA-based therapies? Pharmacol Res 2024; 201:107083. [PMID: 38309383 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Liver and heart disease are major causes of death worldwide. It is known that metabolic alteration causing type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) coupled with a derangement in lipid homeostasis, may exacerbate hepatic and cardiovascular diseases. Some pharmacological treatments can mitigate organ dysfunctions but the important side effects limit their efficacy leading often to deterioration of the tissues. It needs to develop new personalized treatment approaches and recent progresses of engineered RNA molecules are becoming increasingly viable as alternative treatments. This review outlines the current use of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), RNA interference (RNAi) and RNA genome editing as treatment for rare metabolic disorders. However, the potential for small non-coding RNAs to serve as therapeutic agents for liver and heart diseases is yet to be fully explored. Although miRNAs are recognized as biomarkers for many diseases, they are also capable of serving as drugs for medical intervention; several clinical trials are testing miRNAs as therapeutics for type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver as well as cardiac diseases. Recent advances in RNA-based therapeutics may potentially facilitate a novel application of miRNAs as agents and as druggable targets. In this work, we sought to summarize the advancement and advantages of miRNA selective therapy when compared to conventional drugs. In particular, we sought to emphasise druggable miRNAs, over ASOs or other RNA therapeutics or conventional drugs. Finally, we sought to address research questions related to efficacy, side-effects, and range of use of RNA therapeutics. Additionally, we covered hurdles and examined recent advances in the use of miRNA-based RNA therapy in metabolic disorders such as diabetes, liver, and heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia La Sala
- IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy; Dept. of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Caterina Conte
- IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy; Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Elham Afzalpour
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences and Clinic, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jimmy Martin-Delgado
- Hospital Luis Vernaza, Junta de Beneficiencia de Guayaquil, 090603 Guayaquil, Ecuador; Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Salud Integral, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil 090603, Ecuador
| | - Marco D'Anzeo
- AUO delle Marche, SOD Medicina di Laboratorio, Ancona, Italy
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2
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Wang Z, Zhang N, Lin P, Xing Y, Yang N. Recent advances in the treatment and delivery system of diabetic retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1347864. [PMID: 38425757 PMCID: PMC10902204 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1347864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a highly tissue-specific neurovascular complication of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and is among the leading causes of blindness worldwide. Pathophysiological changes in DR encompass neurodegeneration, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Current treatments for DR, including anti-vascular endothelial growth factor, steroids, laser photocoagulation, and vitrectomy have limitations and adverse reactions, necessitating the exploration of novel treatment strategies. This review aims to summarize the current pathophysiology, therapeutic approaches, and available drug-delivery methods for treating DR, and discuss their respective development potentials. Recent research indicates the efficacy of novel receptor inhibitors and agonists, such as aldose reductase inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonists, and novel drugs in delaying DR. Furthermore, with continuous advancements in nanotechnology, a new form of drug delivery has been developed that can address certain limitations of clinical drug therapy, such as low solubility and poor penetration. This review serves as a theoretical foundation for future research on DR treatment. While highlighting promising therapeutic targets, it underscores the need for continuous exploration to enhance our understanding of DR pathogenesis. The limitations of current treatments and the potential for future advancements emphasize the importance of ongoing research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yiqiao Xing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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3
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Zhang L, Buonfiglio F, Fieß A, Pfeiffer N, Gericke A. Retinopathy of Prematurity-Targeting Hypoxic and Redox Signaling Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:148. [PMID: 38397746 PMCID: PMC10885953 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a proliferative vascular ailment affecting the retina. It is the main risk factor for visual impairment and blindness in infants and young children worldwide. If left undiagnosed and untreated, it can progress to retinal detachment and severe visual impairment. Geographical variations in ROP epidemiology have emerged over recent decades, attributable to differing levels of care provided to preterm infants across countries and regions. Our understanding of the causes of ROP, screening, diagnosis, treatment, and associated risk factors continues to advance. This review article aims to present the pathophysiological mechanisms of ROP, including its treatment. Specifically, it delves into the latest cutting-edge treatment approaches targeting hypoxia and redox signaling pathways for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Adrian Gericke
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.Z.); (F.B.); (A.F.); (N.P.)
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4
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Atalor RE, Dieckmann BW, Penn JS, Uddin MDI. Method to Regulate Monocyte Function by Silencing HIF-1α mRNA in a Model of Retinal Neovascularization. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2023; 6:22939-22946. [PMID: 38148985 PMCID: PMC10749564 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c04300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Circulating monocytes migrate into the retina in response to inflammation and neovascularization. Furthermore, under inflammatory conditions such as diabetes, healthy monocytes become activated in the circulation. However, the contribution of activated monocytes to neovascularization is largely unknown. HIF-1α has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of neovascularization. We describe here the synthesis of a hybrid nanomaterial for targeted delivery and gene silencing in activated monocytes that are associated with pathological neovascularization. To test the gene silencing ability of AS-shRNA-lipids in vitro, we used the probe to inhibit HIF-1α mRNA induced in mouse monocytes by exposing them to hypoxia. In addition, we tested AS-shRNA-lipids for inhibition of neovascularization in vivo using the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). Significant reduction of neovascularization was achieved in mouse OIR by targeting activated monocytes using intraperitoneal injections of AS-shRNA-lipids. Expression of HIF-1α and CD14 mRNA were both inhibited in circulating cells, suggesting normalization of the activated monocytes in P17 OIR animals treated with AS-shRNA-lipids. We hypothesized that inhibition of HIF-1α mRNA in activated monocytes may have a direct impact on VEGF expression in the retinal tissues in vivo. We observed that VEGF mRNA expression was inhibited in P17 retinal tissues after systemic treatment with HIF-1α-targeted AS-shRNA-lipids. These findings may provide a framework for a strategy to inhibit retinal neovascularization by targeting circulating activated monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita E. Atalor
- Department
of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt
University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Blake W. Dieckmann
- Department
of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt
University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - John S. Penn
- Department
of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt
University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - MD Imam Uddin
- Department
of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt
University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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5
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Fevereiro-Martins M, Marques-Neves C, Guimarães H, Bicho M. Retinopathy of prematurity: A review of pathophysiology and signaling pathways. Surv Ophthalmol 2023; 68:175-210. [PMID: 36427559 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vasoproliferative disorder of the retina and a leading cause of visual impairment and childhood blindness worldwide. The disease is characterized by an early stage of retinal microvascular degeneration, followed by neovascularization that can lead to subsequent retinal detachment and permanent visual loss. Several factors play a key role during the different pathological stages of the disease. Oxidative and nitrosative stress and inflammatory processes are important contributors to the early stage of ROP. Nitric oxide synthase and arginase play important roles in ischemia/reperfusion-induced neurovascular degeneration. Destructive neovascularization is driven by mediators of the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway, such as vascular endothelial growth factor and metabolic factors (succinate). The extracellular matrix is involved in hypoxia-induced retinal neovascularization. Vasorepulsive molecules (semaphorin 3A) intervene preventing the revascularization of the avascular zone. This review focuses on current concepts about signaling pathways and their mediators, involved in the pathogenesis of ROP, highlighting new potentially preventive and therapeutic modalities. A better understanding of the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of ROP should allow the development of more effective and targeted therapeutic agents to reduce aberrant vasoproliferation and facilitate physiological retinal vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariza Fevereiro-Martins
- Laboratório de Genética and Grupo Ecogenética e Saúde Humana, Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação Científica Bento da Rocha Cabral, Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Oftalmologia, Hospital Cuf Descobertas, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Marques-Neves
- Centro de Estudos das Ci.¼ncias da Visão, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Grupo Ecogenética e Saúde Humana, Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Hercília Guimarães
- Departamento de Ginecologia-Obstetrícia e Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Manuel Bicho
- Laboratório de Genética and Grupo Ecogenética e Saúde Humana, Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação Científica Bento da Rocha Cabral, Lisboa, Portugal.
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6
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Takkar B, Sheemar A, Jayasudha R, Soni D, Narayanan R, Venkatesh P, Shivaji S, Das T. Unconventional avenues to decelerated diabetic retinopathy. Surv Ophthalmol 2022; 67:1574-1592. [PMID: 35803389 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an important microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), causing significant visual impairment worldwide. Current gold standards for retarding the progress of DR include blood sugar control and regular fundus screening. Despite these measures, the incidence and prevalence of DR and vision-threatening DR remain high. Given its slowly progressive course and long latent period, opportunities to contain or slow DR before it threatens vision must be explored. This narrative review assesses the recently described unconventional strategies to retard DR progression. These include gut-ocular flow, gene therapy, mitochondrial dysfunction-oxidative stress, stem cell therapeutics, neurodegeneration, anti-inflammatory treatments, lifestyle modification, and usage of phytochemicals. These therapies impact DR directly, while some of them also influence DM control. Most of these strategies are currently in the preclinical stage, and clinical evidence remains low. Nevertheless, our review suggests that these approaches have the potential for human use to prevent the progression of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh Takkar
- Srimati Kanuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreoretinal Diseases, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India; Indian Health Outcomes, Public Health, and Economics Research (IHOPE) Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Abhishek Sheemar
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | | | - Deepak Soni
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Raja Narayanan
- Srimati Kanuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreoretinal Diseases, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India; Indian Health Outcomes, Public Health, and Economics Research (IHOPE) Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Pradeep Venkatesh
- Dr. RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sisinthy Shivaji
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Taraprasad Das
- Srimati Kanuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreoretinal Diseases, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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7
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Ji H, Zhang Q, Yang Z, Rui M, Chen Q, Niu X. Molecular Mechanism of Extractum Liquidum Drug Loading Materials on Promoting Chronic Wound Tissue Repair Through Phosphatidylinositol 3 Kinase/Protein Kinase B/Hypoxia Induction Factor 1 α Signal Pathway. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.2860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To solve the shortcomings of traditional Zeji extractum liquidum (traditional Chinese medicine used for wound healing), and to explore the effect of Zeji Etractum Lquidum (ZLE) Nano Materials (ZLENM) on chronic wound (CW) healing and its molecular mechanism. 30 SD rats were divided
into 3 groups in random: control group (Ctrl group), model group (CW group), and treatment group (ZLENM group). The results of wound healing rate showed that, in contrast with the CW, the healing rate of back wounds in the ZLENM group was greatly increased on the 7th and 14th days (P
< 0.05). In contrast with the Ctrl, the rats in the CW and the ZLENM groups had greatly increased CD31 positive staining on the 7th and 14th days (P < 0.05), and the CW was lower than the ZLENM group (P < 0.05). In contrast with the 7th day, the MVD in the CW and the
ZLENM groups was greatly reduced on the 14th day (P < 0.05). Western blot analysis of the expression of related signal molecules showed that the expressions of P-Akt, P-PI3K, HIF-1α, and VEGFR2 protein in the wounds in the CW and ZLENM groups were greatly increased in
contrast with the Ctrl (P < 0.05), and CW was lower than ZLENM group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, ZLENM can promote wound healing and increase the number of wound angiogenesis in CW rats. The mechanism is related to the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein
kinase B/hypoxia induction factor 1α (PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α) signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ji
- Department of Orthopedic, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zengmin Yang
- Department of Orthopedic, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minjie Rui
- Department of Orthopedic, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiyi Chen
- Department of Orthopedic, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaohong Niu
- Department of Luoli, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
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8
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Qiu F, Tong HJ. Inhibitory effect of maspinon neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:2050-2057. [PMID: 35047119 PMCID: PMC8696638 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i12.2050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious and potentially blinding complication of diabetes mellitus. Retinal neovascularization is one of the main pathological features of proliferative DR, and inhibiting retinal neovascularization is a research focus.
AIM The aim was to evaluate the effect of intravitreal injection of recombinant human maspin on neovascularization in DR.
METHODS An oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mouse model was used to simulate neovascularization in DR. New born C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided to a normal control group, a maspin injection OIR group, and an OIR group. The mice in the maspin injection OIR group were injected with recombinant human maspin in the bilateral vitreous cavity on postnatal day P12, and those in the OIR group were injected with sterile phosphate buffered saline. The protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) in the retina was measured by western blotting, and the mRNA expression of VEGF and HIF-1α was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The vascular cell nuclei that broke through the inner limiting membrane (ILM) were counted in haematoxylin-eosin stained retinal sections.
RESULTS It was found that the number of vascular cell nuclei breaking through the ILM was 31.8 ± 8.75 in the OIR group, which was significantly more than that in the normal control group (P < 0.001). The number of vascular cell nuclei breaking through the ILM was 6.19 ± 2.91 in the maspin injection OIR group, which was significantly less than that in OIR group (P < 0.01). The relative protein and mRNA expression of VEGF and HIF-1α was significantly lower in the retinas in the maspin injection OIR group than in those in the OIR group (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION Maspin inhibited neovascularization in DR by modulating the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway, which provides a potential and effective strategy for the treatment of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenyang Fourth People’s Hospital, Shenyang 110031, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hui-Juan Tong
- Department of Nursing, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning Province, China
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9
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Ushio-Fukai M, Ash D, Nagarkoti S, Belin de Chantemèle EJ, Fulton DJR, Fukai T. Interplay Between Reactive Oxygen/Reactive Nitrogen Species and Metabolism in Vascular Biology and Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:1319-1354. [PMID: 33899493 PMCID: PMC8418449 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS; e.g., superoxide [O2•-] and hydrogen peroxide [H2O2]) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS; e.g., nitric oxide [NO•]) at the physiological level function as signaling molecules that mediate many biological responses, including cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and gene expression. By contrast, excess ROS/RNS, a consequence of dysregulated redox homeostasis, is a hallmark of cardiovascular disease. Accumulating evidence suggests that both ROS and RNS regulate various metabolic pathways and enzymes. Recent studies indicate that cells have mechanisms that fine-tune ROS/RNS levels by tight regulation of metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. The ROS/RNS-mediated inhibition of glycolytic pathways promotes metabolic reprogramming away from glycolytic flux toward the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway to generate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) for antioxidant defense. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the mechanisms by which ROS/RNS regulate metabolic enzymes and cellular metabolism and how cellular metabolism influences redox homeostasis and the pathogenesis of disease. A full understanding of these mechanisms will be important for the development of new therapeutic strategies to treat diseases associated with dysregulated redox homeostasis and metabolism. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 1319-1354.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuko Ushio-Fukai
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dipankar Ash
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sheela Nagarkoti
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric J Belin de Chantemèle
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - David J R Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tohru Fukai
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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10
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Supe S, Upadhya A, Singh K. Role of small interfering RNA (siRNA) in targeting ocular neovascularization: A review. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108329. [PMID: 33198953 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ocular neovascularization (NV) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of various ocular diseases including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinoblastoma, retinitis pigmentosa and may lead to loss of vision if not controlled in time. Several clinical trials elucidate the central role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the pathogenesis of the ocular neovascularization. The advent and extensive use of ocular anti-VEGF therapy heralded a new age in the treatment of retinal vascular and exudative diseases. RNA interference (RNAi) can be used to inhibit the in-vitro and in-vivo expression of specific genes and thus provides an extremely useful method for investigating gene activity with minimal toxicity. siRNA targeting VEGF overcomes many drawbacks associated with the conventional treatment available for the treatment of ocular neovascularization. However, delivery methods that protect the siRNA against degradation and are appropriate for long-term care will help increase the effectiveness of RNAi-based anti-VEGF ocular therapies. Several nanotechnology approaches have been explored by formulation scientists for delivery of siRNA to the eye; targeting particularly VEGF for the treatment of NV. This review mainly focuses on current updates in various pre-clinical and clinical siRNA strategies for targeting VEGF involved in the development of ocular neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibani Supe
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Archana Upadhya
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kavita Singh
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India.
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11
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Neo T, Gozawa M, Takamura Y, Inatani M, Oki M. Gene expression profile analysis of the rabbit retinal vein occlusion model. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236928. [PMID: 32735610 PMCID: PMC7394371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The rabbit retinal vein occlusion (RVO) model is an experimental system that mimics retinal ischemic diseases in humans. The rabbit RVO model is widely used to assess the therapeutic efficacy of various experimental surgical procedures. In the present study, we measured temporal retinal expression of Vegfa, which is known as an ischemic response gene, in rabbit RVO. This analysis revealed that the retinal Vegfa transcriptional response began 7 days after generation of RVO, rather than immediately after induction of ischemia. Next, in order to analyze ischemia-induced changes in gene expression profiles, we performed microarray analysis of day 7 RVO retina versus control retina. The angiogenic regulators Dcn and Mmp1 and pro-inflammatory factors Mmp12 and Cxcl13 were significantly upregulated in RVO retinas. Further, we suggest that epigenetic regulation via the REST/cofactor-complex could contribute to RVO pathology. Among human homologous genes in rabbits, genes associated with hypoxia, angiogenesis, and inflammation were significantly upregulated in RVO retinas. Components of the Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways, which play regulatory roles in angiogenesis and inflammation, were significantly upregulated in RVO, and the expression levels of downstream factors, such as the transcription factor AP-1 and chemokines, were increased. Further, connectivity map analyses suggested that inhibitors of the NF-κB pathway are potential therapeutic agents for retinal ischemic disease. The present study revealed new insights into the pathology of retinal ischemia using the rabbit RVO model, which accurately recapitulates human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Neo
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Makoto Gozawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Takamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Masaru Inatani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Masaya Oki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Life Science innovation center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- * E-mail:
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12
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Ren H, Luo JQ, Gao YC, Chen MY, Chen XP, Zhou HH, Jiang Y, Zhang W. Genetic association of hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha ( HIF1A) Pro582Ser polymorphism with risk of diabetes and diabetic complications. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:12783-12798. [PMID: 32658866 PMCID: PMC7377833 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is an age-related chronic disease associated with a number of complications, emerging as one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several studies indicated that hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1A) genetic polymorphisms may be associated with diabetes and diabetic complications. However, this association remains ambiguous. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis to provide more precise conclusion on this issue. Odds ratios (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were applied to assess the strength of the relationships. There was a protective association between HIF1A Pro582Ser polymorphism and diabetes under the heterozygous genetic model (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.55-0.91; P = 0.007). Similar associations were observed in diabetic complications risk under the allelic (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.57-0.83; P < 0.001), homozygous (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.30-0.87; P = 0.014), recessive (OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.59-0.90; P = 0.004) and dominant (OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.25-0.65; P < 0.001) genetic models. No effects of the HIF1A Ala588Thr polymorphism were found in risk of diabetes and diabetic complications. Taken together, these findings revealed the protective effect of HIF1A Pro582Ser polymorphism against diabetes and diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ren
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Quan Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Chao Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Man-Yun Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, P.R. China
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Li HY, Yuan Y, Fu YH, Wang Y, Gao XY. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α: A promising therapeutic target for vasculopathy in diabetic retinopathy. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104924. [PMID: 32464323 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious condition that can cause blindness in diabetic patients. It is a neurovascular disease, but the pathogenesis leading to the onset of this disease is still not completely understood. However, hypoxia with subsequent neovascularization is a characteristic phenomenon observed with DR. Cellular response to hypoxia is mediated by the transcriptional regulator hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). Long-term research has shown that one isotype of HIF, HIF-1α, may play a pivotal role under hypoxic conditions, and an increasing number of studies have shown that HIF-1α and its target genes contribute to retinal neovascularization. Therefore, targeting HIF-1α may lead to more effective DR treatments. This review describes the possible mechanisms of HIF-1α in neovascularization of DR. Furthermore, various inhibitors of HIF-1α that may have viable potential in the treatment of DR are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yao Li
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yu-Hong Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of visual impairment in the developed country, is characterized by vascular lesions and neuronal damage of the retina. Treatment options for this condition are currently limited. The advent of therapy targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) demonstrated significant benefits to patients with DR. However, this treatment is limited by its short half-life and requirement for frequent invasive intravitreal injections. In addition, many patients failed to achieve clinically significant improvement in visual function. Gene therapy has the potential to provide an alternative treatment for DR with distinct advantages, such as longer therapeutic effect, less injection frequency, ability to intervene at disease onset, and potentially fewer side effects. RECENT FINDINGS Strategies for gene therapy in DR, stemming from the current understanding of the disease pathogenesis, focus on the inhibition of neovascularization and protection of neurovascular degeneration in the retina. Studies with promising results have mainly focussed on animal models due to efficacy and safety concerns, despite a number of successful preclinical studies using adeno-associated virus-mediated transduction to treat both vascular dysfunction and neuronal degeneration. With the optimization of delivery vectors, transgene regulation, and outcome measure, gene therapy will potentially become available for patients with DR. This review provides an update on the current strategies utilized in DR gene therapy research. Several barriers to the clinical application of gene therapy for DR are highlighted, and future directions for this research are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Hui Wang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Georgina Eloise Roberts
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Guei-Sheung Liu
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia.
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Australia.
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Ghaseminejad F, Kaplan L, Pfaller AM, Hauck SM, Grosche A. The role of Müller cell glucocorticoid signaling in diabetic retinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 258:221-230. [PMID: 31734719 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04521-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a sight-threatening complication associated with the highly prevalent diabetes disorder. Both the microvascular damage and neurodegeneration detected in the retina caused by chronic hyperglycemia have brought special attention to Müller cells, the major macroglia of the retina that are responsible for retinal homeostasis. Given the role of glucocorticoid signaling in anti-inflammatory responses and the almost exclusive expression of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in retinal Müller cells, administration of corticosteroid agonists as a potential treatment option has been widely studied. Although these approaches have been moderately efficacious in treating or de-escalating DR pathomechanisms, there are various side effects and gaps of knowledge with regard to introducing exogenous glucocorticoids to the diseased retina. In this paper, we provide a review of the literature concerning the available evidence for the role of Müller cell glucocorticoid signaling in DR and we discuss previously investigated approaches in modulating this system as possible treatment options. Furthermore, we propose a novel alternative to the available choices of treatment by using gene therapy as a tool to regulate the expression of GR in retinal Müller cells. Upregulating GR expression allows for induced glucocorticoid signaling with more enduring effects compared to injection of agonists. Hence, repetitive injections would no longer be required. Lastly, side effects of glucocorticoid therapy such as glucocorticoid resistance of GR following chronic exposure to excess ligands or agonists can be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Ghaseminejad
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lew Kaplan
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Anna M Pfaller
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Heidemannstr. 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Antje Grosche
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, Martinsried, Germany.
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Li W, Ma N, Liu MX, Ye BJ, Li YJ, Hu HY, Tang YH. C1q/TNF-related protein-9 attenuates retinal inflammation and protects blood–retinal barrier in db/db mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 853:289-298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Therapeutic potential of natural compounds in inflammation and chronic venous insufficiency. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 176:68-91. [PMID: 31096120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The term varicose vein refers to the twisted and swollen vein visible under the skin surface which occurs most commonly in the leg. Epidemiological studies report a varying percentage of incidences from 2 to 56% in men and <1-60% in women. Venous insufficiency is most often caused by the damage to the valves and walls of the veins. The mechanism of varicose vein formation is complex. It is, however, based on hypotensive blood vessels, hypoxia, and other mechanisms associated with inflammation. This work describes mechanisms related to the formation and development of the varicose vein. It discusses risk factors, pathogenesis of chronic venous disease, markers of the epithelial and leukocyte activation, state of hypoxia and inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and oxidative stress. Additionally, this paper describes substances of plant origin used in the treatment of venous insufficiency. It also considers the structure of the molecules, their properties, and their mechanisms of action, the structure-activity relationship and chemical properties of flavonoids and other substances. The flavonoids include quercetin derivatives, micronized purified flavonoid fraction (Daflon), natural pine bark extract (Pycnogenol), and others such as triterpene saponine, extracts from Ruscus aculeatus and Centella asiatica, Ginkgo biloba extract, coumarin dereivatives that are used in chronic venous insufficiency. Flavonoids are natural substances found in plants, including fruits, vegetables, flowers, and others. They are important to the circulatory system and critical to blood vessels and the blood flow. Additionally, they have antioxidant, antiinflammatory properties.
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Zhang LQ, Cui H, Yu YB, Shi HQ, Zhou Y, Liu MJ. MicroRNA-141-3p inhibits retinal neovascularization and retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in glaucoma mice through the inactivation of Docking protein 5-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8873-8887. [PMID: 30515784 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Retinal neovascularization occurs in various ocular disorders including proliferative diabetic retinopathy and secondary neovascular glaucoma, resulting in blindness. This paper aims to investigate the effect of microRNA-141-3p (miR-141-3p) on retinal neovascularization and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in glaucoma mice through the Docking protein 5 (DOK5)-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Chip retrieval and difference analysis were used for the potential mechanism of miR-141-3p on glaucoma. All modeled mice were transfected with different expression of mimic or inhibitor. The expressions of miR-141-3p, DOK5, and related genes and proteins of the MAPK signaling pathway were detected by Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Cell proliferation, lumen formation, and apoptosis in the retinal vascular epithelial cells and RGCs were detected using Matrigel angiogenesis and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assays. Moreover, a total of 63 and 294 differentially expressed genes were obtained in GSE2378 and GSE9944 chips, and 4 genes were within the intersection of the chips. In addition, the results showed that miR-141-3p was found to inhibit the DOK5 gene and activate the MAPK pathway. The number of RGCs, the expression of p38, extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), IGF-1, VEGF, HIF1-α, Bax, caspase-3, and the extent of p38, ERK, and JNK phosphorylated were decreased with miR-141-3p upregulation. Lastly, the results obtained showed that miR-141-3p inhibited the proliferation of retinal vascular epithelial cells and inhibited angiogenesis, as well as promoted apoptosis of RGCs. The study suggests that miR-141-3p inhibits retinal neovascularization in glaucoma mice by impeding the activation of the DOK5-mediated MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qiong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yong-Bin Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huan-Qi Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mei-Jiao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Whitehead M, Wickremasinghe S, Osborne A, Van Wijngaarden P, Martin KR. Diabetic retinopathy: a complex pathophysiology requiring novel therapeutic strategies. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:1257-1270. [PMID: 30408422 PMCID: PMC6299358 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1545836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of vision loss in the working age population of the developed world. DR encompasses a complex pathology, and one that is reflected in the variety of currently available treatments, which include laser photocoagulation, glucocorticoids, vitrectomy and agents which neutralize vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Whilst these options demonstrate modest clinical benefits, none is yet to fully attenuate clinical progression or reverse damage to the retina. This has led to an interest in developing novel therapies for the condition, such as mediators of angiopoietin signaling axes, immunosuppressants, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), oxidative stress inhibitors and vitriol viscosity inhibitors. Further, preclinical research suggests that gene therapy treatment for DR could provide significant benefits over existing treatments options. AREAS COVERED Here we review the pathophysiology of DR and provide an overview of currently available treatments. We then outline recent advances made towards improved patient outcomes and highlight the potential of the gene therapy paradigm to revolutionize DR management. EXPERT OPINION Whilst significant progress has been made towards our understanding of DR, further research is required to enable the development of a detailed spatiotemporal model of the disease. In addition, we hope that improvements in our knowledge of the condition facilitate therapeutic innovations that continue to address unmet medical need and improve patient outcomes, with a focus on the development of targeted medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Whitehead
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sanjeewa Wickremasinghe
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Osborne
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Van Wijngaarden
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Keith R. Martin
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Eye Department, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust – MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Gambogic acid ameliorates diabetes-induced proliferative retinopathy through inhibition of the HIF-1α/VEGF expression via targeting PI3K/AKT pathway. Life Sci 2018; 192:293-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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21
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Baldea I, Teacoe I, Olteanu DE, Vaida-Voievod C, Clichici A, Sirbu A, Filip GA, Clichici S. Effects of different hypoxia degrees on endothelial cell cultures-Time course study. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 172:45-50. [PMID: 29155057 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure of the endothelial cells to hypoxia, the decrease in oxygen supply can trigger an endothelial response. This response is involved in inflammatory diseases, tumorigenesis, and also with the micro vascular damage associated with aging. The aim of our study was to determine the hypoxia/re-oxygenation induced response in vitro, using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) cultures, at different time points with focus on cell viability, apoptosis oxidative stress and angiogenesis stimulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cells were exposed to 10%, 5% or 0% O2 for 6h, 12h, and 24h. Viability was measured through colorimetry, apoptosis - annexin V-FITC staining, DNA lesions (γH2AX), endothelial activation (sICAM1), angiogenesis (HIF1α), oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, superoxidismutase and NFκB activation) were determined by ELISA, Western Blot and spectrophotometry. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Hypoxia decreased viability, increased apoptosis, oxidative stress, endothelial activation and angiogenesis, depending on O2 concentration and time exposure. Short exposures to 5% and 10% O2, efficiently activated anti-apoptotic mechanisms through NFκB activation, HIF1α and γH2AX related DNA damage repair pathways. However, severe hypoxia and longer exposures to mild hypoxia induced high oxidative stress related damage and eventually led to apoptosis, through strong increases of HIF1α and accumulating DNA lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Baldea
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Physiology, Clinicilor 1, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ioana Teacoe
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Physiology, Clinicilor 1, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Diana Elena Olteanu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Physiology, Clinicilor 1, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Cristina Vaida-Voievod
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Physiology, Clinicilor 1, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Andra Clichici
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Physiology, Clinicilor 1, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Sirbu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Physiology, Clinicilor 1, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriela Adriana Filip
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Physiology, Clinicilor 1, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Simona Clichici
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Physiology, Clinicilor 1, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Song S, Xiao X, Guo D, Mo L, Bu C, Ye W, Den Q, Liu S, Yang X. Protective effects of Paeoniflorin against AOPP-induced oxidative injury in HUVECs by blocking the ROS-HIF-1α/VEGF pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 34:115-126. [PMID: 28899493 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paeoniflorin, a monoterpene glycoside, exerts protective vascular effects, showing good antioxidant properties. However, whether Paeoniflorin has protective effect against the oxidative damage induced by advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) is unknown, as is the underlying mechanism. PURPOSE The present study was designed to investigate the effect of Paeoniflorin on oxidative damage of HUVECs and elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS The fluorescence intensity of 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining was detected for intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The increases mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was measured via flow cytometry and confocal microscopy using MitoTracker® Deep Red/ MitoTracker® Green staining. The intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was measured by ATP Determination Kit according to the manufacturer's protocol. Nox2, Nox4, hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 expressions were detected by western blot. RESULTS Our results showed that Paeoniflorin increases MMP and ATP levels of HUVECs induced by AOPPs, and attenuates NF-κB p65 expression on HUVECs might mainly result from its antioxidant capability by suppressing ROS production. Moreover, we also found that Paeoniflorin can suppress HIF-1α and VEGF protein expression through a decrease of ROS production via down-regulation of Nox2/Nox4 expression in HUVECs. AOPP-induced RAGE mRNA up-regulation was blocked by Paeoniflorin treatment in HUVECs. CONCLUSION Our results provided the first experimental that Paeoniflorin protects against AOPP-induced oxidative damage in HUVECs, mainly through a mechanism involving a decrease in ROS production by the inhibition of Nox2/Nox4 and RAGE expression; restored ATP depletion and mitochondria dysfunction via ROS suppression; and down-regulated HIF-1α/VEGF, possibly via the ROS-NF-κB axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolian Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou Boulevard (North), Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou Boulevard (North), Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Dan Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou Boulevard (North), Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Liqian Mo
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou Boulevard (North), Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Can Bu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou Boulevard (North), Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenbin Ye
- Department of Orthopedic Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quanwen Den
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou Boulevard (North), Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shiting Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou Boulevard (North), Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xixiao Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou Boulevard (North), Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Endothelial adenosine A2a receptor-mediated glycolysis is essential for pathological retinal angiogenesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:584. [PMID: 28928465 PMCID: PMC5605640 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine/adenosine receptor-mediated signaling has been implicated in the development of various ischemic diseases, including ischemic retinopathies. Here, we show that the adenosine A2a receptor (ADORA2A) promotes hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1 (HIF-1)-dependent endothelial cell glycolysis, which is crucial for pathological angiogenesis in proliferative retinopathies. Adora2a expression is markedly increased in the retina of mice with oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). Endothelial cell-specific, but not macrophage-specific Adora2a deletion decreases key glycolytic enzymes and reduces pathological neovascularization in the OIR mice. In human primary retinal microvascular endothelial cells, hypoxia induces the expression of ADORA2A by activating HIF-2α. ADORA2A knockdown decreases hypoxia-induced glycolytic enzyme expression, glycolytic flux, and endothelial cell proliferation, sprouting and tubule formation. Mechanistically, ADORA2A activation promotes the transcriptional induction of glycolytic enzymes via ERK- and Akt-dependent translational activation of HIF-1α protein. Taken together, these findings advance translation of ADORA2A as a therapeutic target in the treatment of proliferative retinopathies and other diseases dependent on pathological angiogenesis.Pathological angiogenesis in the retina is a major cause of blindness. Here the authors show that adenosine receptor A2A drives pathological angiogenesis in the oxygen-induced retinopathy mouse model by promoting glycolysis in endothelial cells via the ERK/Akt/HIF-1α pathway, thereby suggesting new therapeutic targets for disease treatment.
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Abstract
Reduction-oxidation factor 1-apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (Ref-1/APE1) is a critical node in tumor cells, both as a redox regulator of transcription factor activation and as part of the DNA damage response. As a redox signaling protein, Ref-1/APE1 enhances the transcriptional activity of STAT3, HIF-1α, nuclear factor kappa B, and other transcription factors to promote growth, migration, and survival in tumor cells as well as inflammation and angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment. Ref-1/APE1 is activated in a variety of cancers, including prostate, colon, pancreatic, ovarian, lung and leukemias, leading to increased aggressiveness. Transcription factors downstream of Ref-1/APE1 are key contributors to many cancers, and Ref-1/APE1 redox signaling inhibition slows growth and progression in a number of tumor types. Ref-1/APE1 inhibition is also highly effective when paired with other drugs, including standard-of-care therapies and therapies targeting pathways affected by Ref-1/APE1 redox signaling. Additionally, Ref-1/APE1 plays a role in a variety of other indications, such as retinopathy, inflammation, and neuropathy. In this review, we discuss the functional consequences of activation of the Ref-1/APE1 node in cancer and other diseases, as well as potential therapies targeting Ref-1/APE1 and related pathways in relevant diseases. APX3330, a novel oral anticancer agent and the first drug to target Ref-1/APE1 for cancer is entering clinical trials and will be explored in various cancers and other diseases bringing bench discoveries to the clinic.
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Saraiva SM, Castro-López V, Pañeda C, Alonso MJ. Synthetic nanocarriers for the delivery of polynucleotides to the eye. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 103:5-18. [PMID: 28263915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is a comprehensive analysis of the progress made so far on the delivery of polynucleotide-based therapeutics to the eye, using synthetic nanocarriers. Attention has been addressed to the capacity of different nanocarriers for the specific delivery of polynucleotides to both, the anterior and posterior segments of the eye, with emphasis on their ability to (i) improve the transport of polynucleotides across the different eye barriers; (ii) promote their intracellular penetration into the target cells; (iii) protect them against degradation and, (iv) deliver them in a long-term fashion way. Overall, the conclusion is that despite the advantages that nanotechnology may offer to the area of ocular polynucleotide-based therapies (especially AS-ODN and siRNA delivery), the knowledge disclosed so far is still limited. This fact underlines the necessity of more fundamental and product-oriented research for making the way of the said nanotherapies towards clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M Saraiva
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Av. Barcelona s/n, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Vanessa Castro-López
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Av. Barcelona s/n, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Covadonga Pañeda
- Sylentis, R&D Department, c/Santiago Grisolía 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Alonso
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Av. Barcelona s/n, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Wang JH, Ling D, Tu L, van Wijngaarden P, Dusting GJ, Liu GS. Gene therapy for diabetic retinopathy: Are we ready to make the leap from bench to bedside? Pharmacol Ther 2017; 173:1-18. [PMID: 28132907 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a chronic and progressive complication of diabetes mellitus, is a sight-threatening disease characterized in the early stages by neuronal and vascular dysfunction in the retina, and later by neovascularization that further damages vision. A major contributor to the pathology is excess production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a growth factor that induces formation of new blood vessels and increases permeability of existing vessels. Despite the recent availability of effective treatments for the disease, including laser photocoagulation and therapeutic VEGF antibodies, DR remains a significant cause of vision loss worldwide. Existing anti-VEGF agents, though generally effective, are limited by their short therapeutic half-lives, necessitating frequent intravitreal injections and the risk of attendant adverse events. Management of DR with gene therapies has been proposed for several years, and pre-clinical studies have yielded enticing findings. Gene therapy holds several advantages over conventional treatments for DR, such as a longer duration of therapeutic effect, simpler administration, the ability to intervene at an earlier stage of the disease, and potentially fewer side-effects. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the pathophysiology of DR and provide an overview of research into DR gene therapies. We also examine current barriers to the clinical application of gene therapy for DR and evaluate future prospects for this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Hui Wang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damien Ling
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Discipline of Ophthalmology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leilei Tu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peter van Wijngaarden
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory J Dusting
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guei-Sheung Liu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia.
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Zhang J, Yang J, Huang T, Shu Y, Chen L. Identification of novel proliferative diabetic retinopathy related genes on protein–protein interaction network. Neurocomputing 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2015.09.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Jafari Sani M, Yazdi F, Masoomi Karimi M, Alizadeh J, Rahmati M, Zarei Mahmudabadi A. The siRNA-Mediated Down-Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor1. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2016; 18:e23418. [PMID: 27275397 PMCID: PMC4893410 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.23418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Angiogenesis is an important biological process involved in the proliferation of endothelial cells, tumor growth and metastasis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is considered as a prominent regulator of angiogenesis which exerts the aforementioned effect(s) through its respective receptors (VEGFR1 and VEGFR2). VEGF receptors are targeted as a therapeutic candidate for cancer growth inhibition. RNAi as a new and promising strategy has provided a useful means to specifically suppress gene expression in cancer cells. Objectives The current study aimed to down-regulate expression of the VEGFR1 using siRNA. Materials and Methods This experimental study designed specific siRNAs against VEGFR1. Total RNA was extracted from human umbilical vain endothelial cell (HUVEC) and subsequently cDNA was synthetized. PCR was performed using specific primers to amplify the target gene. After double digestion and purification, the gene was cloned into pEFGP-N1 expression vector. Then, AGS cells were transfected with recombinant pEGFP-N1 using lipofectamin. The gene expression and down-regulation were evaluated by fluorescence scanning, reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blot techniques. Results Fluorescent scanning, RT-PCR (27.68%) and western blot analysis (31.06%) showed that the expression of VEGFR1 was suppressed effectively. Conclusions The results of the current study showed that specifically designed siRNA can be considered as an appropriate strategy to suppress gene expression and might be a promising tool to prevent angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moslem Jafari Sani
- Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, IR Iran
| | - Foad Yazdi
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Masoomeh Masoomi Karimi
- Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, IR Iran
| | - Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Majid Rahmati
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Ali Zarei Mahmudabadi
- Biochemical Department, Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Ali Zarei Mahmudabadi, Biochemical Department, Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9123277532, Fax: +98-2122830262, E-mail:
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Jiang J, Zhang L, Zhang L, Xia X. Application of recombinant peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α mediates neovascularization in the retina. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:1311-9. [PMID: 26676891 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) is able to induce the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), promoting the formation of new blood vessels in skeletal muscle. The aim of the current study was to determine whether PGC-1α is able to regulate angiogenesis in human retinal vascular endothelial cells (hRVECs) in vitro and in retinas in vivo. hRVECs treated with recombinant PGC-1α were incubated for 24 h and then placed into a normoxic (20% O2) or hypoxic (1% O2) environment for a further 16 h. Following this, VEGF mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased. Cellular proliferation was enhanced by treatment with recombinant PGC-1α in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. At 24 h following recombinant PGC-1α treatment, hRVECs were plated into Matrigel-coated plates and cultured under normoxic (20% O2) or hypoxic (1% O2) conditions for a further 24 h. Recombinant PGC-1α-treated cells were observed to form significantly greater numbers of tubes. In a C57BL/6J mouse model of ischemic retinopathy, mice received an intravitreal injection of recombinant PGC-1α, resulting in a significant increase in VEGF mRNA and protein levels in the retina. Retinal neovascular tufts and neovascular nuclei were investigated by angiographic and cross-sectional analysis and were observed to be significantly increased in the PGC-1α group compared with the control group. These results indicate that PGC-1α is able to induce angiogenesis in hRVECs and retinas, and suggests that PGC-1α is a potential anti-angiogenic target in retinal neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Hennig R, Ohlmann A, Staffel J, Pollinger K, Haunberger A, Breunig M, Schweda F, Tamm ER, Goepferich A. Multivalent nanoparticles bind the retinal and choroidal vasculature. J Control Release 2015; 220:265-274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Di Y, Zhang Y, Yang H, Wang A, Chen X. The mechanism of CCN1-enhanced retinal neovascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy through PI3K/Akt-VEGF signaling pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:2463-73. [PMID: 25995618 PMCID: PMC4425238 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s79782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background CCN1 (also called Cyr 61) is an extracellular matrix signaling molecule that has been implicated in neovascularization through its interactions with several endothelial integrin receptors. The roles of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in angiogenesis are well described. The aim of this study was to investigate the signal transduction mechanism of CCN1–PI3K/Akt–VEGF in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and the effects of CCN1 knockdown on ROP. Methods The oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model was established in C57BL/6J mice exposed to a high concentration of oxygen. Retinas were obtained from the normoxia, OIR, OIR control (treated with scramble siRNA) and OIR treated (with CCN1 siRNA) groups. Retinal neovascularization (RNV) was qualitatively analyzed with ADPase staining and quantitatively analyzed by counting neovascular endothelial cell nuclei at postnatal day 17 when RNV reached a peak. mRNA level and protein expression of CCN1, p-Akt, and VEGF were measured by real-time PCR and Western blotting, and located with immunohistochemistry. Results CCN1 depletion resulted in less neovascularization clock hour scores in the number of preretinal neovascular cells compared with the OIR treated group (1.28±0.83 versus 4.80±0.82; and 7.12±2.50 versus 23.25±2.35, respectively, both P<0.05). Furthermore, CCN1, p-Akt and VEGF mRNA, and protein were significantly expressed in the retina of the OIR and OIR control groups. Intravitreal injection of CCN1 siRNA significantly reduced PI3K/Akt–VEGF pathway expression of the OIR mouse model (all P<0.05). CCN1 siRNA significantly enhanced the avascular area and avascular diameter of OIR model (P<0.05). CCN1 siRNA decreased the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α significantly compared to the OIR group (P<0.05). Conclusion These results suggest that CCN1 plays an important role in RNV via the PI3K/Akt–VEGF signaling pathway. CCN1 may be a potential target for the prevention and treatment of ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Di
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiou Zhang
- Graduate School, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiyuan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Guzman-Aranguez A, Loma P, Pintor J. Small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) as a promising tool for ocular therapy. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:730-47. [PMID: 23937539 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) can be used to inhibit the expression of specific genes in vitro and in vivo, thereby providing an extremely useful tool for investigating gene function. Progress in the understanding of RNAi-based mechanisms has opened up new perspectives in therapeutics for the treatment of several diseases including ocular disorders. The eye is currently considered a good target for RNAi therapy mainly because it is a confined compartment and, therefore, enables local delivery of small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) by topical instillation or direct injection. However, delivery strategies that protect the siRNAs from degradation and are suitable for long-term treatment would be help to improve the efficacy of RNAi-based therapies for ocular pathologies. siRNAs targeting critical molecules involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa and neovascular eye diseases (age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and corneal neovascularization) have been tested in experimental animal models, and clinical trials have been conducted with some of them. This review provides an update on the progress of RNAi in ocular therapeutics, discussing the advantages and drawbacks of RNAi-based therapeutics compared to previous treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guzman-Aranguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Selvaraju V, Parinandi NL, Adluri RS, Goldman JW, Hussain N, Sanchez JA, Maulik N. Molecular mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses of pharmacological inhibitors of HIF-prolyl 4-hydroxylases for treatment of ischemic diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2631-65. [PMID: 23992027 PMCID: PMC4026215 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE In this review, we have discussed the efficacy and effect of small molecules that act as prolyl hydroxylase domain inhibitors (PHDIs). The use of these compounds causes upregulation of the pro-angiogenic factors and hypoxia inducible factor-1α and -2α (HIF-1α and HIF-2α) to enhance angiogenic, glycolytic, erythropoietic, and anti-apoptotic pathways in the treatment of various ischemic diseases responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in humans. RECENT ADVANCES Sprouting of new blood vessels from the existing vasculature and surgical intervention, such as coronary bypass and stent insertion, have been shown to be effective in attenuating ischemia. However, the initial reentry of oxygen leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species that cause oxidative stress and result in ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. This apparent "oxygen paradox" must be resolved to combat IR injury. During hypoxia, decreased activity of PHDs initiates the accumulation and activation of HIF-1α, wherein the modulation of both PHD and HIF-1α appears as promising therapeutic targets for the pharmacological treatment of ischemic diseases. CRITICAL ISSUES Research on PHDs and HIFs has shown that these molecules can serve as therapeutic targets for ischemic diseases by modulating glycolysis, erythropoiesis, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Efforts are underway to identify and synthesize safer small-molecule inhibitors of PHDs that can be administered in vivo as therapy against ischemic diseases. FUTURE DIRECTIONS This review presents a comprehensive and current account of the existing small-molecule PHDIs and their use in the treatment of ischemic diseases with a focus on the molecular mechanisms of therapeutic action in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaithinathan Selvaraju
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Narasimham L. Parinandi
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ram Sudheer Adluri
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Joshua W. Goldman
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Naveed Hussain
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
- Division of Neonatal Medicine, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Juan A. Sanchez
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Nilanjana Maulik
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
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Cavallaro G, Filippi L, Bagnoli P, La Marca G, Cristofori G, Raffaeli G, Padrini L, Araimo G, Fumagalli M, Groppo M, Dal Monte M, Osnaghi S, Fiorini P, Mosca F. The pathophysiology of retinopathy of prematurity: an update of previous and recent knowledge. Acta Ophthalmol 2014; 92:2-20. [PMID: 23617889 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disease that can cause blindness in very low birthweight infants. The incidence of ROP is closely correlated with the weight and the gestational age at birth. Despite current therapies, ROP continues to be a highly debilitating disease. Our advancing knowledge of the pathogenesis of ROP has encouraged investigations into new antivasculogenic therapies. The purpose of this article is to review the findings on the pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute to the transition between the first and second phases of ROP and to investigate new potential therapies. Oxygen has been well characterized for the key role that it plays in retinal neoangiogenesis. Low or high levels of pO2 regulate the normal or abnormal production of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), which are the predominant regulators of retinal angiogenesis. Although low oxygen saturation appears to reduce the risk of severe ROP when carefully controlled within the first few weeks of life, the optimal level of saturation still remains uncertain. IGF-1 and Epo are fundamentally required during both phases of ROP, as alterations in their protein levels can modulate disease progression. Therefore, rhIGF-1 and rhEpo were tested for their abilities to prevent the loss of vasculature during the first phase of ROP, whereas anti-VEGF drugs were tested during the second phase. At present, previous hypotheses concerning ROP should be amended with new pathogenetic theories. Studies on the role of genetic components, nitric oxide, adenosine, apelin and β-adrenergic receptor have revealed new possibilities for the treatment of ROP. The genetic hypothesis that single-nucleotide polymorphisms within the β-ARs play an active role in the pathogenesis of ROP suggests the concept of disease prevention using β-blockers. In conclusion, all factors that can mediate the progression from the avascular to the proliferative phase might have significant implications for the further understanding and treatment of ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Cavallaro
- NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico - Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ItalyNICU, Medical and Surgical Feto-Neonatal Department, "A. Meyer" University Children's Hospital, Florence, ItalyDepartment of Biology, Unit of General Physiology, University of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyNeurometabolic Unit, Department of Pediatric Neurosciences, "A. Meyer" University Children's Hospital, Florence, ItalyDepartment of Ophthalmology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Abu El-Asrar AM, Al-Mezaine HS, Ola MS. Pathophysiology and management of diabetic retinopathy. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.09.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity occurs because the retina of a preterm infant at birth is incompletely vascularized, and if the postnatal environment does not match the in utero environment that supported retinal development, the vessels and neural retina will not grow normally. Risk factors determined from many clinical studies and animal studies fall into 2 categories: prenatal factors and postnatal factors.
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Vadlapatla RK, Vadlapudi AD, Mitra AK. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1): a potential target for intervention in ocular neovascular diseases. Curr Drug Targets 2013; 14:919-35. [PMID: 23701276 DOI: 10.2174/13894501113149990015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Constant oxygen supply is essential for proper tissue development, homeostasis and function of all eukaryotic organisms. Cellular response to reduced oxygen levels is mediated by the transcriptional regulator hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). It is a heterodimeric complex protein consisting of an oxygen dependent subunit (HIF-1α) and a constitutively expressed nuclear subunit (HIF-1β). In normoxic conditions, de novo synthesized cytoplasmic HIF-1α is degraded by 26S proteasome. Under hypoxic conditions, HIF-1α is stabilized, binds with HIF-1β and activates transcription of various target genes. These genes play a key role in regulating angiogenesis, cell survival, proliferation, chemotherapy, radiation resistance, invasion, metastasis, genetic instability, immortalization, immune evasion, metabolism and stem cell maintenance. This review highlights the importance of hypoxia signaling in development and progression of various vision threatening pathologies such as diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma. Further, various inhibitors of HIF-1 pathway that may have a viable potential in the treatment of oxygen-dependent ocular diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Krishna Vadlapatla
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108-2718, USA
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Nawaz MI, Abouammoh M, Khan HA, Alhomida AS, Alfaran MF, Ola MS. Novel drugs and their targets in the potential treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Med Sci Monit 2013; 19:300-8. [PMID: 23619778 PMCID: PMC3659065 DOI: 10.12659/msm.883895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common complication of diabetes. It causes vision loss, and the incidence is increasing with the growth of the diabetes epidemic worldwide. Over the past few decades a number of clinical trials have confirmed that careful control of glycemia and blood pressure can reduce the risk of developing DR and control its progression. In recent years, many treatment options have been developed for clinical management of the complications of DR (e.g., proliferative DR and macular edema) using laser-based therapies, intravitreal corticosteroids and anti-vascular endothelial growth factors, and vitrectomy to remove scarring and hemorrhage, but all these have limited benefits. In this review, we highlight and discuss potential molecular targets and new approaches that have shown great promise for the treatment of DR. New drugs and strategies are based on targeting a number of hyperglycemia-induced metabolic stress pathways, oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways, the renin-angiotensin system, and neurodegeneration, in addition to the use of stem cells and ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) technologies. At present, clinical trials of some of these newer drugs in humans are yet to begin or are in early stages. Together, the new therapeutic drugs and approaches discussed may control the incidence and progression of DR with greater efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Imtiaz Nawaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwan Abouammoh
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haseeb A. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S. Alhomida
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mubarak F. Alfaran
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding Author: Mohammad Shamsul Ola, e-mail: and
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Antiangiogenic role of miR-361 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: functional interaction with the peptide somatostatin. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 386:15-27. [PMID: 23128854 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SRIF) acts as antiangiogenic factor, but its role in the regulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) targeting proangiogenic factors is unknown. We used human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to investigate whether (1) miRNAs targeting proangiogenic factors are influenced by hypoxia, (2) their expression is regulated by SRIF, and (3) SRIF-regulated miRNAs affect HUVEC angiogenic phenotype. The involvement of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 in miRNA effects was studied. Quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot, cell proliferation assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used. Using specific algorithms, three miRNAs (miR-17, miR-18b, and miR-361) were predicted to bind angiogenesis-associated factors including STAT3, HIF-1α, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Hypoxia downregulates miR-17 and miR-361 without affecting miR-18b. SRIF restored decreased levels of miR-361 acting at the SRIF receptor sst(1). Downregulated miR-361 was also restored by HIF-1α inhibition with YC-1. Combined application of SRIF did not influence YC-1-induced miR-361 downregulation, suggesting that YC-1 and SRIF modulate miR-361 through a common mechanism involving HIF-1α. This possibility was confirmed by the result that HIF-1α activation in normoxia-downregulated miR-361 and that this downregulation was prevented by SRIF. miR-361 overexpression reduced hypoxia-induced cell proliferation and VEGF release indicating miR-361 involvement in the acquisition of an angiogenic phenotype by HUVEC. miR-361 effects on VEGF were enhanced by the coadministration of SRIF. Our results suggest that (1) SRIF regulates miR-361 expression through a control on HIF-1, (2) miR-361 affects HUVEC angiogenic phenotype, and (3) SRIF and miR-361 act cooperatively in limiting hypoxia-induced VEGF release.
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Cai X, Sezate SA, McGinnis JF. Neovascularization: ocular diseases, animal models and therapies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 723:245-52. [PMID: 22183339 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0631-0_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Caprara C, Grimm C. From oxygen to erythropoietin: relevance of hypoxia for retinal development, health and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2011; 31:89-119. [PMID: 22108059 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photoreceptors and other cells of the retina consume large quantities of energy to efficiently convert light information into a neuronal signal understandable by the brain. The necessary energy is mainly provided by the oxygen-dependent generation of ATP in the numerous mitochondria of retinal cells. To secure the availability of sufficient oxygen for this process, the retina requires constant blood flow through the vasculature of the retina and the choroid. Inefficient supply of oxygen and nutrients, as it may occur in conditions of disturbed hemodynamics or vascular defects, results in tissue ischemia or hypoxia. This has profound consequences on retinal function and cell survival, requiring an adaptational response by cells to cope with the reduced oxygen tension. Central to this response are hypoxia inducible factors, transcription factors that accumulate under hypoxic conditions and drive the expression of a large variety of target genes involved in angiogenesis, cell survival and metabolism. Prominent among these factors are vascular endothelial growth factor and erythropoietin, which may contribute to normal angiogenesis during development, but may also cause neovascularization and vascular leakage under pathologically reduced oxygen levels. Since ischemia and hypoxia may have a role in various retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity, studying the cellular and molecular response to reduced tissue oxygenation is of high relevance. In addition, the concept of preconditioning with ischemia or hypoxia demonstrates the capacity of the retina to activate endogenous survival mechanisms, which may protect cells against a following noxious insult. Part of these mechanisms is the local production of protective factors such as erythropoietin. Due to its plethora of effects in the retina including neuro- and vaso-protective activities, erythropoietin has gained strong interest as potential therapeutic factor for retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Caprara
- Lab for Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Motegi SI, Leitner WW, Lu M, Tada Y, Sárdy M, Wu C, Chavakis T, Udey MC. Pericyte-derived MFG-E8 regulates pathologic angiogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:2024-34. [PMID: 21737783 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.232587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MFG-E8 (also called lactadherin and SED1) is a secreted glycoprotein that has been previously implicated in enhancement of vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent angiogenesis. Major sources of MFG-E8 in vivo and precise mechanisms of MFG-E8 action remain undetermined. The objective of this study was to identify important sources of MFG-E8 in vivo and further elucidate the role(s) of MFG-E8 in the regulation of angiogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS We used knockout mice and anti-MFG-E8 antibodies to study MFG-E8 function in vivo. In melanomas and in retinas of mice with oxygen-induced retinopathy, MFG-E8 colocalized with pericytes rather than endothelial cells, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor β+ pericytes/pericyte precursors purified from tumors contained large amounts of MFG-E8 mRNA. Tumor- and retinopathy-associated angiogenesis was diminished in MFG-E8 knockout mice, and pericyte coverage of neovessels was reduced. Inhibition of MFG-E8 production by 10T1/2 cells (surrogate pericyte/pericyte precursors) using small interfering RNAs and short hairpin RNAs, or inhibition of MFG-E8 action with some anti-MFG-E8 antibodies, selectively attenuated migration in vitro. Significantly, the anti-MFG-E8 antibodies that inhibited 10T1/2 cell migration in vitro also inhibited pathological angiogenesis in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These studies strongly implicate MFG-E8 in pericyte/pericyte precursor function and indicate that MFG-E8-directed therapeutics may merit further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei-ichiro Motegi
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20802-1908, USA
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Kim JW. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1, hepatocellular carcinoma and angiogenesis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY 2011; 16:278-9. [PMID: 20924209 PMCID: PMC3304598 DOI: 10.3350/kjhep.2010.16.3.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Bai Y, Bai X, Wang Z, Zhang X, Ruan C, Miao J. MicroRNA-126 inhibits ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization via regulating angiogenic growth factors. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 91:471-7. [PMID: 21586283 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the potential transcriptional regulation and signal pathway of a single microRNA in ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization (NV), we used oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) in establishing retinal NV model, and quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR analyzing a microRNA (miR-126) alteration. The mice were treated with plasmid pCMV-MIR-126/liposome mixture intravitreal injection, using pCMV-MIR/liposome mixture as control. The expression levels of VEGF, IGF-2 and HIF-1α, and the level changes of total and phosphorylated p38, ERK in retina from OIR mice were determined by western blot analysis. The effects of miR-126 on retinal NV in OIR mice were identified with fluoresecin angiography and H & E staining. No effect of miR-126 intravitreal injection on retinal vessels was performed with CD31 stained retinal sections. Our results showed that miR-126 was significantly decreased in retina from OIR mice. We confirmed that restoration of miR-126 in retina overcame the high levels of VEGF, IGF-2 and HIF-1α through downregulating p38 and ERK signaling molecules in OIR model, and that miR-126 intravitreal injection reduced retinal NV in OIR model. These results suggest that miR-126 might play a potential transcriptional role in the pathogenesis in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Bai
- Department of Medicine/Cell Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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Hypoxia effects on proangiogenic factors in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: functional role of the peptide somatostatin. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2011; 383:593-612. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-011-0625-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Liu D, Xia XB, Xu XL, Tian XF, Shang L. Role of unc5b in retinal neovascularization in mice with oxygen-induced retinopathy. Int J Ophthalmol 2011; 4:137-42. [PMID: 22553628 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2011.02.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the role of unc5b in retinal neovascularization in murine oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). METHODS On postnatal 7(P7), C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 75%±2% oxygen for 5 days. On postnatal 12(P12), the mice were brought back to the room air (21% oxygen) to induce retinal neovascularization. Western blot analysis was performed to examine the temporal expression of unc5b in murine retinas. Double staining for unc5b and isolectin B4 were employed to determine the location of unc5b in murine retinas. The effect of unc5b on retinal neovascularization was evaluated by intravitreal injection of unc5b-FC in mice with OIR. Retinal neovascularization was measured by counting neovascular cell nuclei above the internal limiting membrane and by angiography of flat-mounted retinas perfused with fluorescein dextran. RESULTS Compared to age-matched normal mice, the expression of unc5b was significantly increased in retinas of OIR mice on P17 and P21. Unc5b was apparently expressed in retinal vessels of OIR while being negative in normal retinal vessels. Retinal neovascularization in eyes injected with unc5b-FC was significantly reduced. CONCLUSION Unc5b-FC can effectively inhibit retinal neovascularization induced by OIR. It may serve as a powerful and novel therapy for ischemia-induced retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital of the Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
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Majmundar AJ, Wong WJ, Simon MC. Hypoxia-inducible factors and the response to hypoxic stress. Mol Cell 2010; 40:294-309. [PMID: 20965423 PMCID: PMC3143508 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1690] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen (O(2)) is an essential nutrient that serves as a key substrate in cellular metabolism and bioenergetics. In a variety of physiological and pathological states, organisms encounter insufficient O(2) availability, or hypoxia. In order to cope with this stress, evolutionarily conserved responses are engaged. In mammals, the primary transcriptional response to hypoxic stress is mediated by the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). While canonically regulated by prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing enzymes (PHDs), the HIFα subunits are intricately responsive to numerous other factors, including factor-inhibiting HIF1α (FIH1), sirtuins, and metabolites. These transcription factors function in normal tissue homeostasis and impinge on critical aspects of disease progression and recovery. Insights from basic HIF biology are being translated into pharmaceuticals targeting the HIF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar J Majmundar
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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TU X, MIN LF, CHEN Q, XIE MX, HE LL. Study on Using Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as HIF-1α shRNA Gene Carrier to Reverse Cisplatin Resistance of A549/CDDP Cell Lines*. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2010.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang J, Xu X, Elliott MH, Zhu M, Le YZ. Müller cell-derived VEGF is essential for diabetes-induced retinal inflammation and vascular leakage. Diabetes 2010; 59:2297-305. [PMID: 20530741 PMCID: PMC2927953 DOI: 10.2337/db09-1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A or VEGF) is a major pathogenic factor and therapeutic target for diabetic retinopathy (DR). Since VEGF has been proposed as a survival factor for retinal neurons, defining the cellular origin of pathogenic VEGF is necessary for the effectiveness and safety of long-term anti-VEGF therapies for DR. To determine the significance of Müller cell-derived VEGF in DR, we disrupted VEGF in Müller cells with an inducible Cre/lox system and examined diabetes-induced retinal inflammation and vascular leakage in these conditional VEGF knockout (KO) mice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Leukostasis was determined by counting the number of fluorescently labeled leukocytes inside retinal vasculature. Expression of biomarkers for retinal inflammation was assessed by immunoblotting of TNF-alpha, ICAM-1, and NF-kappaB. Vascular leakage was measured by immunoblotting of retinal albumin and fluorescent microscopic analysis of extravascular albumin. Diabetes-induced vascular alterations were examined by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry for tight junctions, and by trypsin digestion assays for acellular capillaries. Retinal integrity was analyzed with morphologic and morphometric analyses. RESULTS Diabetic conditional VEGF KO mice exhibited significantly reduced leukostasis, expression of inflammatory biomarkers, depletion of tight junction proteins, numbers of acellular capillaries, and vascular leakage compared to diabetic control mice. CONCLUSIONS Müller cell-derived VEGF plays an essential and causative role in retinal inflammation, vascular lesions, and vascular leakage in DR. Therefore, Müller cells are a primary cellular target for proinflammatory signals that mediates retinal inflammation and vascular leakage in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Medicine Endocrinology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Harold Hamm Oklahoma Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Xueliang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Michael H. Elliott
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Meili Zhu
- Department of Medicine Endocrinology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Harold Hamm Oklahoma Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Yun-Zheng Le
- Department of Medicine Endocrinology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Harold Hamm Oklahoma Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Corresponding author: Yun-Zheng Le,
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Abstract
Ocular angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from the existing vascular tree, is an important cause for severe loss of vision. It can occur in a spectrum of ocular disorders such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, retinal artery or vein occlusion, and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). One of the underlying causes of vision loss in proliferative retinal diseases is the increased vascular permeability leading to retinal edema, vascular fragility resulting in hemorrhage, or fibrovascular proliferation with tractional and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Pro- and antiangiogenic factors regulate an "angiogenic switch," which when turned on, leads to the pathogenesis of the above ocular diseases. Although neovascularization tends to occur at a relatively late stage in the course of many ocular disorders, it is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention, since it represents a final common pathway in processes that are multifactorial in etiology and is the event that typically leads directly to visual loss. Identification of these angiogenesis regulators has enabled the development of novel therapeutic approaches. In this light, antibodies directed against common markers of neovasculature, expressed in different diseases, may open up a very general and widely applicable approach for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Local gene transfer, that is, the intraocular delivery of recombinant viruses carrying genes encoding angiostatic proteins and small interfering RNA (siRNA) against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptors, offers the possibility of targeted, sustained, and regulatable delivery of angiostatic proteins and other angiogenic regulators to the retina. Recent progress has enabled the planning of clinical trials of gene therapy for ocular neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Rajappa
- Department of Ocular Biochemistry, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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