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Yang X, Shi F, Zhang H, Giang WA, Kaur A, Chen H, Li X. Long COVID among people with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis. HIV Med 2024. [PMID: 39252604 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with HIV might be at an increased risk of long COVID (LC) because of their immune dysfunction and chronic inflammation and alterations in immunological responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]). This systematic review aimed to evaluate the association between HIV infection and LC and the prevalence and characteristics of and risk factors for LC among people with HIV. METHODS Multiple databases, including Embase, PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Sociological Abstracts, were searched to identify articles published before June 2023. Published articles were included if they presented at least one LC outcome measure among people with HIV and used quantitative or mixed-methods study designs. For effects reported in three or more studies, meta-analyses using random-effects models were performed using R software. RESULTS We pooled 39 405 people with HIV and COVID-19 in 17 eligible studies out of 6158 publications in all the databases. It was estimated that 52% of people with HIV with SARS-CoV-2 infection developed at least one LC symptom. Results from the random-effects model showed that HIV infection was associated with an increased risk of LC (odds ratio 2.20; 95% confidence interval 1.25-3.86). The most common LC symptoms among people with HIV were cough, fatigue, and asthenia. Risk factors associated with LC among people with HIV included a history of moderate-severe COVID-19 illness, increased interferon-gamma-induced protein 10 or tumour necrosis factor-α, and decreased interferon-β, among others. CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic continues to exacerbate health inequities among people with HIV because of their higher risk of developing LC. Our review is informative for public health and clinical communities to develop tailored strategies to prevent aggravated LC among people with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Yang
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Columbia, SC, USA
- University of South Carolina Big Data Health Science Center, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Fanghui Shi
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Columbia, SC, USA
- University of South Carolina Big Data Health Science Center, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - William A Giang
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Columbia, SC, USA
- University of South Carolina Big Data Health Science Center, Columbia, SC, USA
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2
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Zheng X, Lu R, Pan D, Peng L, He R, Hu Y, Chen J, Tang J, Rong X, Teng S, Wang Y, Liu F, Xie T, Wu C, Tang Y, Liu W, Qu X. Regulatory T and CXCR3+ Circulating Tfh Cells Concordantly Shape the Neutralizing Antibody Responses in Individuals Who Have Recovered from Mild COVID-19. J Infect Dis 2024; 230:28-37. [PMID: 39052730 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are involved in the antiviral immune response in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); however, whether Treg cells are involved in the neutralizing antibody (nAb) response remains unclear. Here, we found that individuals who recovered from mild but not severe COVID-19 had significantly greater frequencies of Treg cells and lower frequencies of CXCR3+ circulating T follicular helper (cTfh) cells than healthy controls. Furthermore, the frequencies of Treg and CXCR3+ cTfh cells were negatively and positively correlated with the nAb responses, respectively, and Treg cells was inversely associated with CXCR3+ cTfh cells in individuals who recovered from mild COVID-19 but not in those with severe disease. Mechanistically, Treg cells inhibited memory B-cell differentiation and antibody production by limiting the activation and proliferation of cTfh cells, especially CXCR3+ cTfh cells, and functional molecule expression. This study provides novel insight showing that mild COVID-19 elicits concerted nAb responses, which are shaped by both Treg and Tfh cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Zheng
- College of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Rui Lu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Dong Pan
- College of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Liting Peng
- College of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Rongzhang He
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Yabin Hu
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Jinyong Tang
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Xiaohan Rong
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Shishan Teng
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - You Wang
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Fen Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Tianyi Xie
- College of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Chanfeng Wu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Yinggen Tang
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wenpei Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaowang Qu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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3
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Mardi A, Abdolmohammadi-Vahid S, Sadeghi SA, Jafarzadeh S, Abbaspour-Aghdam S, Hazrati A, Mikaeili H, Valizadeh H, Sadeghi A, Ahmadi M, Nadiri M. Nanocurcumin modulates Th17 cell responses in moderate and severe COPD patients. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30025. [PMID: 38737273 PMCID: PMC11088266 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory process in the airways that results in airflow obstruction. It is mainly linked to cigarette smoke exposure. Th17 cells have a role in the pathogenesis of COPD by secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines, which cause hyperinflammation and progression of the disease. This study aimed to assess the potential therapeutic effects of nanocurcumin on the Th17 cell frequency and its responses in moderate and severe COPD patients. This study included 20 patients with severe COPD hospitalized in an intensive care unit (ICU) and 20 patients with moderate COPD. Th17 cell frequency, Th17-related factors gene expression (RAR-related orphan receptor t (RORγt), IL-17, IL-21, IL-23, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor), and serum levels of Th17-related cytokines were assessed before and after treatment in both placebo and nanocurcumin-treated groups using flow cytometry, real-time PCR, and ELISA, respectively. According to our findings, in moderate and severe nanocurcumin-treated COPD patients, there was a substantial reduction in the frequency of Th17 cells, mRNA expression, and cytokines secretion level of Th17-related factors compared to the placebo group. Furthermore, after treatment, the metrics mentioned above were considerably lower in the nanocurcumin-treated group compared to before treatment. Nanocurcumin has been shown to decrease the number of Th17 cells and their related inflammatory cytokines in moderate and severe COPD patients. As a result, it might be used as an immune-modulatory agent to alleviate the patient's inflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Mardi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Sarvin Alizadeh Sadeghi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Research Development Center at Modarres Hospital, Tabriz of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Jafarzadeh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Sciences Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Embryology Lab, East Azarbaijan ART Center, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ali Hazrati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haleh Mikaeili
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Valizadeh
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Armin Sadeghi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nadiri
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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4
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Wang L, Wang Z, Huang R, Li W, Zheng D. SARS-CoV-2 may play a direct role in the pathogenesis of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) associated with COVID-19: A CARE-compliant case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37192. [PMID: 38306528 PMCID: PMC10843456 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE During the past 3 years of the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, COVID-19 has been recognized to cause various neurological complications, including rare posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). In previously reported cases of PRES associated with COVID-19, the majority of patients had severe COVID-19 infection and known predisposing factors for PRES, such as uncontrolled hypertension, renal dysfunction, and use of immunosuppressants. It remains unclear whether these risk factors or infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) contributes to the development of PRES in these patients. Here we report a special case of PRES associated with COVID-19 without any known risk factors for PRES, indicating the SARS-CoV-2's direct role in the pathogenesis of PRES associated with COVID-19. PATIENT CONCERNS An 18-year-old female patient presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain. Preliminary investigations showed no abnormalities, except for positive results in novel coronavirus nucleic acid tests using oropharyngeal swabs. However, the patient subsequently developed tonic-clonic seizures, headaches, and vomiting on the second day. Extensive investigations have been performed, including brain MRI and lumbar puncture. Brain MRI showed hypointense T1-weighted and hyperintense T2-weighted lesions in the bilateral occipital, frontal, and parietal cortices without enhancement effect. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid analyses yielded negative results. The patient had no hypertension, renal insufficiency, autoimmune disease, or the use of immunosuppressants or cytotoxic drugs. DIAGNOSES PRES was diagnosed based on the clinical features and typical MRI findings of PRES. INTERVENTIONS Symptomatic treatments such as anticonvulsants were administered to the patients. OUTCOMES The patient fully recovered within 1 week. The initial MRI abnormalities also disappeared completely on a second MR examination performed 11 days later, supporting the diagnosis of PRES. The patient was followed up for 6 months and remained in a normal state. LESSONS The current case had no classical risk factors for PRES, indicating that although the cause of PRES in COVID-19 patients may be multifactorial, the infection of SARS-CoV-2 may play a direct role in the pathogenesis of PRES associated with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhihan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weishuai Li
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongming Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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5
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Lord JM, Veenith T, Sullivan J, Sharma-Oates A, Richter AG, Greening NJ, McAuley HJC, Evans RA, Moss P, Moore SC, Turtle L, Gautam N, Gilani A, Bajaj M, Wain LV, Brightling C, Raman B, Marks M, Singapuri A, Elneima O, Openshaw PJM, Duggal NA. Accelarated immune ageing is associated with COVID-19 disease severity. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:6. [PMID: 38212801 PMCID: PMC10782727 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The striking increase in COVID-19 severity in older adults provides a clear example of immunesenescence, the age-related remodelling of the immune system. To better characterise the association between convalescent immunesenescence and acute disease severity, we determined the immune phenotype of COVID-19 survivors and non-infected controls. RESULTS We performed detailed immune phenotyping of peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from 103 COVID-19 survivors 3-5 months post recovery who were classified as having had severe (n = 56; age 53.12 ± 11.30 years), moderate (n = 32; age 52.28 ± 11.43 years) or mild (n = 15; age 49.67 ± 7.30 years) disease and compared with age and sex-matched healthy adults (n = 59; age 50.49 ± 10.68 years). We assessed a broad range of immune cell phenotypes to generate a composite score, IMM-AGE, to determine the degree of immune senescence. We found increased immunesenescence features in severe COVID-19 survivors compared to controls including: a reduced frequency and number of naïve CD4 and CD8 T cells (p < 0.0001); increased frequency of EMRA CD4 (p < 0.003) and CD8 T cells (p < 0.001); a higher frequency (p < 0.0001) and absolute numbers (p < 0.001) of CD28-ve CD57+ve senescent CD4 and CD8 T cells; higher frequency (p < 0.003) and absolute numbers (p < 0.02) of PD-1 expressing exhausted CD8 T cells; a two-fold increase in Th17 polarisation (p < 0.0001); higher frequency of memory B cells (p < 0.001) and increased frequency (p < 0.0001) and numbers (p < 0.001) of CD57+ve senescent NK cells. As a result, the IMM-AGE score was significantly higher in severe COVID-19 survivors than in controls (p < 0.001). Few differences were seen for those with moderate disease and none for mild disease. Regression analysis revealed the only pre-existing variable influencing the IMM-AGE score was South Asian ethnicity ([Formula: see text] = 0.174, p = 0.043), with a major influence being disease severity ([Formula: see text] = 0.188, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our analyses reveal a state of enhanced immune ageing in survivors of severe COVID-19 and suggest this could be related to SARS-Cov-2 infection. Our data support the rationale for trials of anti-immune ageing interventions for improving clinical outcomes in these patients with severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M Lord
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Office 6, University of Birmingham Research Labs, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Birmingham and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tonny Veenith
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jack Sullivan
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Office 6, University of Birmingham Research Labs, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Alex G Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Neil J Greening
- Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Hamish J C McAuley
- Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Rachael A Evans
- Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Shona C Moore
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nandan Gautam
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ahmed Gilani
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Manan Bajaj
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Louise V Wain
- Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Christopher Brightling
- Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Betty Raman
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Marks
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK
| | - Amisha Singapuri
- Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Omer Elneima
- Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Niharika A Duggal
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Office 6, University of Birmingham Research Labs, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
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Elsaghir A, El-Sabaa EMW, Zahran AM, Mandour SA, Salama EH, Aboulfotuh S, El-Morshedy RM, Tocci S, Mandour AM, Ali WE, Abdel-Wahid L, Sayed IM, El-Mokhtar MA. Elevated CD39+T-Regulatory Cells and Reduced Levels of Adenosine Indicate a Role for Tolerogenic Signals in the Progression from Moderate to Severe COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17614. [PMID: 38139439 PMCID: PMC10744088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections trigger inflammation by controlling ATP release. CD39 ectoenzymes hydrolyze ATP/ADP to AMP, which is converted by CD73 into anti-inflammatory adenosine (ADO). ADO is an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant molecule which can enhance viral persistence and severity. The CD39-CD73-adenosine axis contributes to the immunosuppressive T-reg microenvironment and may affect COVID-19 disease progression. Here, we investigated the link between CD39 expression, mostly on T-regs, and levels of CD73, adenosine, and adenosine receptors with COVID-19 severity and progression. Our study included 73 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, of which 33 were moderately affected and 40 suffered from severe infection. A flow cytometric analysis was used to analyze the frequency of T-regulatory cells (T-regs), CD39+ T-regs, and CD39+CD4+ T-cells. Plasma concentrations of adenosine, IL-10, and TGF-β were quantified via an ELISA. An RT-qPCR was used to analyze the gene expression of CD73 and adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3). T-reg cells were higher in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls (7.4 ± 0.79 vs. 2.4 ± 0.28; p < 0.0001). Patients also had a higher frequency of the CD39+ T-reg subset. In addition, patients who suffered from a severe form of the disease had higher CD39+ T-regs compared with moderately infected patients. CD39+CD4+ T cells were increased in patients compared to the control group. An analysis of serum adenosine levels showed a marked decrease in their levels in patients, particularly those suffering from severe illness. However, this was paralleled with a marked decline in the expression levels of CD73. IL-10 and TGF-β levels were higher in COVID-19; in addition, their values were also higher in the severe group. In conclusion, there are distinct immunological alterations in CD39+ lymphocyte subsets and a dysregulation in the adenosine signaling pathway in COVID-19 patients which may contribute to immune dysfunction and disease progression. Understanding these immunological alterations in the different immune cell subsets and adenosine signaling provides valuable insights into the pathogenesis of the disease and may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic approaches targeting specific immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Elsaghir
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ehsan M. W. El-Sabaa
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M. Zahran
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Sahar A. Mandour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 11566, Egypt
| | - Eman H. Salama
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Sahar Aboulfotuh
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Reham M. El-Morshedy
- Department of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Stefania Tocci
- Department of Biomedical & Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Mandour
- Department of Anesthesia and ICU, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Wael Esmat Ali
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Lobna Abdel-Wahid
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M. Sayed
- Department of Biomedical & Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Mohamed A. El-Mokhtar
- Gilbert & Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos P.O. Box 36, Lebanon
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
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7
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Jiménez-Meléndez A, Shakya R, Markussen T, Robertson LJ, Myrmel M, Makvandi-Nejad S. Gene expression profile of HCT-8 cells following single or co-infections with Cryptosporidium parvum and bovine coronavirus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22106. [PMID: 38092824 PMCID: PMC10719361 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the causative agents of neonatal diarrhoea in calves, two of the most prevalent are bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and the intracellular parasite Cryptosporidium parvum. Although several studies indicate that co-infections are associated with greater symptom severity, the host-pathogen interplay remains unresolved. Here, our main objective was to investigate the modulation of the transcriptome of HCT-8 cells during single and co-infections with BCoV and C. parvum. For this, HCT-8 cells were inoculated with (1) BCoV alone, (2) C. parvum alone, (3) BCoV and C. parvum simultaneously. After 24 and 72 h, cells were harvested and analyzed using high-throughput RNA sequencing. Following differential expression analysis, over 6000 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in virus-infected and co-exposed cells at 72 hpi, whereas only 52 DEGs were found in C. parvum-infected cells at the same time point. Pathway (KEGG) and gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that DEGs in the virus-infected and co-exposed cells were mostly associated with immune pathways (such as NF-κB, TNF-α or, IL-17), apoptosis and regulation of transcription, with a more limited effect exerted by C. parvum. Although the modulation observed in the co-infection was apparently dominated by the virus, over 800 DEGs were uniquely expressed in co-exposed cells at 72 hpi. Our findings provide insights on possible biomarkers associated with co-infection, which could be further explored using in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Jiménez-Meléndez
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences (PARAFAG), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
| | - Ruchika Shakya
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences (PARAFAG), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Turhan Markussen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences (PARAFAG), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences (PARAFAG), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Mette Myrmel
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences (PARAFAG), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Shokouh Makvandi-Nejad
- Research Group Animal Health, Vaccinology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
- Nykode Therapeutics ASA, Oslo Science Park, Oslo, Norway
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8
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Fanelli M, Petrone V, Maracchioni C, Chirico R, Cipriani C, Coppola L, Malagnino V, Teti E, Sorace C, Zordan M, Vitale P, Iannetta M, Balestrieri E, Rasi G, Grelli S, Malergue F, Sarmati L, Minutolo A, Matteucci C. Persistence of circulating CD169+monocytes and HLA-DR downregulation underline the immune response impairment in PASC individuals: the potential contribution of different COVID-19 pandemic waves. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2023; 6:100215. [PMID: 38187999 PMCID: PMC10767315 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of CD169 as a marker of viral infection has been widely discussed in the context of COVID-19, and in particular, its crucial role in the early detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its association with the severity and clinical outcome of COVID-19 were demonstrated. COVID-19 patients show relevant systemic alteration and immunological dysfunction that persists in individuals with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). It is critical to implement the characterization of the disease, focusing also on the possible impact of the different COVID-19 waves and the consequent effects found after infection. On this basis, we evaluated by flow cytometry the expression of CD169 and HLA-DR on monocytes from COVID-19 patients and PASC individuals to better elucidate their involvement in immunological dysfunction, also evaluating the possible impact of different pandemic waves. The results confirm CD169 RMFI is a good marker of viral infection. Moreover, COVID-19 patients and PASC individuals showed high percentage of CD169+ monocytes, but low percentage of HLA-DR+ monocytes and the alteration of systemic inflammatory indices. We have also observed alterations of CD169 and HLA-DR expression and indices of inflammation upon different COVID-19 waves. The persistence of specific myeloid subpopulations suggests a role of CD169+ monocytes and HLA-DR in COVID-19 disease and chronic post-infection inflammation, opening new opportunities to evaluate the impact of specific pandemic waves on the immune response impairment and systemic alterations with the perspective to provide new tools to monitoring new variants and diseases associated to emerging respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialaura Fanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1 - 00133, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Vita Petrone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1 - 00133, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Christian Maracchioni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1 - 00133, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Rossella Chirico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1 - 00133, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Chiara Cipriani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1 - 00133, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Luigi Coppola
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Policlinic of Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Malagnino
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Policlinic of Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Teti
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Policlinic of Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Chiara Sorace
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Policlinic of Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Marta Zordan
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Policlinic of Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Pietro Vitale
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Policlinic of Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Marco Iannetta
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Policlinic of Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Emanuela Balestrieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1 - 00133, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Guido Rasi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1 - 00133, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Sandro Grelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1 - 00133, Rome, 00133, Italy
- Virology Unit, Policlinic of Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Fabrice Malergue
- Global Research Organization, Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, Marseille, 13009, France
| | - Loredana Sarmati
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Policlinic of Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Antonella Minutolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1 - 00133, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Claudia Matteucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1 - 00133, Rome, 00133, Italy
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9
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Zhang X, Li X, Ma W, Liu F, Huang P, Wei L, Li L, Qian Y. Astragaloside IV restores Th17/Treg balance via inhibiting CXCR4 to improve chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2023; 45:682-691. [PMID: 37417915 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2023.2228479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has a high fatality rate and poses a great threat to human health. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is proven to attenuate cigarette smoke (CS)-induced pulmonary inflammation, based on which this research focuses on the mechanism of AS-IV in COPD. METHODS To evaluate the effects of AS-IV, CD4+ T cells received different concentrations of AS-IV. CD4+ T cell viability, T helper 17 (Th17)/regulatory T (Treg) markers and CXCR4 expressions in CD4+ T cells or spleen/lung tissues were detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The proportions of Treg and Th17 cells were assessed by flow cytometry. Enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay was employed to determine cytokine contents in serum and lung tissues. RESULTS AS-IV with concentration exceeding 40 µM inhibited CD4+ T cell viability. In vitro, AS-IV suppressed the expressions of CXCR4, retinoid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt), and interleukin (IL)-17A as well as Th17 cells but promoted the expressions of forkhead box p3 (Foxp3) and IL-10 as well as Treg cells, while CXCR4 overexpression reversed the effects of AS-IV. In vivo, AS-IV alleviated COPD, and CS-induced Th17/Treg imbalance in mice and reduced CS-induced down-regulation of IL-10 in serum and lung tissues and Foxp3 and up-regulation of IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-17A in serum and lung tissues and RORγt. AS-IV mitigated CS-induced CXCR4 up-regulation. Above effects of AS-IV on mice were offset by CXCR4 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS AS-IV restores Th17/Treg balance via impeding CXCR4 to ameliorate COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulian Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Baoshan Branch of Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueliang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baoshan Branch of Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Baoshan Branch of Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangying Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Baoshan Branch of Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pinxian Huang
- School of Basic Medical, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Baoshan Branch of Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Baoshan Branch of Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yechang Qian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Baoshan Branch of Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Al‐Kuraishy HM, Al‐Maiahy TJ, Al‐Gareeb AI, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Elhussieny O, Saad HM, Batiha GE. New insights on the potential effect of progesterone in Covid-19: Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1100. [PMID: 38018575 PMCID: PMC10683562 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is higher in men than women and sex hormones have immune-modulator effects during different viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2 infection. One of the essential sex hormones is progesterone (P4). AIMS This review aimed to reveal the association between P4 and Covid-19. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The possible role of P4 in COVID-19 could be beneficial through the modulation of inflammatory signaling pathways, induction of the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and inhibition release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. P4 stimulates skew of naïve T cells from inflammatory Th1 toward anti-inflammatory Th2 with activation release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and activation of regulatory T cells (Treg) with decreased interferon-gamma production that increased during SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, P4 is regarded as a potent antagonist of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), it could reduce MRs that were activated by stimulated aldosterone from high AngII during SARS-CoV-2. P4 active metabolite allopregnanolone is regarded as a neurosteroid that acts as a positive modulator of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA ) so it may reduce neuropsychiatric manifestations and dysautonomia in COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSION Taken together, the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of P4 may improve central and peripheral complications in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M. Al‐Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, College of MedicineMustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Thabat J. Al‐Maiahy
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, College of MedicineAl‐Mustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Ali I. Al‐Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, College of MedicineMustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- University Centre for Research & DevelopmentChandigarh UniversityMohaliPunjabIndia
- Department of Science and EngineeringNovel Global Community Educational FoundationHebershamNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Research & DevelopmentAFNP MedWienAustria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten‐Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40University of Witten‐HerdeckeWuppertalGermany
| | - Omnya Elhussieny
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineMatrouh UniversityMarsa MatruhEgypt
| | - Hebatallah M. Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineMatrouh UniversityMarsa MatruhEgypt
| | - Gaber El‐Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDamanhour University, DamanhourAlBeheiraEgypt
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11
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Huangfu L, Li R, Huang Y, Wang S. The IL-17 family in diseases: from bench to bedside. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:402. [PMID: 37816755 PMCID: PMC10564932 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-17 (IL-17) family comprises six members (IL-17A-17F), and recently, all of its related receptors have been discovered. IL-17 was first discovered approximately 30 years ago. Members of this family have various biological functions, including driving an inflammatory cascade during infections and autoimmune diseases, as well as boosting protective immunity against various pathogens. IL-17 is a highly versatile proinflammatory cytokine necessary for vital processes including host immune defenses, tissue repair, inflammatory disease pathogenesis, and cancer progression. However, how IL-17 performs these functions remains controversial. The multifunctional properties of IL-17 have attracted research interest, and emerging data have gradually improved our understanding of the IL-17 signaling pathway. However, a comprehensive review is required to understand its role in both host defense functions and pathogenesis in the body. This review can aid researchers in better understanding the mechanisms underlying IL-17's roles in vivo and provide a theoretical basis for future studies aiming to regulate IL-17 expression and function. This review discusses recent progress in understanding the IL-17 signaling pathway and its physiological roles. In addition, we present the mechanism underlying IL-17's role in various pathologies, particularly, in IL-17-induced systemic lupus erythematosus and IL-17-related tumor cell transformation and metastasis. In addition, we have briefly discussed promising developments in the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune diseases and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjie Huangfu
- School of Stomatology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Ruiying Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, P. R. China
| | - Yamei Huang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, P. R. China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, P. R. China.
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570216, P. R. China.
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12
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David E, Czarnowicki T. The pathogenetic role of Th17 immune response in atopic dermatitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 23:446-453. [PMID: 37641918 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW As we continue to unravel the pathophysiology and immune mechanisms underlying atopic dermatitis (AD), the emergence of targeted treatments has provided new options for management. Although there are available therapies targeting various immune pathways in AD, the precise pathogenic role of interleukin (IL)-17 in AD pathogenesis remains unclear. The objective of this review is to examine the existing data pertaining to the role of IL-17 in AD and shed light on the potential of targeting this pathway as a therapeutic approach in AD treatment. RECENT FINDINGS IL-17 has a dual role of pro-inflammatory and immune protective function, making it an important player in several autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. The extent of IL-17 axis involvement in AD pathogenesis is still debatable. Emerging data show that Th17-related cytokines/chemokines are elevated in skin and sera samples of AD patients, with some articles reporting correlations with disease severity. Particularly increased Th17 signature in specific AD patient subsets, such as Asian-origin or pediatric patients, suggests that certain patients' disease presentations are more predominantly influenced by Th17, and, thus, they may benefit more from Th17 therapeutic targeting approaches. Lack of clinical efficacy with anti-Th17 biologics in AD patients, underscores the need to better elucidate the role of Th17 in AD pathogenesis, along with its utility in therapy. SUMMARY The well established role of IL-17 in autoimmune disorders hints for its possible participation in AD disease pathogenesis. Subsequent investigations are needed to assess whether the targeting of specific IL-17 isoforms, homodimers, or heterodimers in specific subpopulations of AD can modify treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden David
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tali Czarnowicki
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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13
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Hausmann F, Ergen C, Khatri R, Marouf M, Hänzelmann S, Gagliani N, Huber S, Machart P, Bonn S. DISCERN: deep single-cell expression reconstruction for improved cell clustering and cell subtype and state detection. Genome Biol 2023; 24:212. [PMID: 37730638 PMCID: PMC10510283 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-03049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-cell sequencing provides detailed insights into biological processes including cell differentiation and identity. While providing deep cell-specific information, the method suffers from technical constraints, most notably a limited number of expressed genes per cell, which leads to suboptimal clustering and cell type identification. RESULTS Here, we present DISCERN, a novel deep generative network that precisely reconstructs missing single-cell gene expression using a reference dataset. DISCERN outperforms competing algorithms in expression inference resulting in greatly improved cell clustering, cell type and activity detection, and insights into the cellular regulation of disease. We show that DISCERN is robust against differences between batches and is able to keep biological differences between batches, which is a common problem for imputation and batch correction algorithms. We use DISCERN to detect two unseen COVID-19-associated T cell types, cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ Tc2 T helper cells, with a potential role in adverse disease outcome. We utilize T cell fraction information of patient blood to classify mild or severe COVID-19 with an AUROC of 80% that can serve as a biomarker of disease stage. DISCERN can be easily integrated into existing single-cell sequencing workflow. CONCLUSIONS Thus, DISCERN is a flexible tool for reconstructing missing single-cell gene expression using a reference dataset and can easily be applied to a variety of data sets yielding novel insights, e.g., into disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Hausmann
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Biomedical AI, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Can Ergen
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Biomedical AI, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robin Khatri
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Biomedical AI, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mohamed Marouf
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Hänzelmann
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Biomedical AI, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pierre Machart
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Biomedical AI, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Bonn
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Center for Biomedical AI, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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14
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Ahmad Merza Mohammad T. Combining nano-curcumin with catechin improves COVID-19-infected patient's inflammatory conditions. Hum Immunol 2023; 84:471-483. [PMID: 37331910 PMCID: PMC10239908 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS A hyperinflammatory condition is brought on by the development of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is characterized by an elevation of T helper (Th) 17 cells, high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and a depletion of regulatory T (Treg) cells. METHODS In this research, we examined the effect of nano-curcumin and catechin on the TCD4+, TCD8+, Th17, and Treg cells and their associated factors in COVID-19 patients. For this purpose, 160 (50 patients excluded during the study) COVID-19 patients were divided into four groups: placebo, nano-curcumin, catechin, and nano-curcumin + catechin. The frequency of TCD4+, TCD8+, Th17, and Treg cells, the gene expression of transcription factors (STAT3, RORt, and FoxP3) relevant to Th17 and Treg, as well as the serum levels of cytokines (IL-6, IL17, IL1-b, IL-10, and TGF-), were all evaluated intra- and inter-group, before and after treatment, in all groups. RESULTS Our study showed that TCD4 + and TCD8 + cells were significantly higher in the nano-curcumin + catechin group compared to the control group, whereas Th17 was lower than the initial value. Furthermore, compared to the placebo-received group, cytokines and transcription factors associated with Th17 were significantly lower in the nano-curcumin + catechin group. Additionally, combined therapy increased Treg cells and transcription factors compared to the placebo group. CONCLUSION Overall, our results show that combining nano-curcumin with catechin has a more notable impact on the enhancement of TCD4+, TCD8+, and Treg cells, as well as a decrease in Th17 cells and their mediators, suggesting a promising combination therapy in reducing the inflammatory conditions of COVID-19 infected patients.
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15
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Senoo S, Higo H, Taniguchi A, Kiura K, Maeda Y, Miyahara N. Pulmonary fibrosis and type-17 immunity. Respir Investig 2023; 61:553-562. [PMID: 37356133 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis of the lung can occur in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, collagen vascular diseases, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis, among other diseases. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, vascular epithelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor contribute to the pathophysiology of fibrosis. TGF-β and other cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-23, activate type-17 immunity, which is involved in pulmonary fibrosis. The components of type-17 immunity include type-17 helper T cells, γδT cells, IL-17A-producing CD8-positive T cells, invariant NKT cells, and group 3 innate lymphoid cells. IL-17A, the main cytokine of type-17 immunity, is able to induce the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in epithelial cells via a production of TGF-β, directly stimulate fibroblasts and fibrocytes, and inhibit autophagy, which otherwise protects against pulmonary fibrosis. IL-23 induces type-17 immunity and plays an important role in the acute exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis. Clinical studies have also linked type-17 immunity to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Consequently, targeting type-17 immunity may serve as a new therapeutic strategy to prevent the development or exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Senoo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Academic Field of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hisao Higo
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akihiko Taniguchi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Academic Field of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kiura
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Maeda
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Academic Field of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Miyahara
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan; Department of Medical Technology, Okayama University Academic Field of Health Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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16
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Aquino RCADE, Barros BRS, Silva GAS, Sousa GFDE, Souza EBDE, Silva DRC, Nascimento AVDO, Sá IWADE, Lima ELSDE, Silva BO, Lima LPODE, Vieira AM, Barbosa Neto AG, Marcos BFS, Silva AJD, Oliveira THADE, Carvalho BM, Muniz MTC, Freitas ACDE, Campelo Júnior EB, Melo CMLDE. Healthcare workers exposed to COVID-19 patients present an inflammatory status and Th2/Th17/Th22 immune profile: findings from before vaccine application in Brazil. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20220502. [PMID: 37255169 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320220502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthcare workers present an increased risk of contagion for the SARS-CoV-2 virus due to their labor exposure. Here, we describe the clinical, laboratory, and immunological characteristics of healthcare workers, before vaccine application, exposed to SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. We collected sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory information from 50 professionals who worked during the COVID-19 pandemic at the Clinical Hospital of the Northwest in Brazil. The results showed that most workers are women, over 50 years old, and worked as nursing technicians. Approximately 56% of workers were positive for a previous infection by RT-PCR and/or anti-SARS-CoV-2-immunoglobulin tests. Increased levels of hematocrit, neutrophils, NK lymphocytes, and fibrinogen, were found in positive healthcare workers, suggesting a light inflammatory status. The immunological findings showed an increase in IL-17 production and a Th2/Th17/Th22 profile followed by high serology for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG. Those data reveal the importance of studies with healthcare workers to investigate if the continuous exposition to the virus may result in chronic activation of the immune system and/or pulmonary inflammation in this target group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Cesar A DE Aquino
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Immunological and Antitumor Analysis, Department of Antibiotics, Bioscience Center, Av. Prof. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-525 Recife, PE, Brazil
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory Institute (iLIKA), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Rafaela S Barros
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Immunological and Antitumor Analysis, Department of Antibiotics, Bioscience Center, Av. Prof. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-525 Recife, PE, Brazil
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory Institute (iLIKA), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Antonio S Silva
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Immunological and Antitumor Analysis, Department of Antibiotics, Bioscience Center, Av. Prof. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-525 Recife, PE, Brazil
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory Institute (iLIKA), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Georon F DE Sousa
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Immunological and Antitumor Analysis, Department of Antibiotics, Bioscience Center, Av. Prof. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-525 Recife, PE, Brazil
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory Institute (iLIKA), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Edson B DE Souza
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Clinical Hospital, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Dyego R C Silva
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Clinical Hospital, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Arione V DO Nascimento
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Clinical Hospital, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Igor W A DE Sá
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Clinical Hospital, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Elker L S DE Lima
- University of Pernambuco, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310, Santo Amaro, 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Bárbara O Silva
- University of Pernambuco, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310, Santo Amaro, 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Luísa P O DE Lima
- University of Pernambuco, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310, Santo Amaro, 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Amanda M Vieira
- University of Pernambuco, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310, Santo Amaro, 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Adauto G Barbosa Neto
- University of Pernambuco, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310, Santo Amaro, 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Bianca F São Marcos
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy, Department of Genetics, Bioscience Center, Avenida Reitor Joaquim Amazonas, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-570 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Anna Jéssica D Silva
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy, Department of Genetics, Bioscience Center, Avenida Reitor Joaquim Amazonas, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-570 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Talita Helena Araújo DE Oliveira
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy, Department of Genetics, Bioscience Center, Avenida Reitor Joaquim Amazonas, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-570 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Carvalho
- University of Pernambuco, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310, Santo Amaro, 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza C Muniz
- University of Pernambuco, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310, Santo Amaro, 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos DE Freitas
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy, Department of Genetics, Bioscience Center, Avenida Reitor Joaquim Amazonas, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-570 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Evônio B Campelo Júnior
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Clinical Hospital, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Cristiane M L DE Melo
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Immunological and Antitumor Analysis, Department of Antibiotics, Bioscience Center, Av. Prof. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-525 Recife, PE, Brazil
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory Institute (iLIKA), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
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Kumari D, Singh S, Kumari M, Gupta H, Chauhan D, Singh K, Rao Eslavath M, Bhushan B, Dogra V, Bargotya M, Bhattar S, Gupta U, Hussain J, Jain S, Meena R, Varshney R, Ganju L, Singh Y. Flow cytometry profiling of cellular immune response in COVID-19 infected, recovered and vaccinated individuals. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152392. [PMID: 37182442 PMCID: PMC10165874 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION SARS-CoV-2 has infected over 753 million individuals and caused more than 6.8 million deaths globally to date. COVID-19 disease severity has been associated with SARS-CoV-2 induced hyper inflammation and the immune correlation with its pathogenesis remains unclear. Acute viral infection is characterised by vigorous coordinated innate and adaptive activation, including an early cellular response that correlates well with the amplitude of virus specific humoral response. OBJECTIVE The present study covers a wide spectrum of cellular immune response against COVID-19, irrespective of infection and vaccination. METHODS We analysed immune status of (a) COVID-19 hospitalised patients including deceased and recovered patients, and compared with home isolated and non-infected healthy individuals, and (b) infected home isolated individuals with vaccinated individuals, using flow cytometry. We performed flow cytometry analysis of PBMCs to determine non-specific cell-mediated immune response. RESULTS The immune response revealed extensive induction and activation of multiple immune lineages, including T and B cells, Th17 regulatory subsets and M1, M2 macrophages in deceased and hospitalised recovered patients, vaccinated and healthy individuals. Compromised immune cell expression was observed in deceased patients even in later stages, while expression was restored in hospitalised recovered patients and home isolated individuals. CONCLUSION The findings associated with recovery and convalescence define a new signature of cellular immune response that persists in individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. The findings will help in providing a better understanding of COVID-19 disease and will aid in developing better therapeutic strategies for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Kumari
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Sayar Singh
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Manisha Kumari
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Harshita Gupta
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Deepika Chauhan
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Karuna Singh
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO, Delhi 110054, India
| | | | - Brij Bhushan
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Vikas Dogra
- Rajiv Gandhi Super Speciality Hospital (RGSSH), Delhi 110093, India
| | - Mona Bargotya
- Rajiv Gandhi Super Speciality Hospital (RGSSH), Delhi 110093, India
| | - Sonali Bhattar
- Rajiv Gandhi Super Speciality Hospital (RGSSH), Delhi 110093, India
| | - Utkarsh Gupta
- Rajiv Gandhi Super Speciality Hospital (RGSSH), Delhi 110093, India
| | - Javid Hussain
- Rajiv Gandhi Super Speciality Hospital (RGSSH), Delhi 110093, India
| | - Shruti Jain
- Rajiv Gandhi Super Speciality Hospital (RGSSH), Delhi 110093, India
| | - Ramesh Meena
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Rajeev Varshney
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Lilly Ganju
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO, Delhi 110054, India.
| | - Yamini Singh
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO, Delhi 110054, India.
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18
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Kamanzi P, Mulundu G, Mutale K, Mumba C, Ngalamika O. HIV and inflammatory markers are associated with persistent COVID-19 symptoms. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e859. [PMID: 37249281 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A proportion of COVID19 survivors may present with long-COVID, which is persistent symptoms lasting four or more weeks post SARS-CoV-2 infection. These symptoms may be mild to severe, and may affect different organ-systems of the body. AIMS The main objective of this study was to determine the demographic, clinical and immunological factors associated with long COVID. MATERIALS & METHODS We conducted a nested case control study, with a total of 94 study participants initially included, and 64 participants matched for age and sex for biomarker analyses. RESULTS 32/94 (34.1%) of all the participants had long COVID. Respiratory symptoms were the most common (59.5%) followed by the musculoskeletal symptoms (28.1%). HIV was an independent predictor of long COVID (adjusted odds ratio = 2.7; p = .037). In all the 64 matched cases and controls, IFN-β was significantly higher among controls than cases. After stratifying by HIV, IL6 was significantly higher among cases than controls in the HIV- group (2.06 vs. 0.81 pg/mL; p = .02). On the other hand, IFN-β was significantly higher among controls than cases in the HIV+ group (251 vs. 0 pg/mL; p = .01). CONCLUSION HIV infection is a risk factor for long COVID, and inflammatory markers associated with long COVID may be slightly different for HIV- and HIV+ individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kamanzi
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Teaching Hospital, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Gina Mulundu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Teaching Hospital, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Keagan Mutale
- HHV-8 Molecular Virology Laboratory, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Chibamba Mumba
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Teaching Hospital, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Owen Ngalamika
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Teaching Hospital, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
- HHV-8 Molecular Virology Laboratory, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
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19
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De Rose DU, Pace PG, Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Dotta A, Andreoni M, Sarmati L, Iannetta M. T Lymphocyte Subset Counts and Interferon-Gamma Production in Adults and Children with COVID-19: A Narrative Review. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13050755. [PMID: 37240926 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13050755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adults and children exhibit a broad range of clinical outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 infection, with minimal to mild symptoms, especially in the pediatric age. However, some children present with a severe hyperinflammatory post-infectious complication named multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), mainly affecting previously healthy subjects. Understanding these differences is still an ongoing challenge, that can lead to new therapeutic strategies and avoid unfavorable outcomes. In this review, we discuss the different roles of T lymphocyte subsets and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the immune responses of adults and children. Lymphopenia can influence these responses and represent a good predictor for the outcome, as reported by most authors. The increased IFN-γ response exhibited by children could be the starting point for the activation of a broad response that leads to MIS-C, with a significantly higher risk than in adults, although a single IFN signature has not been identified. Multicenter studies with large cohorts in both age groups are still needed to study SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis with new tools and to understand how is possible to better modulate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Umberto De Rose
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
- PhD Course in Microbiology, Immunology, Infectious Diseases, and Transplants (MIMIT), Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Pace
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of System Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University and Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Dotta
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Andreoni
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of System Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University and Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Sarmati
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of System Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University and Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Iannetta
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of System Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University and Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy
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20
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Espín E, Yang C, Shannon CP, Assadian S, He D, Tebbutt SJ. Cellular and molecular biomarkers of long COVID: a scoping review. EBioMedicine 2023; 91:104552. [PMID: 37037165 PMCID: PMC10082390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-COVID (LC) encompasses diverse symptoms lasting months after the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection. Symptoms can be debilitating and affect the quality of life of individuals with LC and their families. Although the symptoms of LC are well described, the aetiology of LC remains unclear, and consequently, patients may be underdiagnosed. Identification of LC specific biomarkers is therefore paramount for the diagnosis and clinical management of the syndrome. This scoping review describes the molecular and cellular biomarkers that have been identified to date with potential use for diagnosis or prediction of LC. METHODS This review was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Methodology for Scoping Reviews. A search was executed in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases, as well as in the grey literature for original studies, published until October 5th, 2022, reporting biomarkers identified in participants with LC symptoms (from all ages, ethnicities, and sex), with a previous infection of SARS-CoV-2. Non-English studies, cross-sectional studies, studies without a control group, and pre-prints were excluded. Two reviewers independently evaluated the studies, extracted population data and associated biomarkers. FINDINGS 23 cohort studies were identified, involving 2163 LC patients [median age 51.8 years, predominantly female sex (61.10%), white (75%), and non-vaccinated (99%)]. A total of 239 candidate biomarkers were identified, consisting mainly of immune cells, immunoglobulins, cytokines, and other plasma proteins. 19 of the 239 candidate biomarkers identified were evaluated by the authors, by means of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. INTERPRETATION Diverse cellular and molecular biomarkers for LC have been proposed. Validation of candidate biomarkers in independent samples should be prioritized. Modest reported performance (particularly in larger studies) suggests LC may encompass many distinct aetiologies, which should be explored e.g., by stratifying by symptom clusters and/or sex. FUNDING Dr. Tebbutt has received funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (177747) to conduct this work. The funding source was not involved in this scoping review, or in the decision to submit this manuscript for publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Espín
- Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF) Centre of Excellence, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chengliang Yang
- Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF) Centre of Excellence, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Casey P Shannon
- Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF) Centre of Excellence, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sara Assadian
- Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF) Centre of Excellence, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel He
- Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF) Centre of Excellence, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Scott J Tebbutt
- Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF) Centre of Excellence, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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21
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Qudus MS, Tian M, Sirajuddin S, Liu S, Afaq U, Wali M, Liu J, Pan P, Luo Z, Zhang Q, Yang G, Wan P, Li Y, Wu J. The roles of critical pro-inflammatory cytokines in the drive of cytokine storm during SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28751. [PMID: 37185833 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In patients with severe COVID-19, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and even mortality can result from cytokine storm, which is a hyperinflammatory medical condition caused by the excessive and uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. High levels of numerous crucial pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, IFN-induced protein 10 kDa, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and IL-10 and so on, have been found in severe COVID-19. They participate in cascade amplification pathways of pro-inflammatory responses through complex inflammatory networks. Here, we review the involvements of these critical inflammatory cytokines in SARS-CoV-2 infection and discuss their potential roles in triggering or regulating cytokine storm, which can help to understand the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19. So far, there is rarely effective therapeutic strategy for patients with cytokine storm besides using glucocorticoids, which is proved to result in fatal side effects. Clarifying the roles of key involved cytokines in the complex inflammatory network of cytokine storm will help to develop an ideal therapeutic intervention, such as neutralizing antibody of certain cytokine or inhibitor of some inflammatory signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Suhaib Qudus
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingfu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Summan Sirajuddin
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Siyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Uzair Afaq
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muneeba Wali
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Jinbiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
| | - Ge Yang
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
| | - Pin Wan
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
| | - Yongkui Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
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22
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Shafiee A, Rezaian S, Aliyu M, Shayeghpour A, Mokhames Z, Mohammadi H, Yaslianifard S, Soleimani A, Soleimanifar F, Tojari T, Qorbani M, Mozhgani SH. Immunologic Profile of Severe COVID-19 Patients in Alborz Province, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2023. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm-134264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has prompted researchers to look for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pathogenicity in depth. Immune system dysregulation was one of the major mechanisms in its pathogenesis. The evidence regarding the levels of interferons (IFNs) and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in COVID-19 patients is not well-established. Objectives: Therefore, this study evaluated the expression level of type-I, II, III IFNs, along with interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and FOXP3 genes in patients with severe COVID-19 to provide additional insights regarding the regulation of these cytokines during COVID-19 infection. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from two groups, including severe COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. Ribonucleic acid was extracted to evaluate the expression level of IFN-a, IFN-b, IFN-g, IFN-la, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, and FOXP3 genes using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The correlations between the expression levels of these genes were also assessed. Results: A total of 40 samples were divided into two groups, with each group consisting of 20 samples. When comparing the severe COVID-19 group to the controls, the expression levels of IFN-g, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-10 genes were significantly higher in the severe COVID-19 group. The two groups had no significant differences in IFN-a, IFN-b, IFN-la, IL-1, and FOXP3 expression. The correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between type I and type III IFNs (i.e., IFN-a and IFN-la) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-1 and IL-10). Conclusions: This study suggests the possible upregulation of IFN-g, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α during SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. The preliminary findings of this study and those reported previously show that the levels of IFNs and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are not uniformly expressed among all COVID-19 patients and might differ as the disease progresses to the severe stage.
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23
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Thymosin Alpha 1 Restores the Immune Homeostasis in lymphocytes during Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110055. [PMID: 36989892 PMCID: PMC10030336 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The complex alterations of the immune system and the immune-mediated multiorgan injury plays a key role in host response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, being also associated with adverse outcomes. Thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1) is one of the molecules used in the treatment of COVID-19, as it is known to restore the homeostasis of the immune system during infections and cancer. The use of Tα1 in COVID-19 patients had been widely used in China and in COVID-19 patients, it has been shown to decrease hospitalization rate, especially in those with greater disease severity, and reduce mortality by restoring lymphocytopenia and more specifically, depleted T cells. Persistent dysregulation with depletion of naive B and T cell subpopulations and expansion of memory T cells suggest a chronic stimulation of the immune response in individuals with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). Our data obtained from an ex vivo study, showed that in PASC individuals with a chronically altered immune response, Tα1 improve the restoration of an appropriate response, most evident in those with more severe illness and who need respiratory support during acute phase, and in those with specific systemic and psychiatric symptoms of PASC, confirming Tα1 treatment being more effective in compromised patients. The results obtained, along with promising reports on recent trials on Tα1 administration in patients with COVID-19, offer new insights into intervention also for those patients with long-lasting inflammation with post-infectious symptoms, some of which have a delayed onset.
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Key Words
- post-acute sars-cov-2 symptoms
- thymosin alpha 1
- immune regulation
- anti-inflammatory response
- a-cov, acute covid-19
- aa, ambient air
- cdc, center for desease control and prevention
- em, effector memory
- tfh, follicular helper lymphocytes
- hd, healthy donors
- pasc, post-acute sequelae of sars-cov-2 infection
- pcc, post-covid conditions
- pd-1, programmed cell death-1
- ards, respiratory stress syndrome
- resp sup, respiratory support
- rpmi, roswell park memorial institute
- sev, severe acute phase of infection
- tem, terminal effector memory
- tα1, thymosin alpha 1
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Dhawan M, Rabaan AA, Alwarthan S, Alhajri M, Halwani MA, Alshengeti A, Najim MA, Alwashmi ASS, Alshehri AA, Alshamrani SA, AlShehail BM, Garout M, Al-Abdulhadi S, Al-Ahmed SH, Thakur N, Verma G. Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) and COVID-19: Unveiling the Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potentialities with a Special Focus on Long COVID. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030699. [PMID: 36992283 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused havoc all around the world. The causative agent of COVID-19 is the novel form of the coronavirus (CoV) named SARS-CoV-2, which results in immune system disruption, increased inflammation, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). T cells have been important components of the immune system, which decide the fate of the COVID-19 disease. Recent studies have reported an important subset of T cells known as regulatory T cells (Tregs), which possess immunosuppressive and immunoregulatory properties and play a crucial role in the prognosis of COVID-19 disease. Recent studies have shown that COVID-19 patients have considerably fewer Tregs than the general population. Such a decrement may have an impact on COVID-19 patients in a number of ways, including diminishing the effect of inflammatory inhibition, creating an inequality in the Treg/Th17 percentage, and raising the chance of respiratory failure. Having fewer Tregs may enhance the likelihood of long COVID development in addition to contributing to the disease's poor prognosis. Additionally, tissue-resident Tregs provide tissue repair in addition to immunosuppressive and immunoregulatory activities, which may aid in the recovery of COVID-19 patients. The severity of the illness is also linked to abnormalities in the Tregs' phenotype, such as reduced expression of FoxP3 and other immunosuppressive cytokines, including IL-10 and TGF-beta. Hence, in this review, we summarize the immunosuppressive mechanisms and their possible roles in the prognosis of COVID-19 disease. Furthermore, the perturbations in Tregs have been associated with disease severity. The roles of Tregs are also explained in the long COVID. This review also discusses the potential therapeutic roles of Tregs in the management of patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
- Trafford College, Altrincham, Manchester WA14 5PQ, UK
| | - Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Sara Alwarthan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael Alhajri
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad A Halwani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Al Baha 4781, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer Alshengeti
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa A Najim
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ameen S S Alwashmi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Alshamrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer M AlShehail
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Garout
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Al-Abdulhadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Riyadh 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Dr. Saleh Office for Medical Genetic and Genetic Counseling Services, The House of Expertise, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Dammam 32411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shamsah H Al-Ahmed
- Specialty Paediatric Medicine, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif 32654, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nanamika Thakur
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Geetika Verma
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
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25
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de Sousa Palmeira PH, Peixoto RF, Csordas BG, de Medeiros IA, de Azevedo FDLAA, Veras RC, Janebro DI, Amaral IP, Keesen TSL. Differential regulatory T cell signature after recovery from mild COVID-19. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1078922. [PMID: 36969257 PMCID: PMC10030602 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1078922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is characterized by a range of symptoms in which host immune response have been associated with disease progression. However, the putative role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in determining COVID-19 outcomes has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we compared peripheral Tregs between volunteers not previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 (healthy control [HC]) and volunteers who recovered from mild (Mild Recovered) and severe (Severe Recovered) COVID-19. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 synthetic peptides (Pool Spike CoV-2 and Pool CoV-2) or staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Results of a multicolor flow cytometric assay showed higher Treg frequency and expression of IL-10, IL-17, perforin, granzyme B, PD-1, and CD39/CD73 co-expression in Treg among the PBMC from the Mild Recovered group than in the Severe Recovered or HC groups for certain SARS-CoV-2 related stimulus. Moreover, Mild Recovered unstimulated samples presented a higher Tregs frequency and expression of IL-10 and granzyme B than did that of HC. Compared with Pool CoV-2 stimuli, Pool Spike CoV-2 reduced IL-10 expression and improved PD-1 expression in Tregs from volunteers in the Mild Recovered group. Interestingly, Pool Spike CoV-2 elicited a decrease in Treg IL-17+ frequency in the Severe Recovered group. In HC, the expression of latency-associated peptide (LAP) and cytotoxic granule co-expression by Tregs was higher in Pool CoV-2 stimulated samples. While Pool Spike CoV-2 stimulation reduced the frequency of IL-10+ and CTLA-4+ Tregs in PBMC from volunteers in the Mild Recovered group who had not experienced certain symptoms, higher levels of perforin and perforin+granzyme B+ co-expression by Tregs were found in the Mild Recovered group in volunteers who had experienced dyspnea. Finally, we found differential expression of CD39 and CD73 among volunteers in the Mild Recovered group between those who had and had not experienced musculoskeletal pain. Collectively, our study suggests that changes in the immunosuppressive repertoire of Tregs can influence the development of a distinct COVID-19 clinical profile, revealing that a possible modulation of Tregs exists among volunteers of the Mild Recovered group between those who did and did not develop certain symptoms, leading to mild disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique de Sousa Palmeira
- Postgraduate program in Physiology Science, Immunology Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Rephany Fonseca Peixoto
- Postgraduate program in Physiology Science, Immunology Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Guimarães Csordas
- Postgraduate program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Immunology Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Isac Almeida de Medeiros
- Research Institute for Drugs and Medicines, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - Robson Cavalcante Veras
- Research Institute for Drugs and Medicines, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Daniele Idalino Janebro
- Research Institute for Drugs and Medicines, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Ian P.G. Amaral
- Biotechnology Graduation Program, Immunology Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Tatjana Souza Lima Keesen
- Immunology Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
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26
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Anindya R, Rutter GA, Meur G. New-onset type 1 diabetes and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:191-203. [PMID: 36529987 PMCID: PMC9877852 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a condition characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin. Loss of insulin-producing pancreatic islet β cells is one of the many causes of T1D. Viral infections have long been associated with new-onset T1D and the balance between virulence and host immunity determines whether the viral infection would lead to T1D. Herein, we detail the dynamic interaction of pancreatic β cells with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the host immune system with respect to new-onset T1D. Importantly, β cells express the crucial entry receptors and multiple studies confirmed that β cells are infected by SARS-CoV-2. Innate immune system effectors, such as natural killer cells, can eliminate such infected β cells. Although CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T (TREG ) cells provide immune tolerance to prevent the destruction of the islet β-cell population by autoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells, it can be speculated that SARS-CoV-2 infection may compromise self-tolerance by depleting TREG -cell numbers or diminishing TREG -cell functions by repressing Forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) expression. However, the expansion of β cells by self-duplication, and regeneration from progenitor cells, could effectively replace lost β cells. Appearance of islet autoantibodies following SARS-CoV-2 infection was reported in a few cases, which could imply a breakdown of immune tolerance in the pancreatic islets. However, many of the cases with newly diagnosed autoimmune response following SARS-CoV-2 infection also presented with significantly high HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) levels that indicated progression of an already set diabetes, rather than new-onset T1D. Here we review the potential underlying mechanisms behind loss of functional β-cell mass as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection that can trigger new-onset T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Anindya
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, Singapore.,Centre of Research of Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gargi Meur
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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27
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Wang L, Peng HY, Pham A, Villazana E, Ballard DJ, Das JK, Kumar A, Xiong X, Song J. T Cell Response to SARS-CoV-2 Coinfection and Comorbidities. Pathogens 2023; 12:321. [PMID: 36839596 PMCID: PMC9965203 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
For the past three years, COVID-19 has become an increasing global health issue. Adaptive immune cells, especially T cells, have been extensively investigated in regard to SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, human health and T cell responses are also impacted by many other pathogens and chronic diseases. We have summarized T cell performance during SARS-CoV-2 coinfection with other viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Furthermore, we distinguished if those altered T cell statuses under coinfection would affect their clinical outcomes, such as symptom severity and hospitalization demand. T cell alteration in diabetes, asthma, and hypertension patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection was also investigated in our study. We have summarized whether changes in T cell response influence the clinical outcome during comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Wang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hao-Yun Peng
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Aspen Pham
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Eber Villazana
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Darby J. Ballard
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Jugal Kishore Das
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Xiaofang Xiong
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
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28
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Machado PM, Schäfer M, Mahil SK, Liew J, Gossec L, Dand N, Pfeil A, Strangfeld A, Regierer AC, Fautrel B, Alonso CG, Saad CGS, Griffiths CEM, Lomater C, Miceli-Richard C, Wendling D, Alpizar Rodriguez D, Wiek D, Mateus EF, Sirotich E, Soriano ER, Ribeiro FM, Omura F, Rajão Martins F, Santos H, Dau J, Barker JN, Hausmann J, Hyrich KL, Gensler L, Silva L, Jacobsohn L, Carmona L, Pinheiro MM, Zelaya MD, Severina MDLÁ, Yates M, Dubreuil M, Gore-Massy M, Romeo N, Haroon N, Sufka P, Grainger R, Hasseli R, Lawson-Tovey S, Bhana S, Pham T, Olofsson T, Bautista-Molano W, Wallace ZS, Yiu ZZN, Yazdany J, Robinson PC, Smith CH. Characteristics associated with poor COVID-19 outcomes in people with psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and axial spondyloarthritis: data from the COVID-19 PsoProtect and Global Rheumatology Alliance physician-reported registries. Ann Rheum Dis 2023; 82:698-709. [PMID: 36787993 PMCID: PMC10176347 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2022-223499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate factors associated with severe COVID-19 in people with psoriasis (PsO), psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). METHODS Demographic data, clinical characteristics and COVID-19 outcome severity of adults with PsO, PsA and axSpA were obtained from two international physician-reported registries. A three-point ordinal COVID-19 severity scale was defined: no hospitalisation, hospitalisation (and no death) and death. ORs were estimated using multivariable ordinal logistic regression. RESULTS Of 5045 cases, 18.3% had PsO, 45.5% PsA and 36.3% axSpA. Most (83.6%) were not hospitalised, 14.6% were hospitalised and 1.8% died. Older age was non-linearly associated with COVID-19 severity. Male sex (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.30 to 1.83), cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, metabolic and cancer comorbidities (ORs 1.25-2.89), moderate/high disease activity and/or glucocorticoid use (ORs 1.39-2.23, vs remission/low disease activity and no glucocorticoids) were associated with increased odds of severe COVID-19. Later pandemic time periods (ORs 0.42-0.52, vs until 15 June 2020), PsO (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.65, vs PsA) and baseline exposure to TNFi, IL17i and IL-23i/IL-12+23i (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.73; OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.87; OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.98; respectively; vs no disease-modifying antirheumatic drug) were associated with reduced odds of severe COVID-19. CONCLUSION Older age, male sex, comorbidity burden, higher disease activity and glucocorticoid intake were associated with more severe COVID-19. Later pandemic time periods, PsO and exposure to TNFi, IL17i and IL-23i/IL-12+23i were associated with less severe COVID-19. These findings will enable risk stratification and inform management decisions for patients with PsO, PsA and axSpA during COVID-19 waves or similar future respiratory pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Machado
- Centre for Rheumatology & Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, UK .,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Rheumatology, Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Epidemiology and Health Services Research, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ Berlin), Berlin, Germany
| | - Satveer K Mahil
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jean Liew
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laure Gossec
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Universite, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Rheumatology Department, Hopital Universitaire Pitie Salpetriere, Paris, France
| | - Nick Dand
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander Pfeil
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Strangfeld
- Epidemiology and Health Services Research, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ Berlin), Berlin, Germany.,Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Constanze Regierer
- Epidemiology and Health Services Research, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruno Fautrel
- Rheumatology, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, AP - HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Carla G S Saad
- Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christopher E M Griffiths
- Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,National Institute of Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Claudia Lomater
- Academic Rheumatology Centre, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Corinne Miceli-Richard
- Assistance Publique, Hôpital Cochin, Hôpitaux de Paris & Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte AP-HP/ Institut Pasteur, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Wendling
- Rheumatology, Franche-Comté University and University Teaching Hospital (CHRU), Besançon, France
| | | | - Dieter Wiek
- People with Arthritis and Rheumatism (PARE), EULAR, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elsa F Mateus
- Portuguese League Against Rheumatic Diseases (LPCDR), Lisbon, Portugal.,European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR), Kilchberg, Switzerland
| | - Emily Sirotich
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Arthritis Patient Alliance, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Enrique R Soriano
- Rheumatology Unit, Internal Medicine Service, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto Universitario Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francinne Machado Ribeiro
- Rheumatology, Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe Omura
- Clínica Omura Medicina Diagnóstica, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Helena Santos
- Instituto Português de Reumatologia, Lisbon, Portugal.,EpiDoC Unit, CEDOC, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jonathan Dau
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Jonathan N Barker
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Hausmann
- Program in Rheumatology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kimme L Hyrich
- National Institute of Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Lianne Gensler
- University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ligia Silva
- Rheumatology, Centro Hospitalar de Trás-os-montes e Alto Douro (CHTMAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Lindsay Jacobsohn
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Loreto Carmona
- Instituto de Salud Musculoesquelética (INMUSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcelo M Pinheiro
- Rheumatology, Hospital São Paulo, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - María de Los Ángeles Severina
- Centro Privado de Medicina Nuclear and Clinica Villa Dalcar, Córdoba, Argentina.,Clinica Villa Dalcar, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mark Yates
- Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maureen Dubreuil
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Nigil Haroon
- Rheumatology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Senior Scientist, Schroder Arthritis Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Sufka
- Healthpartners, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rebecca Grainger
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca Hasseli
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospitals Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Saskia Lawson-Tovey
- National Institute of Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Thao Pham
- Rheumatology, Aix-Marseille-University, Marseille, France.,Rheumatology, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Tor Olofsson
- Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Rheumatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wilson Bautista-Molano
- Rheumatology Division, University Hospital Fundación Santa Fé de Bogotá, Bogota, Colombia.,School of Medicine, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Zachary S Wallace
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zenas Z N Yiu
- National Institute of Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jinoos Yazdany
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Philip C Robinson
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,Rheumatology, Royal Brisbane and Woman's Hospital, Metro North Hospital & Health Service, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Catherine H Smith
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
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29
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Brown B, Ojha V, Fricke I, Al-Sheboul SA, Imarogbe C, Gravier T, Green M, Peterson L, Koutsaroff IP, Demir A, Andrieu J, Leow CY, Leow CH. Innate and Adaptive Immunity during SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Biomolecular Cellular Markers and Mechanisms. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:408. [PMID: 36851285 PMCID: PMC9962967 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, other human coronaviruses (hCoVs) exist. Historical pandemics include smallpox and influenza, with efficacious therapeutics utilized to reduce overall disease burden through effectively targeting a competent host immune system response. The immune system is composed of primary/secondary lymphoid structures with initially eight types of immune cell types, and many other subtypes, traversing cell membranes utilizing cell signaling cascades that contribute towards clearance of pathogenic proteins. Other proteins discussed include cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), pleiotropic interleukins (IL), and chemokines (CXC). The historical concepts of host immunity are the innate and adaptive immune systems. The adaptive immune system is represented by T cells, B cells, and antibodies. The innate immune system is represented by macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and the complement system. Other viruses can affect and regulate cell cycle progression for example, in cancers that include human papillomavirus (HPV: cervical carcinoma), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV: lymphoma), Hepatitis B and C (HB/HC: hepatocellular carcinoma) and human T cell Leukemia Virus-1 (T cell leukemia). Bacterial infections also increase the risk of developing cancer (e.g., Helicobacter pylori). Viral and bacterial factors can cause both morbidity and mortality alongside being transmitted within clinical and community settings through affecting a host immune response. Therefore, it is appropriate to contextualize advances in single cell sequencing in conjunction with other laboratory techniques allowing insights into immune cell characterization. These developments offer improved clarity and understanding that overlap with autoimmune conditions that could be affected by innate B cells (B1+ or marginal zone cells) or adaptive T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and other pathologies. Thus, this review starts with an introduction into host respiratory infection before examining invaluable cellular messenger proteins and then individual immune cell markers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ingo Fricke
- Independent Immunologist and Researcher, 311995 Lamspringe, Germany
| | - Suhaila A Al-Sheboul
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, International School of Medicine, Medipol University-Istanbul, Istanbul 34810, Turkey
| | | | - Tanya Gravier
- Independent Researcher, MPH, San Francisco, CA 94131, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ayça Demir
- Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar University, Istanbul 03030, Turkey
| | - Jonatane Andrieu
- Faculté de Médecine, Aix–Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Chiuan Yee Leow
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Chiuan Herng Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang 11800, Malaysia
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30
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Miao G, Chen Z, Cao H, Wu W, Chu X, Liu H, Zhang L, Zhu H, Cai H, Lu X, Shi J, Liu Y, Feng T. From Immunogen to COVID-19 vaccines: Prospects for the post-pandemic era. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114208. [PMID: 36800265 PMCID: PMC9805901 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected millions of people and posed an unprecedented burden on healthcare systems and economies worldwide since the outbreak of the COVID-19. A considerable number of nations have investigated COVID-19 and proposed a series of prevention and treatment strategies thus far. The pandemic prevention strategies implemented in China have suggested that the spread of COVID-19 can be effectively reduced by restricting large-scale gathering, developing community-scale nucleic acid testing, and conducting epidemiological investigations, whereas sporadic cases have always been identified in numerous places. Currently, there is still no decisive therapy for COVID-19 or related complications. The development of COVID-19 vaccines has raised the hope for mitigating this pandemic based on the intercross immunity induced by COVID-19. Thus far, several types of COVID-19 vaccines have been developed and released to into financial markets. From the perspective of vaccine use in globe, COVID-19 vaccines are beneficial to mitigate the pandemic, whereas the relative adverse events have been reported progressively. This is a review about the development, challenges and prospects of COVID-19 vaccines, and it can provide more insights into all aspects of the vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganggang Miao
- Department of General Surgery, The People’s Hospital of Danyang, Affiliated Danyang Hospital of Nantong University, Danyang, China,Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hengsong Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenhao Wu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Chu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Medical University The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanyuan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Leyao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongfei Zhu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongzhou Cai
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital &The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaolan Lu
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Canglang Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, China.
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Molecular and Celluar Biochemistry, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease,The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Tingting Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Nasrollahi H, Talepoor AG, Saleh Z, Eshkevar Vakili M, Heydarinezhad P, Karami N, Noroozi M, Meri S, Kalantar K. Immune responses in mildly versus critically ill COVID-19 patients. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1077236. [PMID: 36793739 PMCID: PMC9923185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1077236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The current coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has had devastating effects on the global health and economic system. The cellular and molecular mediators of both the innate and adaptive immune systems are critical in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infections. However, dysregulated inflammatory responses and imbalanced adaptive immunity may contribute to tissue destruction and pathogenesis of the disease. Important mechanisms in severe forms of COVID-19 include overproduction of inflammatory cytokines, impairment of type I IFN response, overactivation of neutrophils and macrophages, decreased frequencies of DC cells, NK cells and ILCs, complement activation, lymphopenia, Th1 and Treg hypoactivation, Th2 and Th17 hyperactivation, as well as decreased clonal diversity and dysregulated B lymphocyte function. Given the relationship between disease severity and an imbalanced immune system, scientists have been led to manipulate the immune system as a therapeutic approach. For example, anti-cytokine, cell, and IVIG therapies have received attention in the treatment of severe COVID-19. In this review, the role of immunity in the development and progression of COVID-19 is discussed, focusing on molecular and cellular aspects of the immune system in mild vs. severe forms of the disease. Moreover, some immune- based therapeutic approaches to COVID-19 are being investigated. Understanding key processes involved in the disease progression is critical in developing therapeutic agents and optimizing related strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Nasrollahi
- Radio-Oncology Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Atefe Ghamar Talepoor
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Saleh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Eshkevar Vakili
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Paria Heydarinezhad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Narges Karami
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Noroozi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seppo Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Diagnostic Center of the Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kurosh Kalantar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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32
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Singh CK, Sodhi KK. The emerging significance of nanomedicine-based approaches to fighting COVID-19 variants of concern: A perspective on the nanotechnology’s role in COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2022.1084033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, one of the worst-hit pandemics, has quickly spread like fire across nations with very high mortality rates. Researchers all around the globe are making consistent efforts to address the main challenges faced due to COVID-19 infection including prompt diagnosis and therapeutics to reduce mortality. Conventional medical technology does not effectively contain the havoc caused by deadly COVID-19. This signals a crucial mandate for innovative and novel interventions in diagnostics and therapeutics to combat this ongoing pandemic and counter its successor or disease if it were ever to arise. The expeditious solutions can spring from promising areas such as nanomedicine and nanotechnology. Nanomedicine is a dominant tool that has a huge potential to alleviate the disease burden by providing nanoparticle-based vaccines and carriers. Nanotechnology encompasses multidisciplinary aspects including artificial intelligence, chemistry, biology, material science, physical science, and medicine. Nanoparticles offer many advantages compared to larger particles, including better magnetic properties and a multiplied surface-to-volume ratio. Given this, the present review focuses on promising nanomedicine-based solutions to combat COVID-19 and their utility to control a broad range of pathogens and viruses, along with understanding their role in the therapy, diagnosis, and prevention of COVID-19. Various studies, reports, and recent research and development from the nanotechnology perspective are discussed in this article.
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Arguinchona LM, Zagona-Prizio C, Joyce ME, Chan ED, Maloney JP. Microvascular significance of TGF-β axis activation in COVID-19. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:1054690. [PMID: 36684608 PMCID: PMC9852847 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1054690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As 2023 approaches, the COVID-19 pandemic has killed millions. While vaccines have been a crucial intervention, only a few effective medications exist for prevention and treatment of COVID-19 in breakthrough cases or in unvaccinated or immunocompromised patients. SARS-CoV-2 displays early and unusual features of micro-thrombosis and immune dysregulation that target endothelial beds of the lungs, skin, and other organs. Notably, anticoagulation improves outcomes in some COVID-19 patients. The protein transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1) has constitutive roles in maintaining a healthy microvasculature through its roles in regulating inflammation, clotting, and wound healing. However, after infection (including viral infection) TGF-β1 activation may augment coagulation, cause immune dysregulation, and direct a path toward tissue fibrosis. Dysregulation of TGF-β signaling in immune cells and its localization in areas of microvascular injury are now well-described in COVID-19, and such events may contribute to the acute respiratory distress syndrome and skin micro-thrombosis outcomes frequently seen in severe COVID-19. The high concentration of TGF-β in platelets and in other cells within microvascular thrombi, its ability to activate the clotting cascade and dysregulate immune pathways, and its pro-fibrotic properties all contribute to a unique milieu in the COVID-19 microvasculature. This unique environment allows for propagation of microvascular clotting and immune dysregulation. In this review we summarize the physiological functions of TGF-β and detail the evidence for its effects on the microvasculature in COVID-19. In addition, we explore the potential role of existing TGF-β inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 associated microvascular thrombosis and immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Arguinchona
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Caterina Zagona-Prizio
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Megan E. Joyce
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Edward D. Chan
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States,Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States,National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - James P. Maloney
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States,*Correspondence: James P. Maloney,
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Bonifácio LP, Ramacciotti E, Agati LB, Vilar FC, Silva ACTD, Louzada Júnior P, Fonseca BALD, Souza HCCD, Oliveira CCCD, Aguiar VCR, Quadros CADA, Dusilek C, Itinose K, Risson R, Ferreira LRR, Lopes RD, Kallas EG, Bellissimo-Rodrigues F. Efficacy and safety of Ixekizumab vs. low-dose IL-2 vs. Colchicine vs. standard of care in the treatment of patients hospitalized with moderate-to-critical COVID-19: A pilot randomized clinical trial (STRUCK: Survival Trial Using Cytokine Inhibitors). Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2023; 56:e0565. [PMID: 37075454 PMCID: PMC10109354 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0565-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requiring hospitalization continue to appear in vulnerable populations, highlighting the importance of novel treatments. The hyperinflammatory response underlies the severity of the disease, and targeting this pathway may be useful. Herein, we tested whether immunomodulation focusing on interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, and IL-2, could improve the clinical outcomes of patients admitted with COVID-19. METHODS This multicenter, open-label, prospective, randomized controlled trial was conducted in Brazil. Sixty hospitalized patients with moderate-to-critical COVID-19 received in addition to standard of care (SOC): IL-17 inhibitor (ixekizumab 80 mg SC/week) 1 dose every 4 weeks; low-dose IL-2 (1.5 million IU per day) for 7 days or until discharge; or indirect IL-6 inhibitor (colchicine) orally (0.5 mg) every 8 hours for 3 days, followed by 4 weeks at 0.5 mg 2x/day; or SOC alone. The primary outcome was accessed in the "per protocol" population as the proportion of patients with clinical improvement, defined as a decrease greater or equal to two points on the World Health Organization's (WHO) seven-category ordinal scale by day 28. RESULTS All treatments were safe, and the efficacy outcomes did not differ significantly from those of SOC. Interestingly, in the colchicine group, all participants had an improvement of greater or equal to two points on the WHO seven-category ordinal scale and no deaths or patient deterioration were observed. CONCLUSIONS Ixekizumab, colchicine, and IL-2 were demonstrated to be safe but ineffective for COVID-19 treatment. These results must be interpreted cautiously because of the limited sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Pimenta Bonifácio
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Eduardo Ramacciotti
- Science Valley Research Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Grupo Leforte, Hospital e Maternidade Christóvão da Gama, Santo André, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Paulo Louzada Júnior
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Valéria Cristina Resende Aguiar
- Science Valley Research Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Grupo Leforte, Hospital e Maternidade Christóvão da Gama, Santo André, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Renato Delascio Lopes
- Brazilian Clinical Research Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Duke University Medical Center - Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Esper Georges Kallas
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Abstract
IL-17 cytokine family members have diverse biological functions, promoting protective immunity against many pathogens but also driving inflammatory pathology during infection and autoimmunity. IL-17A and IL-17F are produced by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, and various innate immune cell populations in response to IL-1β and IL-23, and they mediate protective immunity against fungi and bacteria by promoting neutrophil recruitment, antimicrobial peptide production and enhanced barrier function. IL-17-driven inflammation is normally controlled by regulatory T cells and the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, TGFβ and IL-35. However, if dysregulated, IL-17 responses can promote immunopathology in the context of infection or autoimmunity. Moreover, IL-17 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many other disorders with an inflammatory basis, including cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Consequently, the IL-17 pathway is now a key drug target in many autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders; therapeutic monoclonal antibodies targeting IL-17A, both IL-17A and IL-17F, the IL-17 receptor, or IL-23 are highly effective in some of these diseases. However, new approaches are needed to specifically regulate IL-17-mediated immunopathology in chronic inflammation and autoimmunity without compromising protective immunity to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingston H G Mills
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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36
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Haunhorst S, Bloch W, Javelle F, Krüger K, Baumgart S, Drube S, Lemhöfer C, Reuken P, Stallmach A, Müller M, Zielinski CE, Pletz MW, Gabriel HHW, Puta C. A scoping review of regulatory T cell dynamics in convalescent COVID-19 patients - indications for their potential involvement in the development of Long COVID? Front Immunol 2022; 13:1070994. [PMID: 36582234 PMCID: PMC9792979 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1070994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recovery from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can be impaired by the persistence of symptoms or new-onset health complications, commonly referred to as Long COVID. In a subset of patients, Long COVID is associated with immune system perturbations of unknown etiology, which could be related to compromised immunoregulatory mechanisms. Objective The objective of this scoping review was to summarize the existing literature regarding the frequency and functionality of Tregs in convalescent COVID-19 patients and to explore indications for their potential involvement in the development of Long COVID. Design A systematic search of studies investigating Tregs during COVID-19 convalescence was conducted on MEDLINE (via Pubmed) and Web of Science. Results The literature search yielded 17 relevant studies, of which three included a distinct cohort of patients with Long COVID. The reviewed studies suggest that the Treg population of COVID-19 patients can reconstitute quantitatively and functionally during recovery. However, the comparison between recovered and seronegative controls revealed that an infection-induced dysregulation of the Treg compartment can be sustained for at least several months. The small number of studies investigating Tregs in Long COVID allowed no firm conclusions to be drawn about their involvement in the syndrome's etiology. Yet, even almost one year post-infection Long COVID patients exhibit significantly altered proportions of Tregs within the CD4+ T cell population. Conclusions Persistent alterations in cell frequency in Long COVID patients indicate that Treg dysregulation might be linked to immune system-associated sequelae. Future studies should aim to address the association of Treg adaptations with different symptom clusters and blood parameters beyond the sole quantification of cell frequencies while adhering to consensualized phenotyping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Haunhorst
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Javelle
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Baumgart
- Institute for Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Drube
- Institute for Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Reuken
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Stallmach
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital/Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Department of Infection Immunology, Leibniz Institue for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Christina E. Zielinski
- Department of Infection Immunology, Leibniz Institue for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Mathias W. Pletz
- Institute for Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital/Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Holger H. W. Gabriel
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Puta
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital/Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Prevention of Diseases related to Professional Activities, Jena, Germany
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37
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Samaan E, Elmaria MO, Khedr D, Gaber T, Elsayed AG, Shenouda RN, Gamal H, Shahin D, Abousamra NK, Shemies R. Characterization of regulatory T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infected hemodialysis patients: relation to clinical and radiological severity. BMC Nephrol 2022; 23:391. [PMID: 36476424 PMCID: PMC9730673 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-022-03024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disordered Treg counts and function have been observed in patients with SARS-Cov-2 and are thought to contribute to disease severity. In hemodialysis patients, scarce data are available on the Treg response to SARS-CoV-2 or its relation to the clinical presentation. METHODS A cross-sectional study included one hundred patients divided into three groups, thirty SARS-CoV-2-infected hemodialysis patients (COV-HD), and thirty confirmed SARSCoV-2 infected patients (COV), and forty non-infected hemodialysis patients (HD). Flow cytometric analysis of CD4, CD25, FoxP3, and CD39+ Tregs was done for all patients and tested for correlation to in-hospital mortality, clinical, radiological severity indices. RESULTS COV-HD and COV patients had significantly lower Treg cell count than HD patients (Median value of 0.016 cell/ μl vs 0.28 cell/ μl, respectively- P: 0.001). COV-HD patients had higher CD39+ Tregs (median value of 0.006 cell/ μl vs 0.002 cell/ μl, respectively- P: 0.04). COV-HD patients had significantly lower hospital stay (median value of 3 vs 13 days, P:0.001), ICU admission rates (26.5% vs 46.7%, P:0.005) and in-hospital mortality (20.7% versus 43.3%, P:0.003) than COV patients. Treg and CD39 expressing Treg counts were not correlated to severity indices in both groups. A high neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio is strongly correlated to disease severity in COV-HD patients. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence of T-cell, particularly T-regulatory cell decline in SARS-CoV-2 and suggests that hemodialysis per se does not distinctively impact the T-cell response. COV-HD patients exhibited a higher CD39+ Treg count and a better clinical profile, however, larger studies are needed to extrapolate on these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Samaan
- grid.10251.370000000103426662Mansoura Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El Gomhoria St, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
| | - Marwa O Elmaria
- grid.10251.370000000103426662Chest Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Doaa Khedr
- grid.10251.370000000103426662Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Tamer Gaber
- grid.10251.370000000103426662Mansoura Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El Gomhoria St, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
| | - Ahmed G Elsayed
- grid.10251.370000000103426662Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ragy N Shenouda
- grid.10251.370000000103426662Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hend Gamal
- grid.10251.370000000103426662Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Doaa Shahin
- grid.10251.370000000103426662Haematology Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nashwa K Abousamra
- grid.10251.370000000103426662Haematology Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rasha Shemies
- grid.10251.370000000103426662Mansoura Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El Gomhoria St, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
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Alahdal M, Elkord E. Exhaustion and over-activation of immune cells in COVID-19: Challenges and therapeutic opportunities. Clin Immunol 2022; 245:109177. [PMID: 36356848 PMCID: PMC9640209 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Exhaustion of immune cells in COVID-19 remains a serious concern for infection management and therapeutic interventions. As reported, immune cells such as T effector cells (Teff), T regulatory cells (Tregs), natural killer cells (NKs), and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) exhibit uncontrolled functions in COVID-19. Unfortunately, the mechanisms that orchestrate immune cell functionality and virus interaction are still unknown. Recent studies linked adaptive immune cell exhaustion to underlying epigenetic mechanisms that regulate the epigenetic transcription of inhibitory immune checkpoint receptors (ICs). Further to that, the over-activation of T cells accompanied by the dysfunctionality of DCs and Tregs may enhance uncontrollable alveoli inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19. This might explain the reasons behind the failure of DC-based vaccines in inducing sufficient anti-viral responses. This review explains the processes behind the over-activation and exhaustion of innate and adaptive immune cells in COVID-19, which may contribute to developing novel immune intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murad Alahdal
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33 Birkat Al Mouz, Nizwa 616, Oman.
| | - Eyad Elkord
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33 Birkat Al Mouz, Nizwa 616, Oman; Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mouz, Nizwa 616, Oman; Biomedical Research Center, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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39
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Zhu Q, Xu Y, Wang T, Xie F. Innate and adaptive immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection-Current perspectives. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1053437. [PMID: 36505489 PMCID: PMC9727711 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1053437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a global pandemic, caused by a novel coronavirus strain with strong infectivity, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). With the in-depth research, the close relationship between COVID-19 and immune system has been dug out. During the infection, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, CD8+ T cells, Th1, Th17, Tfh cells and effector B cells are all involved in the anti-SARS-CoV-2 responses, however, the dysfunctional immune responses will ultimately lead to the excessive inflammation, acute lung injury, even other organ failure. Thus, a detailed understanding of pertinent immune response during COVID-19 will provide insights in predicting disease outcomes and developing appropriate therapeutic approaches. In this review, we mainly clarify the role of immune cells in COVID-19 and the target-vaccine development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiugang Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shangyu People’s Hospital of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shangyu People’s Hospital of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Feiting Xie
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Feiting Xie,
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Sun N, Tang H, Ye J, Liu Y, He Q, Fu Y, Zhu H, Jiang C, Xu J. NETosis is critical in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1051140. [PMID: 36466920 PMCID: PMC9709478 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1051140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is the fourth leading cause of death globally, and the reason for the high mortality rate of patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP) remains elusive. Corticosteroid treatment reduces mortality in adults with SCAP but can cause numerous adverse events. Therefore, novel therapeutic targets need to be explored and new adjunctive immune drugs are urgently required. We analyzed the transcriptome data of peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with SCAP and healthy controls from three perspectives: differentially expressed genes, predicted functions of differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs, and transcriptional read-through. We discovered that the NETosis pathway was top-ranked in patients with SCAP caused by diverse kinds of pathogens. This provides a potential therapeutic strategy for treating patients. Furthermore, we calculated the correlation between the expression of genes involved in NETosis and the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen. We identified four novel potential therapeutic targets for NETosis in patients with SCAP, including H4C15, H3-5, DNASE1, and PRKCB. In addition, a higher occurrence of transcriptional read-through is associated with a worse outcome in patients with SCAP, which probably can explain the high mortality rate of patients with SCAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhang
- Emergency Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Emergency Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Na Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hanqi Tang
- Emergency Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Emergency Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Quan He
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyang Fu
- Emergency Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huadong Zhu
- Emergency Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chengyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Emergency Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Emerging Effects of IL-33 on COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113656. [PMID: 36362440 PMCID: PMC9658128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the start of COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), more than 6 million people have lost their lives worldwide directly or indirectly. Despite intensified efforts to clarify the immunopathology of COVID-19, the key factors and processes that trigger an inflammatory storm and lead to severe clinical outcomes in patients remain unclear. As an inflammatory storm factor, IL-33 is an alarmin cytokine, which plays an important role in cell damage or infection. Recent studies have shown that serum IL-33 is upregulated in COVID-19 patients and is strongly associated with poor outcomes. Increased IL-33 levels in severe infections may result from an inflammatory storm caused by strong interactions between activated immune cells. However, the effects of IL-33 in COVID-19 and the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. In this review, we systematically discuss the biological properties of IL-33 under pathophysiological conditions and its regulation of immune cells, including neutrophils, innate lymphocytes (ILCs), dendritic cells, macrophages, CD4+ T cells, Th17/Treg cells, and CD8+ T cells, in COVID-19 phagocytosis. The aim of this review is to explore the potential value of the IL-33/immune cell pathway as a new target for early diagnosis, monitoring of severe cases, and clinical treatment of COVID-19.
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Liu M, Wang H, Liu L, Cui S, Huo X, Xiao Z, Zhao Y, Wang B, Zhang G, Wang N. Risk of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization and mortality in psoriasis patients treated with interleukin-17 inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1046352. [PMID: 36389759 PMCID: PMC9648142 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1046352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have brought great disaster to mankind, and there is currently no globally recognized specific drug or treatment. Severe COVID-19 may trigger a cytokine storm, manifested by increased levels of cytokines including interleukin-17 (IL-17), so a new strategy to treat COVID-19 may be to use existing IL-17 inhibitors, which have demonstrated efficacy, safety and tolerability in the treatment of psoriasis. However, the use of IL-17 inhibitors in patients with psoriasis during the COVID-19 pandemic remains controversial due to reports that IL-17 inhibitors may increase the risk of respiratory tract infections. OBJECTIVES The systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of IL-17 inhibitors on the risk of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and mortality in patients with psoriasis. METHODS Databases (including Embase, PubMed, SCI-Web of Science, Scopus, CNKI, and the Cochrane Library) were searched up to August 23, 2022, for studies exploring differences in COVID-19 outcomes between psoriasis patients using IL-17 inhibitors and those using non-biologics. Two authors independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias in a double-blind manner. The risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and heterogeneities were determined by the Q test and I 2 statistic. And the numbers needed to treat (NNTs) were calculated to assess the clinical value of IL-17 inhibitors in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and treating COVID-19. RESULTS Nine observational studies involving 7,106 participants were included. The pooled effect showed no significant differences in the rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection (P = 0.94; I 2 = 19.5%), COVID-19 hospitalization (P = 0.64; I 2 = 0.0%), and COVID-19 mortality (P = 0.32; I 2 = 0.0%) in psoriasis patients using IL-17 inhibitors compared with using non-biologics. Subgroup analyses grouped by age and COVID-19 cases, respectively, revealed consistent results as above. Meanwhile, the pooled NNTs showed no significant differences between the two groups in the clinical value of preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and treating COVID-19. CONCLUSION The use of IL-17 inhibitors in patients with psoriasis does not increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or worsen the course of COVID-19. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42022335195.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meitong Liu
- Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Saijin Cui
- Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiangran Huo
- Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhuoyun Xiao
- Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yaning Zhao
- Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Candidate Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Skin Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Na Wang
- Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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43
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Fanelli M, Petrone V, Buonifacio M, Delibato E, Balestrieri E, Grelli S, Minutolo A, Matteucci C. Multidistrict Host-Pathogen Interaction during COVID-19 and the Development Post-Infection Chronic Inflammation. Pathogens 2022; 11:1198. [PMID: 36297256 PMCID: PMC9607297 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the presence of the ACE2 receptor in different tissues (nasopharynx, lung, nervous tissue, intestine, liver), the COVID-19 disease involves several organs in our bodies. SARS-CoV-2 is able to infect different cell types, spreading to different districts. In the host, an uncontrolled and altered immunological response is triggered, leading to cytokine storm, lymphopenia, and cellular exhaustion. Hence, respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and systemic multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) are established. This scenario is also reflected in the composition of the microbiota, the balance of which is regulated by the interaction with the immune system. A change in microbial diversity has been demonstrated in COVID-19 patients compared with healthy donors, with an increase in potentially pathogenic microbial genera. In addition to other symptoms, particularly neurological, the occurrence of dysbiosis persists after the SARS-CoV-2 infection, characterizing the post-acute COVID syndrome. This review will describe and contextualize the role of the immune system in unbalance and dysbiosis during SARS-CoV-2 infection, from the acute phase to the post-COVID-19 phase. Considering the tight relationship between the immune system and the gut-brain axis, the analysis of new, multidistrict parameters should be aimed at understanding and addressing chronic multisystem dysfunction related to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialaura Fanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Vita Petrone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Buonifacio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Delibato
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Balestrieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sandro Grelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Virology Unit, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Minutolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Matteucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Abbaspour-Aghdam S, Hazrati A, Abdolmohammadi-Vahid S, Tahmasebi S, Mohseni J, Valizadeh H, Nadiri M, Mikaeili H, Sadeghi A, Yousefi M, Roshangar L, Nikzad B, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Kafil HS, Malekpour K, Ahmadi M. Immunomodulatory role of Nanocurcumin in COVID-19 patients with dropped natural killer cells frequency and function. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 933:175267. [PMID: 36122756 PMCID: PMC9482094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is still a challenging problem in the case of infection treatment. The immunomodulatory effect of Nanocurcumin was investigated in the present study in an attempt to counterbalance the immune response and improve the patients' clinical symptoms. 60 confirmed COVID-19 patients and 60 healthy controls enrolled in the study. COVID-19 patients were divided into Nanocurcumin and placebo received groups. Due to the importance of the role of NK cells in this disease, the frequency, cytotoxicity, receptor gene expression of NK cells, and serum secretion levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, as well as circulating C5a as a chemotactic factor an inflammatory mediator was evaluated by flow cytometry, real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in both experimental groups before and after the intervention. Given the role of measured factors in the progression and pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease, the results can help find appropriate treatments. The results of this study indicated that the Nanocurcumin could significantly increase the frequency and function of NK cells compared to the placebo-treated group. As an immunomodulatory agent, Nanocurcumin may be a helpful choice to improve NK cell function in COVID-19 patients and improve the clinical outcome of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Hazrati
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Safa Tahmasebi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Mohseni
- Genetics Research Group, ACECR Infertility Center, Tabriz, East Azarbaijan, Iran
| | - Hamed Valizadeh
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nadiri
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Haleh Mikaeili
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Armin Sadeghi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Nikzad
- Research Center of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kosar Malekpour
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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45
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Hejazian SS, Hejazian SM, Farnood F, Abedi Azar S. Dysregulation of immunity in COVID-19 and SLE. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:1517-1531. [PMID: 36028612 PMCID: PMC9417079 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The immune response plays a crucial role in preventing diseases, such as infections. There are two types of immune responses, specific and innate immunity, each of which consists of two components: cellular immunity and humoral immunity. Dysfunction in any immune system component increases the risk of developing certain diseases. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease in the human body, develops an immune response against its own components. In these patients, due to underlying immune system disorders and receipt of immunosuppressive drugs, the susceptibility to infections is higher than in the general population and is the single largest cause of mortality in this group. COVID-19 infection, which first appeared in late 2019, has caused several concerns in patients with SLE. However, there is no strong proof of additional risk of developing COVID-19 in patients with SLE, and in some cases, studies have shown less severity of the disease in these individuals. This review paper discusses the immune disorders in SLE and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Sina Hejazian
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Farahnoosh Farnood
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sima Abedi Azar
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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46
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Belchior-Bezerra M, Lima RS, Medeiros NI, Gomes JAS. COVID-19, obesity, and immune response 2 years after the pandemic: A timeline of scientific advances. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13496. [PMID: 35837843 PMCID: PMC9349458 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the 2 years since the COVID-19 pandemic was officially declared, science has made considerable strides in understanding the disease's pathophysiology, pharmacological treatments, immune response, and vaccination, but there is still much room for further advances, especially in comprehending its relationship with obesity. Science has not yet described the mechanisms that explain how obesity is directly associated with a poor prognosis. This paper gathers all published studies over the past 2 years that have described immune response, obesity, and COVID-19, a historical and chronological record for researchers and the general public alike. In summary, these studies describe how the cytokine/adipokine levels and inflammatory markers, such as the C-reactive protein, are associated with a higher body mass index in COVID-19-positive patients, suggesting that the inflammatory background and immune dysregulation in individuals with obesity may be expressed in the results and that adiposity may influence the immune response. The timeline presented here is a compilation of the results of 2 years of scientific inquiry, describing how the science has progressed, the principal findings, and the challenges ahead regarding SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, and emerging variants, especially in patients with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Belchior-Bezerra
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rafael Silva Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nayara I Medeiros
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juliana A S Gomes
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Wang J, Li Q, Qiu Y, Lu H. COVID-19: imbalanced cell-mediated immune response drives to immunopathology. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2393-2404. [PMID: 36069182 PMCID: PMC9553190 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2122579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), poses an imminent threat to humanity. SARS-CoV-2 invades host cells, causing a failure of host immune recognition. Instead of an effective antiviral immunological response after SARS-CoV-2 invasion, the cascading pathological syndrome of COVID-19, especially in severe disease, is exacerbated by an overt inflammatory response and the suppression of SARS-CoV-2–specific immune responses. As is known, excessive inflammation leads to pathophysiological changes in virus-infected tissues or organs, manifested by imbalanced immune responses, cytokine storm, and aggressive neutrophil activation, ultimately leading to lung damage, such as alveolar damage, endotheliitis, and fluid overload. However, the triggers and consequences of a disruption to immune system homeostasis and the underlying mechanisms of uncontrolled immunopathology following viral infection remain unclear. Here, we review the dynamic and systemic immune progression from an imbalance in cell-mediated immune responses to COVID-19 lung injury. Our understanding of key mechanisms involved in pathogenesis is critical for the development of therapeutic agents and to optimize therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, Guangdong Province, China.,Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, Guangdong Province, China
| | - YuanWang Qiu
- Department of hepatology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Jiangnan University, No. 1314 Guangrui Road, Wuxi 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, Guangdong Province, China
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48
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Palatella M, Guillaume SM, Linterman MA, Huehn J. The dark side of Tregs during aging. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940705. [PMID: 36016952 PMCID: PMC9398463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last century, we have seen a dramatic rise in the number of older persons globally, a trend known as the grey (or silver) tsunami. People live markedly longer than their predecessors worldwide, due to remarkable changes in their lifestyle and in progresses made by modern medicine. However, the older we become, the more susceptible we are to a series of age-related pathologies, including infections, cancers, autoimmune diseases, and multi-morbidities. Therefore, a key challenge for our modern societies is how to cope with this fragile portion of the population, so that everybody could have the opportunity to live a long and healthy life. From a holistic point of view, aging results from the progressive decline of various systems. Among them, the distinctive age-dependent changes in the immune system contribute to the enhanced frailty of the elderly. One of these affects a population of lymphocytes, known as regulatory T cells (Tregs), as accumulating evidence suggest that there is a significant increase in the frequency of these cells in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) of aged animals. Although there are still discrepancies in the literature about modifications to their functional properties during aging, mounting evidence suggests a detrimental role for Tregs in the elderly in the context of bacterial and viral infections by suppressing immune responses against non-self-antigens. Interestingly, Tregs seem to also contribute to the reduced effectiveness of immunizations against many pathogens by limiting the production of vaccine-induced protective antibodies. In this review, we will analyze the current state of understandings about the role of Tregs in acute and chronic infections as well as in vaccination response in both humans and mice. Lastly, we provide an overview of current strategies for Treg modulation with potential future applications to improve the effectiveness of vaccines in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Palatella
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | - Jochen Huehn
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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49
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Angiotensin II Exaggerates SARS-CoV-2 Specific T-Cell Response in Convalescent Individuals following COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158669. [PMID: 35955801 PMCID: PMC9368904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of renin−angiotensin systems during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection worsens the symptoms and contributes to COVID-19 severity and mortality. This study sought to investigate the effect of exogenous angiotensin II (Ang-II) on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific T-cells response in recovered COVID-19 patients. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were treated with Ang II and then stimulated with a SARS-CoV-2 peptide pool. T-cell responses were measured using flow cytometry, while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assays determined functional capability and polarization. Additionally, the relative level of protein phosphorylation was measured using a phosphokinase array. Our results showed that Ang II treatment significantly increased the magnitude of SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell response in stimulated PBMCs with a SARS-CoV-2 peptide pool. Moreover, the phosphorylation levels of numerous proteins implicated in cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, and viral infection showed significant increases in the presence of Ang II. The mitogenic stimulation of PBMCs after Ang II and SARS-CoV-2 peptide pool stimulation showed functional polarization of T-cells toward Th1/Th17 and Th17 phenotypes, respectively. Meanwhile, ELISA showed increased productions of IL-1β and IL-6 in Ang II-stimulated PBMCs without affecting the IL-10 level. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate that Ang II exaggerates SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cells response. Therefore, during COVID-19 infection, Ang II may aggravate the inflammatory response and change the immune response toward a more inflammatory profile against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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50
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Seepathomnarong P, Ongarj J, Sophonmanee R, Seeyankem B, Chusri S, Surasombatpattana S, Pinpathomrat N. Regulatory T Cells Decreased during Recovery from Mild COVID-19. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081688. [PMID: 36016311 PMCID: PMC9415862 DOI: 10.3390/v14081688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Depending on the intensity and duration of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the host immune response plays a significant role in immunological protection. Here, we studied the regulatory T-cell (Treg) response in relation to kinetic change and cytokine production in patients with mild COVID-19. Nineteen SARS-CoV-2-positive patients were recruited, and blood was collected at four time points, i.e., seven days after admission, after discharge, and one and three months after recovery. CD3+CD4+CD25+CD127low was marked as the Treg population, with IL-10 and TGF-β used to study cytokine-producing Tregs. IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells were observed for an effector response. The Treg percentage in patients with mild COVID-19 increased during hospitalization compared to during the recovery period. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were quantified, and the T-cell response was characterized by re-stimulation with S1 and N peptides. IL-10 and TGF-β were produced by CD25+CD127low T cells during the active infection phase, especially with N peptide stimulation. Compared to N peptide stimulation, S1 peptide stimulation provided superior IFN-γ-secreting CD8+ T-cell responses. Our results suggest that while IFN-γ+CD8+ T cells confer antiviral immunity, cytokine-producing Tregs may have a substantial role in regulating inflammatory responses in mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. Novel vaccine development may also consider enhancing T-cell repertoires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purilap Seepathomnarong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (P.S.); (J.O.); (R.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Jomkwan Ongarj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (P.S.); (J.O.); (R.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Ratchanon Sophonmanee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (P.S.); (J.O.); (R.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Bunya Seeyankem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (P.S.); (J.O.); (R.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Sarunyou Chusri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
| | | | - Nawamin Pinpathomrat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (P.S.); (J.O.); (R.S.); (B.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-74-451-180
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