1
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Dore MP, Pes GM. Trained Immunity and Trained Tolerance: The Case of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5856. [PMID: 38892046 PMCID: PMC11172748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Trained immunity is a concept in immunology in which innate immune cells, such as monocytes and macrophages, exhibit enhanced responsiveness and memory-like characteristics following initial contact with a pathogenic stimulus that may promote a more effective immune defense following subsequent contact with the same pathogen. Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium that colonizes the stomach lining, is etiologically associated with various gastrointestinal diseases, including gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma, MALT lymphoma, and extra gastric disorders. It has been demonstrated that repeated exposure to H. pylori can induce trained immunity in the innate immune cells of the gastric mucosa, which become more responsive and better able to respond to subsequent H. pylori infections. However, interactions between H. pylori and trained immunity are intricate and produce both beneficial and detrimental effects. H. pylori infection is characterized histologically as the presence of both an acute and chronic inflammatory response called acute-on-chronic inflammation, or gastritis. The clinical outcomes of ongoing inflammation include intestinal metaplasia, gastric atrophy, and dysplasia. These same mechanisms may also reduce immunotolerance and trigger autoimmune pathologies in the host. This review focuses on the relationship between trained immunity and H. pylori and underscores the dynamic interplay between the immune system and the pathogen in the context of gastric colonization and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pina Dore
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, University of Sassari, Clinica Medica, Viale San Pietro 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Giovanni Mario Pes
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, University of Sassari, Clinica Medica, Viale San Pietro 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
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2
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Gao Y, Liu ZZ, Zhang JB, Zhou CK, Zhang JG, Lin XQ, Yin Q, Chen W, Yang YJ. Dihydroartemisinin is an inhibitor of trained immunity through Akt/mTOR/HIF1α signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2024; 438:114052. [PMID: 38636651 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Trained immunity is mechanistically defined as the metabolically and epigenetically mediated long-term functional adaptation of the innate immune system, characterized by a heightened response to a secondary stimulation. Given appropriate activation, trained immunity represents an attractive anti-infective therapeutic target. Nevertheless, excessive immune response and subsequent inflammatory cascades may contribute to pathological tissue damage, indicating that the negative impacts of trained immunity appear to be significant. In this study, we show that innate immune responses such as the production of extracellular traps, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and autophagy-related proteins were markedly augmented in trained BMDMs. Furthermore, heat-killed C. albicans priming promotes the activation of the AIM2 inflammasome, and AIM2-/- mice exhibit impaired memory response induced by heat-killed C. albicans. Therefore, we establish that the AIM2 inflammasome is involved in trained immunity and emerges as a promising therapeutic target for potentially deleterious effects. Dihydroartemisinin can inhibit the memory response induced by heat-killed C. albicans through modulation of mTOR signaling and the AIM2 inflammasome. The findings suggest that dihydroartemisinin can reduce the induction of trained immunity by heat-killed C. albicans in C57BL/6 mice. Dihydroartemisinin is one such therapeutic intervention that has the potential to treat of diseases characterized by excessive trained immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jia-Bao Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cheng-Kai Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian-Gang Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Lin
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Yin
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Yong-Jun Yang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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3
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Gao Y, Cai L, Wu Y, Jiang M, Zhang Y, Ren W, Song Y, Li L, Lei Z, Wu Y, Zhu L, Li J, Li D, Li G, Luo C, Tao L. Emerging functions and therapeutic targets of IL-38 in central nervous system diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14550. [PMID: 38334236 PMCID: PMC10853902 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-38 is a newly discovered cytokine of the IL-1 family, which binds various receptors (i.e., IL-36R, IL-1 receptor accessory protein-like 1, and IL-1R1) in the central nervous system (CNS). The hallmark physiological function of IL-38 is competitive binding to IL-36R, as does the IL-36R antagonist. Emerging research has shown that IL-38 is abnormally expressed in the serum and brain tissue of patients with ischemic stroke (IS) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), suggesting that IL-38 may play an important role in neurological diseases. Important advances include that IL-38 alleviates neuromyelitis optica disorder (NMOD) by inhibiting Th17 expression, improves IS by protecting against atherosclerosis via regulating immune cells and inflammation, and reduces IL-1β and CXCL8 release through inhibiting human microglial activity post-ASD. In contrast, IL-38 mRNA is markedly increased and is mainly expressed in phagocytes in spinal cord injury (SCI). IL-38 ablation attenuated SCI by reducing immune cell infiltration. However, the effect and underlying mechanism of IL-38 in CNS diseases remain inadequately characterized. In this review, we summarize the biological characteristics, pathophysiological role, and potential mechanisms of IL-38 in CNS diseases (e.g., NMOD, Alzheimer's disease, ASD, IS, TBI, and SCI), aiming to explore the therapeutic potential of IL-38 in the prevention and treatment of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- Department of NeurosurgeryPennsylvania State University College of MedicineState CollegePennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Forensic ScienceWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Luwei Cai
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yulu Wu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yidan Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Wenjing Ren
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yirui Song
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Lili Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent HealthcareChildren's Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Ziguang Lei
- Department of Forensic ScienceWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Youzhuang Wu
- Department of Forensic ScienceWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Luwen Zhu
- Department of Forensic ScienceWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Dongya Li
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Guohong Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryPennsylvania State University College of MedicineState CollegePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Chengliang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Luyang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
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4
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Dinarello A, May M, Amo-Aparicio J, Azam T, Gaballa JM, Marchetti C, Tesoriere A, Ghirardo R, Redzic JS, Webber WS, Atif SM, Li S, Eisenmesser EZ, de Graaf DM, Dinarello CA. IL-38 regulates intestinal stem cell homeostasis by inducing WNT signaling and beneficial IL-1β secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306476120. [PMID: 37906644 PMCID: PMC10636342 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306476120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The IL-1 Family member IL-38 has been characterized primarily as an antiinflammatory cytokine in human and mouse models of systemic diseases. Here, we examined the role of IL-38 in the murine small intestine (SI). Immunostaining of SI revealed that IL-38 expression partially confines to intestinal stem cells. Cultures of intestinal organoids reveal IL-38 functions as a growth factor by increasing organoid size via inducing WNT3a. In contrast, organoids from IL-38-deficient mice develop more slowly. This reduction in size is likely due to the downregulation of intestinal stemness markers (i.e., Fzd5, Ephb2, and Olfm4) expression compared with wild-type organoids. The IL-38 binding to IL-1R6 and IL-1R9 is still a matter of debate. Therefore, to analyze the molecular mechanisms of IL-38 signaling, we also examined organoids from IL-1R9-deficient mice. Unexpectedly, these organoids, although significantly smaller than wild type, respond to IL-38, suggesting that IL-1R9 is not involved in IL-38 signaling in the stem cell crypt. Nevertheless, silencing of IL-1R6 disabled the organoid response to the growth property of IL-38, thus suggesting IL-1R6 as the main receptor used by IL-38 in the crypt compartment. In organoids from wild-type mice, IL-38 stimulation induced low concentrations of IL-1β which contribute to organoid growth. However, high concentrations of IL-1β have detrimental effects on the cultures that were prevented by treatment with recombinant IL-38. Overall, our data demonstrate an important regulatory function of IL-38 as a growth factor, and as an antiinflammatory molecule in the SI, maintaining homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
| | - Makenna May
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
| | - Jesus Amo-Aparicio
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
| | - Tania Azam
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
| | - Joseph M. Gaballa
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
| | - Carlo Marchetti
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
| | | | | | - Jasmina S. Redzic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO80045
| | - William S. Webber
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
| | - Shaikh M. Atif
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
| | - Suzhao Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
| | - Elan Z. Eisenmesser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO80045
| | - Dennis M. de Graaf
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
| | - Charles A. Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
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5
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Al B, Suen TK, Placek K, Netea MG. Innate (learned) memory. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:551-566. [PMID: 37385546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
With the growing body of evidence, it is now clear that not only adaptive immune cells but also innate immune cells can mount a more rapid and potent nonspecific immune response to subsequent exposures. This process is known as trained immunity or innate (learned) immune memory. This review discusses the different immune and nonimmune cell types of the central and peripheral immune systems that can develop trained immunity. This review highlights the intracellular signaling and metabolic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying the formation of innate immune memory. Finally, this review explores the health implications together with the potential therapeutic interventions harnessing trained immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Al
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn
| | - Tsz K Suen
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn
| | - Katarzyna Placek
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn; Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen.
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6
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Schrijver DP, Röring RJ, Deckers J, de Dreu A, Toner YC, Prevot G, Priem B, Munitz J, Nugraha EG, van Elsas Y, Azzun A, Anbergen T, Groh LA, Becker AMD, Pérez-Medina C, Oosterwijk RS, Novakovic B, Moorlag SJCFM, Jansen A, Pickkers P, Kox M, Beldman TJ, Kluza E, van Leent MMT, Teunissen AJP, van der Meel R, Fayad ZA, Joosten LAB, Fisher EA, Merkx M, Netea MG, Mulder WJM. Resolving sepsis-induced immunoparalysis via trained immunity by targeting interleukin-4 to myeloid cells. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:1097-1112. [PMID: 37291433 PMCID: PMC10504080 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Immunoparalysis is a compensatory and persistent anti-inflammatory response to trauma, sepsis or another serious insult, which increases the risk of opportunistic infections, morbidity and mortality. Here, we show that in cultured primary human monocytes, interleukin-4 (IL4) inhibits acute inflammation, while simultaneously inducing a long-lasting innate immune memory named trained immunity. To take advantage of this paradoxical IL4 feature in vivo, we developed a fusion protein of apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) and IL4, which integrates into a lipid nanoparticle. In mice and non-human primates, an intravenously injected apoA1-IL4-embedding nanoparticle targets myeloid-cell-rich haematopoietic organs, in particular, the spleen and bone marrow. We subsequently demonstrate that IL4 nanotherapy resolved immunoparalysis in mice with lipopolysaccharide-induced hyperinflammation, as well as in ex vivo human sepsis models and in experimental endotoxemia. Our findings support the translational development of nanoparticle formulations of apoA1-IL4 for the treatment of patients with sepsis at risk of immunoparalysis-induced complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Schrijver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rutger J Röring
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Deckers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anne de Dreu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Yohana C Toner
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Geoffrey Prevot
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bram Priem
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jazz Munitz
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eveline G Nugraha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Yuri van Elsas
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anthony Azzun
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tom Anbergen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Laszlo A Groh
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk M D Becker
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Tumor Immunology, RIMLS, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Carlos Pérez-Medina
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Roderick S Oosterwijk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Boris Novakovic
- Epigenetics Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simone J C F M Moorlag
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Aron Jansen
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Kox
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs J Beldman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ewelina Kluza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mandy M T van Leent
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Abraham J P Teunissen
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roy van der Meel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Zahi A Fayad
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maarten Merkx
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
- Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Willem J M Mulder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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7
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Opposing Effects of Interleukin-36γ and Interleukin-38 on Trained Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032311. [PMID: 36768634 PMCID: PMC9916976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Trained immunity is the process of long-term functional reprogramming (a de facto innate immune memory) of innate immune cells such as monocytes and macrophages after an exposure to pathogens, vaccines, or their ligands. The induction of trained immunity is mediated through epigenetic and metabolic mechanisms. Apart from exogenous stimuli, trained immunity can be induced by endogenous compounds such as oxidized LDL, urate, fumarate, but also cytokines including IL-1α and IL-1β. Here, we show that also recombinant IL-36γ, a pro-inflammatory cytokine of the IL-1-family, is able to induce trained immunity in primary human monocytes, demonstrated by higher cytokine responses and an increase in cellular metabolic pathways both regulated by epigenetic histone modifications. These effects could be inhibited by the IL-36 receptor antagonist as well as by IL-38, an anti-inflammatory cytokine of the IL-1 family which shares its main receptor with IL-36 (IL-1R6). Further, we demonstrated that trained immunity induced by IL-36γ is mediated by NF-κB and mTOR signaling. The inhibitory effect of IL-38 on IL-36γ-induced trained immunity was confirmed in experiments using bone marrow of IL-38KO and WT mice. These results indicate that exposure to IL-36γ results in long-term pro-inflammatory changes in monocytes which can be inhibited by IL-38. Recombinant IL-38 could therefore potentially be used as a therapeutic intervention for diseases characterized by exacerbated trained immunity.
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8
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Novel insights into the role of anti-inflammatory IL-38 in immunity against infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:1322-1324. [PMID: 35974108 PMCID: PMC9379218 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00876-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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9
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Al-Karaawi IA, Al-bassam WW, Ismaeel HM, Ad'hiah AH. Interleukin-38 promoter variants and risk of COVID-19 among Iraqis. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152301. [PMID: 36375233 PMCID: PMC9651960 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has recently emerged as a respiratory infection with a significant impact on health and society. The pathogenesis is primarily attributed to a dysregulation of cytokines, especially those with pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Interleukin-38 (IL-38) is a recently identified anti-inflammatory cytokine with a proposed involvement in mediating COVID-19 pathogenesis, while the association between IL38 gene variants and disease susceptibility has not been explored. Therefore, a pilot study was designed to evaluate the association of three gene variants in the promoter region of IL38 gene (rs7599662 T/A/C/G, rs28992497 T/C and rs28992498 C/A/T) with COVID-19 risk. DNA sequencing was performed to identify these variants. The study included 148 Iraqi patients with COVID-19 and 113 healthy controls (HC). Only rs7599662 showed a significant negative association with susceptibility to COVID-19. The mutant T allele was presented at a significantly lower frequency in patients compared to HC. Analysis of recessive, dominant and codominant models demonstrated that rs7599662 TT genotype frequency was significantly lower in patients than in HC. In terms of haplotypes (in order: rs7599662, rs28992497 and rs28992498), frequency of CTC haplotype was significantly increased in patients compared to HC, while TTC haplotype showed significantly lower frequency in patients. The three SNPs influenced serum IL-38 levels and homozygous genotypes of mutant alleles were associated with elevated levels. In conclusion, this study indicated that IL38 gene in terms of promoter variants and haplotypes may have important implications for COVID-19 risk.
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10
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Zhang XH, Li Y, Zhou L, Tian GP. Interleukin-38 in atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 536:86-93. [PMID: 36150521 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation caused by immune cells and their mediators is a characteristic of atherosclerosis. Interleukin-38 (IL-38), a member of the IL-1 family, exerts multiple anti-inflammatory effects via specific ligand-receptor interactions. Upon recognizing a specific receptor, IL-38 restrains mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor kappa B (NK-κB), or other inflammation-related signaling pathways in inflammatory disease. Further research has shown that IL-38 also displays anti-atherosclerotic effects and reduces the occurrence and risk of cardiovascular events. On the one hand, IL-38 can regulate innate and adaptive immunity to inhibit inflammation, reduce pathological neovascularization, and inhibit apoptosis. On the other hand, it can curb obesity, reduce hyperlipidemia, and restrain insulin resistance to reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Therefore, this article expounds on the vital function of IL-38 in the development of atherosclerosis to provide a theoretical basis for further in-depth studies of IL-38 and insights on the prophylaxis and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430016, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Southwest University Public Health Hospital, Chongqing 400036, China.
| | - Guo-Ping Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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11
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Teufel LU, de Graaf DM, Netea MG, Dinarello CA, Joosten LAB, Arts RJW. Circulating interleukin-38 concentrations in healthy adults. Front Immunol 2022; 13:964365. [PMID: 36016926 PMCID: PMC9396651 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.964365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-38 is the latest discovered member of the interleukin-1 family, which has anti-inflammatory properties similar to IL-36Ra. Several studies compared circulating IL-38 concentrations in healthy and diseased populations to characterize its role in both auto-immune and inflammatory pathologies, with both higher and lower concentrations being associated with certain diseases. However, in order to use IL-38 as a biomarker, a reference range in healthy adults is needed. To establish a reference IL-38 circulating concentration, accessible data from 25 eligible studies with IL-38 concentrations in healthy adults was collected. To validate the values found in literature, we measured IL-38 concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in several cohorts from our own institute. Additionally, the effect of blood collection techniques, freeze thawing cycles, and hemolysis on IL-38 measurements was assessed. To evaluate the importance of the genetic background of individuals as confounding factor of IL-38 synthesis, we used publicly available eQTL databases with matched data on allele frequencies in individuals of different ethnicities. Mean IL-38 concentrations in the various studies were weighted by their corresponding sample size, resulting in a weighted mean, and weighted upper and lower limits were calculated by mean ± 2 SD. Differences of over 10.000-fold were found in the weighted means between studies, which could not be attributed to the blood collection method or assessment of IL-38 in plasma or serum. Although IL-38 concentrations were markedly higher in Chinese then in European population studies, we could not show an association with the genetic background. From our analysis, a reference range for circulating IL-38 in healthy adults could thus not yet be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa U. Teufel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Dennis M. de Graaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Charles A. Dinarello
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Leo A. B. Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rob J. W. Arts
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Rob J. W. Arts,
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12
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de Graaf DM, Wang RX, Amo-Aparicio J, Lee JS, Dowdell AS, Tengesdal IW, Marchetti C, Colgan SP, Joosten LAB, Dinarello CA. IL-38 Gene Deletion Worsens Murine Colitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:840719. [PMID: 35693797 PMCID: PMC9181991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-38 is a recently discovered cytokine and member of the IL-1 Family. In the IL-1 Family, IL-38 is unique because the cytokine is primarily a B lymphocyte product and functions to suppress inflammation. Studies in humans with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) suggest that IL-38 may be protective for ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease, and that IL-38 acts to maintain homeostasis in the intestinal tract. Here we investigated the role of endogenous IL-38 in experimental colitis in mice deficient in IL-38 by deletion of exons 1-4 in C57 BL/6 mice. Compared to WT mice, IL-38 deficient mice subjected to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) showed greater severity of disease, more weight loss, increased intestinal permeability, and a worse histological phenotype including increased neutrophil influx in the colon. Mice lacking IL-38 exhibited elevated colonic Nlrp3 mRNA and protein levels, increased caspase-1 activation, and the concomitant increased processing of IL-1β precursor into active IL-1β. Expression of IL-1α, an exacerbator of IBD, was also upregulated. Colonic myleloperoxidase protein and Il17a, and Il17f mRNA levels were higher in the IL-38 deficient mice. Daily treatment of IL-38 deficient mice with an NLRP3 inhibitor attenuated diarrhea and weight loss during the recovery phase. These data implicate endogenous IL-38 as an anti-inflammatory cytokine that reduces DSS colitis severity. We propose that a relative deficiency of IL-38 contributes to IBD by disinhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M. de Graaf
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Dennis M. de Graaf,
| | - Ruth X. Wang
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jesús Amo-Aparicio
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - J. Scott Lee
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Alexander S. Dowdell
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Isak W. Tengesdal
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Carlo Marchetti
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sean P. Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Leo A. B. Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Charles A. Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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13
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Interleukin-38 in Health and Disease. Cytokine 2022; 152:155824. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Diaz-Barreiro A, Huard A, Palmer G. Multifaceted roles of IL-38 in inflammation and cancer. Cytokine 2022; 151:155808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Hu Z, Lu S, Lowrie DB, Fan X. Trained immunity: A Yin-Yang balance. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e121. [PMID: 35281787 PMCID: PMC8906449 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, immune memory is regarded as an exclusive hallmark of adaptive immunity. However, a growing body of evidence suggesting that innate immune cells show adaptive characteristics has challenged this dogma. In the past decade, trained immunity, a de facto innate immune memory, has been defined as a long-term functional reprogramming of cells of the innate immune system: the reprogramming is evoked by endogenous or exogenous insults, the cells return to a nonactivated state and subsequently show altered inflammatory responses against a second challenge. Trained immunity became regarded as a mechanism selected in evolution to protect against infection; however, a maladaptive effect might result in hyperinflammation. This dual effect is consistent with the Yin-Yang theory in traditional Chinese philosophy, in which Yang represents active, positive, and aggressive factors, whereas Yin represents passive, negative, and inhibitory factors. In this review, we give a brief overview of history and latest progress about trained immunity, including experimental models, inductors, molecular mechanisms, clinical application and so on. Moreover, this is the first time to put forward the theory of Yin-Yang balance to understand trained immunity. We envision that more efforts will be focused on developing novel immunotherapies targeting trained immunity in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical CenterKey Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOHFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shui‐Hua Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical CenterKey Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOHFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases of ChinaShenzhen Third People Hospital, South Science & Technology UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Douglas B. Lowrie
- National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases of ChinaShenzhen Third People Hospital, South Science & Technology UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Xiao‐Yong Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical CenterKey Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOHFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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16
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Brueggeman JM, Zhao J, Schank M, Yao ZQ, Moorman JP. Trained Immunity: An Overview and the Impact on COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:837524. [PMID: 35251030 PMCID: PMC8891531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.837524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Effectively treating infectious diseases often requires a multi-step approach to target different components involved in disease pathogenesis. Similarly, the COVID-19 pandemic has become a global health crisis that requires a comprehensive understanding of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection to develop effective therapeutics. One potential strategy to instill greater immune protection against COVID-19 is boosting the innate immune system. This boosting, termed trained immunity, employs immune system modulators to train innate immune cells to produce an enhanced, non-specific immune response upon reactivation following exposure to pathogens, a process that has been studied in the context of in vitro and in vivo clinical studies prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Evaluation of the underlying pathways that are essential to inducing protective trained immunity will provide insight into identifying potential therapeutic targets that may alleviate the COVID-19 crisis. Here we review multiple immune training agents, including Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), β-glucan, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the two most popular cell types involved in trained immunity, monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, and compare the signaling pathways involved in innate immunity. Additionally, we discuss COVID-19 trained immunity clinical trials, emphasizing the potential of trained immunity to fight SARS-CoV-2 infection. Understanding the mechanisms by which training agents activate innate immune cells to reprogram immune responses may prove beneficial in developing preventive and therapeutic targets against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Brueggeman
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University (ETSU), Johnson City, TN, United States,Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Juan Zhao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University (ETSU), Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Madison Schank
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University (ETSU), Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University (ETSU), Johnson City, TN, United States,Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University (ETSU), Johnson City, TN, United States,Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN, United States,*Correspondence: Jonathan P. Moorman,
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17
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Sherwood ER, Burelbach KR, McBride MA, Stothers CL, Owen AM, Hernandez A, Patil NK, Williams DL, Bohannon JK. Innate Immune Memory and the Host Response to Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:785-792. [PMID: 35115374 PMCID: PMC8982914 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Unlike the adaptive immune system, the innate immune system has classically been characterized as being devoid of memory functions. However, recent research shows that innate myeloid and lymphoid cells have the ability to retain memory of prior pathogen exposure and become primed to elicit a robust, broad-spectrum response to subsequent infection. This phenomenon has been termed innate immune memory or trained immunity. Innate immune memory is induced via activation of pattern recognition receptors and the actions of cytokines on hematopoietic progenitors and stem cells in bone marrow and innate leukocytes in the periphery. The trained phenotype is induced and sustained via epigenetic modifications that reprogram transcriptional patterns and metabolism. These modifications augment antimicrobial functions, such as leukocyte expansion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and microbial killing, to facilitate an augmented host response to infection. Alternatively, innate immune memory may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Sherwood
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN;
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN; and
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN
| | | | - Margaret A McBride
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Cody L Stothers
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Allison M Owen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Antonio Hernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Naeem K Patil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - David L Williams
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN; and
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN
| | - Julia K Bohannon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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18
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Esmaeilzadeh A, Bahmaie N, Nouri E, Hajkazemi MJ, Zareh Rafie M. Immunobiological Properties and Clinical Applications of Interleukin-38 for Immune-Mediated Disorders: A Systematic Review Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12552. [PMID: 34830435 PMCID: PMC8625918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exponential growth in the usage of "cytokines" (as seroimmunobiomarkers) has facilitated more accurate prognosis, early diagnosis, novel, and efficient immunotherapeutics. Numerous studies have reported immunopathophysiological and immunopathological processes of interleukin-38 (IL-38). Therefore, in this systematic review article, the authors aimed to present an updated comprehensive overview on the immunobiological mechanisms, diagnostic, and immune gene-based therapeutic potentials of IL-38. According to our inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 216 articles were collected from several search engines and databases from the January 2012 to July 2021 time interval by using six main keywords. Physiologic or pathologic microenvironments, optimal dosage, and involved receptors affect the functionalities of IL-38. Alterations in serum levels of IL-38 play a major role in the immunopathogenesis of a wide array of immune-mediated disorders. IL-38 shows anti-inflammatory activities by reduction or inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, supporting the therapeutic aspects of IL-38 in inflammatory autoimmune diseases. According to the importance of pre-clinical studies, it seems that manipulation of the immune system by immunomodulatory properties of IL-38 can increase the accuracy of diagnosis, and decipher optimal clinical outcomes. To promote our knowledge, more collaboration is highly recommended among laboratory scientists, internal/infectious diseases specialists, oncologists, immunologists, diseases-specific biomarkers scientists, and basic medical researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran
- Immunotherapy Research & Technology Group, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran
| | - Nazila Bahmaie
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Health Science, Near East University (NEU), Nicosia 99138, Cyprus;
- Pediatric Ward, Department of Allergy and Immunology, Near East University affiliated Hospital, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus
- Serology and Immunology Ward, Clinical Diagnosis Laboratory, Private Baskent Hospital, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Elham Nouri
- School of Paramedicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran;
- Shahid Beheshti University Affiliated Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Hajkazemi
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran; (M.J.H.); (M.Z.R.)
| | - Maryam Zareh Rafie
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran; (M.J.H.); (M.Z.R.)
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19
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Hao Z, Liu Y. IL-38 and IL-36 Target Autophagy for Regulating Synoviocyte Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion in Rheumatoid Arthritis. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:7933453. [PMID: 34845417 PMCID: PMC8627363 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7933453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease leading to severe joint damage and disability. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) mostly contribute to the joint inflammation and destruction in RA through distinct mechanisms. However, little is known about newly discovered interleukin- (IL-) 36 and IL-38 involving in the pathology of RA. Here, we assessed the effect of IL-36 and IL-38 on RA-FLS function using IL-36 and IL-38 overexpression plasmids. We found that IL-36 inhibited synoviocytes proliferation while IL-38 showed an opposite influence. Furthermore, IL-36 and IL-38 significantly sequestered or accelerated RA-FLS migration and invasion capacity, respectively. Mechanically, IL-36 and IL-38 targeted autophagy for RA-FLS modulation. Using autophagy inhibitor 3-MA and inducer compound rapamycin, we found that autophagy negatively regulated the survival, migration, and invasion of synovial cells. Based on these results, IL-38 in combination with autophagy inhibitor 3-MA treatment demonstrated the strongest blockage of the above three activities of RA-FLS, and IL-38 overexpression reversed rapamycin-inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Moreover, injection of IL-36 can improve the symptoms of RA in a rat model of RA. Taken together, we conclude that IL-38 and IL-36 target autophagy for regulating synoviocyte proliferation, migration, and invasion in RA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Arthritis, Experimental/etiology
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/etiology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/prevention & control
- Autophagy
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Interleukin-1/administration & dosage
- Interleukins/administration & dosage
- Male
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Synoviocytes/drug effects
- Synoviocytes/metabolism
- Synoviocytes/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Hao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
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20
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Luo P, Zhao T, He H. IL-38-mediated NLRP3/caspase-1 inhibition is a disease-modifying treatment for TMJ inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1508:92-104. [PMID: 34671981 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, interleukin-38 (IL-38) was identified as an important anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive factor, but its functional role in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammation remains unknown. This study aimed to elucidate how IL-38 affects chondrocytes and the underlying mechanism that contributes to anti-inflammatory processes in the TMJ. Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunofluorescence analysis were used to verify that IL-38 has anti-inflammatory effects on chondrocytes, and the related key pathways were analyzed by western blotting. SiRNA-IL-38, siRNA-NLRP3, and MCC950 were used to investigate the mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of IL-38. Inflammation models were induced by injection of complete Freund's adjuvant in TMJ with mouse recombinant IL-38 in in vivo studies. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were used to investigate histological changes in the cartilage. The results showed that IL-38 inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines and MMPs. IL-38 limited inflammation by inhibiting the expression of MAPKs/NF-κB and the NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway. In vivo, IL-38 reduced chondrocyte inflammation and limited cartilage degeneration. This study shows for the first time that IL-38 plays a protective role in TMJ cartilage. IL-38 exerts anti-inflammatory effects through the NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway and may be a promising agent for treating TMJ inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Luo
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong He
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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