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Buelo CJ, Velikina J, Mao L, Zhao R, Yuan Q, Ghasabeh MA, Ruschke S, Karampinos DC, Harris DT, Mattison RJ, Jeng MR, Pedrosa I, Kamel IR, Vasanawala S, Yokoo T, Reeder SB, Hernando D. Multicenter, multivendor validation of liver quantitative susceptibility mapping in patients with iron overload at 1.5 T and 3 T. Magn Reson Med 2024. [PMID: 39238238 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.30251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of QSM of the liver via single breath-hold chemical shift-encoded MRI at both 1.5 T and 3 T in a multicenter, multivendor study in subjects with iron overload. METHODS This prospective study included four academic medical centers with three different MRI vendors at 1.5 T and 3 T. Subjects with known or suspected liver iron overload underwent multi-echo spoiled gradient-recalled-echo scans at each field strength. A subset received repeatability testing at either 1.5 T or 3 T. Susceptibility andR 2 * $$ {\mathrm{R}}_2^{\ast } $$ maps were reconstructed from the multi-echo images and analyzed at a single center. QSM-measured susceptibility was compared withR 2 * $$ {\mathrm{R}}_2^{\ast } $$ and a commercial R2-based liver iron concentration method across centers and field strengths using linear regression and F-tests on the intercept and slope. Field-strength reproducibility and test/retest repeatability were evaluated using Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS A total of 155/80 data sets (test/retest) were available at 1.5 T, and 159/70 data sets (test/retest) were available at 3 T. Calibrations across sites were reproducible, with some variability (e.g., susceptibility slope with liver iron concentration ranged from 0.102 to 0.123 g/[mg· $$ \cdotp $$ ppm] across centers at 1.5 T). Field strength reproducibility was good (concordance correlation coefficient = 0.862), and test/retest repeatability was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.951). CONCLUSION QSM as an imaging biomarker of liver iron overload is feasible and repeatable across centers and MR vendors. It may be complementary withR 2 * $$ {\mathrm{R}}_2^{\ast } $$ as they are obtained from the same acquisition. Although good reproducibility was observed, liver QSM may benefit from standardization of acquisition parameters. Overall, QSM is a promising method for liver iron quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin J Buelo
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Julia Velikina
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lu Mao
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ruiyang Zhao
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Qing Yuan
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Stefan Ruschke
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - David T Harris
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ryan J Mattison
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael R Jeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ivan Pedrosa
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ihab R Kamel
- Department of Radiology, The John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Takeshi Yokoo
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Scott B Reeder
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Diego Hernando
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Guo R, Zhong H, Xing F, Lu F, Qu Z, Tong R, Gan F, Liu M, Fu C, Xu H, Li G, Liu C, Li J, Yang S. Magnetic susceptibility and R2*-based texture analysis for evaluating liver fibrosis in chronic liver disease. Eur J Radiol 2023; 169:111155. [PMID: 38155592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2023.111155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore potential feasibility of texture features in magnetic susceptibility and R2* maps for evaluating liver fibrosis. METHODS Thirty-one patients (median age 46 years; 22 male) with chronic liver disease were prospectively recruited and underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), blood tests, and liver biopsy. Susceptibility and R2* maps were obtained using a 3-dimensional volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination sequence with a 3T MRI scanner. Texture features, including histogram, gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), gray-level dependence matrix (GLDM), gray-level run length matrix (GLRLM), gray-level size zone matrix (GLSZM), and neighboring gray tone difference matrix (NGTDM) features, were extracted. Texture features and blood test results of non-significant (Ishak-F < 3) and significant fibrosis patients (Ishak-F ≥ 3) were compared, and correlations with Ishak-F stages were analyzed. Areas under the curve (AUCs) were calculated to determine the efficacy for evaluating liver fibrosis. RESULTS Nine texture features of susceptibility maps and 19 features of R2* maps were significantly different between non-significant and significant fibrosis groups (all P < 0.05). Large dependence high gray-level emphasis (LDHGLE) of GLDM and long run high gray-level emphasis (LRHGLE) of GLRLM in R2* maps showed significantly negative and good correlations with Ishak-F stages (r = -0.616, P < 0.001; r = -0.637, P < 0.001). Busyness (NGTDM) in susceptibility maps, LDHGLE of GLDM and LRHGLE of GLRLM in R2* maps yield the highest AUCs (AUC = 0.786, P = 0.007; AUC = 0.807, P = 0.004; AUC = 0.819, P = 0.003). CONCLUSION Texture characteristics of susceptibility and R2* maps revealed possible staging values for liver fibrosis. Susceptibility and R2*-based texture analysis may be a useful and noninvasive method for staging liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Guo
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, PR China
| | - Haodong Zhong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Feng Xing
- Department of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Fang Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Zheng Qu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Rui Tong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Fengling Gan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Mengxiao Liu
- MR Scientific Marketing, Diagnostic Imaging, Siemens Healthineers Ltd, Shanghai 201318, PR China
| | - Caixia Fu
- MR Applications Development, Siemens Shenzhen Magnetic Resonance Ltd, Shenzhen 518057, PR China
| | - Huihui Xu
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Gaiying Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Chenghai Liu
- Department of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Jianqi Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China.
| | - Shuohui Yang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, PR China.
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Naji N, Wilman A. Thin slab quantitative susceptibility mapping. Magn Reson Med 2023; 90:2290-2305. [PMID: 37526029 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Susceptibility maps reconstructed from thin slabs may suffer underestimation due to background-field removal imperfections near slab boundaries and the increased difficulty of solving a 3D-inversion problem with reduced support, particularly in the direction of the main magnetic field. Reliable QSM reconstruction from thin slabs would enable focal acquisitions in a much-reduced scan time. METHODS This work proposes using additional rapid low-resolution data of extended spatial coverage to improve background-field estimation and regularize the inversion-to-susceptibility process for high resolution, thin slab data. The new method was tested using simulated and in-vivo brain data of high resolution (0.33 × 0.33 × 0.33 mm3 and 0.54 × 0.54 × 0.65 mm3 , respectively) at 3T, and compared to the standard large volume approach. RESULTS Using the proposed method, in-vivo high-resolution QSM at 3T was obtained from slabs of width as small as 10.4 mm, aided by a lower-resolution dataset of 24 times coarser voxels. Simulations showed that the proposed method produced more consistent measurements from slabs of at least eight slices. Reducing the mean ROI error to 5% required the low-resolution data to cover ˜60 mm in the direction of the main field, have at least 2-mm isotropic resolution that is not coarser than the high-resolution data by more than four-fold in any direction. CONCLUSION Applying the proposed method enabled focal QSM acquisitions at sub-millimeter resolution within reasonable acquisition time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashwan Naji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alan Wilman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Kang M, Behr GG, Jafari R, Gambarin M, Otazo R, Kee Y. Free-breathing high isotropic resolution quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) of liver using 3D multi-echo UTE cones acquisition and respiratory motion-resolved image reconstruction. Magn Reson Med 2023; 90:1844-1858. [PMID: 37392413 PMCID: PMC10529485 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To enable free-breathing and high isotropic resolution liver quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) using 3D multi-echo UTE cones acquisition and respiratory motion-resolved image reconstruction. METHODS Using 3D multi-echo UTE cones MRI, a respiratory motion was estimated from the k-space center of the imaging data. After sorting the k-space data with estimated motion, respiratory motion state-resolved reconstruction was performed for multi-echo data followed by nonlinear least-squares fitting for proton density fat fraction (PDFF),R 2 * $$ {\mathrm{R}}_2^{\ast } $$ , and fat-corrected B0 field maps. PDFF and B0 field maps were subsequently used for QSM reconstruction. The proposed method was compared with motion-averaged (gridding) reconstruction and conventional 3D multi-echo Cartesian MRI in moving gadolinium phantom and in vivo studies. Region of interest (ROI)-based linear regression analysis was performed on these methods to investigate correlations between gadolinium concentration and QSM in the phantom study and betweenR 2 * $$ {\mathrm{R}}_2^{\ast } $$ and QSM in in vivo study. RESULTS Cones with motion-resolved reconstruction showed sharper image quality compared to motion-averaged reconstruction with a substantial reduction of motion artifacts in both moving phantom and in vivo studies. For ROI-based linear regression analysis of the phantom study, susceptibility values from cones with motion-resolved reconstruction (QSM ppm $$ {\mathrm{QSM}}_{\mathrm{ppm}} $$ = 0.31 × gadolinium mM + $$ \times {\mathrm{gadolinium}}_{\mathrm{mM}}+ $$ 0.05,R 2 $$ {R}^2 $$ = 0.999) and Cartesian without motion (QSM ppm $$ {\mathrm{QSM}}_{\mathrm{ppm}} $$ = 0.32× gadolinium mM + $$ \times {\mathrm{gadolinium}}_{\mathrm{mM}}+ $$ 0.04,R 2 $$ {R}^2 $$ = 1.000) showed linear relationships with gadolinium concentrations and showed good agreement with each other. For in vivo, motion-resolved reconstruction showed higher goodness of fit (QSM ppm $$ {\mathrm{QSM}}_{\mathrm{ppm}} $$ = 0.00261 × R 2 s - 1 * - $$ \times {\mathrm{R}}_{2_{{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}}^{\ast }- $$ 0.524,R 2 $$ {R}^2 $$ = 0.977) compared to motion-averaged reconstruction (QSM ppm $$ {\mathrm{QSM}}_{\mathrm{ppm}} $$ = 0.0021 × R 2 s - 1 * - $$ \times {\mathrm{R}}_{2_{{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}}^{\ast }- $$ 0.572,R 2 $$ {R}^2 $$ = 0.723) in ROI-based linear regression analysis betweenR 2 * $$ {\mathrm{R}}_2^{\ast } $$ and QSM. CONCLUSION Feasibility of free-breathing liver QSM was demonstrated with motion-resolved 3D multi-echo UTE cones MRI, achieving high isotropic resolution currently unachievable in conventional Cartesian MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- MungSoo Kang
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Gerald G. Behr
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ramin Jafari
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maya Gambarin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ricardo Otazo
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Youngwook Kee
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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5
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Meneses JP, Arrieta C, Della Maggiora G, Besa C, Urbina J, Arrese M, Gana JC, Galgani JE, Tejos C, Uribe S. Liver PDFF estimation using a multi-decoder water-fat separation neural network with a reduced number of echoes. Eur Radiol 2023; 33:6557-6568. [PMID: 37014405 PMCID: PMC10415440 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-023-09576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To accurately estimate liver PDFF from chemical shift-encoded (CSE) MRI using a deep learning (DL)-based Multi-Decoder Water-Fat separation Network (MDWF-Net), that operates over complex-valued CSE-MR images with only 3 echoes. METHODS The proposed MDWF-Net and a U-Net model were independently trained using the first 3 echoes of MRI data from 134 subjects, acquired with conventional 6-echoes abdomen protocol at 1.5 T. Resulting models were then evaluated using unseen CSE-MR images obtained from 14 subjects that were acquired with a 3-echoes CSE-MR pulse sequence with a shorter duration compared to the standard protocol. Resulting PDFF maps were qualitatively assessed by two radiologists, and quantitatively assessed at two corresponding liver ROIs, using Bland Altman and regression analysis for mean values, and ANOVA testing for standard deviation (STD) (significance level: .05). A 6-echo graph cut was considered ground truth. RESULTS Assessment of radiologists demonstrated that, unlike U-Net, MDWF-Net had a similar quality to the ground truth, despite it considered half of the information. Regarding PDFF mean values at ROIs, MDWF-Net showed a better agreement with ground truth (regression slope = 0.94, R2 = 0.97) than U-Net (regression slope = 0.86, R2 = 0.93). Moreover, ANOVA post hoc analysis of STDs showed a statistical difference between graph cuts and U-Net (p < .05), unlike MDWF-Net (p = .53). CONCLUSION MDWF-Net showed a liver PDFF accuracy comparable to the reference graph cut method, using only 3 echoes and thus allowing a reduction in the acquisition times. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT We have prospectively validated that the use of a multi-decoder convolutional neural network to estimate liver proton density fat fraction allows a significant reduction in MR scan time by reducing the number of echoes required by 50%. KEY POINTS • Novel water-fat separation neural network allows for liver PDFF estimation by using multi-echo MR images with a reduced number of echoes. • Prospective single-center validation demonstrated that echo reduction leads to a significant shortening of the scan time, compared to standard 6-echo acquisition. • Qualitative and quantitative performance of the proposed method showed no significant differences in PDFF estimation with respect to the reference technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Meneses
- Biomedical Imaging Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Intelligent Healthcare Engineering iHEALTH, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristobal Arrieta
- Millennium Institute for Intelligent Healthcare Engineering iHEALTH, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Alberto Hurtado, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Cecilia Besa
- Millennium Institute for Intelligent Healthcare Engineering iHEALTH, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jesús Urbina
- Biomedical Imaging Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Intelligent Healthcare Engineering iHEALTH, Santiago, Chile
- Complejo Asistencial Dr. Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco Arrese
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Cristóbal Gana
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Division of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jose E Galgani
- Department of Health Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics Career, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Tejos
- Biomedical Imaging Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Intelligent Healthcare Engineering iHEALTH, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Uribe
- Biomedical Imaging Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute for Intelligent Healthcare Engineering iHEALTH, Santiago, Chile.
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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6
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Velikina JV, Zhao R, Buelo CJ, Samsonov AA, Reeder SB, Hernando D. Data adaptive regularization with reference tissue constraints for liver quantitative susceptibility mapping. Magn Reson Med 2023; 90:385-399. [PMID: 36929781 PMCID: PMC11057046 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To improve repeatability and reproducibility across acquisition parameters and reduce bias in quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) of the liver, through development of an optimized regularized reconstruction algorithm for abdominal QSM. METHODS An optimized approach to estimation of magnetic susceptibility distribution is formulated as a constrained reconstruction problem that incorporates estimates of the input data reliability and anatomical priors available from chemical shift-encoded imaging. The proposed data-adaptive method was evaluated with respect to bias, repeatability, and reproducibility in a patient population with a wide range of liver iron concentration (LIC). The proposed method was compared to the previously proposed and validated approach in liver QSM for two multi-echo spoiled gradient-recalled echo protocols with different acquisition parameters at 3T. Linear regression was used for evaluation of QSM methods against a reference FDA-approvedR 2 $$ {R}_2 $$ -based LIC measure andR 2 ∗ $$ {R}_2^{\ast } $$ measurements; repeatability/reproducibility were assessed by Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS The data-adaptive method produced susceptibility maps with higher subjective quality due to reduced shading artifacts. For both acquisition protocols, higher linear correlation with bothR 2 $$ {R}_2 $$ - andR 2 ∗ $$ {R}_2^{\ast } $$ -based measurements were observed for the data-adaptive method (r 2 = 0 . 74 / 0 . 69 $$ {r}^2=0.74/0.69 $$ forR 2 $$ {R}_2 $$ ,0 . 97 / 0 . 95 $$ 0.97/0.95 $$ forR 2 ∗ $$ {R}_2^{\ast } $$ ) than the standard method (r 2 = 0 . 60 / 0 . 66 $$ {r}^2=0.60/0.66 $$ and0 . 79 / 0 . 88 $$ 0.79/0.88 $$ ). For both protocols, the data-adaptive method enabled better test-retest repeatability (repeatability coefficients 0.19/0.30 ppm for the data-adaptive method, 0.38/0.47 ppm for the standard method) and reproducibility across protocols (reproducibility coefficient 0.28 vs. 0.53ppm) than the standard method. CONCLUSIONS The proposed data-adaptive QSM algorithm may enable quantification of LIC with improved repeatability/reproducibility across different acquisition parameters as 3T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia V Velikina
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ruiyang Zhao
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Collin J Buelo
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alexey A Samsonov
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Scott B Reeder
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Diego Hernando
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Dimov AV, Li J, Nguyen TD, Roberts AG, Spincemaille P, Straub S, Zun Z, Prince MR, Wang Y. QSM Throughout the Body. J Magn Reson Imaging 2023; 57:1621-1640. [PMID: 36748806 PMCID: PMC10192074 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic materials in tissue, such as iron, calcium, or collagen, can be studied using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). To date, QSM has been overwhelmingly applied in the brain, but is increasingly utilized outside the brain. QSM relies on the effect of tissue magnetic susceptibility sources on the MR signal phase obtained with gradient echo sequence. However, in the body, the chemical shift of fat present within the region of interest contributes to the MR signal phase as well. Therefore, correcting for the chemical shift effect by means of water-fat separation is essential for body QSM. By employing techniques to compensate for cardiac and respiratory motion artifacts, body QSM has been applied to study liver iron and fibrosis, heart chamber blood and placenta oxygenation, myocardial hemorrhage, atherosclerotic plaque, cartilage, bone, prostate, breast calcification, and kidney stone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Dimov
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jiahao Li
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thanh D. Nguyen
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Pascal Spincemaille
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sina Straub
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Zungho Zun
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Martin R. Prince
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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8
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Silva J, Milovic C, Lambert M, Montalba C, Arrieta C, Irarrazaval P, Uribe S, Tejos C. Toward a realistic in silico abdominal phantom for QSM. Magn Reson Med 2023; 89:2402-2418. [PMID: 36695213 PMCID: PMC10952412 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE QSM outside the brain has recently gained interest, particularly in the abdominal region. However, the absence of reliable ground truths makes difficult to assess reconstruction algorithms, whose quality is already compromised by additional signal contributions from fat, gases, and different kinds of motion. This work presents a realistic in silico phantom for the development, evaluation and comparison of abdominal QSM reconstruction algorithms. METHODS Synthetic susceptibility andR 2 * $$ {R}_2^{\ast } $$ maps were generated by segmenting and postprocessing the abdominal 3T MRI data from a healthy volunteer. Susceptibility andR 2 * $$ {R}_2^{\ast } $$ values in different tissues/organs were assigned according to literature and experimental values and were also provided with realistic textures. The signal was simulated using as input the synthetic QSM andR 2 * $$ {R}_2^{\ast } $$ maps and fat contributions. Three susceptibility scenarios and two acquisition protocols were simulated to compare different reconstruction algorithms. RESULTS QSM reconstructions show that the phantom allows to identify the main strengths and limitations of the acquisition approaches and reconstruction algorithms, such as in-phase acquisitions, water-fat separation methods, and QSM dipole inversion algorithms. CONCLUSION The phantom showed its potential as a ground truth to evaluate and compare reconstruction pipelines and algorithms. The publicly available source code, designed in a modular framework, allows users to easily modify the susceptibility,R 2 * $$ {R}_2^{\ast } $$ and TEs, and thus creates different abdominal scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Silva
- Department of Electrical EngineeringPontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
SantiagoChile
- Biomedical Imaging CenterPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
- Millennium Institute for Intelligent Healthcare Engineering (iHEALTH)SantiagoChile
| | - Carlos Milovic
- Millennium Institute for Intelligent Healthcare Engineering (iHEALTH)SantiagoChile
- School of Electrical EngineeringPontificia Universidad Católica de ValparaísoValparaísoChile
| | - Mathias Lambert
- Department of Electrical EngineeringPontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
SantiagoChile
- Biomedical Imaging CenterPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
- Millennium Institute for Intelligent Healthcare Engineering (iHEALTH)SantiagoChile
| | - Cristian Montalba
- Biomedical Imaging CenterPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
- Millennium Institute for Intelligent Healthcare Engineering (iHEALTH)SantiagoChile
- Department of Radiology, School of MedicinePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Cristóbal Arrieta
- Biomedical Imaging CenterPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
- Millennium Institute for Intelligent Healthcare Engineering (iHEALTH)SantiagoChile
| | - Pablo Irarrazaval
- Department of Electrical EngineeringPontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
SantiagoChile
- Biomedical Imaging CenterPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
- Millennium Institute for Intelligent Healthcare Engineering (iHEALTH)SantiagoChile
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Sergio Uribe
- Biomedical Imaging CenterPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
- Millennium Institute for Intelligent Healthcare Engineering (iHEALTH)SantiagoChile
- Department of Radiology, School of MedicinePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Cristian Tejos
- Department of Electrical EngineeringPontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
SantiagoChile
- Biomedical Imaging CenterPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
- Millennium Institute for Intelligent Healthcare Engineering (iHEALTH)SantiagoChile
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9
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Boehm C, Schlaeger S, Meineke J, Weiss K, Makowski MR, Karampinos DC. On the water-fat in-phase assumption for quantitative susceptibility mapping. Magn Reson Med 2023; 89:1068-1082. [PMID: 36321543 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To (a) define multi-peak fat model-based effective in-phase echo times for quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) in water-fat regions, (b) analyze the relationship between fat fraction, field map quantification bias and susceptibility bias, and (c) evaluate the susceptibility mapping performance of the proposed effective in-phase echoes in comparison to single-peak in-phase echoes and water-fat separation for regions where both water and fat are present. METHODS Effective multipeak in-phase echo times for a bone marrow and a liver fat spectral model were derived from a single voxel simulation. A Monte Carlo simulation was performed to assess the field map estimation error as a function of fat fraction for the different in-phase echoes. Additionally, a phantom scan and in vivo scans in the liver, spine, and breast were performed and evaluated with respect to quantification accuracy. RESULTS The use of single-peak in-phase echoes can introduce a worst-case susceptibility bias of 0.43 $$ 0.43 $$ ppm. The use of effective multipeak in-phase echoes shows a similar quantitative performance in the numerical simulation, the phantom and in all in vivo anatomies when compared to water-fat separation-based QSM. CONCLUSION QSM based on the proposed effective multipeak in-phase echoes can alleviate the quantification bias present in QSM based on single-peak in-phase echoes. When compared to water-fat separation-based QSM the proposed effective in-phase echo times achieve a similar quantitative performance while drastically reducing the computational expense for field map estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Boehm
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Schlaeger
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Marcus R Makowski
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dimitrios C Karampinos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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10
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Zhang J, Spincemaille P, Zhang H, Nguyen TD, Li C, Li J, Kovanlikaya I, Sabuncu MR, Wang Y. LARO: Learned acquisition and reconstruction optimization to accelerate quantitative susceptibility mapping. Neuroimage 2023; 268:119886. [PMID: 36669747 PMCID: PMC10021353 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) involves acquisition and reconstruction of a series of images at multi-echo time points to estimate tissue field, which prolongs scan time and requires specific reconstruction technique. In this paper, we present our new framework, called Learned Acquisition and Reconstruction Optimization (LARO), which aims to accelerate the multi-echo gradient echo (mGRE) pulse sequence for QSM. Our approach involves optimizing a Cartesian multi-echo k-space sampling pattern with a deep reconstruction network. Next, this optimized sampling pattern was implemented in an mGRE sequence using Cartesian fan-beam k-space segmenting and ordering for prospective scans. Furthermore, we propose to insert a recurrent temporal feature fusion module into the reconstruction network to capture signal redundancies along echo time. Our ablation studies show that both the optimized sampling pattern and proposed reconstruction strategy help improve the quality of the multi-echo image reconstructions. Generalization experiments show that LARO is robust on the test data with new pathologies and different sequence parameters. Our code is available at https://github.com/Jinwei1209/LARO-QSM.git.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pascal Spincemaille
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Thanh D Nguyen
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Applied Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jiahao Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ilhami Kovanlikaya
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mert R Sabuncu
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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11
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Aimo A, Huang L, Tyler A, Barison A, Martini N, Saccaro LF, Roujol S, Masci PG. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) of the cardiovascular system: challenges and perspectives. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2022; 24:48. [PMID: 35978351 PMCID: PMC9387036 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-022-00883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is a powerful, non-invasive, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that relies on measurement of magnetic susceptibility. So far, QSM has been employed mostly to study neurological disorders characterized by iron accumulation, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Nonetheless, QSM allows mapping key indicators of cardiac disease such as blood oxygenation and myocardial iron content. For this reason, the application of QSM offers an unprecedented opportunity to gain a better understanding of the pathophysiological changes associated with cardiovascular disease and to monitor their evolution and response to treatment. Recent studies on cardiovascular QSM have shown the feasibility of a non-invasive assessment of blood oxygenation, myocardial iron content and myocardial fibre orientation, as well as carotid plaque composition. Significant technical challenges remain, the most evident of which are related to cardiac and respiratory motion, blood flow, chemical shift effects and susceptibility artefacts. Significant work is ongoing to overcome these challenges and integrate the QSM technique into clinical practice in the cardiovascular field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Aimo
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Li Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Tyler
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Barison
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Sébastien Roujol
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Pier-Giorgio Masci
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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12
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Hanspach J, Bollmann S, Grigo J, Karius A, Uder M, Laun FB. Deep learning-based quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) in the presence of fat using synthetically generated multi-echo phase training data. Magn Reson Med 2022; 88:1548-1560. [PMID: 35713187 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To enable a fast and automatic deep learning-based QSM reconstruction of tissues with diverse chemical shifts, relevant to most regions outside the brain. METHODS A UNET was trained to reconstruct susceptibility maps using synthetically generated, unwrapped, multi-echo phase data as input. The RMS error with respect to synthetic validation data was computed. The method was tested on two in vivo knee and two pelvis data sets. Comparisons were made to a conventional fat-water separation pipeline by applying a commonly used graph-cut algorithm, both without and with an extended mask for background field removal (FWS-CONV-QSM and FWS-MASK-CONV-QSM, respectively). Several regions of interest were segmented and compared. Furthermore, the approach was tested on a prostate cancer patient receiving low-dose-rate brachytherapy, to detect and localize the seeds by MRI. RESULTS The RMS error was 0.292 ppm with FWS-CONV-QSM and 0.123 ppm for the UNET approach. Susceptibility maps were reconstructed much faster (< 10 s) and completely automatically (no background masking needed) by the UNET compared with the other applied techniques (5 min 51 s and 22 min 44 s for CONV-QSM and FWS-MASK-CONV-QSM, respectively. Background artifacts, fat-water swaps, and hypointense artifacts between I-125 seeds of a patient receiving low-dose brachytherapy in the prostate were largely reduced in the UNET approach. CONCLUSIONS Deep learning-based QSM reconstruction, trained solely with synthetic data, is well-suited to rapidly reconstructing high-quality susceptibility maps in the presence of fat without needing masking for background field removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Hanspach
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Bollmann
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Johanna Grigo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andre Karius
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Uder
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frederik B Laun
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Jung W, Bollmann S, Lee J. Overview of quantitative susceptibility mapping using deep learning: Current status, challenges and opportunities. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 35:e4292. [PMID: 32207195 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) has gained broad interest in the field by extracting bulk tissue magnetic susceptibility, predominantly determined by myelin, iron and calcium from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) phase measurements in vivo. Thereby, QSM can reveal pathological changes of these key components in a variety of diseases. QSM requires multiple processing steps such as phase unwrapping, background field removal and field-to-source inversion. Current state-of-the-art techniques utilize iterative optimization procedures to solve the inversion and background field correction, which are computationally expensive and require a careful choice of regularization parameters. With the recent success of deep learning using convolutional neural networks for solving ill-posed reconstruction problems, the QSM community also adapted these techniques and demonstrated that the QSM processing steps can be solved by efficient feed forward multiplications not requiring either iterative optimization or the choice of regularization parameters. Here, we review the current status of deep learning-based approaches for processing QSM, highlighting limitations and potential pitfalls, and discuss the future directions the field may take to exploit the latest advances in deep learning for QSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Jung
- Laboratory for Imaging Science and Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Steffen Bollmann
- ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jongho Lee
- Laboratory for Imaging Science and Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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14
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Bachrata B, Trattnig S, Robinson SD. Quantitative susceptibility mapping of the head-and-neck using SMURF fat-water imaging with chemical shift and relaxation rate corrections. Magn Reson Med 2022; 87:1461-1479. [PMID: 34850446 PMCID: PMC7612304 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To address the challenges posed by fat-water chemical shift artifacts and relaxation rate discrepancies to quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) outside the brain, and to generate accurate susceptibility maps of the head-and-neck at 3 and 7 Tesla. METHODS Simultaneous Multiple Resonance Frequency (SMURF) imaging was extended to 7 Tesla and used to acquire head-and-neck gradient echo images at both 3 and 7 Tesla. Separated fat and water images were corrected for Type 1 (displacement) and Type 2 (phase discrepancy) chemical shift artefacts, and for the bias resulting from differences in T1 and T 2 ∗ relaxation rates, recombined and used as the basis for QSM. A novel phase signal-based masking approach was used to generate head-and-neck masks. RESULTS SMURF generated well-separated fat and water images of the head-and-neck. Corrections for chemical shift artefacts and relaxation rate differences removed overestimation of the susceptibility values, blurring in the susceptibility maps, and the disproportionate influence of fat in mixed voxels. The resulting susceptibility maps showed high correspondence between the paramagnetic areas and the locations of fatty tissues and the susceptibility estimates were similar to literature values. The proposed masking approach was shown to provide a simple means of generating head-and-neck masks. CONCLUSION Corrections for Type 1 and Type 2 chemical shift artefacts and for fat-water relaxation rate differences, mainly in T1 , were shown to be required for accurate susceptibility mapping of fatty-body regions. SMURF made it possible to apply these corrections and generate high-quality susceptibility maps of the entire head-and-neck at both 3 and 7 Tesla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Bachrata
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Clinical Molecular MR in Musculoskeletal Imaging, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Trattnig
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Clinical Molecular MR in Musculoskeletal Imaging, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Daniel Robinson
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Clinical Molecular MR in Musculoskeletal Imaging, Vienna, Austria
- Centre of Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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15
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Stewart AW, Robinson SD, O'Brien K, Jin J, Widhalm G, Hangel G, Walls A, Goodwin J, Eckstein K, Tourell M, Morgan C, Narayanan A, Barth M, Bollmann S. QSMxT: Robust masking and artifact reduction for quantitative susceptibility mapping. Magn Reson Med 2021; 87:1289-1300. [PMID: 34687073 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) estimates the spatial distribution of tissue magnetic susceptibilities from the phase of a gradient-echo signal. QSM algorithms require a signal mask to delineate regions with reliable phase for subsequent susceptibility estimation. Existing masking techniques used in QSM have limitations that introduce artifacts, exclude anatomical detail, and rely on parameter tuning and anatomical priors that narrow their application. Here, a robust masking and reconstruction procedure is presented to overcome these limitations and enable automated QSM processing. Moreover, this method is integrated within an open-source software framework: QSMxT. METHODS A robust masking technique that automatically separates reliable from less reliable phase regions was developed and combined with a two-pass reconstruction procedure that operates on the separated sources before combination, extracting more information and suppressing streaking artifacts. RESULTS Compared with standard masking and reconstruction procedures, the two-pass inversion reduces streaking artifacts caused by unreliable phase and high dynamic ranges of susceptibility sources. It is also robust across a range of acquisitions at 3 T in volunteers and phantoms, at 7 T in tumor patients, and in an in silico head phantom, with significant artifact and error reductions, greater anatomical detail, and minimal parameter tuning. CONCLUSION The two-pass masking and reconstruction procedure separates reliable from less reliable phase regions, enabling a more accurate QSM reconstruction that mitigates artifacts, operates without anatomical priors, and requires minimal parameter tuning. The technique and its integration within QSMxT makes QSM processing more accessible and robust to streaking artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Wilton Stewart
- ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Simon Daniel Robinson
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Karl Landsteiner Institute for Clinical Molecular MR in Musculoskeletal Imaging, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, High Field MR Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kieran O'Brien
- ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Siemens Healthcare Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jin Jin
- ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Siemens Healthcare Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Georg Widhalm
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gilbert Hangel
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, High Field MR Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angela Walls
- Clinical & Research Imaging Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jonathan Goodwin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Calvary Mater Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Mathematical and Physical Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Korbinian Eckstein
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, High Field MR Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monique Tourell
- ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Catherine Morgan
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre of Research Excellence, Brain Research New Zealand-Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Advanced MRI, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Aswin Narayanan
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Markus Barth
- ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steffen Bollmann
- ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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16
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Boehm C, Sollmann N, Meineke J, Ruschke S, Dieckmeyer M, Weiss K, Zimmer C, Makowski MR, Baum T, Karampinos DC. Preconditioned water-fat total field inversion: Application to spine quantitative susceptibility mapping. Magn Reson Med 2021; 87:417-430. [PMID: 34255370 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To (a) develop a preconditioned water-fat total field inversion (wfTFI) algorithm that directly estimates the susceptibility map from complex multi-echo gradient echo data for water-fat regions and to (b) evaluate the performance of the proposed wfTFI quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) method in comparison with a local field inversion (LFI) method and a linear total field inversion (TFI) method in the spine. METHODS Numerical simulations and in vivo spine multi-echo gradient echo measurements were performed to compare wfTFI to an algorithm based on disjoint background field removal (BFR) and LFI and to a formerly proposed TFI algorithm. The data from 1 healthy volunteer and 10 patients with metastatic bone disease were included in the analysis. Clinical routine computed tomography (CT) images were used as a reference standard to distinguish osteoblastic from osteolytic changes. The ability of the QSM methods to distinguish osteoblastic from osteolytic changes was evaluated. RESULTS The proposed wfTFI method was able to decrease the normalized root mean square error compared to the LFI and TFI methods in the simulation. The in vivo wfTFI susceptibility maps showed reduced BFR artifacts, noise amplification, and streaking artifacts compared to the LFI and TFI maps. wfTFI provided a significantly higher diagnostic confidence in differentiating osteolytic and osteoblastic lesions in the spine compared to the LFI method (p = .012). CONCLUSION The proposed wfTFI method can minimize BFR artifacts, noise amplification, and streaking artifacts in water-fat regions and can thus better differentiate between osteoblastic and osteolytic changes in patients with metastatic disease compared to LFI and the original TFI method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Boehm
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nico Sollmann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,TUM-Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Ruschke
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Dieckmeyer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Claus Zimmer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,TUM-Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus R Makowski
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Baum
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dimitrios C Karampinos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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17
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Jafari R, Spincemaille P, Zhang J, Nguyen TD, Luo X, Cho J, Margolis D, Prince MR, Wang Y. Deep neural network for water/fat separation: Supervised training, unsupervised training, and no training. Magn Reson Med 2021; 85:2263-2277. [PMID: 33107127 PMCID: PMC7809709 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To use a deep neural network (DNN) for solving the optimization problem of water/fat separation and to compare supervised and unsupervised training. METHODS The current T 2 ∗ -IDEAL algorithm for solving water/fat separation is dependent on initialization. Recently, DNN has been proposed to solve water/fat separation without the need for suitable initialization. However, this approach requires supervised training of DNN using the reference water/fat separation images. Here we propose 2 novel DNN water/fat separation methods: 1) unsupervised training of DNN (UTD) using the physical forward problem as the cost function during training, and 2) no training of DNN using physical cost and backpropagation to directly reconstruct a single dataset. The supervised training of DNN, unsupervised training of DNN, and no training of DNN methods were compared with the reference T 2 ∗ -IDEAL. RESULTS All DNN methods generated consistent water/fat separation results that agreed well with T 2 ∗ -IDEAL under proper initialization. CONCLUSION The water/fat separation problem can be solved using unsupervised deep neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Jafari
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Jinwei Zhang
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Thanh D. Nguyen
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Xianfu Luo
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Radiology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Junghun Cho
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Daniel Margolis
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Yi Wang
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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18
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Qu Z, Yang S, Xing F, Tong R, Yang C, Guo R, Huang J, Lu F, Fu C, Yan X, Hectors S, Gillen K, Wang Y, Liu C, Zhan S, Li J. Magnetic resonance quantitative susceptibility mapping in the evaluation of hepatic fibrosis in chronic liver disease: a feasibility study. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:1170-1183. [PMID: 33816158 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Noninvasive methods for the early diagnosis and staging of hepatic fibrosis are needed. The present study aimed to investigate the alteration of magnetic susceptibility in the liver of patients with various fibrosis stages and to evaluate the feasibility of using susceptibility to stage hepatic fibrosis. Methods A total of 30 consecutive patients with chronic liver diseases (CLDs) underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and liver biopsy evaluation of hepatic fibrosis, necroinflammatory activity, iron load, and steatosis. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM), R2* and proton density fat fraction (PDFF) images were postprocessed from the same gradient-echo data for quantitative tissue characterization using region of interest (ROI) analysis. The differences for MRI measurements between cohorts of non-significant (Ishak-F <3) and significant fibrosis (Ishak-F ≥3) and the correlation of MRI measurements with fibrosis stages and necroinflammatory activity grades were tested. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was also performed. Results There was a significant difference in liver susceptibility between the cohorts of significant and non-significant fibrosis (Z=-2.880, P=0.004). A moderate negative correlation between the stages of liver fibrosis and liver susceptibility was observed (r=-0.471, P=0.015). Liver magnetic susceptibility differentiated non-significant from significant hepatic fibrosis with an area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) of 0.836 (P=0.004). A highly sensitive diagnostic performance with an AUC of 0.933 was obtained using magnetic susceptibility and PDFF together (P<0.001). Conclusions A noninvasive liver QSM-based evaluation promises an accurate assessment of significant fibrosis in patients with CLDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Qu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuohui Yang
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Xing
- Department of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Tong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyao Yang
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongfang Guo
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiling Huang
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caixia Fu
- MR Collaboration NE Asia, Siemens Healthcare, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Yan
- MR Collaboration NE Asia, Siemens Healthcare, Shanghai, China
| | - Stefanie Hectors
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kelly Gillen
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Chenghai Liu
- Department of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Songhua Zhan
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqi Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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19
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Tipirneni-Sajja A, Loeffler RB, Hankins JS, Morin C, Hillenbrand CM. Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping Using a Multispectral Autoregressive Moving Average Model to Assess Hepatic Iron Overload. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 54:721-727. [PMID: 33634923 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND R2*-MRI is clinically used to noninvasively assess hepatic iron content (HIC) to guide potential iron chelation therapy. However, coexisting pathologies, such as fibrosis and steatosis, affect R2* measurements and may thus confound HIC estimations. PURPOSE To evaluate whether a multispectral auto regressive moving average (ARMA) model can be used in conjunction with quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) to measure magnetic susceptibility as a confounder-free predictor of HIC. STUDY TYPE Phantom study and in vivo cohort. SUBJECTS Nine iron phantoms covering clinically relevant R2* range (20-1200/second) and 48 patients (22 male, 26 female, median age 18 years). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE Three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) multi-echo gradient echo (GRE) at 1.5 T. ASSESSMENT ARMA-QSM modeling was performed on the complex 3D GRE signal to estimate R2*, fat fraction (FF), and susceptibility measurements. R2*-based dry clinical HIC values were calculated from the 2D GRE acquisition using a published R2*-HIC calibration curve as reference standard. STATISTICAL TESTS Linear regression analysis was performed to compare ARMA R2* and susceptibility-based estimates to iron concentrations and dry clinical HIC values in phantoms and patients, respectively. RESULTS In phantoms, the ARMA R2* and susceptibility values strongly correlated with iron concentrations (R2 ≥ 0.9). In patients, the ARMA R2* values highly correlated (R2 = 0.97) with clinical HIC values with slope = 0.026, and the susceptibility values showed good correlation (R2 = 0.82) with clinical dry HIC values with slope = 3.3 and produced a dry-to-wet HIC ratio of 4.8. DATA CONCLUSION This study shows the feasibility that ARMA-QSM can simultaneously estimate susceptibility-based wet HIC, R2*-based dry HIC and FFs from a single multi-echo GRE acquisition. Our results demonstrate that both, R2* and susceptibility-based wet HIC values estimated with ARMA-QSM showed good association with clinical dry HIC values with slopes similar to published R2*-biopsy HIC calibration and dry-to-wet tissue weight ratio, respectively. Hence, our study shows that ARMA-QSM can provide potentially confounder-free assessment of hepatic iron overload. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaryani Tipirneni-Sajja
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ralf B Loeffler
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Research Imaging NSW, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jane S Hankins
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cara Morin
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Claudia M Hillenbrand
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Research Imaging NSW, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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20
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Jafari R, Hectors SJ, Koehne de González AK, Spincemaille P, Prince MR, Brittenham GM, Wang Y. Integrated quantitative susceptibility and R 2 * mapping for evaluation of liver fibrosis: An ex vivo feasibility study. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4412. [PMID: 32959425 PMCID: PMC7768551 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
To develop a method for noninvasive evaluation of liver fibrosis, we investigated the differential sensitivities of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and R2 * mapping using corrections for the effects of liver iron. Liver fibrosis is characterized by excessive accumulation of collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins. While collagen increases R2 * relaxation, measures of R2 * for fibrosis are confounded by liver iron, which may be present in the liver over a wide range of concentrations. The diamagnetic collagen contribution to susceptibility values measured by QSM is much less than the contribution of highly paramagnetic iron. In 19 ex vivo liver explants with and without fibrosis, QSM (χ), R2 * and proton density fat fraction (PDFF) maps were constructed from multiecho gradient-recalled echo (mGRE) sequence acquisition at 3 T. Median parameter values were recorded and differences between the MRI parameters in nonfibrotic vs. advanced fibrotic/cirrhotic samples were evaluated using Mann-Whitney U tests and receiver operating characteristic analyses. Logistic regression with stepwise feature selection was employed to evaluate the utility of combined MRI measurements for detection of fibrosis. Median R2 * increased in fibrotic vs. nonfibrotic liver samples (P = .041), while differences in χ and PDFF were nonsignificant (P = .545 and P = .395, respectively). Logistic regression identified the combination of χ and R2 * significant for fibrosis detection (logit [prediction] = -8.45 + 0.23 R2 * - 28.8 χ). For this classifier, a highly significant difference between nonfibrotic vs. advanced fibrotic/cirrhotic samples was observed (P = .002). The model exhibited an AUC of 0.909 (P = .003) for detection of advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis, which was substantially higher compared with AUCs of the individual parameters (AUC 0.591-0.784). An integrated QSM and R2 * analysis of mGRE 3 T imaging data is promising for noninvasive diagnostic assessment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Jafari
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, 10021
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | - Stefanie J Hectors
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, 10021
| | | | - Pascal Spincemaille
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, 10021
| | - Martin R Prince
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, 10021
| | - Gary M Brittenham
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10032
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, 10021
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853
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21
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Bechler E, Stabinska J, Thiel T, Jasse J, Zukovs R, Valentin B, Wittsack HJ, Ljimani A. Feasibility of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) of the human kidney. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 34:389-397. [PMID: 33230656 PMCID: PMC8492554 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-020-00895-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the feasibility of in-vivo quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) of the human kidney. Methods An axial single-breath-hold 3D multi-echo sequence (acquisition time 33 s) was completed on a 3 T-MRI-scanner (Magnetom Prisma, Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany) in 19 healthy volunteers. Graph-cut-based unwrapping combined with the T2*-IDEAL approach was performed to remove the chemical shift of fat and to quantify QSM of the upper abdomen. Mean susceptibility values of the entire, renal cortex and medulla in both kidneys and the liver were determined and compared. Five subjects were measured twice to examine the reproducibility. One patient with severe renal fibrosis was included in the study to evaluate the potential clinical relevance of QSM. Results QSM was successful in 17 volunteers and the patient with renal fibrosis. Anatomical structures in the abdomen were clearly distinguishable by QSM and the susceptibility values obtained in the liver were comparable to those found in the literature. The results showed a good reproducibility. Besides, the mean renal QSM values obtained in healthy volunteers (0.04 ± 0.07 ppm for the right and − 0.06 ± 0.19 ppm for the left kidney) were substantially higher than that measured in the investigated fibrotic kidney (− 0.43 ± − 0.02 ppm). Conclusion QSM of the human kidney could be a promising approach for the assessment of information about microscopic renal tissue structure. Therefore, it might further improve functional renal MR imaging. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10334-020-00895-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bechler
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Stabinska
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Thiel
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jonas Jasse
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Romans Zukovs
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Birte Valentin
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Wittsack
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ljimani
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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22
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Boehm C, Diefenbach MN, Makowski MR, Karampinos DC. Improved body quantitative susceptibility mapping by using a variable-layer single-min-cut graph-cut for field-mapping. Magn Reson Med 2020; 85:1697-1712. [PMID: 33151604 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a robust algorithm for field-mapping in the presence of water-fat components, large B 0 field inhomogeneities and MR signal voids and to apply the developed method in body applications of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). METHODS A framework solving the cost-function of the water-fat separation problem in a single-min-cut graph-cut based on the variable-layer graph construction concept was developed. The developed framework was applied to a numerical phantom enclosing an MR signal void, an air bubble experimental phantom, 14 large field of view (FOV) head/neck region in vivo scans and to 6 lumbar spine in vivo scans. Field-mapping and subsequent QSM results using the proposed algorithm were compared to results using an iterative graph-cut algorithm and a formerly proposed single-min-cut graph-cut. RESULTS The proposed method was shown to yield accurate field-map and susceptibility values in all simulation and in vivo datasets when compared to reference values (simulation) or literature values (in vivo). The proposed method showed improved field-map and susceptibility results compared to iterative graph-cut field-mapping especially in regions with low SNR, strong field-map variations and high R 2 ∗ values. CONCLUSIONS A single-min-cut graph-cut field-mapping method with a variable-layer construction was developed for field-mapping in body water-fat regions, improving quantitative susceptibility mapping particularly in areas close to MR signal voids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Boehm
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian N Diefenbach
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus R Makowski
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dimitrios C Karampinos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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23
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Jang H, von Drygalski A, Wong J, Zhou JY, Aguero P, Lu X, Cheng X, Ball ST, Ma Y, Chang EY, Du J. Ultrashort echo time quantitative susceptibility mapping (UTE-QSM) for detection of hemosiderin deposition in hemophilic arthropathy: A feasibility study. Magn Reson Med 2020; 84:3246-3255. [PMID: 32662904 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of ultrashort echo time quantitative susceptibility mapping (UTE-QSM) for assessment of hemosiderin deposition in the joints of hemophilic patients. METHODS The UTE-QSM technique was based on three sets of dual-echo 3D UTE Cones data acquired with TEs of 0.032/2.8, 0.2/3.6, and 0.4/4.4 ms. The images were processed with iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation to estimate the B0 field map in the presence of fat. Then, the projection onto dipole field (PDF) algorithm was applied to acquire a local field map generated by tissues, followed by application of the morphology-enabled dipole inversion (MEDI) algorithm to estimate a final susceptibility map. Three healthy volunteers and three hemophilic patients were recruited to evaluate the UTE-QSM technique's ability to assess hemosiderin in the knee or ankle joint at 3T. One patient subsequently underwent total knee arthroplasty after the MR scan. The synovial tissues harvested from the knee joint during surgery were processed for histological analysis to confirm iron deposition. RESULTS UTE-QSM successfully yielded tissue susceptibility maps of joints in both volunteers and patients. Multiple regions with high susceptibility over 1 ppm were detected in the affected joints of hemophilic patients, while no localized regions with high susceptibility were detected in asymptomatic healthy volunteers. Histology confirmed the presence of iron in regions where high susceptibility was detected by UTE-QSM. CONCLUSION The UTE-QSM technique can detect hemosiderin deposition in the joint, and provides a potential sensitive biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of hemophilic arthropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungseok Jang
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Annette von Drygalski
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Wong
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jenny Y Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Peter Aguero
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Xing Lu
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Xin Cheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Scott T Ball
- Orthopedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Eric Y Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,Radiology Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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24
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Bechler E, Stabinska J, Wittsack H. Analysis of different phase unwrapping methods to optimize quantitative susceptibility mapping in the abdomen. Magn Reson Med 2019; 82:2077-2089. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bechler
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Julia Stabinska
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Hans‐Jörg Wittsack
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
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25
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Zhang S, Liu Z, Nguyen TD, Yao Y, Gillen KM, Spincemaille P, Kovanlikaya I, Gupta A, Wang Y. Clinical feasibility of brain quantitative susceptibility mapping. Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 60:44-51. [PMID: 30954651 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the quality of brain quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) that is fully automatically reconstructed in clinical MRI of various neurological diseases. METHODS 393 consecutive patients in one month were recruited for this evaluation study. QSM was reconstructed using Morphology Enabled Dipole Inversion without zero reference regularization (MEDI) and using MEDI with cerebrospinal fluid automatic zero-reference regularization to generate susceptibility values (MEDI+0). Two neuroradiologists independently assessed the image quality of MEDI+0 and MEDI and image concordance between them. Lesion susceptibility values were measured in 20 cases of glioma, 21 cases of ischemic stroke and 43 multiple sclerosis (MS) cases on both MEDI+0 and MEDI images. RESULTS The two neuroradiologists rated the MEDI+0 image qualities of the 393 cases as 351 (89.3%) and 362 (92.1%) excellent, 29 (7.4%) and 24 (6.1%) diagnostic, and 13 (3.3%) and 7 (1.8%) poor, and scored the concordances between MEDI+0 and MEDI as 364 (92.6%) and 351 (89.3%) excellent, 13 (3.3%) and 31 (7.9%) good, 14 (3.6%) and 9 (2.3%) intermediate, 2 (0.5%) and 2 (0.5%) poor, and 0 (0%) and 0 (0%) none. There was good correlation between MEDI+0 and MEDI in lesion susceptibility contrast of glioma, ischemic stroke, and MS cases (all p < 0.05). The MS lesion susceptibility time course from this patient cohort was found to be similar to the reported pattern: isointense initially for acute enhancing lesions, and hyperintense over the following years for active chronic lesions. CONCLUSION Brain QSM images of various neurological diseases have reliable diagnostic quality in clinical MRI, with MEDI+0 providing susceptibility values automatically referenced to CSF in longitudinal and cross-center studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Thanh D Nguyen
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yihao Yao
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kelly M Gillen
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Ajay Gupta
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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