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Fu H, Chen Z, Josephson L, Li Z, Liang SH. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Ligand Development for Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors: Challenges and Opportunities for Radiotracer Targeting N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA), and Kainate Receptors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:403-419. [PMID: 30110164 PMCID: PMC6393217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate excitatory neurotransmission within the mammalian central nervous system. iGluRs exist as three main groups: N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs), and kainate receptors. The past decades have witnessed a remarkable development of PET tracers targeting different iGluRs including NMDARs and AMPARs, and several of the tracers have advanced to clinical imaging studies. Here, we assess the recent development of iGluR PET probes, focusing on tracer design, brain kinetics, and performance in PET imaging studies. Furthermore, this review will not only present challenges in the tracer development but also provide novel approaches in conjunction with most recent drug discovery efforts on these iGluRs, including subtype-selective NMDAR and transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein modulators and positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of AMPARs. These approaches, if successful as PET tracers, may provide fundamental knowledge to understand the roles of iGluR receptors under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Fu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Zijing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology, Molecular Diagnosis & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114 USA
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Ponchant M, Dreux Y, Kamenka JM, Chicheportiche R, Beaucourt JP. Synthesis of 3-[125I]-iodo-phencyclidine for biological studies. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580280910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ponchant M, Kamenkaj M, Crouzel C. Synthesis of 3-[18F]-fluoromethyl-TCP1, A potential tool for pet study of the nmda receptor channel complex. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580311115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Thorell JO, Stone-Elander S, Ingvar M, Eriksson L. Synthesis of [2-11C]-6,7-dichloro-2,3-dihydroxyquinoxaline and evaluation of its in in vivo distribution in rat with PET. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580360307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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He XS, Kiesewetter DO, Lee KS, Mattson MV, Weinberger DR, de Costa BR. A comparison of the incorporation of 123I and 18F into 1-[1-(3-hydroxyphenyl) cyclohexyl]-4-(methanesulfonyloxy)piperidine by nucleophilic displacement with 123I− and 18F−. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580330703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shibayama Y, Sasaki S, Tomita U, Nishikawa T, Maeda M. Synthesis and evaluation of new 18F-labelled thienylcyclohexylpiperidine (TCP) analogues as radioligands for the NMDA receptor-channel complex. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1344(199601)38:1<77::aid-jlcr815>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ouyang X, Mukherjee J, Yang ZY. Synthesis, radiosynthesis, and biological evaluation of fluorinated thienylcyclohexyl piperidine derivatives as potential radiotracers for the NMDA receptor-linked calcium ionophore. Nucl Med Biol 1996; 23:315-24. [PMID: 8782243 DOI: 10.1016/0969-8051(95)02086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Various thienylcyclohexyl piperidine (TCP) derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as potential candidates for use as radiotracers for the in vivo study of the NMDA receptor ion-channel. Modification of the thienylcyclohexylpiperidine was accomplished by substituting its piperidine ring either with other cycloamine rings or N-alkyl-substituted amines, and these two classes of TCP derivatives were synthesized using two different methods. The compounds exhibited affinities ranging from 65 nM up to micromolar in competition assays for the receptor ion-channel labeled with 3H-(+)-MK-801 in rat brain homogenates. Radiosynthesis of 1-[1-(2-thienyl)-4-([18F]fluoro)-cyclohexyl]-1,2,5, 6-tetrahydropyridine was carried out by nucleophilic substitution reaction of 1-[1-(2-thienyl)-4-tosyloxycyclohexyl]-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with no carrier added 18F-, and the yield was approximately 5-10% (decay corrected) in specific activities of 500-1000 Ci/mmol after reverse-phase HPLC purification. The tracer showed good uptake in rat brains after i.v. injection (approx. 0.10% injected dose/g at 30 min. p.i.). However, the specific uptake in receptor-rich regions (striata, hippocampus, frontal cortex, and parietal cortex) improved only marginally with time compared to cerebellum. Three hours postinjection, parietal cortex showed a maximum ratio of 1.9. Preliminary PET experiment with this radiotracer in a rhesus monkey showed good uptake in the brain regions. However, little retention of the radiotracer was observed in the receptor-rich regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Ouyang
- Franklin Mclean Institute, Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Orita K, Sasaki S, Maeda M, Hashimoto A, Nishikawa T, Yugami T, Umezu K. Synthesis and evaluation of 1-(1-[5-(2'-[18F]fluoroethyl)-2-thienyl]-cyclohexyl)piperidine as a potential in vivo radioligand for the NMDA receptor-channel complex. Nucl Med Biol 1993; 20:865-73. [PMID: 8241999 DOI: 10.1016/0969-8051(93)90153-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
1-(1-[5-(2'-[18F]Fluoroethyl)-2-thienyl]cyclohexyl)piperidine (18FE-TCP) was prepared as a fluorine-substituted analogue of the potent NMDA receptor channel blocker, 1-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine (TCP), by the mesylate displacement with [18F]fluoride ion with isolated radiochemical yields of 6-12%, and the synthesis time including a two step HPLC purification was 120 min. The regional distribution in rat brain after i.v. injection of 18FE-TCP was heterogeneous and similar to the known distribution of phencyclidine recognition sites, with hippocampus-cerebellum, striatum-cerebellum and cerebral cortex-cerebellum concentration ratios of 2.08, 1.7 and 1.54, respectively, 15 min post-injection. Furthermore, this localized regional cerebral distribution was blocked by co-injection with the unlabelled FE-TCP or pretreatment with cis-2-hydroxymethyl-r-1-(N-piperidyl)-1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexane, with the greatest reductions seen in the hippocampus followed by the striatum and cerebral cortex. However, relatively low receptor binding affinity and high non-specific binding due to its high lipophilicity suggest that 18FE-TCP may not be a suitable radioligand for in vivo PET investigations of the NMDA receptor-channel complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Orita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Ferrarese C, Guidotti A, Costa E, Miletich RS, Rice KC, de Costa BR, Fulham MJ, Di Chiro G. In vivo study of NMDA-sensitive glutamate receptor by fluorothienylcyclohexylpiperidine [correction of fluorothienylcycloexylpiperidine], a possible ligand for positron emission tomography. Neuropharmacology 1991; 30:899-905. [PMID: 1685770 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(91)90125-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As a preliminary to positron emission tomography (PET) studies of excitatory amino acid neurotransmission, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-sensitive glutamate receptors of mice and rats were labelled in vivo with [3H]fluorothienylcyclohexylpiperidine [corrected] (FTCP), which binds to the phencyclidine site of the NMDA receptor. After intravenous injection, the half-life of clearance of authentic FTCP from blood was 4.2 min in mice, 12 min in rats and 45 min in a rhesus monkey. In rodent brain, the specific binding of [3H]FTCP, 10 min after intravenous injection, was 10-20% of the total binding and no regional differences were observed. However, if animals were treated with NMDA intraperitoneally (0.68 mmol/kg), 10 min before injection of [3H]FTCP, a three- to five-fold increase in specific binding was observed in hippocampus, cerebral cortex and striatum but not in cerebellum. Thus, specific binding of [3H]FTCP in vivo revealed the physiological status of the NMDA receptor; in fact, preliminary PET studies with [18F]FTCP in monkeys indicated increased binding after activation of NMDA receptors. These data suggest that PET with [18F]FTCP can be a tool to evaluate physiological or pathological modifications of the function of NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ferrarese
- Neuroimaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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An expedient synthesis of high specific activity tritium labelled 4-fluoro-1-[1-(2-thienyl)]cyclohexylpiperidine ([3H]FTCP), a ligand for further characterization of the phencyclidine/NMDA receptor complex. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580290808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Boothe TE, Emran AM. The Role of High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Radiochemical/Radiopharmaceutical Synthesis and Quality Assurance. NEW TRENDS IN RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL SYNTHESIS, QUALITY ASSURANCE, AND REGULATORY CONTROL 1991:409-422. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-0626-7_38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Maeda M, Tsukiyama S, Fukumura T, Orita K, Kojima M. Positron labeled analogs of TCP: Synthesis of 1−[4−[18F]fluoromethyl-1−(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0883-2889(91)90163-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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