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Paralkar VR. Transcription factor regulation of ribosomal RNA in hematopoiesis. Curr Opin Hematol 2024; 31:199-206. [PMID: 38568093 PMCID: PMC11139577 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are transcribed within nucleoli from rDNA repeats by RNA Polymerase I (Pol I). There is variation in rRNA transcription rates across the hematopoietic tree, and leukemic blast cells have prominent nucleoli, indicating abundant ribosome biogenesis. The mechanisms underlying these variations are poorly understood. The purpose of this review is to summarize findings of rDNA binding and Pol I regulation by hematopoietic transcription factors. RECENT FINDINGS Our group recently used custom genome assemblies optimized for human and mouse rDNA mapping to map nearly 2200 ChIP-Seq datasets for nearly 250 factors to rDNA, allowing us to identify conserved occupancy patterns for multiple transcription factors. We confirmed known rDNA occupancy of MYC and RUNX factors, and identified new binding sites for CEBP factors, IRF factors, and SPI1 at canonical motif sequences. We also showed that CEBPA degradation rapidly leads to reduced Pol I occupancy and nascent rRNA in mouse myeloid cells. SUMMARY We propose that a number of hematopoietic transcription factors bind rDNA and potentially regulate rRNA transcription. Our model has implications for normal and malignant hematopoiesis. This review summarizes the literature, and outlines experimental considerations to bear in mind while dissecting transcription factor roles on rDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram R. Paralkar
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Oei V, Chuang LSH, Matsuo J, Srivastava S, Teh M, Ito Y. RUNX3 inactivates oncogenic MYC through disruption of MYC/MAX complex and subsequent recruitment of GSK3β-FBXW7 cascade. Commun Biol 2023; 6:689. [PMID: 37400551 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MYC is one of the most commonly dysregulated proto-oncogenes in cancer. MYC promotes cancer initiation and maintenance by regulating multiple biological processes, such as proliferation and stem cell function. Here, we show that developmental regulator RUNX3 targets MYC protein for rapid degradation through the glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta-F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 7 (GSK3β-FBXW7) proteolytic pathway. The evolutionarily conserved Runt domain of RUNX3 interacts directly with the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper of MYC, resulting in the disruption of MYC/MAX and MYC/MIZ-1 interactions, enhanced GSK3β-mediated phosphorylation of MYC protein at threonine-58 and its subsequent degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway. We therefore uncover a previously unknown mode of MYC destabilization by RUNX3 and provide an explanation as to why RUNX3 inhibits early-stage cancer development in gastrointestinal and lung mouse cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Oei
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School, Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Linda Shyue Huey Chuang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Junichi Matsuo
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Supriya Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming Teh
- Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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3
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RUNX3 in Stem Cell and Cancer Biology. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030408. [PMID: 36766749 PMCID: PMC9913995 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The runt-related transcription factors (RUNX) play prominent roles in cell cycle progression, differentiation, apoptosis, immunity and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. There are three members in the mammalian RUNX family, each with distinct tissue expression profiles. RUNX genes play unique and redundant roles during development and adult tissue homeostasis. The ability of RUNX proteins to influence signaling pathways, such as Wnt, TGFβ and Hippo-YAP, suggests that they integrate signals from the environment to dictate cell fate decisions. All RUNX genes hold master regulator roles, albeit in different tissues, and all have been implicated in cancer. Paradoxically, RUNX genes exert tumor suppressive and oncogenic functions, depending on tumor type and stage. Unlike RUNX1 and 2, the role of RUNX3 in stem cells is poorly understood. A recent study using cancer-derived RUNX3 mutation R122C revealed a gatekeeper role for RUNX3 in gastric epithelial stem cell homeostasis. The corpora of RUNX3R122C/R122C mice showed a dramatic increase in proliferating stem cells as well as inhibition of differentiation. Tellingly, RUNX3R122C/R122C mice also exhibited a precancerous phenotype. This review focuses on the impact of RUNX3 dysregulation on (1) stem cell fate and (2) the molecular mechanisms underpinning early carcinogenesis.
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Antony C, George SS, Blum J, Somers P, Thorsheim CL, Wu-Corts DJ, Ai Y, Gao L, Lv K, Tremblay MG, Moss T, Tan K, Wilusz JE, Ganley ARD, Pimkin M, Paralkar VR. Control of ribosomal RNA synthesis by hematopoietic transcription factors. Mol Cell 2022; 82:3826-3839.e9. [PMID: 36113481 PMCID: PMC9588704 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are the most abundant cellular RNAs, and their synthesis from rDNA repeats by RNA polymerase I accounts for the bulk of all transcription. Despite substantial variation in rRNA transcription rates across cell types, little is known about cell-type-specific factors that bind rDNA and regulate rRNA transcription to meet tissue-specific needs. Using hematopoiesis as a model system, we mapped about 2,200 ChIP-seq datasets for 250 transcription factors (TFs) and chromatin proteins to human and mouse rDNA and identified robust binding of multiple TF families to canonical TF motifs on rDNA. Using a 47S-FISH-Flow assay developed for nascent rRNA quantification, we demonstrated that targeted degradation of C/EBP alpha (CEBPA), a critical hematopoietic TF with conserved rDNA binding, caused rapid reduction in rRNA transcription due to reduced RNA Pol I occupancy. Our work identifies numerous potential rRNA regulators and provides a template for dissection of TF roles in rRNA transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Antony
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Subin S George
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Justin Blum
- The College of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Patrick Somers
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chelsea L Thorsheim
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dexter J Wu-Corts
- The College of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuxi Ai
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Long Gao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG) & Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kaosheng Lv
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Michel G Tremblay
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, St Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre (CRCHU de Québec-Université Laval), Québec, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Tom Moss
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, St Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre (CRCHU de Québec-Université Laval), Québec, QC G1R 3S3, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Kai Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jeremy E Wilusz
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Therapeutic Innovation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Austen R D Ganley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 0623, New Zealand; Digital Life Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | - Maxim Pimkin
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Vikram R Paralkar
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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5
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Ripmeester EGJ, Welting TJM, van den Akker GGH, Surtel DAM, Steijns JSJ, Cremers A, van Rhijn LW, Caron MMJ. BMP7 increases protein synthesis in SW1353 cells and determines rRNA levels in a NKX3-2-dependent manner. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263430. [PMID: 35139106 PMCID: PMC8827423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BMP7 is a morphogen capable of counteracting the OA chondrocyte hypertrophic phenotype via NKX3-2. NKX3-2 represses expression of RUNX2, an important transcription factor for chondrocyte hypertrophy. Since RUNX2 has previously been described as an inhibitor for 47S pre-rRNA transcription, we hypothesized that BMP7 positively influences 47S pre-rRNA transcription through NKX3-2, resulting in increased protein translational capacity. Therefor SW1353 cells and human primary chondrocytes were exposed to BMP7 and rRNA (18S, 5.8S, 28S) expression was determined by RT-qPCR. NKX3-2 knockdown was achieved via transfection of a NKX3-2-specific siRNA duplex. Translational capacity was assessed by the SUNsET assay, and 47S pre-rRNA transcription was determined by transfection of a 47S gene promoter-reporter plasmid. BMP7 treatment increased protein translational capacity. This was associated by increased 18S and 5.8S rRNA and NKX3-2 mRNA expression, as well as increased 47S gene promotor activity. Knockdown of NKX3-2 led to increased expression of RUNX2, accompanied by decreased 47S gene promotor activity and rRNA expression, an effect BMP7 was unable to restore. Our data demonstrate that BMP7 positively influences protein translation capacity of SW1353 cells and chondrocytes. This is likely caused by an NKX3-2-dependent activation of 47S gene promotor activity. This finding connects morphogen-mediated changes in cellular differentiation to an aspect of ribosome biogenesis via key transcription factors central to determining the chondrocyte phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen G. J. Ripmeester
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tim J. M. Welting
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Guus G. H. van den Akker
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Don A. M. Surtel
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jessica S. J. Steijns
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Andy Cremers
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk W. van Rhijn
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein M. J. Caron
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Korinfskaya S, Parameswaran S, Weirauch MT, Barski A. Runx Transcription Factors in T Cells-What Is Beyond Thymic Development? Front Immunol 2021; 12:701924. [PMID: 34421907 PMCID: PMC8377396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Runx proteins (also known as Runt-domain transcription factors) have been studied for a long time as key regulators of cellular differentiation. RUNX2 has been described as essential for osteogenesis, whereas RUNX1 and RUNX3 are known to control blood cell development during different stages of cell lineage specification. However, recent studies show evidence of complex relationships between RUNX proteins, chromatin-modifying machinery, the cytoskeleton and different transcription factors in various non-embryonic contexts, including mature T cell homeostasis, inflammation and cancer. In this review, we discuss the diversity of Runx functions in mature T helper cells, such as production of cytokines and chemokines by different CD4 T cell populations; apoptosis; and immunologic memory acquisition. We then briefly cover recent findings about the contribution of RUNX1, RUNX2 and RUNX3 to various immunologic diseases. Finally, we discuss areas that require further study to better understand the role that Runx proteins play in inflammation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Korinfskaya
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Sreeja Parameswaran
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Artem Barski
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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7
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Rose JT, Moskovitz E, Boyd JR, Gordon JA, Bouffard NA, Fritz AJ, Illendula A, Bushweller JH, Lian JB, Stein JL, Zaidi SK, Stein GS. Inhibition of the RUNX1-CBFβ transcription factor complex compromises mammary epithelial cell identity: a phenotype potentially stabilized by mitotic gene bookmarking. Oncotarget 2020; 11:2512-2530. [PMID: 32655837 PMCID: PMC7335667 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RUNX1 has recently been shown to play an important role in determination of mammary epithelial cell identity. However, mechanisms by which loss of the RUNX1 transcription factor in mammary epithelial cells leads to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are not known. Here, we report that interaction between RUNX1 and its heterodimeric partner CBFβ is essential for sustaining mammary epithelial cell identity. Disruption of RUNX1-CBFβ interaction, DNA binding, and association with mitotic chromosomes alters cell morphology, global protein synthesis, and phenotype-related gene expression. During interphase, RUNX1 is organized as punctate, predominantly nuclear, foci that are dynamically redistributed during mitosis, with a subset localized to mitotic chromosomes. Genome-wide RUNX1 occupancy profiles for asynchronous, mitotically enriched, and early G1 breast epithelial cells reveal RUNX1 associates with RNA Pol II-transcribed protein coding and long non-coding RNA genes and RNA Pol I-transcribed ribosomal genes critical for mammary epithelial proliferation, growth, and phenotype maintenance. A subset of these genes remains occupied by the protein during the mitosis to G1 transition. Together, these findings establish that the RUNX1-CBFβ complex is required for maintenance of the normal mammary epithelial phenotype and its disruption leads to EMT. Importantly, our results suggest, for the first time, that RUNX1 mitotic bookmarking of a subset of epithelial-related genes may be an important epigenetic mechanism that contributes to stabilization of the mammary epithelial cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T. Rose
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, Robert Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Eliana Moskovitz
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, Robert Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Joseph R. Boyd
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, Robert Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, Robert Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Nicole A. Bouffard
- Microscopy Imaging Center at the Robert Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Andrew J. Fritz
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, Robert Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Anuradha Illendula
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - John H. Bushweller
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jane B. Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, Robert Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Janet L. Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, Robert Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Sayyed K. Zaidi
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, Robert Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Gary S. Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, Robert Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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8
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Manandhar S, Lee YM. Emerging role of RUNX3 in the regulation of tumor microenvironment. BMB Rep 2018; 51:174-181. [PMID: 29429451 PMCID: PMC5933212 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2018.51.4.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of genes have been therapeutically targeted to relieve cancer, but cancer relapse is still a growing issue. The concept that the surrounding tumor environment is critical for the progression of cancer may foster an answer to the issue of cancer malignancy. Runt domain transcription factors (RUNX1, 2, and 3) are evolutionarily conserved and have been intensively studied for their roles in normal development and pathological conditions. During tumor growth, a hypoxic microenvironment and infiltration of the tumor by immune cells are common phenomena. In this review, we briefly introduce the consequences of hypoxia and immune cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment with a focus on RUNX3 as a critical regulator. Furthermore, based on our current knowledge of the functional role of RUNX3 in hypoxia and immune cell maintenance, a probable therapeutic intervention is suggested for the effective management of tumor growth and malignancy. [BMB Reports 2018; 51(4): 174-181].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarala Manandhar
- Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis Regulation, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - You Mie Lee
- Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis Regulation, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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9
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Zaidi SK, Fritz AJ, Tracy KM, Gordon JA, Tye CE, Boyd J, Van Wijnen AJ, Nickerson JA, Imbalzano AN, Lian JB, Stein JL, Stein GS. Nuclear organization mediates cancer-compromised genetic and epigenetic control. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 69:1-10. [PMID: 29759441 PMCID: PMC6102062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear organization is functionally linked to genetic and epigenetic regulation of gene expression for biological control and is modified in cancer. Nuclear organization supports cell growth and phenotypic properties of normal and cancer cells by facilitating physiologically responsive interactions of chromosomes, genes and regulatory complexes at dynamic three-dimensional microenvironments. We will review nuclear structure/function relationships that include: 1. Epigenetic bookmarking of genes by phenotypic transcription factors to control fidelity and plasticity of gene expression as cells enter and exit mitosis; 2. Contributions of chromatin remodeling to breast cancer nuclear morphology, metabolism and effectiveness of chemotherapy; 3. Relationships between fidelity of nuclear organization and metastasis of breast cancer to bone; 4. Dynamic modifications of higher-order inter- and intra-chromosomal interactions in breast cancer cells; 5. Coordinate control of cell growth and phenotype by tissue-specific transcription factors; 6. Oncofetal epigenetic control by bivalent histone modifications that are functionally related to sustaining the stem cell phenotype; and 7. Noncoding RNA-mediated regulation in the onset and progression of breast cancer. The discovery of components to nuclear organization that are functionally related to cancer and compromise gene expression have the potential for translation to innovative cancer diagnosis and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayyed K Zaidi
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Andrew J Fritz
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Kirsten M Tracy
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Jonathan A Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Coralee E Tye
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Joseph Boyd
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Andre J Van Wijnen
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Nickerson
- Department of Pediatrics, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Antony N Imbalzano
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Janet L Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.
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10
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Zaidi SK, Nickerson JA, Imbalzano AN, Lian JB, Stein JL, Stein GS. Mitotic Gene Bookmarking: An Epigenetic Program to Maintain Normal and Cancer Phenotypes. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1617-1624. [PMID: 30002192 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reconfiguration of nuclear structure and function during mitosis presents a significant challenge to resume the next cell cycle in the progeny cells without compromising structural and functional identity of the cells. Equally important is the requirement for cancer cells to retain the transformed phenotype, that is, unrestricted proliferative potential, suppression of cell phenotype, and activation of oncogenic pathways. Mitotic gene bookmarking retention of key regulatory proteins that include sequence-specific transcription factors, chromatin-modifying factors, and components of RNA Pol (RNAP) I and II regulatory machineries at gene loci on mitotic chromosomes plays key roles in coordinate control of cell phenotype, growth, and proliferation postmitotically. There is growing recognition that three distinct protein types, mechanistically, play obligatory roles in mitotic gene bookmarking: (i) Retention of phenotypic transcription factors on mitotic chromosomes is essential to sustain lineage commitment; (ii) Select chromatin modifiers and posttranslational histone modifications/variants retain competency of mitotic chromatin for gene reactivation as cells exit mitosis; and (iii) Functional components of RNAP I and II transcription complexes (e.g., UBF and TBP, respectively) are retained on genes poised for reactivation immediately following mitosis. Importantly, recent findings have identified oncogenes that are associated with target genes on mitotic chromosomes in cancer cells. The current review proposes that mitotic gene bookmarking is an extensively utilized epigenetic mechanism for stringent control of proliferation and identity in normal cells and hypothesizes that bookmarking plays a pivotal role in maintenance of tumor phenotypes, that is, unrestricted proliferation and compromised control of differentiation. Mol Cancer Res; 16(11); 1617-24. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayyed K Zaidi
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Centre, University of Vermont, Burlington Vermont
| | - Jeffrey A Nickerson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Anthony N Imbalzano
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Centre, University of Vermont, Burlington Vermont
| | - Janet L Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Centre, University of Vermont, Burlington Vermont
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Centre, University of Vermont, Burlington Vermont.
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11
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Mitotic Gene Bookmarking: An Epigenetic Mechanism for Coordination of Lineage Commitment, Cell Identity and Cell Growth. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:95-102. [PMID: 28299653 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic control of gene expression contributes to dynamic responsiveness of cellular processes that include cell cycle, cell growth and differentiation. Mitotic gene bookmarking, retention of sequence-specific transcription factors at target gene loci, including the RUNX regulatory proteins, provide a novel dimension to epigenetic regulation that sustains cellular identity in progeny cells following cell division. Runx transcription factor retention during mitosis coordinates physiological control of cell growth and differentiation in a broad spectrum of biological conditions, and is associated with compromised gene expression in pathologies that include cancer.
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12
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Rahmanian N, Tarighi P, Gharghabi M, Torshabi M, Tarfiei GA, Mohammadi Farsani T, Ostad SN, Ghahremani MH. Truncated forms of RUNX3 Unlike Full Length Protein Alter Cell Proliferation in a TGF-β Context Dependent Manner. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2017; 16:1194-1203. [PMID: 29201108 PMCID: PMC5610775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Runt related transcription factors (RUNX) are recognized as key players in suppressing or promoting tumor growth. RUNX3, a member of this family, is known as a tumor suppressor in many types of cancers, although such a paradigm was challenged by some researchers. The TGF-β pathway governs major upstream signals to activate RUNX3. RUNX3 protein consists of several regions and domains. The Runt domain is a conserved DNA binding domain and is considered as the main part of RUNX proteins. Herein, we compared the effects of Runt domains and full-Runx3 in cell viability by designing two constructs of Runx3, including N-terminal region and Runt domain. We investigated the effect of full-Runx3, N-t, and RD on growth inhibition in AGS, MCF-7, A549, and HEK293 cell lines which are different in TGF-β sensitivity, in the absence and presence of TGF-β. The full length RUNX3 did not notably inhibit growth of these cell lines while, the N-t and RD truncates showed different trends in these cell lines. Cell proliferation in the TGF-β impaired context cell lines (AGS and MCF-7) significantly decrease while in the A549 significantly increase. On the other hand, transfection of N-t and RD did not considerably affect the cell proliferation in the HEK293.Our results show that full-lenght RUNX3 did not affect the cell viability. Conversely, the N-t and RD constructs significantly changed cell proliferation. Therefore, therapeutic potentials for these truncated proteins are suggested in tumors with RUNX proteins dysfunction, even in the TGF-β impair context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Rahmanian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Parastoo Tarighi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Gharghabi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Torshabi
- Department of Dental Biomaterial, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ghorban Ali Tarfiei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Taiebeh Mohammadi Farsani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Naser Ostad
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ghahremani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding author: E-mail: *
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13
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Bonifer C, Levantini E, Kouskoff V, Lacaud G. Runx1 Structure and Function in Blood Cell Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:65-81. [PMID: 28299651 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RUNX transcription factors belong to a highly conserved class of transcriptional regulators which play various roles in the development of the majority of metazoans. In this review we focus on the founding member of the family, RUNX1, and its role in the transcriptional control of blood cell development in mammals. We summarize data showing that RUNX1 functions both as activator and repressor within a chromatin environment, a feature that requires its interaction with multiple other transcription factors and co-factors. Furthermore, we outline how RUNX1 works together with other factors to reshape the epigenetic landscape and the three-dimensional structure of gene loci within the nucleus. Finally, we review how aberrant forms of RUNX1 deregulate blood cell development and cause hematopoietic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Bonifer
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Elena Levantini
- Beth Israel Diaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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14
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Pan GZ, Zhai FX, Lu Y, Fang ZG, Fan RF, Liu XF, Lin DJ. RUNX3 plays an important role in As2O3‑induced apoptosis and allows cells to overcome MSC‑mediated drug resistance. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:1927-38. [PMID: 27498627 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between bone marrow stromal cells and leukemia cells is critical for the persistence and progression of leukemia, and this interaction may account for residual disease. However, the link between leukemia cells and their environment is still poorly understood. In our study, runt‑related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) was identified as a novel target gene affected by As2O3 and involved in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)‑mediated protection of leukemia cells from As2O3‑induced apoptosis. We observed induction of RUNX3 expression and the translocation of RUNX3 into the nucleus after As2O3 treatment in leukemia cells. In K562 chronic myeloid leukemia cells, downregulation of endogenous RUNX3 compromised As2O3‑induced growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. In the presence of MSC, As2O3‑induced expression of RUNX3 was reduced significantly and this reduction was modulated by CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling. Furthermore, overexpression of RUNX3 restored, at least in part, the sensitivity of leukemic cells to As2O3. We conclude that RUNX3 plays an important role in As2O3‑induced cellular responses and allows cells to overcome MSC‑mediated drug resistance. Therefore, RUNX3 is a promising target for therapeutic approaches to overcome MSC‑mediated drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Zheng Pan
- Renal Transplantation Center, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Xian Zhai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yin Lu
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Fang
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Fang Fan
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Fu Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Jun Lin
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
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15
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Aurora kinase-induced phosphorylation excludes transcription factor RUNX from the chromatin to facilitate proper mitotic progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:6490-5. [PMID: 27217562 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523157113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Runt-related transcription factors (RUNX) are master regulators of development and major players in tumorigenesis. Interestingly, unlike most transcription factors, RUNX proteins are detected on the mitotic chromatin and apparatus, suggesting that they are functionally active in mitosis. Here, we identify key sites of RUNX phosphorylation in mitosis. We show that the phosphorylation of threonine 173 (T173) residue within the Runt domain of RUNX3 disrupts RUNX DNA binding activity during mitotic entry to facilitate the recruitment of RUNX proteins to mitotic structures. Moreover, knockdown of RUNX3 delays mitotic entry. RUNX3 phosphorylation is therefore a regulatory mechanism for mitotic entry. Cancer-associated mutations of RUNX3 T173 and its equivalent in RUNX1 further corroborate the role of RUNX phosphorylation in regulating proper mitotic progression and genomic integrity.
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16
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Bevington SL, Cauchy P, Piper J, Bertrand E, Lalli N, Jarvis RC, Gilding LN, Ott S, Bonifer C, Cockerill PN. Inducible chromatin priming is associated with the establishment of immunological memory in T cells. EMBO J 2016; 35:515-35. [PMID: 26796577 PMCID: PMC4772849 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201592534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory is a defining feature of vertebrate physiology, allowing rapid responses to repeat infections. However, the molecular mechanisms required for its establishment and maintenance remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that the first steps in the acquisition of T-cell memory occurred during the initial activation phase of naïve T cells by an antigenic stimulus. This event initiated extensive chromatin remodeling that reprogrammed immune response genes toward a stably maintained primed state, prior to terminal differentiation. Activation induced the transcription factors NFAT and AP-1 which created thousands of new DNase I-hypersensitive sites (DHSs), enabling ETS-1 and RUNX1 recruitment to previously inaccessible sites. Significantly, these DHSs remained stable long after activation ceased, were preserved following replication, and were maintained in memory-phenotype cells. We show that primed DHSs maintain regions of active chromatin in the vicinity of inducible genes and enhancers that regulate immune responses. We suggest that this priming mechanism may contribute to immunological memory in T cells by facilitating the induction of nearby inducible regulatory elements in previously activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Bevington
- Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Pierre Cauchy
- Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jason Piper
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Elisabeth Bertrand
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Naveen Lalli
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Rebecca C Jarvis
- Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Liam Niall Gilding
- Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sascha Ott
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Constanze Bonifer
- Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peter N Cockerill
- Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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17
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Scott RE, Ghule PN, Stein JL, Stein GS. Cell cycle gene expression networks discovered using systems biology: Significance in carcinogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2533-42. [PMID: 25808367 PMCID: PMC4481160 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The early stages of carcinogenesis are linked to defects in the cell cycle. A series of cell cycle checkpoints are involved in this process. The G1/S checkpoint that serves to integrate the control of cell proliferation and differentiation is linked to carcinogenesis and the mitotic spindle checkpoint is associated with the development of chromosomal instability. This paper presents the outcome of systems biology studies designed to evaluate if networks of covariate cell cycle gene transcripts exist in proliferative mammalian tissues including mice, rats, and humans. The GeneNetwork website that contains numerous gene expression datasets from different species, sexes, and tissues represents the foundational resource for these studies (www.genenetwork.org). In addition, WebGestalt, a gene ontology tool, facilitated the identification of expression networks of genes that co-vary with key cell cycle targets, especially Cdc20 and Plk1 (www.bioinfo.vanderbilt.edu/webgestalt). Cell cycle expression networks of such covariate mRNAs exist in multiple proliferative tissues including liver, lung, pituitary, adipose, and lymphoid tissues among others but not in brain or retina that have low proliferative potential. Sixty-three covariate cell cycle gene transcripts (mRNAs) compose the average cell cycle network with P = e(-13) to e(-36) . Cell cycle expression networks show species, sex and tissue variability, and they are enriched in mRNA transcripts associated with mitosis, many of which are associated with chromosomal instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- RE Scott
- Varigenix, Inc., Memphis, Tennessee
| | - PN Ghule
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - JL Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - GS Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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18
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Lopez-Camacho C, van Wijnen AJ, Lian JB, Stein JL, Stein GS. CBFβ and the leukemogenic fusion protein CBFβ-SMMHC associate with mitotic chromosomes to epigenetically regulate ribosomal genes. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:2155-64. [PMID: 25079347 PMCID: PMC4199869 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitotic bookmarking is an epigenetic control mechanism that sustains gene expression in progeny cells; it is often found in genes related to the maintenance of cellular phenotype and growth control. RUNX transcription factors regulate a broad spectrum of RNA Polymerase (Pol II) transcribed genes important for lineage commitment but also regulate RNA Polymerase I (Pol I) driven ribosomal gene expression, thus coordinating control of cellular identity and proliferation. In this study, using fluorescence microscopy and biochemical approaches we show that the principal RUNX co-factor, CBFβ, associates with nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) during mitosis to negatively regulate RUNX-dependent ribosomal gene expression. Of clinical relevance, we establish for the first time that the leukemogenic fusion protein CBFβ-SMMHC (smooth muscle myosin heavy chain) also associates with ribosomal genes in interphase chromatin and mitotic chromosomes to promote and epigenetically sustain regulation of ribosomal genes through RUNX factor interactions. Our results demonstrate that CBFβ contributes to the transcriptional regulation of ribosomal gene expression and provide further understanding of the epigenetic role of CBFβ-SMMHC in proliferation and maintenance of the leukemic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Lopez-Camacho
- Department of Biochemistry and Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
| | - Andre J. van Wijnen
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jane B. Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
| | - Janet L. Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
| | - Gary S. Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
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19
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Bledsoe KL, McGee-Lawrence ME, Camilleri ET, Wang X, Riester SM, van Wijnen AJ, Oliveira AM, Westendorf JJ. RUNX3 facilitates growth of Ewing sarcoma cells. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:2049-56. [PMID: 24812032 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive pediatric small round cell tumor that predominantly occurs in bone. Approximately 85% of Ewing sarcomas harbor the EWS/FLI fusion protein, which arises from a chromosomal translocation, t(11:22)(q24:q12). EWS/FLI interacts with numerous lineage-essential transcription factors to maintain mesenchymal progenitors in an undifferentiated state. We previously showed that EWS/FLI binds the osteogenic transcription factor RUNX2 and prevents osteoblast differentiation. In this study, we investigated the role of another Runt-domain protein, RUNX3, in Ewing sarcoma. RUNX3 participates in mesenchymal-derived bone formation and is a context dependent tumor suppressor and oncogene. RUNX3 was detected in all Ewing sarcoma cells examined, whereas RUNX2 was detected in only 73% of specimens. Like RUNX2, RUNX3 binds to EWS/FLI via its Runt domain. EWS/FLI prevented RUNX3 from activating the transcription of a RUNX-responsive reporter, p6OSE2. Stable suppression of RUNX3 expression in the Ewing sarcoma cell line A673 delayed colony growth in anchorage independent soft agar assays and reversed expression of EWS/FLI-responsive genes. These results demonstrate an important role for RUNX3 in Ewing sarcoma.
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20
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Zaidi SK, Grandy RA, Lopez-Camacho C, Montecino MM, van Wijnen AJ, Lian JB, Stein JL, Stein GS. Bookmarking target genes in mitosis: a shared epigenetic trait of phenotypic transcription factors and oncogenes? Cancer Res 2014; 74:420-5. [PMID: 24408924 PMCID: PMC3996803 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The regulatory information for phenotype, proliferation, and growth of normal and tumor cells must be maintained through genome replication in the S phase and cell division during mitosis. Epigenetic mechanisms that include DNA methylation, posttranslational modifications of histones, selective utilization of histone variants, and inheritable RNA molecules play pivotal roles in maintaining cellular identity through mitotic divisions. Recent studies demonstrate that mitotic occupancy of genes, which are determinants of cell fate, growth, and proliferation, by lineage-restricted transcription factors is a key epigenetic mechanism for retention and transmission of cellular expression memory. Evidence is emerging for the presence of distinct transcriptional regulatory microenvironments in mitotic chromosomes in which the genes bookmarked for reactivation postmitotically reside. Importantly, some oncoproteins are present in mitotic microenvironments where they occupy target genes during mitosis and may contribute to perpetuating the transformed phenotype. We discuss emerging regulatory implications of epigenetically bookmarking genes during mitosis for physiologic control as well as for the onset and progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayyed K. Zaidi
- Vermont Cancer Center and Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington VT
| | - Rodrigo A. Grandy
- Vermont Cancer Center and Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington VT
| | - Cesar Lopez-Camacho
- Vermont Cancer Center and Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington VT
| | - Martin M. Montecino
- Center for Biomedical Research and FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andre J. van Wijnen
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jane B. Lian
- Vermont Cancer Center and Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington VT
| | - Janet L. Stein
- Vermont Cancer Center and Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington VT
| | - Gary S. Stein
- Vermont Cancer Center and Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington VT
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21
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Trainor PA, Merrill AE. Ribosome biogenesis in skeletal development and the pathogenesis of skeletal disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:769-78. [PMID: 24252615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The skeleton affords a framework and structural support for vertebrates, while also facilitating movement, protecting vital organs, and providing a reservoir of minerals and cells for immune system and vascular homeostasis. The mechanical and biological functions of the skeleton are inextricably linked to the size and shape of individual bones, the diversity of which is dependent in part upon differential growth and proliferation. Perturbation of bone development, growth and proliferation, can result in congenital skeletal anomalies, which affect approximately 1 in 3000 live births [1]. Ribosome biogenesis is integral to all cell growth and proliferation through its roles in translating mRNAs and building proteins. Disruption of any steps in the process of ribosome biogenesis can lead to congenital disorders termed ribosomopathies. In this review, we discuss the role of ribosome biogenesis in skeletal development and in the pathogenesis of congenital skeletal anomalies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Role of the Nucleolus in Human Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Amy E Merrill
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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22
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Wigner NA, Soung DY, Einhorn TA, Drissi H, Gerstenfeld LC. Functional role of Runx3 in the regulation of aggrecan expression during cartilage development. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:2232-42. [PMID: 23625810 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Runx2 and Runx3 are known to be expressed in the growth plate during endochondral bone formation. Here we addressed the functional role of Runx3 as distinct from Runx2 by using two models of postnatal bone repair: fracture healing that proceeds by an endochondral process and marrow ablation that proceeds by only an intramembranous process. Both Runx2 and Runx3 mRNAs were differentially up regulated during fracture healing. In contrast, only Runx2 showed increased expression after marrow ablation. During fracture healing, Runx3 was expressed earlier than Runx2, was concurrent with the period of chondrogenesis, and coincident with maximal aggrecan expression a protein associated with proliferating and permanent cartilage. Immunohistological analysis showed Runx3 protein was also expressed by chondrocytes in vivo. In contrast, Runx2 was expressed later during chondrocyte hypertrophy, and primary bone formation. The functional activities of Runx3 during chondrocyte differentiation were assessed by examining its regulatory actions on aggrecan gene expression. Aggrecan mRNA levels and aggrecan promoter activity were enhanced in response to the over-expression of either Runx2 and Runx3 in ATDC5 chondrogenic cell line, while sh-RNA knocked down of each Runx protein showed that only Runx3 knock down specifically suppressed aggrecan mRNA expression and promoter activity. ChIP assay demonstrated that Runx3 interactions were selective to sites within the aggrecan promoter and were only observed during early periods of chondrogenesis before hypertrophy. Our studies suggest that Runx3 positively regulates aggrecan expression and suggest that its function is more limited to cartilage development than to bone. In aggregate these data further suggest that the various members of the Runx transcription factors are involved in the coordination of chondrocyte development, maturation, and hypertrophy during endochondral bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Wigner
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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23
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Chuang LSH, Ito K, Ito Y. RUNX family: Regulation and diversification of roles through interacting proteins. Int J Cancer 2012. [PMID: 23180629 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Runt-related transcription factors (RUNX) belong to an ancient family of metazoan genes involved in developmental processes. Through multiple protein-interacting partners, RUNX proteins have been implicated in diverse signaling pathways and cellular processes. The frequent inactivation of RUNX genes in cancer indicates crucial roles for RUNX in tumor suppression. This review discusses the abilities of RUNX proteins, in particular RUNX3, to integrate oncogenic signals or environmental cues and to initiate appropriate tumor suppressive responses.
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24
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Zaidi SK, Trombly DJ, Dowdy CR, Lian JB, Stein JL, van Wijnen AJ, Stein GS. Epigenetic mechanisms in leukemia. Adv Biol Regul 2012; 52:369-376. [PMID: 22884030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Focal organization of regulatory machinery within the interphase nucleus is linked to biological responsiveness and perturbed in cancer. Lineage determinant Runx proteins organize and assemble multi-protein complexes at sites of transcription within the nucleus and regulate both RNA polymerase II- and I-mediated gene expression. In addition, Runx proteins epigenetically control lineage determining transcriptional programs including: 1) architectural organization of macromolecular complexes in interphase, 2) regulation of gene expression through bookmarking during mitosis, and 3) microRNA-mediated translational control in the interphase nucleus. These mechanisms are compromised with the onset and progression of cancer. For example, the oncogenic AML1-ETO protein, which results from a chromosomal translocation between chromosomes 8 and 21, is expressed in nearly 25% of all acute myelogenous leukemias, disrupts Runx1 subnuclear localization during interphase and compromises transcriptional regulation. Epigenetically, the leukemic protein redirects the Runx1 DNA binding domain to leukemia-specific nuclear microenvironments, modifies regulatory protein accessibility to Runx1 target genes by imprinting repressive chromatin marks, and deregulates the microRNA (miR) profile of diseased myeloid cells. Consequently, the entire Runx1-dependent transcriptional program of myeloid cells is deregulated leading to onset and progression of acute myeloid leukemia and maintenance of leukemic phenotype. We discuss the potential of modified epigenetic landscape of leukemic cells as a viable therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayyed K Zaidi
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave. N., Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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25
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Chuang LSH, Lai SK, Murata-Hori M, Yamada A, Li HY, Gunaratne J, Ito Y. RUNX3 interactome reveals novel centrosomal targeting of RUNX family of transcription factors. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:1938-47. [PMID: 22544322 DOI: 10.4161/cc.20278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RUNX family proteins are critical regulators of lineage differentiation during development. The high prevalence of RUNX mutation/epigenetic inactivation in human cancer indicates a causative role for dysfunctional RUNX in carcinogenesis. This is supported by well-documented evidence of functional interaction of RUNX with components of major oncogenic or tumor suppressive signaling pathways such as TGFβ and Wnt. Here, we explore the binding partners of RUNX3 proteins to further define the scope of RUNX3 function. Using a mass spectrometry-based approach, we found that RUNX3 binds to centrosomal protein rootletin. This led us to uncover the presence of RUNX proteins at the centrosome. Our findings suggest a potential function for RUNX3 during mitosis.
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26
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Zhai FX, Liu XF, Fan RF, Long ZJ, Fang ZG, Lu Y, Zheng YJ, Lin DJ. RUNX3 is involved in caspase-3-dependent apoptosis induced by a combination of 5-aza-CdR and TSA in leukaemia cell lines. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011; 138:439-49. [PMID: 22179198 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-011-1113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epigenetic therapy has had a significant impact on the management of haematologic malignancies. The aim of this study was to assess whether 5-aza-CdR and TSA inhibit the growth of leukaemia cells and induce caspase-3-dependent apoptosis by upregulating RUNX3 expression. METHODS K562 and Reh cells were treated with 5-aza-CdR, TSA or both compounds. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses were used to examine the expression of RUNX3 at the mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Immunofluorescence microscopy was used to detect the cellular location of RUNX3. Additionally, after K562 cells were transfected with RUNX3, apoptosis and proliferation were studied using Annexin V staining and MTT assays. RESULTS The expression of RUNX3 in leukaemia cell lines was markedly less than that in the controls. Demethylating drug 5-aza-CdR could induce RUNX3 expression, but the combination of TSA and 5-aza-CdR had a greater effect than did treatment with a single compound. The combination of 5-aza-CdR and TSA induced the translocation of RUNX3 from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. TSA enhanced apoptosis induced by 5-aza-CdR, and Annexin V and Hoechst 33258 staining showed that the combination induced apoptosis but not necrosis. Furthermore, apoptosis was dependent on the caspase-3 pathway. RUNX3 overexpression in K562 cells led to growth inhibition and apoptosis and potentiated the effects of 5-aza-CdR induction. CONCLUSION RUNX3 plays an important role in leukaemia cellular functions, and the induction of RUNX3-mediated effects may contribute to the therapeutic value of combination TSA and 5-aza-CdR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Xian Zhai
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
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Pockwinse SM, Kota KP, Quaresma AJC, Imbalzano AN, Lian JB, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Stein GS, Nickerson JA. Live cell imaging of the cancer-related transcription factor RUNX2 during mitotic progression. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:1383-9. [PMID: 20945391 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear matrix bound transcription factor RUNX2 is a lineage-specific developmental regulator that is linked to cancer. We have previously shown that RUNX2 controls transcription of both RNA polymerase II genes and RNA polymerase I-dependent ribosomal RNA genes. RUNX2 is epigenetically retained through mitosis on both classes of target genes in condensed chromosomes. We have used fluorescence recovery after photobleaching to measure the relative binding kinetics of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-RUNX2 at transcription sites in the nucleus and nucleoli during interphase, as well as on mitotic chromosomes. RUNX2 becomes more strongly bound as cells go from interphase through prophase, with a doubling of the most tightly bound "immobile fraction." RUNX2 exchange then becomes much more facile during metaphase to telophase. During interphase the less tightly bound pool of RUNX2 exchanges more slowly at nucleoli than at subnuclear foci, and the non-exchanging immobile fraction is greater in nucleoli. These results are consistent with a model in which the molecular mechanism of RUNX2 binding is different at protein-coding and ribosomal RNA genes. The binding interactions of RUNX2 change as cells go through mitosis, with binding affinity increasing as chromosomes condense and then decreasing through subsequent mitotic phases. The increased binding affinity of RUNX2 at mitotic chromosomes may reflect its epigenetic function in "bookmarking" of target genes in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirwin M Pockwinse
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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Stein GS, Stein JL, van Wijnen AJ, Lian JB, Zaidi SK, Nickerson JA, Montecino MA, Young DW. An architectural genetic and epigenetic perspective. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3:297-303. [PMID: 21184003 PMCID: PMC3251170 DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00103a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The organization and intranuclear localization of nucleic acids and regulatory proteins contribute to both genetic and epigenetic parameters of biological control. Regulatory machinery in the cell nucleus is functionally compartmentalized in microenvironments (focally organized sites where regulatory factors reside) that provide threshold levels of factors required for transcription, replication, repair and cell survival. The common denominator for nuclear organization of regulatory machinery is that each component of control is architecturally configured and every component of control is embedded in architecturally organized networks that provide an infrastructure for integration and transduction of regulatory signals. It is realistic to anticipate emerging mechanisms that account for the organization and assembly of regulatory complexes within the cell nucleus can provide novel options for cancer diagnosis and therapy with maximal specificity, reduced toxicity and minimal off-target complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Stein
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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29
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Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Imbalzano AN, Montecino M, Zaidi SK, Lian JB, Nickerson JA, Stein JL. Architectural genetic and epigenetic control of regulatory networks: compartmentalizing machinery for transcription and chromatin remodeling in nuclear microenvironments. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2011; 20:149-55. [PMID: 21133844 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukargeneexpr.v20.i2.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory machinery that governs genetic and epigenetic control of gene expression for biological processes and cancer is organized in nuclear microenvironments. Strategic placement of transcription factors at target gene promoters in punctate microenvironments of interphase nuclei supports scaffolding of co- regulatory proteins and the convergence as well as integration of regulatory networks. The organization and localization of regulatory complexes within the nucleus can provide signatures that are linked to regulatory activity. Retention of transcription factors at gene loci in mitotic chromosomes contributes to epigenetic control of cell fate and lineage commitment, as well as to persistence of transformed and tumor phenotypes. Mechanistic understanding of the architectural assembly of regulatory machinery can serve as a basis for treating cancer with high specificity and minimal off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Stein
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School and Cancer Center, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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30
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Mitotic bookmarking of genes: a novel dimension to epigenetic control. Nat Rev Genet 2010; 11:583-9. [PMID: 20628351 DOI: 10.1038/nrg2827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory machinery is focally organized in the interphase nucleus. The information contained in these focal nuclear microenvironments must be inherited during cell division to sustain physiologically responsive gene expression in progeny cells. Recent results suggest that focal mitotic retention of phenotypic transcription factors at promoters together with histone modifications and DNA methylation--a mechanism collectively known as gene bookmarking--is a novel parameter of inherited epigenetic control that sustains cellular identity after mitosis. The epigenetic signatures imposed by bookmarking poise genes for activation or suppression following mitosis. We discuss the implications of phenotypic transcription factor retention on mitotic chromosomes in biological control and disease.
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31
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Walrad PB, Hang S, Joseph GS, Salas J, Gergen JP. Distinct contributions of conserved modules to Runt transcription factor activity. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:2315-26. [PMID: 20462957 PMCID: PMC2893994 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-11-0953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An investigation of the in vivo roles of conserved regions of the Drosophila Runt protein outside of the DNA-binding Runt domain reveals distinct requirements in different regulatory activities. The conserved VWRPY-containing C-terminus required for repression of only a subset of targets is also found to participate in activation of other targets. Runx proteins play vital roles in regulating transcription in numerous developmental pathways throughout the animal kingdom. Two Runx protein hallmarks are the DNA-binding Runt domain and a C-terminal VWRPY motif that mediates interaction with TLE/Gro corepressor proteins. A phylogenetic analysis of Runt, the founding Runx family member, identifies four distinct regions C-terminal to the Runt domain that are conserved in Drosophila and other insects. We used a series of previously described ectopic expression assays to investigate the functions of these different conserved regions in regulating gene expression during embryogenesis and in controlling axonal projections in the developing eye. The results indicate each conserved region is required for a different subset of activities and identify distinct regions that participate in the transcriptional activation and repression of the segmentation gene sloppy-paired-1 (slp1). Interestingly, the C-terminal VWRPY-containing region is not required for repression but instead plays a role in slp1 activation. Genetic experiments indicating that Groucho (Gro) does not participate in slp1 regulation further suggest that Runt's conserved C-terminus interacts with other factors to promote transcriptional activation. These results provide a foundation for further studies on the molecular interactions that contribute to the context-dependent properties of Runx proteins as developmental regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegine B Walrad
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and the Center for Developmental Genetics, Graduate Programs in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
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32
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Chuang LSH, Ito Y. RUNX3 is multifunctional in carcinogenesis of multiple solid tumors. Oncogene 2010; 29:2605-15. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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33
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Goh YM, Cinghu S, Hong ETH, Lee YS, Kim JH, Jang JW, Li YH, Chi XZ, Lee KS, Wee H, Ito Y, Oh BC, Bae SC. Src kinase phosphorylates RUNX3 at tyrosine residues and localizes the protein in the cytoplasm. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:10122-10129. [PMID: 20100835 PMCID: PMC2843174 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.071381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
RUNX3 is a transcription factor that functions as a tumor suppressor. In some cancers, RUNX3 expression is down-regulated, usually due to promoter hypermethylation. Recently, it was found that RUNX3 can also be inactivated by the mislocalization of the protein in the cytoplasm. The molecular mechanisms controlling this mislocalization are poorly understood. In this study, we found that the overexpression of Src results in the tyrosine phosphorylation and cytoplasmic localization of RUNX3. We also found that the tyrosine residues of endogenous RUNX3 are phosphorylated and that the protein is localized in the cytoplasm in Src-activated cancer cell lines. We further showed that the knockdown of Src by small interfering RNA, or the inhibition of Src kinase activity by a chemical inhibitor, causes the re-localization of RUNX3 to the nucleus. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the tyrosine phosphorylation of RUNX3 by activated Src is associated with the cytoplasmic localization of RUNX3 in gastric and breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Mi Goh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Senthilkumar Cinghu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Eileen Tan Hwee Hong
- Cancer Science Institute Singapore, National University of Singapore and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - You-Soub Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Jang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Ju-Won Jang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Ying-Hui Li
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Xin-Zi Chi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Kyeong-Sook Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Heejun Wee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Cancer Science Institute Singapore, National University of Singapore and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Byung-Chul Oh
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, 7-45 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-ku, Inchon 406-840, South Korea.
| | - Suk-Chul Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea.
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Dowdy CR, Xie R, Frederick D, Hussain S, Zaidi SK, Vradii D, Javed A, Li X, Jones SN, Lian JB, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Stein GS. Definitive hematopoiesis requires Runx1 C-terminal-mediated subnuclear targeting and transactivation. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 19:1048-57. [PMID: 20035012 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Runx1 is a key hematopoietic transcription factor required for definitive hematopoiesis and is a frequent target of leukemia-related chromosomal translocations. The resulting fusion proteins, while retaining DNA binding activity, display loss of subnuclear targeting and associated transactivation functions encoded by the C-terminus of the protein. To define the precise contribution of the Runx1 C-terminus in development and leukemia, we created a knock-in mouse with a C-terminal truncation by introducing a single nucleic acid substitution in the native Runx1 locus. This mutation (Runx1(Q307X)) models genetic lesions observed in patients with leukemia and myeloproliferative disorders. The Runx1(Q307X) homozygous mouse exhibits embryonic lethality at E12.5 due to central nervous system hemorrhages and a complete lack of hematopoietic stem cell function. While able to bind DNA, Runx1(Q307X) is unable to activate target genes, resulting in deregulation of various hematopoietic markers. Thus, we demonstrate that the subnuclear targeting and transcriptional regulatory activities of the Runx1 C-terminus are critical for hematopoietic development. We propose that compromising the C-terminal functions of Runx1 is a common mechanism for the pathological consequences of a variety of somatic mutations and Runx1-related leukemic fusion proteins observed in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Dowdy
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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35
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Li X, Hoeppner LH, Jensen ED, Gopalakrishnan R, Westendorf JJ. Co-activator activator (CoAA) prevents the transcriptional activity of Runt domain transcription factors. J Cell Biochem 2009; 108:378-87. [PMID: 19585539 PMCID: PMC3876284 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Runx proteins are essential for a number of developmental processes and are aberrantly expressed in many human cancers. Runx factors bind DNA and co-factors to activate or repress genes crucial for bone formation, hematopoiesis, and neuronal development. Co-activator activator (CoAA) is a nuclear protein that regulates gene expression, RNA splicing and is overexpressed in many human tumors. In this study, we identified CoAA as a Runx2 binding protein. CoAA repressed Runx factor-dependent activation of reporter genes in a histone deacetylase-independent manner. CoAA also blocked Runx2-mediated repression of the Axin2 promoter, a novel Runx target gene. The carboxy-terminus of CoAA is essential for binding the Runt domains of Runx1 and Runx2. In electophoretic mobility shift assays, CoAA inhibited Runx2 interactions with DNA. These data indicate that CoAA is an inhibitor of Runx factors and can negate Runx factor regulation of gene expression. CoAA is expressed at high levels in human fetal osteoblasts and osteosarcoma cell lines. Suppression of CoAA expression by RNA interference reduced osteosarcoma cell viability in vitro, suggesting that it contributes to the proliferation and/or survival of osteoblast lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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36
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Sarge KD, Park-Sarge OK. Mitotic bookmarking of formerly active genes: keeping epigenetic memories from fading. Cell Cycle 2009; 8:818-23. [PMID: 19221503 DOI: 10.4161/cc.8.6.7849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In order for cell lineages to be maintained, daughter cells must have the same patterns of gene expression as the cells from which they were divided so that they can have the same phenotypes. However, during mitosis transcription ceases, chromosomal DNA is compacted, and most sequence-specific binding factors dissociate from DNA, making it difficult to understand how the "memory" of gene expression patterns is remembered and propagated to daughter cells. The process of remembering patterns of active gene expression during mitosis for transmission to daughter cells is called gene bookmarking. Here we discuss current knowledge concerning the factors and mechanisms involved in mediating gene bookmarking, including recent results on the mechanism by which the general transcription factor TBP participates in the mitotic bookmarking of formerly active genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Sarge
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA.
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