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Koo BH, Lee YJ, Park NR, Heo SC, Hudson DM, Fernandes AA, Friday CS, Hast MW, Corr DT, Keene DR, Tufa SF, Dyment NA, Joeng KS. Characterization of TGFβ1-induced tendon-like structure in the scaffold-free three-dimensional tendon cell culture system. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9495. [PMID: 38664570 PMCID: PMC11045825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60221-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The biological mechanisms regulating tenocyte differentiation and morphological maturation have not been well-established, partly due to the lack of reliable in vitro systems that produce highly aligned collagenous tissues. In this study, we developed a scaffold-free, three-dimensional (3D) tendon culture system using mouse tendon cells in a differentially adherent growth channel. Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGFβ) signaling is involved in various biological processes in the tendon, regulating tendon cell fate, recruitment and maintenance of tenocytes, and matrix organization. This known function of TGFβ signaling in tendon prompted us to utilize TGFβ1 to induce tendon-like structures in 3D tendon constructs. TGFβ1 treatment promoted a tendon-like structure in the peripheral layer of the constructs characterized by increased thickness with a gradual decrease in cell density and highly aligned collagen matrix. TGFβ1 also enhanced cell proliferation, matrix production, and morphological maturation of cells in the peripheral layer compared to vehicle treatment. TGFβ1 treatment also induced early tenogenic differentiation and resulted in sufficient mechanical integrity, allowing biomechanical testing. The current study suggests that this scaffold-free 3D tendon cell culture system could be an in vitro platform to investigate underlying biological mechanisms that regulate tenogenic cell differentiation and matrix organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Hyeock Koo
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA
| | - Yeon-Ju Lee
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA
- Research and Development Division, BioBricks Co., Ltd, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Rae Park
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Chin Heo
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA
| | - David M Hudson
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Aysel A Fernandes
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Chet S Friday
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA
| | - Michael W Hast
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA
| | - David T Corr
- Center for Modeling, Simulation, and Imaging in Medicine (CeMSIM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180-3590, USA
| | - Douglas R Keene
- Micro-Imaging Center, Shriners Children's, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sara F Tufa
- Micro-Imaging Center, Shriners Children's, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Dyment
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA
| | - Kyu Sang Joeng
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA.
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López-Cerdá S, Molinaro G, Tello RP, Correia A, Künig S, Steinberger P, Jeltsch M, Hirvonen JT, Barreto G, Stöckl J, Santos HA. Study of the Synergistic Immunomodulatory and Antifibrotic Effects of Dual-Loaded Budesonide and Serpine1 siRNA Lipid-Polymer Nanoparticles Targeting Macrophage Dysregulation in Tendinopathy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:18643-18657. [PMID: 38564504 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal diseases involving tissue injury comprise tendon, ligament, and muscle injury. Recently, macrophages have been identified as key players in the tendon repair process, but no therapeutic strategy involving dual drug delivery and gene delivery to macrophages has been developed for targeting the two main dysregulated aspects of macrophages in tendinopathy, i.e., inflammation and fibrosis. Herein, the anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects of dual-loaded budesonide and serpine1 siRNA lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPNs) are evaluated in murine and human macrophage cells. The modulation of the gene and protein expression of factors associated with inflammation and fibrosis in tendinopathy is demonstrated by real time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Macrophage polarization to the M2 phenotype and a decrease in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines are confirmed in macrophage cell lines and primary cells. The increase in the activity of a matrix metalloproteinase involved in tissue remodelling is proven, and studies evaluating the interactions of LPNs with T cells proved that dual-loaded LPNs act specifically on macrophages and do not induce any collateral effects on T cells. Overall, these dual-loaded LPNs are a promising combinatorial therapeutic strategy with immunomodulatory and antifibrotic effects in dysregulated macrophages in the context of tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra López-Cerdá
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Giuseppina Molinaro
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Rubén Pareja Tello
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Alexandra Correia
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Sarojinidevi Künig
- Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Helsinki One Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Jouni T Hirvonen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Goncalo Barreto
- Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Orton Orthopedic Hospital, Tenholantie 10, Helsinki 00280, Finland
- Medical Ultrasonics Laboratory (MEDUSA), Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Johannes Stöckl
- Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomedical Technology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Guo W, Liu H, Yan Y, Wu D, Yao H, Lin K, Li X. Targeting the TGF-β signaling pathway: an updated patent review (2021-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2024; 34:99-126. [PMID: 38648107 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2024.2346325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The TGF-β signaling pathway is a complex network that plays a crucial role in regulating essential biological functions and is implicated in the onset and progression of multiple diseases. This review highlights the recent advancements in developing inhibitors targeting the TGF-β signaling pathway and their potential therapeutic applications in various diseases. AREA COVERED The review discusses patents on active molecules related to the TGF-β signaling pathway, focusing on three strategies: TGF-β activity inhibition, blocking TGF-β receptor binding, and disruption of the signaling pathway using small molecule inhibitors. Combination therapies and the development of fusion proteins targeting multiple pathways are also explored. The literature search was conducted using the Cortellis Drug Discovery Intelligence database, covering patents from 2021 onwards. EXPERT OPINION The development of drugs targeting the TGF-β signaling pathway has made significant progress in recent years. However, addressing challenges such as specificity, systemic toxicity, and patient selection is crucial for their successful clinical application. Targeting the TGF-β signaling pathway holds promise as a promising approach for the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanwen Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Yan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hequan Yao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kejiang Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuanyi Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Li H, Luo S, Wang H, Chen Y, Ding M, Lu J, Jiang L, Lyu K, Huang S, Shi H, Chen H, Li S. The mechanisms and functions of TGF-β1 in tendon healing. Injury 2023; 54:111052. [PMID: 37738787 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2023.111052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Tendon injury accounts for 30% of musculoskeletal diseases and often leads to disability, pain, healthcare cost, and lost productivity. Following injury to tendon, tendon healing proceeds via three overlapping healing processes. However, due to the structural defects of the tendon itself, the tendon healing process is characterized by the formation of excessive fibrotic scar tissue, and injured tendons rarely return to native tendons, which can easily contribute to tendon reinjury. Moreover, the resulting fibrous scar is considered to be a precipitating factor for subsequent degenerative tendinopathy. Despite this, therapies are almost limited because underlying molecular mechanisms during tendon healing are still unknown. Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is known as one of most potent profibrogenic factors during tendon healing process. However, blockage TGF-β1 fails to effectively enhance tendon healing. A detailed understanding of real abilities of TGF-β1 involved in tendon healing can bring promising perspectives for therapeutic value that improve the tendon healing process. Thus, in this review, we describe recent efforts to identify and characterize the roles and mechanisms of TGF-β1 involved at each stage of the tendon healing and highlight potential roles of TGF-β1 leading to the fibrotic response to tendon injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyue Li
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shengyu Luo
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Spinal Surgery Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yixuan Chen
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - MingZhe Ding
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jingwei Lu
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Li Jiang
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Kexin Lyu
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shilin Huang
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Houyin Shi
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Spinal Surgery Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Sen Li
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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Li H, Luo S, Li H, Pan H, Jiang L, Chen Y, Chen H, Feng Z, Li S. From fetal tendon regeneration to adult therapeutic modalities: TGF-β3 in scarless healing. Regen Med 2023; 18:809-822. [PMID: 37671630 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2023-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendon injuries are common disorders that can significantly impact people's lives. Unfortunately, the limited regenerative ability of tendons results in tissue healing in a scar-mediated manner. The current therapeutic strategies fail to fully recover the functions of the injured tendons, and as such, the conception of 'scarless healing' has gained prominent attention in the field of regenerative medicine. Interestingly, injured fetal tendons possess the capability to heal through regeneration, which builds an ideal blueprint for adult tendon regeneration. Studies have shown that fetal biochemical cues have the potential to improve adult tendon healing. Here we review the biological factors that contribute to fetal tendon regeneration and how manipulation of these biochemical cues in the adult tendon healing process could achieve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyue Li
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shengyu Luo
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hongtao Li
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongyu Pan
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Jiang
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yixuan Chen
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Geriatric department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenhua Feng
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University
| | - Sen Li
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Alenchery RG, Ajalik RE, Jerreld K, Midekksa F, Zhong S, Alkatib B, Awad HA. PAI-1 mediates TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast activation in tenocytes via mTOR signaling. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:2163-2174. [PMID: 37143206 PMCID: PMC10524825 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1) induces plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) to effect fibrotic pathologies in several organs including tendon. Recent data implicated PAI-1 with inhibition of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) suggesting that PAI-1-induced adhesions involves phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Ergo, we investigated effects of TGF-β1, PAI-1, and mTOR signaling crosstalk on myofibroblast activation, senescence, and proliferation in primary flexor tenocytes from wild-type (WT) and PAI-1 knockout (KO) mice. PAI-1 deletion blunted TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast activation in murine flexor tenocytes and increased the gene expression of Mmp-2 to confer protective effects against fibrosis. While TGF-β1 significantly reduced phosphorylation of PTEN in WT cells, PAI-1 deletion rescued the activation of PTEN. Despite that, there were no differences in TGF-β1-induced activation of mTOR signaling (AKT, 4EBP1, and P70S6K) in WT or KO tenocytes. Phenotypic changes in distinct populations of WT or KO tenocytes exhibiting high or low mTOR activity were then examined. TGF-β1 increased alpha-smooth muscle actin abundance in WT cells exhibiting high mTOR activity, but this increase was blunted in KO cells exhibiting high 4EBP1 activity but not in cells exhibiting high S6 activity. DNA damage (γH2AX) was increased with TGF-β1 treatment in WT tenocytes but was blunted in KO cells exhibiting high mTOR activity. Increased mTOR activity enhanced proliferation (Ki67) in both WT and KO tenocytes. These findings point to a complex nexus of TGF-β1, PAI-1, and mTOR signaling in regulating proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation, and senescence in tenocytes, which could define therapeutic targets for chronic tendon adhesions and other fibrotic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul G Alenchery
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Raquel E Ajalik
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Kyle Jerreld
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, United States
| | - Firaol Midekksa
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Sylvia Zhong
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Bashar Alkatib
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, United States
| | - Hani A. Awad
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Rochester, NY, United States
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Wang K, Cheng L, He B. Therapeutic effects of asperosaponin VI in rabbit tendon disease. Regen Ther 2022; 20:1-8. [PMID: 35310016 PMCID: PMC8898761 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Peng D, Fu M, Wang M, Wei Y, Wei X. Targeting TGF-β signal transduction for fibrosis and cancer therapy. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:104. [PMID: 35461253 PMCID: PMC9033932 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) has long been identified with its intensive involvement in early embryonic development and organogenesis, immune supervision, tissue repair, and adult homeostasis. The role of TGF-β in fibrosis and cancer is complex and sometimes even contradictory, exhibiting either inhibitory or promoting effects depending on the stage of the disease. Under pathological conditions, overexpressed TGF-β causes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) formation, which leads to fibrotic disease, and cancer. Given the critical role of TGF-β and its downstream molecules in the progression of fibrosis and cancers, therapeutics targeting TGF-β signaling appears to be a promising strategy. However, due to potential systemic cytotoxicity, the development of TGF-β therapeutics has lagged. In this review, we summarized the biological process of TGF-β, with its dual role in fibrosis and tumorigenesis, and the clinical application of TGF-β-targeting therapies.
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Wu G, Sun B, Zhao C, Wang Z, Teng S, Yang M, Cui Z, Zhu G, Yu Y. Three-Dimensional Tendon Scaffold Loaded with TGF-β1 Gene Silencing Plasmid Prevents Tendon Adhesion and Promotes Tendon Repair. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:5739-5748. [PMID: 34723484 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tendon adhesion formation is associated with the aberrant expression of many genes, and interfering with the expression of these genes can prevent adhesion and promote tendon repair. Recent studies have found that silencing the transforming growth factor β-1 (TGF-β1) gene can reduce the occurrence of tendon adhesions. The development of tissue engineering and three-dimensional (3D) printing technology have provided new solutions for tendon repair. In this study, TGF-β1 gene silencing microRNA (miRNA) based RNAi plasmid was loaded on a 3D tendon scaffold using 3D printing technology. In vitro experiments confirmed the sustained release of plasmid and the good biocompatibility of the printed tendon scaffold. Subsequently, the TGF-β1 gene silencing plasmid loaded tendon scaffold was implanted in a chicken tendon defect model to evaluate the effect of the scaffold in vivo. The results from biomechanical tests and histological examinations showed that the scaffold not only promoted tendon regeneration but also prevented tendon adhesion, which was conducive to the recovery of biofunction. Evaluation of protein expression showed that the loaded plasmids prevented tendon adhesion and promoted tendon functional repair via silencing of the TGF-β1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genbin Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Binbin Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Chunfeng Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Zhuoying Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Songsong Teng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Mengkai Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Zhi Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Guoliang Zhu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Advanced High-Temperature Materials and Precision Forming, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yinxian Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
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K N, Ca V, Joseph J, U A, John A, Abraham A. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Seeded Decellularized Tendon Scaffold for Tissue Engineering. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 16:155-164. [PMID: 32707028 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666200723123901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tendon is a collagenous tissue to connect bone and muscle. Healing of damaged/injured tendon is the primary clinical challenge in musculoskeletal regeneration because they often react poorly to treatment. Tissue engineering (a triad strategy of scaffolds, cells and growth factors) may have the potential to improve the quality of tendon tissue healing under such impaired situations. Tendon tissue engineering aims to synthesize graft alternatives to repair the injured tendon. Biological scaffolds derived from decellularized tissue may be a better option as their biomechanical properties are similar to the native tissue. This review is designed to provide background information on the current challenges in curing torn/worn out the tendon and the clinical relevance of decellularized scaffolds for such applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niveditha K
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India
| | - Vineeth Ca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India
| | - Josna Joseph
- Advanced Centre for Tissue Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India
| | - Arun U
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India
| | - Annie John
- Advanced Centre for Tissue Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India
| | - Annie Abraham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India
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Siregar S, Noegroho BS, Karim MI. The effect of intravenous human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSC) on transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), collagen type 1, and kidney histopathological features in the unilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction model of wistar rats. Turk J Urol 2020; 46:236-242. [PMID: 32401706 DOI: 10.5152/tud.2020.20024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The fibrotic process of kidney resulting in glomerulosclerosis was found in patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) who underwent renal biopsy during pyeloplasty. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) plays a role in collagen accumulation, resulting in fibrosis. Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have an anti-apoptotic effect on target cells and enhance the kidney function recovery. We will further investigate the use of ADSC in the prevention of kidney fibrosis in the unilateral UPJO model of Wistar rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of twenty-two 12-week-old Wistar rats were divided into three groups. We made the UPJO models using nylon 6-0 inside the left ureter and tied the ureter with nylon 6-0, creating partial ureteral obstruction. The treatment group was then injected with 1.0 × 106 cells of human ADSC via the tail vein of rats. All rats were euthanized after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. The left kidney used hematoxylin-eosin for histopathological examination. Statistical analysis using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done with SPSS version 21.0. RESULTS TGF-β1 concentration in the treatment group was significantly lower in the 4th week of observation (p4=0.0001), as well as collagen type 1, which was also significantly lower in the 4th week (p4=0.0001). There was a significant difference in the glomerulus count between the control group and the human ADSC (hADSC) group therapy in week 2 and week 4 (p2=0.0001 and p4=0.026). CONCLUSION Administration of hADSC therapy reduces TGF-β1 and collagen type 1 levels and then improves the histopathological features in the process of renal fibrosis in the UPJO model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safendra Siregar
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Sasongko Noegroho
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Ilhamul Karim
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Indonesia
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Freeberg MAT, Easa A, Lillis JA, Benoit DS, van Wijnen AJ, Awad HA. Transcriptomic Analysis of Cellular Pathways in Healing Flexor Tendons of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 (PAI-1/Serpine1) Null Mice. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:43-58. [PMID: 31424116 PMCID: PMC7364818 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Injuries to flexor tendons can be complicated by fibrotic adhesions, which severely impair the function of the hand. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1/SERPINE1), a master suppressor of fibrinolysis and protease activity, is associated with adhesions. Here, we used next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to assess genome-wide differences in messenger RNA expression due to PAI-1 deficiency after zone II flexor tendon injury. We used the ingenuity pathway analysis to characterize molecular pathways and biological drivers associated with differentially expressed genes (DEG). Analysis of hundreds of overlapping and DEG in PAI-1 knockout (KO) and wild-type mice (C57Bl/6J) during tendon healing revealed common and distinct biological processes. Pathway analysis identified cell proliferation, survival, and senescence, as well as chronic inflammation as potential drivers of fibrotic healing and adhesions in injured tendons. Importantly, we identified the activation of PTEN signaling and the inhibition of FOXO1-associated biological processes as unique transcriptional signatures of the healing tendon in the PAI-1/Serpine1 KO mice. Further, transcriptomic differences due to the genetic deletion of PAI-1 were mechanistically linked to PI3K/Akt/mTOR, PKC, and MAPK signaling cascades. These transcriptional observations provide novel insights into the biological roles of PAI-1 in tendon healing and could identify therapeutic targets to achieve scar-free regenerative healing of tendons. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:43-58, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. T. Freeberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States,Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Anas Easa
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jacquelyn A. Lillis
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Danielle S.W. Benoit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States,Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | | | - Hani A. Awad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States,Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States,Department of Orthopedics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
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13
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Ryan CNM, Zeugolis DI. Engineering the Tenogenic Niche In Vitro with Microenvironmental Tools. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina N. M. Ryan
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering LaboratoryBiomedical Sciences BuildingNational University of Ireland Galway Galway H91 W2TY Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland, Centre for Research in Medical DevicesBiomedical Sciences BuildingNational University of Ireland Galway Galway H91 W2TY Ireland
| | - Dimitrios I. Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering LaboratoryBiomedical Sciences BuildingNational University of Ireland Galway Galway H91 W2TY Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland, Centre for Research in Medical DevicesBiomedical Sciences BuildingNational University of Ireland Galway Galway H91 W2TY Ireland
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14
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Walia B, Huang AH. Tendon stem progenitor cells: Understanding the biology to inform therapeutic strategies for tendon repair. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:1270-1280. [PMID: 30270569 PMCID: PMC6823601 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tendon and ligament injuries are a leading cause of healthcare visits with significant impact in terms of economic cost and reduced quality of life. To date, reparative strategies remain largely restricted to conservative treatment or surgical repair. However, these therapies fail to restore native tendon structure and function; thus, the tissue may re-rupture or degenerate with time. To improve tendon healing, one promising strategy may be harnessing the innate potential of resident tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) to guide tenogenic regeneration. In this review, we outline recent advances in the identification and characterization of putative TSPC populations, and discuss biochemical, biomechanical, and biomaterial methods employed for their culture and differentiation. Finally, we identify limitations in our current understanding of TSPC biology, key challenges for their use, and potential therapeutic strategies to inform cell-based tendon repair. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1270-1280, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavita Walia
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alice H. Huang
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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15
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McQuilling JP, Kimmerling KA, Staples MC, Mowry KC. Evaluation of two distinct placental-derived membranes and their effect on tenocyte responses in vitro. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:1316-1330. [PMID: 31062484 PMCID: PMC6771722 DOI: 10.1002/term.2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tendon healing is a complex, multiphase process that results in increased scar tissue formation, leading to weaker tendons. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of tenocytes to both hypothermically stored amniotic membrane (HSAM) and dehydrated amnion/chorion membrane (dACM). Composition and growth factor release from HSAM and dACM were evaluated using proteomics microarrays. HSAM and dACM releasate was used to assess tenocyte proliferation, migration, gene expression, extracellular matrix (ECM) protein deposition, and response to inflammation. Additionally, tenocyte-ECM interactions were evaluated. HSAM and dACM contain and release growth factors relevant to tendon healing, including insulin-like growth factor I, platelet-derived growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor. Both dACM and HSAM promoted increased tenocyte proliferation and migration; tenocytes treated with dACM proliferated more robustly, whereas treatment with HSAM resulted in higher migration. Both dACM and HSAM resulted in altered ECM gene expression; dACM grafts alone resulted in increases in collagen deposition. Furthermore, both allografts resulted in altered tenocyte responses to inflammation with reduced transforming growth factor beta levels. Additionally, dACM treatment resulted in increased expression and production of matrix metalloprotease-1 (MMP-1), whereas HSAM treatment resulted in decreased production of MMP-1. Tenocytes migrated into and remodeled HSAM only. These results indicate that both grafts have properties that support tendon healing; however, the results presented here suggest that the responses to each type of graft may be different. Due to the complex environment during tendon repair, additional work is needed to evaluate these effects using in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Katie C Mowry
- Research and Development, Organogenesis, Birmingham, Alabama
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16
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Zhang B, Luo Q, Deng B, Morita Y, Ju Y, Song G. Construction of tendon replacement tissue based on collagen sponge and mesenchymal stem cells by coupled mechano-chemical induction and evaluation of its tendon repair abilities. Acta Biomater 2018; 74:247-259. [PMID: 29702290 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is an ideal therapeutic strategy for the development of functional tendon replacement tissue for tendon repair in the clinic. Currently, the synergistic roles of mechano-chemical factors and the mechanisms involved in tendon repair and regeneration are not fully understood. In this study, we developed a three-dimensional (3D) culture system based on a silicone chamber and collagen sponge scaffold that can deliver cyclic mechanical stretch and biochemical stimulation to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) seeded on the scaffold. We found that the combined stimulation of cyclic stretch and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) treatment not only increased cell viability but also synergistically promoted the differentiation of BMSCs into tenocytes in a 3D culture environment. Meanwhile, the combined stimulation increased the Young's modulus of the BMSC-collagen sponge constructs by reducing the porosity of the scaffold compared to the non-treated constructs. Furthermore, a rat Achilles tendon in situ repair experiment showed that enhanced tendon regeneration was achieved using the BMSC-collagen sponge construct combined with cyclic stretch and TGF-β1, as confirmed by Achilles functional index (AFI) measurement, morphological observation, histological analysis, and mechanical testing. These results suggest that this approach could offer a practical benefit in tendon healing and future tendon tissue engineering. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This study aims to disclose the crucial roles of the coupled induction by mechano-chemical stimulation in tendon tissue engineering and clarifies their collaborative control mechanisms. We developed a three-dimensional (3D) culture system based on a silicone chamber and collagen sponge scaffold that could deliver cyclic mechanical stretch and biochemical stimulation to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). We found that the combined stimulation of cyclic stretch and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) could result in an improvement of tissue-engineered construct for enhancing tendon healing. These results suggest that this approach could offer a practical benefit in tendon healing and future tendon tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; Post-Doctoral Mobile Stations of Biology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Bin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yasuyuki Morita
- Department of Mechanical Science & Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yang Ju
- Department of Mechanical Science & Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Guanbin Song
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
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Serpine1 Knockdown Enhances MMP Activity after Flexor Tendon Injury in Mice: Implications for Adhesions Therapy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5810. [PMID: 29643421 PMCID: PMC5895578 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Injuries to flexor tendons can be complicated by fibrotic adhesions, which severely impair the function of the hand. Adhesions have been associated with TGF-β1, which causes upregulation of PAI-1, a master suppressor of protease activity, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). In the present study, the effects of inhibiting PAI-1 in murine zone II flexor tendon injury were evaluated utilizing knockout (KO) mice and local nanoparticle-mediated siRNA delivery. In the PAI-1 KO murine model, reduced adherence of injured tendon to surrounding subcutaneous tissue and accelerated recovery of normal biomechanical properties compared to wild type controls were observed. Furthermore, MMP activity was significantly increased in the injured tendons of the PAI-1 KO mice, which could explain their reduced adhesions and accelerated remodeling. These data demonstrate that PAI-1 mediates fibrotic adhesions in injured flexor tendons by suppressing MMP activity. In vitro siRNA delivery to silence Serpine1 expression after treatment with TGF-β1 increased MMP activity. Nanoparticle-mediated delivery of siRNA targeting Serpine1 in injured flexor tendons significantly reduced target gene expression and subsequently increased MMP activity. Collectively, the data demonstrate that PAI-1 can be a druggable target for treating adhesions and accelerating the remodeling of flexor tendon injuries.
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18
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Growth factor delivery strategies for rotator cuff repair and regeneration. Int J Pharm 2018; 544:358-371. [PMID: 29317260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The high incidence of degenerative tears and prevalence of retears (20-95%) after surgical repair makes rotator cuff injuries a significant health problem. This high retear rate is attributed to the failure of the repaired tissue to regenerate the native tendon-to-bone insertion (enthesis). Biological augmentation of surgical repair such as autografts, allografts, and xenografts are confounded by donor site morbidity, immunogenicity, and disease transmission, respectively. In contrast, these risks may be alleviated via growth factor therapy, which can actively influence the healing environment to promote functional repair. Several challenges have to be overcome before growth factor delivery can translate into clinical practice such as the selection of optimal growth factor(s) or combination, identification of the most efficient stage and duration of delivery, and the design considerations for the delivery device. Emerging insight into the injury-repair microenvironment and our understanding of growth factor mechanisms in healing are informing the design of advanced delivery scaffolds to effectively treat rotator cuff tears. Here, we review potential growth factor candidates, design parameters and material selection for growth factor delivery, innovative and dynamic delivery scaffolds, and novel therapeutic targets from tendon and developmental biology for the structural and functional healing of rotator cuff repair.
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19
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Zou G, Li Y, Jin Y, Zhu X, Yang J, Wang S, You Q, Xiong H, Liu Y. [ In vitrodifferentiation of human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells into ligament fibroblasts after induced by transforming growth factor β 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2017; 31:582-593. [PMID: 29798549 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201612090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate whether human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) have the characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and the differentiation capacity into ligament fibroblasts in vitro. Methods The hAMSCs were separated through trypsin and collagenase digestion from placenta, the phenotypic characteristics of hAMSCs were detected by flow cytometry, the cytokeratin-19 (CK-19) and vimentin expression of hAMSCs were tested through immunofluorescence staining. The hAMSCs at the 3rd passage were cultured with L-DMEM/F12 medium containing transforming growth factor β 1 (TGF-β 1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as the experimental group and with single L-DMEM/F12 medium as the control group. The morphology of hAMSCs was observed by inverted phase contrast microscope; the cellular activities and ability of proliferation were examined by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) method; the ligament fibroblasts related protein expressions including collagen type I, collagen type III, Fibronectin, and Tenascin-C were detected by immunofluorescence staining; specific mRNA expressions of ligament fibroblasts and angiogenesis including collagen type I, collagen type III, Fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and VEGF were measured by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Results The hAMSCs presented monolayer and adherent growth under inverted phase contrast microscope; the flow cytometry results demonstrated that hAMSCs expressed the MSCs phenotypes; the immunofluorescence staining results indicated the hAMSCs had high expression of the vimentin and low expression of CK-19; the hAMSCs possessed the differentiation ability into the osteoblasts, chondroblasts, and lipoblasts. The CCK-8 results displayed that cells reached the peak of growth curve at 7 days in each group, and the proliferation ability in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group at 7 days ( P<0.05). The immunofluorescence staining results showed that the expressions of collagen type I, collagen type III, Fibronectin, and Tenascin-C in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group at 5, 10, and15 days after culture ( P<0.05). The real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR results revealed that the mRNA relative expressions had an increasing tendency at varying degrees with time in the experimental group ( P<0.05). The relative mRNA expressions of collagen type I, collagen type III, Fibronectin, α-SMA, and VEGF in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group at the other time points ( P<0.05), but no significant difference was found in the relative mRNA expressions of collagen type I, collagen type III, and VEGF between 2 groups at 5 days ( P>0.05). Conclusion The hAMSCs possesses the characteristics of MSCs and good proliferation ability which could be chosen as seed cell source in tissue engineering. The expressions of ligament fibroblasts and angiogenesis related genes could be up-regulated, after induction in vitro, and the synthesis of ligament fibroblasts related proteins could be strengthened. In addition, the application of TGF-β 1 and VEGF could be used as growth factors sources in constructing tissue engineered ligament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zou
- The First Department of Orthopaedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi Guizhou, 563000, P.R.China
| | | | - Ying Jin
- The First Department of Orthopaedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi Guizhou, 563000, P.R.China
| | - Xizhong Zhu
- The First Department of Orthopaedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi Guizhou, 563000, P.R.China
| | - Jibin Yang
- The First Department of Orthopaedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi Guizhou, 563000, P.R.China
| | - Shengmin Wang
- The First Department of Orthopaedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi Guizhou, 563000, P.R.China
| | - Qi You
- The First Department of Orthopaedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi Guizhou, 563000, P.R.China
| | - Huazhang Xiong
- The First Department of Orthopaedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi Guizhou, 563000, P.R.China
| | - Yi Liu
- The First Department of Orthopaedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi Guizhou, 563000,
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Abstract
This review describes the normal healing process for bone, ligaments, and tendons, including primary and secondary healing as well as bone-to-bone fusion. It depicts the important mediators and cell types involved in the inflammatory, reparative, and remodeling stages of each healing process. It also describes the main challenges for clinicians when trying to repair bone, ligaments, and tendons with a specific emphasis on Charcot neuropathy, fifth metatarsal fractures, arthrodesis, and tendon sheath and adhesions. Current treatment options and research areas are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Cottrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07101, USA.
| | - Jessica Cardenas Turner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Treena Livingston Arinzeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - J Patrick O'Connor
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Medical Sciences Building, Room E-659, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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21
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Linderman SW, Gelberman RH, Thomopoulos S, Shen H. Cell and Biologic-Based Treatment of Flexor Tendon Injuries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 26:206-215. [PMID: 28042226 DOI: 10.1053/j.oto.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The two primary factors leading to poor clinical results after intrasynovial tendon repair are adhesion formation within the digital sheath and repair-site elongation and rupture. As the outcomes following modern tendon multi-strand repair and controlled rehabilitation techniques are often unsatisfactory, alternative approaches, such as the application of growth factors and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), have become increasingly attractive treatment options. Successful biological therapies require carefully controlled spatiotemporal delivery of cells, growth factors, and biocompatible scaffold matrices in order to simultaneously (1) promote matrix synthesis at the tendon repair site leading to increased biomechanical strength and stiffness and (2) suppress matrix synthesis along the tendon surface and synovial sheath preventing adhesion formation. This review summarizes recent cell and biologic-based experimental treatments for flexor tendon injury, with an emphasis on large animal translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Linderman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Richard H Gelberman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Stavros Thomopoulos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hua Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
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22
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Subramanian A, Schilling TF. Tendon development and musculoskeletal assembly: emerging roles for the extracellular matrix. Development 2016; 142:4191-204. [PMID: 26672092 DOI: 10.1242/dev.114777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tendons and ligaments are extracellular matrix (ECM)-rich structures that interconnect muscles and bones. Recent work has shown how tendon fibroblasts (tenocytes) interact with muscles via the ECM to establish connectivity and strengthen attachments under tension. Similarly, ECM-dependent interactions between tenocytes and cartilage/bone ensure that tendon-bone attachments form with the appropriate strength for the force required. Recent studies have also established a close lineal relationship between tenocytes and skeletal progenitors, highlighting the fact that defects in signals modulated by the ECM can alter the balance between these fates, as occurs in calcifying tendinopathies associated with aging. The dynamic fine-tuning of tendon ECM composition and assembly thus gives rise to the remarkable characteristics of this unique tissue type. Here, we provide an overview of the functions of the ECM in tendon formation and maturation that attempts to integrate findings from developmental genetics with those of matrix biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul Subramanian
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA
| | - Thomas F Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA
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23
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Inflammation as a Keystone of Bone Marrow Stroma Alterations in Primary Myelofibrosis. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:415024. [PMID: 26640324 PMCID: PMC4660030 DOI: 10.1155/2015/415024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a clonal myeloproliferative neoplasm where severity as well as treatment complexity is mainly attributed to a long lasting disease and presence of bone marrow stroma alterations as evidenced by myelofibrosis, neoangiogenesis, and osteosclerosis. While recent understanding of mutations role in hematopoietic cells provides an explanation for pathological myeloproliferation, functional involvement of stromal cells in the disease pathogenesis remains poorly understood. The current dogma is that stromal changes are secondary to the cytokine “storm” produced by the hematopoietic clone cells. However, despite therapies targeting the myeloproliferation-sustaining clones, PMF is still regarded as an incurable disease except for patients, who are successful recipients of allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Although the clinical benefits of these inhibitors have been correlated with a marked reduction in serum proinflammatory cytokines produced by the hematopoietic clones, further demonstrating the importance of inflammation in the pathological process, these treatments do not address the role of the altered bone marrow stroma in the pathological process. In this review, we propose hypotheses suggesting that the stroma is inflammatory-imprinted by clonal hematopoietic cells up to a point where it becomes “independent” of hematopoietic cell stimulation, resulting in an inflammatory vicious circle requiring combined stroma targeted therapies.
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Abstract
Tendon injuries are common and present a clinical challenge to orthopedic surgery mainly because these injuries often respond poorly to treatment and require prolonged rehabilitation. Therapeutic options used to repair ruptured tendons have consisted of suture, autografts, allografts, and synthetic prostheses. To date, none of these alternatives has provided a successful long-term solution, and often the restored tendons do not recover their complete strength and functionality. Unfortunately, our understanding of tendon biology lags far behind that of other musculoskeletal tissues, thus impeding the development of new treatment options for tendon conditions. Hence, in this review, after introducing the clinical significance of tendon diseases and the present understanding of tendon biology, we describe and critically assess the current strategies for enhancing tendon repair by biological means. These consist mainly of applying growth factors, stem cells, natural biomaterials and genes, alone or in combination, to the site of tendon damage. A deeper understanding of how tendon tissue and cells operate, combined with practical applications of modern molecular and cellular tools could provide the long awaited breakthrough in designing effective tendon-specific therapeutics and overall improvement of tendon disease management.
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