1
|
London A, Richter MM, Sjøberg KA, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Považan M, Drici L, Schaufuss A, Madsen L, Øyen J, Madsbad S, Holst JJ, van Hall G, Siebner HR, Richter EA, Kiens B, Lundsgaard A, Bojsen-Møller KN. The impact of short-term eucaloric low- and high-carbohydrate diets on liver triacylglycerol content in males with overweight and obesity: a randomized crossover study. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 120:283-293. [PMID: 38914224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrahepatic triacylglycerol (liver TG) content is associated with hepatic insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Liver TG content can be modulated within days under hypocaloric conditions. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that 4 d of eucaloric low-carbohydrate/high-fat (LC) intake would decrease liver TG content, whereas a high-carbohydrate/low-fat (HC) intake would increase liver TG content, and further that alterations in liver TG would be linked to dynamic changes in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. METHODS A randomized crossover trial in males with 4 d + 4 d of LC and HC, respectively, with ≥2 wk of washout. 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) was used to measure liver TG content, with metabolic testing before and after intake of an LC diet (11E% carbohydrate corresponding to 102 ± 12 {mean ± standard deviation [SD]) g/d, 70E% fat} and an HC diet (65E% carbohydrate corresponding to 537 ± 56 g/d, 16E% fat). Stable [6,6-2H2]-glucose and [1,1,2,3,3-D5]-glycerol tracer infusions combined with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps and indirect calorimetry were used to measure rates of hepatic glucose production and lipolysis, whole-body insulin sensitivity and substrate oxidation. RESULTS Eleven normoglycemic males with overweight or obesity (BMI 31.6 ± 3.7 kg/m2) completed both diets. The LC diet reduced liver TG content by 35.3% (95% confidence interval: -46.6, -24.1) from 4.9% [2.4-11.0] (median interquartile range) to 2.9% [1.4-6.9], whereas there was no change after the HC diet. After the LC diet, fasting whole-body fat oxidation and plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration increased, whereas markers of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) diminished. Fasting plasma TG and insulin concentrations were lowered and the hepatic insulin sensitivity index increased after LC. Peripheral glucose disposal was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Reduced carbohydrate and increased fat intake for 4 d induced a marked reduction in liver TG content and increased hepatic insulin sensitivity. Increased rates of fat oxidation and ketogenesis combined with lower rates of DNL are suggested to be responsible for lowering liver TG. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04581421.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amalie London
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael M Richter
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Anker Sjøberg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michal Považan
- Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance (DRCMR), Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Lylia Drici
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amanda Schaufuss
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Madsen
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Department of Clinical Metabolomics, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance (DRCMR), Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annemarie Lundsgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Nyvold Bojsen-Møller
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lenhart AE, Booth PPM, Simcox KM, Ramos BA, Kennedy RT. Systematic evaluation of benzoylation for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of different analyte classes. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1722:464872. [PMID: 38581975 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
LC-MS is an indispensable tool for small molecule analysis in many fields; however, many small molecules require chemical derivatization to improve retention on commonly used reversed-phase columns and increase ionization. Benzoyl chloride (BzCl) derivatization is commonly used for derivatization of primary and secondary amines and phenolic alcohols, though evidence exists that with proper reaction conditions (i.e., specific bases), other hydroxyl groups may be derivatized too. Previous studies have examined BzCl concentration, reaction times, and reaction temperatures for derivatization of amines and phenols for LC-MS analysis; however, use of different bases, base concentration, and extending to conditions to hydroxyl groups for LC-MS analysis has not been well-studied. To address this understudied area and identify reaction conditions for both amino and hydroxyl groups, we performed a systematic study of reaction conditions on multiple classes of potential targets. For selected derivatization methods, detection limits and performance in a variety of biological matrices were assessed. Results highlight the importance of tailoring derivatization methods for a given application as they varied by molecule and/or molecule class. Compared to the standard BzCl method commonly used, alternative methods were identified to better derivatize challenging analytes (glucosamine, choline, cortisol, uridine, cytidine) with detection limits reaching 1100, 9, 38, 170, and 67 nM compared to undetectable, 170, 86, 1000, and 86 nM respectively. Sub-nanomolar detection limits were achieved for norepinephrine with alternative derivatization approaches. Improved derivatization methods for several classes and molecules including nucleosides, steroids, and molecules containing hydroxyl groups were also identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Lenhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | | | - Kaley M Simcox
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Brianna A Ramos
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Trinh B, Rasmussen Rinnov A, Winning Iepsen U, Winding Munch G, Munch Winding K, Lauridsen C, Gluud LL, van Hall G, Ellingsgaard H. Glucose turnover at whole-body and skeletal muscle level in response to parenteral nutrition in male patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 60:240-246. [PMID: 38479917 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cirrhosis is associated with insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance, which may be caused by impairments at different tissue levels (liver, skeletal muscle, and/or beta cell). METHODS Here, glucose kinetics at whole-body and skeletal muscle level in patients with cirrhosis (Child-Pugh A and B) were studied during parenteral nutrition using the isotope dilution technique and arteriovenous balance approach across the leg. As opposed to the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp or glucose tolerance tests applied in previous studies, this approach provides a nutrient composition more similar to a normal meal while circumventing any possible portal-systemic shunting, impaired hepatic uptake and incretin effect. RESULTS We confirmed the presence of hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance in our patient population. Endogenous glucose production was less suppressed in response to parenteral nutrition. However, glucose uptake in skeletal muscle was increased. CONCLUSION Our results suggests that in our study participants with cirrhosis, the hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance is compensated for by increased insulin secretion and thus, increased glucose uptake in muscle. Hereby, glucose homeostasis is maintained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beckey Trinh
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Denmark.
| | - Anders Rasmussen Rinnov
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Winning Iepsen
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital - Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gregers Winding Munch
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Kamilla Munch Winding
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Carsten Lauridsen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Department of Technology, Copenhagen University College, Denmark
| | - Lise Lotte Gluud
- Gastrounit, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helga Ellingsgaard
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Suppli MP, Høgedal A, Bagger JI, Chabanova E, van Hall G, Forman JL, Christensen MB, Albrechtsen NJW, Holst JJ, Knop FK. Signs of Glucagon Resistance After a 2-Week Hypercaloric Diet Intervention. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:955-967. [PMID: 37967235 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hyperglucagonemia is observed in individuals with obesity and contributes to the hyperglycemia of patients with type 2 diabetes. Hyperglucagonemia may develop due to steatosis-induced hepatic glucagon resistance resulting in impaired hepatic amino acid turnover and ensuing elevations of circulating glucagonotropic amino acids. OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether glucagon resistance could be induced in healthy individuals by a hypercaloric diet intervention designed to increase hepatic fat content. METHODS We recruited 20 healthy male individuals to follow a hypercaloric diet and a sedentary lifestyle for 2 weeks. Amino acid concentrations in response to infusion of glucagon were assessed during a pancreatic clamp with somatostatin and basal insulin. The reversibility of any metabolic changes was assessed 8 weeks after the intervention. Hepatic steatosis was assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS The intervention led to increased hepatic fat content (382% [206%; 705%], P < .01). Glucagon infusion led to a decrease in the concentration of total amino acids on all experimental days, but the percentage change in total amino acids was reduced (-2.5% ± 0.5% vs -0.2% ± 0.7%, P = .015) and the average slope of the decline in the total amino acid concentration was less steep (-2.0 ± 1.2 vs -1.2 ± 0.3 μM/min, P = .016) after the intervention compared to baseline. The changes were normalized at follow-up. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that short-term unhealthy behavior, which increases hepatic fat content, causes a reversible resistance to the effect of glucagon on amino acid concentrations in healthy individuals, which may explain the hyperglucagonemia associated with obesity and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Palm Suppli
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Astrid Høgedal
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jonatan Ising Bagger
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Elizaveta Chabanova
- Department of Radiology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Lyng Forman
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, DK-1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Bring Christensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Jacob Wewer Albrechtsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip Krag Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Baekdal M, Nielsen SW, Hansen CP, Storkholm JH, van Hall G, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Lund A, Knop FK. Empagliflozin Normalizes Fasting Hyperglycemia and Improves Postprandial Glucose Tolerance in Totally Pancreatectomized Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study. Diabetes Care 2024; 47:71-80. [PMID: 37703527 DOI: 10.2337/dc23-0645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin remains the only glucose-lowering treatment modality recommended for totally pancreatectomized patients. We investigated the effects of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor empagliflozin on fasting and postprandial glucose concentrations in pancreatectomized patients and matched healthy control participants. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 10 pancreatectomized patients and 10 matched control participants underwent two 3-h liquid mixed meal tests preceded by two doses of 25 mg empagliflozin (administered the night before and in the morning of the meal test) or placebo, respectively. Basal insulin was administered as usual, but bolus insulin was omitted before the meal test during experimental days. RESULTS Compared with placebo, empagliflozin lowered fasting plasma glucose (5.0 ± 0.4 vs. 7.9 ± 0.9 mmol/L [mean ± SEM], P = 0.007) and postprandial plasma glucose excursions as assessed by baseline-subtracted area under the curve (1,080 [733; 1,231] vs. 1,169 [1,036; 1,417] pmol/L × min [median (25th and 75th percentiles)], P = 0.014) in the pancreatectomized patients. In the control participants, empagliflozin lowered fasting plasma glucose compared with placebo (5.1 ± 0.1 vs. 5.5 ± 0.1 mmol/L, P = 0.008) without affecting postprandial glucose excursions significantly. The pancreatomy group exhibited greater postprandial glucagon excursions compared with the control group on both experimental days (P ≤ 0.015); no within-group differences between days were observed. CONCLUSIONS Empagliflozin administered the day before and immediately before a standardized liquid mixed meal test normalized fasting hyperglycemia and improved postprandial glucose tolerance in pancreatectomized patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mille Baekdal
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sophie W Nielsen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Carsten P Hansen
- Department of Surgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan H Storkholm
- Department of Surgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Asger Lund
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Surgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fiedorova K, Augustynek M, Kubicek J, Kudrna P, Bibbo D. Review of present method of glucose from human blood and body fluids assessment. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 211:114348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
7
|
Freckmann G, Baumstark A, Hinzmann R, Haug C, Pleus S. Comment on "Do We Need the Replacement of YSI 2300? A View from the Clinical Laboratory" by Spanou and Makris. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2022; 16:790-791. [PMID: 34056934 PMCID: PMC9294579 DOI: 10.1177/19322968211014215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Freckmann
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie,
Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Annette Baumstark
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie,
Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Cornelia Haug
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie,
Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Pleus
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie,
Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Stefan Pleus, MSc, Institut für
Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm,
Lise-Meitner-Straße 8/2, Ulm, D-89081, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wakinaka T, Matsutani M, Watanabe J, Mogi Y, Tokuoka M, Ohnishi A. Ribitol-Containing Wall Teichoic Acid of Tetragenococcus halophilus Is Targeted by Bacteriophage phiWJ7 as a Binding Receptor. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0033622. [PMID: 35311554 PMCID: PMC9045211 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00336-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetragenococcus halophilus, a halophilic lactic acid bacterium, is used in the fermentation process of soy sauce manufacturing. For many years, bacteriophage infections of T. halophilus have been a major industrial problem that causes fermentation failure. However, studies focusing on the mechanisms of tetragenococcal host-phage interactions are not sufficient. In this study, we generated two phage-insensitive derivatives from the parental strain T. halophilus WJ7, which is susceptible to the virulent phage phiWJ7. Whole-genome sequencing of the derivatives revealed that insertion sequences were transposed into a gene encoding poly(ribitol phosphate) polymerase (TarL) in both derivatives. TarL is responsible for the biosynthesis of ribitol-containing wall teichoic acid, and WJ7 was confirmed to contain ribitol in extracted wall teichoic acid, but the derivative was not. Cell walls of WJ7 irreversibly adsorbed phiWJ7, but those of the phage-insensitive derivatives did not. Additionally, 25 phiWJ7-insensitive derivatives were obtained, and they showed mutations not only in tarL but also in tarI and tarJ, which are responsible for the synthesis of CDP-ribitol. These results indicate that phiWJ7 targets the ribitol-containing wall teichoic acid of host cells as a binding receptor. IMPORTANCE Information about the mechanisms of host-phage interactions is required for the development of efficient strategies against bacteriophage infections. Here, we identified the ribitol-containing wall teichoic acid as a host receptor indispensable for bacteriophage infection. The complete genome sequence of tetragenococcal phage phiWJ7 belonging to the family Rountreeviridae is also provided here. This study could become the foundation for a better understanding of host-phage interactions of tetragenococci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Watanabe
- Manufacturing Division, Yamasa Corporation, Choshi, Japan
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Japan
- Institute of Fermentation Sciences, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Mogi
- Manufacturing Division, Yamasa Corporation, Choshi, Japan
| | - Masafumi Tokuoka
- Department of Fermentation Science, Faculty of Applied Bio-Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ohnishi
- Department of Fermentation Science, Faculty of Applied Bio-Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Brøns C, Thuesen ACB, Elingaard-Larsen LO, Justesen L, Jensen RT, Henriksen NS, Juel HB, Størling J, Ried-Larsen M, Sparks LM, van Hall G, Danielsen ER, Hansen T, Vaag A. Increased liver fat associates with severe metabolic perturbations in low birth weight men. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 186:511-521. [PMID: 35212643 DOI: 10.1530/eje-21-1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ectopic liver fat deposition, resulting from impaired subcutaneous adipose tissue expandability, may represent an age-dependent key feature linking low birth weight (LBW) with increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We examined whether presumably healthy early middle-aged, non-obese LBW subjects exhibit increased liver fat content, whether increased liver fat in LBW is associated with the severity of dysmetabolic traits and finally whether such associations may be confounded by genetic factors. METHODS Using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we measured hepatic fat content in 26 early middle-aged, non-obese LBW and 22 BMI-matched normal birth weight (NBW) males. Endogenous glucose production was measured by stable isotopes, and a range of plasma adipokine and gut hormone analytes were measured by multiplex ELISA. Genetic risk scores were calculated from genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for birth weight, height, T2D, plasma cholesterol and risk genotypes for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). RESULTS The LBW subjects had significantly increased hepatic fat content compared with NBW controls (P= 0.014), and 20% of LBW vs no controls had overt NAFLD. LBW subjects with NAFLD displayed widespread metabolic changes compared with NBW and LBW individuals without NAFLD, including hepatic insulin resistance, plasma adipokine and gut hormone perturbations as well as dyslipidemia. As an exception, plasma adiponectin levels were lower in LBW subjects both with and without NAFLD as compared to NBW controls. Genetic risk for selected differential traits did not differ between groups. CONCLUSION Increased liver fat content including overt NAFLD may be on the critical path linking LBW with increased risk of developing T2D in a non-genetic manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Brøns
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Cathrine Baun Thuesen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Rasmus Tanderup Jensen
- Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Helene Bæk Juel
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joachim Størling
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathias Ried-Larsen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lauren M Sparks
- Translational Research Institute, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Vaag
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Heimburger SMN, Nielsen CN, Calanna S, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK, Christensen MB. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide induces lipolysis during stable basal insulin substitution and hyperglycaemia in men with type 1 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:142-147. [PMID: 34490741 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) plays an important role in the glucose and lipid metabolism. We investigated the effects of exogenous GIP on lipid metabolism during time of stable insulin levels. Ten male patients with type 1 diabetes without endogenous insulin secretion (C-peptide-negative, mean [±SD] age 26 ± 4years, body mass index 24 [±2] kg/m2 , glycated haemoglobin 56 [±8] mmol/mol or 7.3 [±0.8]%) were studied in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study with continuous intravenous infusions of GIP (4 pmol/kg/min) or placebo (saline), during two separate 90-minute hyperglycaemic (12 mmol/L) clamps with basal insulin substitution (0.1-0.2 mU/kg/min). Plasma glycerol concentrations increased from baseline during GIP infusion and decreased during placebo infusion (baseline-subtracted area under the curve [bsAUC] 703 ± 407 vs. -262 ± 240 μmol/L × min, respectively; P < 0.001). Free fatty acids (FFAs) increased during GIP infusions (bsAUC 5505 ± 2170 μEq/L × min) and remained unchanged during placebo infusion (bsAUC -74 ± 2363 μEq/L × min), resulting in a significant difference between GIP and placebo infusions (P < 0.001). Plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon were similar during GIP and placebo infusions. GIP increased plasma glycerol and FFAs in patients with type 1 diabetes during hyperglycaemia and stable basal insulin levels. This supports a direct lipolytic effect of GIP at high glucose and low levels of plasma insulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M N Heimburger
- Centre for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Centre Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Zealand Pharma, Zealand Pharma A/S, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Chris N Nielsen
- Centre for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | | | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Centre for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Centre Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Centre for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Centre Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel B Christensen
- Centre for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Centre for Translational Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Veedfald S, Rehfeld JF, van Hall G, Svendsen LB, Holst JJ. Entero-Pancreatic Hormone Secretion, Gastric Emptying, and Glucose Absorption After Frequently Sampled Meal Tests. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e188-e204. [PMID: 34479362 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Entero-pancreatic hormone secretion has been reported during the pre-absorptive cephalic and gastric meal phases, but never with a blood sampling frequency providing a temporal resolution that allows close scrutiny and correlations with gastric emptying and glucose absorption. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that entero-pancreatic hormone secretion after nutrient ingestion would be rapid and correlate with gastric emptying and glucose absorption. METHODS During 2 visits in a clinical research facility, 10 healthy young men ingested a 75-g glucose drink (OG) and a liquid mixed meal (LMM) (t = 0-2 minutes) on separate days. Acetaminophen and 3-O-methyl-D-glucopyranose (3-OMG) were added to the drinks to evaluate gastric emptying and glucose absorption, respectively. Arterialized venous blood was sampled (t = -30, -20, -18, -16, -14, -12, -10, -8, -6, -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 30 minutes). Plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), 3-OMG, and glucose were measured, as were serum insulin, C-peptide, and acetaminophen. RESULTS Acetaminophen increased 8 minutes after OG (P < 0.001) and LMM (P < 0.05); 3-OMG, 8 minutes after LMM (P < 0.0001), 10 minutes after OG (P = 0.04); PP, 4 minutes after LMM (P < 0.03); gastrin, 6 minutes after LMM (P < 0.003) and OG (P < 0.003); CCK, 6 minutes after LMM (P = 0.0001); GIP, 8 minutes after OG (P < 0.05) and LMM (P < 0.03); glucose, 8 minutes after OG (P < 0.001); 12 minutes after LMM (P < 0.02); GLP-1, 12 minutes after OG (P < 0.01), 10 minutes after LMM (P < 0.01); insulin, 12 minutes after LMM (P = 0.02) and OG (P = 0.002); C-peptide, 12 minutes after OG (P = 0.002) and LMM (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION Early postprandial hormone responses show characteristic differences with regard to timing and amplitude but also great individual differences. This should be considered when interpreting mean responses and designing study protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Veedfald
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Clinical Metabolic Core Facility, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars B Svendsen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Blocking endogenous IL-6 impairs mobilization of free fatty acids during rest and exercise in lean and obese men. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2021; 2:100396. [PMID: 34622233 PMCID: PMC8484687 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lack of interleukin-6 (IL-6) leads to expansion of adipose tissue mass in rodents and humans. The exact underlying mechanisms have not been identified. In this placebo-controlled, non-randomized, participant-blinded crossover study, we use the IL-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab to investigate the role of endogenous IL-6 in regulating systemic energy metabolism at rest and during exercise and recovery in lean and obese men using tracer dilution methodology. Tocilizumab reduces fatty acid appearance in the circulation under all conditions in lean and obese individuals, whereas lipolysis (the rate of glycerol appearance into the circulation) is mostly unaffected. The fact that fatty acid oxidation is unaffected by IL-6 receptor blockade suggests increased re-esterification of fatty acids. Glucose kinetics are unaffected. We find that blocking endogenous IL-6 signaling with tocilizumab impairs fat mobilization, which may contribute to expansion of adipose tissue mass and, thus, affect the health of individuals undergoing anti-IL-6 therapy (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03967691).
Collapse
|
13
|
Pilmark NS, Lyngbæk M, Oberholzer L, Elkjær I, Petersen-Bønding C, Kofoed K, Siebenmann C, Kellenberger K, van Hall G, Abildgaard J, Ellingsgaard H, Lauridsen C, Ried-Larsen M, Pedersen BK, Hansen KB, Karstoft K. The interaction between metformin and physical activity on postprandial glucose and glucose kinetics: a randomised, clinical trial. Diabetologia 2021; 64:397-409. [PMID: 32979074 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this parallel-group, double-blinded (study personnel and participants), randomised clinical trial was to assess the interaction between metformin and exercise training on postprandial glucose in glucose-intolerant individuals. METHODS Glucose-intolerant (2 h OGTT glucose of 7.8-11.0 mmol/l and/or HbA1c of 39-47 mmol/mol [5.7-6.5%] or glucose-lowering-medication naive type 2 diabetes), overweight/obese (BMI 25-42 kg/m2) individuals were randomly allocated to a placebo study group (PLA, n = 15) or a metformin study group (MET, n = 14), and underwent 3 experimental days: BASELINE (before randomisation), MEDICATION (after 3 weeks of metformin [2 g/day] or placebo treatment) and TRAINING (after 12 weeks of exercise training in combination with metformin/placebo treatment). Training consisted of supervised bicycle interval sessions with a mean intensity of 64% of Wattmax for 45 min, 4 times/week. The primary outcome was postprandial glucose (mean glucose concentration) during a mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT), which was assessed on each experimental day. For within-group differences, a group × time interaction was assessed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Between-group changes of the outcomes at different timepoints were compared using unpaired two-tailed Student's t tests. RESULTS Postprandial glucose improved from BASELINE to TRAINING in both the PLA group and the MET group (∆PLA: -0.7 [95% CI -1.4, 0.0] mmol/l, p = 0.05 and ∆MET: -0.7 [-1.5, -0.0] mmol/l, p = 0.03), with no between-group difference (p = 0.92). In PLA, the entire reduction was seen from MEDICATION to TRAINING (-0.8 [-1.3, -0.1] mmol/l, p = 0.01). Conversely, in MET, the entire reduction was observed from BASELINE to MEDICATION (-0.9 [-1.6, -0.2] mmol/l, p = 0.01). The reductions in mean glucose concentration during the MMTT from BASELINE to TRAINING were dependent on differential time effects: in the PLA group, a decrease was observed at timepoint (t) = 120 min (p = 0.009), whereas in the MET group, a reduction occurred at t = 30 min (p < 0.001). V̇O2peak increased 15% (4.6 [3.3, 5.9] ml kg-1 min-1, p < 0.0001) from MEDICATION to TRAINING and body weight decreased (-4.0 [-5.2, -2.7] kg, p < 0.0001) from BASELINE to TRAINING, with no between-group differences (p = 0.7 and p = 0.5, respectively). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Metformin plus exercise training was not superior to exercise training alone in improving postprandial glucose. The differential time effects during the MMTT suggest an interaction between the two modalities. FUNDING The Beckett foundation, A.P Møller Foundation, DDA, the Research Foundation of Rigshospitalet and Trygfonden. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03316690). Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanna S Pilmark
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark Lyngbæk
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura Oberholzer
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Elkjær
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Petersen-Bønding
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katja Kofoed
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoph Siebenmann
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Katja Kellenberger
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sports, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Abildgaard
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helga Ellingsgaard
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Lauridsen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen University College, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Mathias Ried-Larsen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente K Pedersen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kristian Karstoft
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hædersdal S, Lund A, Nielsen-Hannerup E, Maagensen H, van Hall G, Holst JJ, Knop FK, Vilsbøll T. The Role of Glucagon in the Acute Therapeutic Effects of SGLT2 Inhibition. Diabetes 2020; 69:2619-2629. [PMID: 33004472 PMCID: PMC7679772 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) effectively lower plasma glucose (PG) concentration in patients with type 2 diabetes, but studies have suggested that circulating glucagon concentrations and endogenous glucose production (EGP) are increased by SGLT2i, possibly compromising their glucose-lowering ability. To tease out whether and how glucagon may influence the glucose-lowering effect of SGLT2 inhibition, we subjected 12 patients with type 2 diabetes to a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, crossover, double-dummy study comprising, on 4 separate days, a liquid mixed-meal test preceded by single-dose administration of either 1) placebo, 2) the SGLT2i empagliflozin (25 mg), 3) the glucagon receptor antagonist LY2409021 (300 mg), or 4) the combination empagliflozin + LY2409021. Empagliflozin and LY2409021 individually lowered fasting PG compared with placebo, and the combination further decreased fasting PG. Previous findings of increased glucagon concentrations and EGP during acute administration of SGLT2i were not replicated in this study. Empagliflozin reduced postprandial PG through increased urinary glucose excretion. LY2409021 reduced EGP significantly but gave rise to a paradoxical increase in postprandial PG excursion, which was annulled by empagliflozin during their combination (empagliflozin + LY2409021). In conclusion, our findings do not support that an SGLT2i-induced glucagonotropic effect is of importance for the glucose-lowering property of SGLT2 inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Hædersdal
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Asger Lund
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik Maagensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hansen SL, Bojsen-Møller KN, Lundsgaard AM, Hendrich FL, Nilas L, Sjøberg KA, Hingst JR, Serup AK, Olguín CH, Carl CS, Wernblad LF, Henneberg M, Lustrup KM, Hansen C, Jensen TE, Madsbad S, Wojtaszewski JFP, Richter EA, Kiens B. Mechanisms Underlying Absent Training-Induced Improvement in Insulin Action in Lean, Hyperandrogenic Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Diabetes 2020; 69:2267-2280. [PMID: 32873590 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have been shown to be less insulin sensitive compared with control (CON) women, independent of BMI. Training is associated with molecular adaptations in skeletal muscle, improving glucose uptake and metabolism in both healthy individuals and patients with type 2 diabetes. In the current study, lean hyperandrogenic women with PCOS (n = 9) and healthy CON women (n = 9) completed 14 weeks of controlled and supervised exercise training. In CON, the training intervention increased whole-body insulin action by 26% and insulin-stimulated leg glucose uptake by 53% together with increased insulin-stimulated leg blood flow and a more oxidative muscle fiber type distribution. In PCOS, no such changes were found, despite similar training intensity and improvements in VO2max In skeletal muscle of CON but not PCOS, training increased GLUT4 and HKII mRNA and protein expressions. These data suggest that the impaired increase in whole-body insulin action in women with PCOS with training is caused by an impaired ability to upregulate key glucose-handling proteins for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and insulin-stimulated leg blood flow. Still, other important benefits of exercise training appeared in women with PCOS, including an improvement of the hyperandrogenic state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solvejg L Hansen
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Anne-Marie Lundsgaard
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederikke L Hendrich
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Nilas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Kim A Sjøberg
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janne R Hingst
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annette K Serup
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carlos Henríquez Olguín
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian S Carl
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise F Wernblad
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Henneberg
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katja M Lustrup
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Hansen
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas E Jensen
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Juel CTB, Lund A, Andersen MM, Hansen CP, Storkholm JH, Rehfeld JF, van Hall G, Hartmann B, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. The GLP-1 receptor agonist lixisenatide reduces postprandial glucose in patients with diabetes secondary to total pancreatectomy: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded crossover trial. Diabetologia 2020; 63:1285-1298. [PMID: 32394228 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Treatment of diabetes secondary to total pancreatectomy remains a challenge and insulin constitutes the only glucose-lowering treatment for these patients. We hypothesised that the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist lixisenatide would improve postprandial glucose tolerance in totally pancreatectomised patients. METHODS In a double-blinded, randomised, crossover study, 12 totally pancreatectomised individuals (age: 65.0 ± 9.5 mean±SD years; BMI: 22.9 ± 3.9 kg/m2) and 12 healthy control individuals (age 66.1 ± 7.6 years; BMI: 24.0 ± 2.9 kg/m2) underwent two 3 h liquid mixed-meal tests (with paracetamol for assessment of gastric emptying) after single-dose injection of 20 μg of lixisenatide or placebo. Basal insulin was given the night before each experimental day; no insulin was given during study days. RESULTS Compared with placebo, lixisenatide reduced postprandial plasma glucose excursions in the pancreatectomy group (baseline-subtracted AUC [bsAUC] [mean±SEM]: 548 ± 125 vs 1447 ± 95 mmol/l × min, p < 0.001) and in the control group (-126 ± 12 vs 222 ± 51 mmol/l × min, p < 0.001). In the pancreatectomy group a mean peak glucose concentration of 23.3 ± 1.0 mmol/l was reached at time point 134 ± 11 min with placebo, compared with a mean peak glucose concentration of 18 ± 1.4 mmol/l (p = 0.008) at time point 148 ± 13 min (p = 0.375) with lixisenatide. In the control group a mean peak concentration of 8.2 ± 0.4 mmol/l was reached at time point 70 ± 13 min with placebo, compared with a mean peak concentration of 5.5 ± 0.1 mmol/l (p < 0.001) at time point 8 ± 25 min (p = 0.054) with lixisenatide. Lixisenatide also reduced gastric emptying and postprandial glucagon responses in the pancreatectomy group (66 ± 84 vs 1190 ± 311 pmol/l × min, p = 0.008) and in the control group (141 ± 100 vs 190 ± 100 pmol/l × min, p = 0.034). In the pancreatectomy group, C-peptide was undetectable in plasma. In the control group, postprandial plasma C-peptide responses were reduced with lixisenatide (18 ± 17 vs 189 ± 31 nmol/l × min, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The GLP-1 receptor agonist lixisenatide reduces postprandial plasma glucose excursions in totally pancreatectomised patients. The mode of action seems to involve deceleration of gastric emptying and reduced postprandial responses of gut-derived glucagon. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02640118. FUNDING This study was funded by an unrestricted investigator-initiated study grant from Sanofi. Support was also received from from the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, the A.P. Møller Foundation for the Advancement of Medical Science and the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline T B Juel
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 7, 3rd floor, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Asger Lund
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 7, 3rd floor, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Maria M Andersen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 7, 3rd floor, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Carsten P Hansen
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan H Storkholm
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 7, 3rd floor, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 7, 3rd floor, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Suppli MP, Bagger JI, Lund A, Demant M, van Hall G, Strandberg C, Kønig MJ, Rigbolt K, Langhoff JL, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. Glucagon Resistance at the Level of Amino Acid Turnover in Obese Subjects With Hepatic Steatosis. Diabetes 2020; 69:1090-1099. [PMID: 31974144 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon secretion is regulated by circulating glucose, but it has turned out that amino acids also play an important role and that hepatic amino acid metabolism and glucagon are linked in a mutual feedback cycle, the liver-α-cell axis. On the basis of this knowledge, we hypothesized that hepatic steatosis might impair glucagon's action on hepatic amino acid metabolism and lead to hyperaminoacidemia and hyperglucagonemia. We subjected 15 healthy lean and 15 obese steatotic male participants to a pancreatic clamp with somatostatin and evaluated hepatic glucose and amino acid metabolism when glucagon was at basal levels and at high physiological levels. The degree of steatosis was evaluated from liver biopsy specimens. Total RNA sequencing of liver biopsy specimens from the obese steatotic individuals revealed perturbations in the expression of genes predominantly involved in amino acid metabolism. This group was characterized by fasting hyperglucagonemia, hyperaminoacidemia, and no lowering of amino acid levels in response to high levels of glucagon. Endogenous glucose production was similar between lean and obese individuals. Our results suggest that hepatic steatosis causes resistance to the effect of glucagon on amino acid metabolism. This results in increased amino acid concentrations and increased glucagon secretion, providing a likely explanation for fatty liver-associated hyperglucagonemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malte P Suppli
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jonatan I Bagger
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Asger Lund
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Mia Demant
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Strandberg
- Department of Radiology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Merete J Kønig
- Department of Radiology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | | | - Jill L Langhoff
- Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Martinussen C, Veedfald S, Dirksen C, Bojsen-Møller KN, Svane MS, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, van Hall G, Kristiansen VB, Fenger M, Holst JJ, Madsbad S. The effect of acute dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibition on incretin release and glucose metabolism after gastric bypass surgery. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E956-E964. [PMID: 32182123 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00023.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced meal-related enteroendocrine secretion, particularly of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), contributes to weight-loss and improved glycemia after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Dietary glucose drives GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) secretion postoperatively. Understanding how glucose triggers incretin secretion following RYGB could lead to new treatments of diabetes and obesity. In vitro, incretin release depends on glucose absorption via sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1). We investigated the importance of SGLT1/SGLT2 for enteropancreatic hormone concentrations and glucose metabolism after RYGB in a randomized, controlled, crossover study. Ten RYGB-operated patients ingested 50 g of oral glucose with and without acute pretreatment with 600 mg of the SGLT1/SGLT2-inhibitor canagliflozin. Paracetamol and 3-O-methyl-d-glucopyranose (3-OMG) were added to the glucose drink to evaluate rates of intestinal entry and absorption of glucose, respectively. Blood samples were collected for 4 h. The primary outcome was 4-h plasma GLP-1 (incremental area-under the curve, iAUC). Secondary outcomes included glucose, GIP, insulin, and glucagon. Canagliflozin delayed glucose absorption (time-to-peak 3-OMG: 50 vs. 132 min, P < 0.01) but did not reduce iAUC GLP-1 (6,067 vs. 7,273·min·pmol-1·L-1, P = 0.23), although peak GLP-1 concentrations were lowered (-28%, P = 0.03). Canagliflozin reduced GIP (iAUC -28%, P = 0.01; peak concentrations -57%, P < 0.01), insulin, and glucose excursions, whereas plasma glucagon (AUC 3,216 vs. 4,160 min·pmol·L-1, P = 0.02) and amino acids were increased. In conclusion, acute SGLT1/SGLT2-inhibition during glucose ingestion did not reduce 4-h plasma GLP-1 responses in RYGB-patients but attenuated the early rise in GLP-1, GIP, and insulin, whereas late glucagon concentrations were increased. The results suggest that SGLT1-mediated glucose absorption contributes to incretin hormone secretion after RYGB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Martinussen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Veedfald
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Dirksen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine N Bojsen-Møller
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria S Svane
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Viggo B Kristiansen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Mogens Fenger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Storgaard JH, Madsen KL, Løkken N, Vissing J, van Hall G, Lund AM, Ørngreen MC. Impaired lipolysis in propionic acidemia: A new metabolic myopathy? JIMD Rep 2020; 53:16-21. [PMID: 32395405 PMCID: PMC7203654 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the fat and carbohydrate metabolism in a patient with propionic acidemia (PA) during exercise by means of indirect calorimetry and stable isotope technique. A 34-year-old patient with PA performed a 30-minute submaximal cycle ergometer test. Data were compared to results from six gender- and age-matched healthy controls. Main findings are that the patient with PA had impaired lipolysis, blunted fatty acid oxidation, compensatory increase in carbohydrate utilization, and low work capacity. Our findings indicate that PA should be added to the list of metabolic myopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper H. Storgaard
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, RigshospitaletCopenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Karen L. Madsen
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, RigshospitaletCopenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Nicoline Løkken
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, RigshospitaletCopenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| | - John Vissing
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, RigshospitaletCopenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Department of Biomedical SciencesRigshospitalet, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Allan M. Lund
- Department of Clinical GeneticsCentre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineCentre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Mette C. Ørngreen
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, RigshospitaletCopenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Clinical GeneticsCentre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineCentre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Steenberg DE, Hingst JR, Birk JB, Thorup A, Kristensen JM, Sjøberg KA, Kiens B, Richter EA, Wojtaszewski JFP. A Single Bout of One-Legged Exercise to Local Exhaustion Decreases Insulin Action in Nonexercised Muscle Leading to Decreased Whole-Body Insulin Action. Diabetes 2020; 69:578-590. [PMID: 31974138 DOI: 10.2337/db19-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A single bout of exercise enhances insulin action in the exercised muscle. However, not all human studies find that this translates into increased whole-body insulin action, suggesting that insulin action in rested muscle or other organs may be decreased by exercise. To investigate this, eight healthy men underwent a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp on 2 separate days: one day with prior one-legged knee-extensor exercise to local exhaustion (∼2.5 h) and another day without exercise. Whole-body glucose disposal was ∼18% lower on the exercise day as compared with the resting day due to decreased (∼37%) insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the nonexercised muscle. Insulin signaling at the level of Akt2 was impaired in the nonexercised muscle on the exercise day, suggesting that decreased insulin action in nonexercised muscle may reduce GLUT4 translocation in response to insulin. Thus, the effect of a single bout of exercise on whole-body insulin action depends on the balance between local effects increasing and systemic effects decreasing insulin action. Physiologically, this mechanism may serve to direct glucose into the muscles in need of glycogen replenishment. For insulin-treated patients, this complex relationship may explain the difficulties in predicting the adequate insulin dose for maintaining glucose homeostasis following physical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorte E Steenberg
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janne R Hingst
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper B Birk
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Thorup
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas M Kristensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim A Sjøberg
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liang D, Gao Y, Zheng S, Li G, Wu D, Shen Y. Simultaneous Determination of Propylene Glycol, Glycerol and Lactic Acid in Rat Plasma and Serum by Gas Chromatography–mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
22
|
Parry SA, Turner MC, Woods RM, James LJ, Ferguson RA, Cocks M, Whytock KL, Strauss JA, Shepherd SO, Wagenmakers AJM, van Hall G, Hulston CJ. High-Fat Overfeeding Impairs Peripheral Glucose Metabolism and Muscle Microvascular eNOS Ser1177 Phosphorylation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5568321. [PMID: 31513265 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The mechanisms responsible for dietary fat-induced insulin resistance of skeletal muscle and its microvasculature are only partially understood. OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of high-fat overfeeding on postprandial glucose fluxes, muscle insulin signaling, and muscle microvascular endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) content and activation. DESIGN Fifteen non-obese volunteers consumed a high-fat (64%) high-energy (+47%) diet for 7 days. Experiments were performed before and after the diet. Stable isotope tracers were used to determine glucose fluxes in response to carbohydrate plus protein ingestion. Muscle insulin signaling was determined as well as the content and activation state of muscle microvascular eNOS. RESULTS High-fat overfeeding impaired postprandial glycemic control as demonstrated by higher concentrations of glucose (+11%; P = 0.004) and insulin (+19%; P = 0.035). Carbohydrate plus protein ingestion suppressed endogenous glucose production to a similar extent before and after the diet. Conversely, high-fat overfeeding reduced whole-body glucose clearance (-16%; P = 0.021) and peripheral insulin sensitivity (-26%; P = 0.006). This occurred despite only minor alterations in skeletal muscle insulin signaling. High-fat overfeeding reduced eNOS content in terminal arterioles (P = 0.017) and abolished the increase in eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation that was seen after carbohydrate plus protein ingestion. CONCLUSION High-fat overfeeding impaired whole-body glycemic control due to reduced glucose clearance, not elevated endogenous glucose production. The finding that high-fat overfeeding abolished insulin-mediated eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation in the terminal arterioles suggests that impairments in the vasodilatory capacity of the skeletal muscle microvasculature may contribute to early dietary fat-induced impairments in glycemic control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siôn A Parry
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Mark C Turner
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Infirmary Square, Leicester, UK
| | - Rachel M Woods
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Lewis J James
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Richard A Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Matthew Cocks
- School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Katie L Whytock
- School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Juliette A Strauss
- School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sam O Shepherd
- School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anton J M Wagenmakers
- School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carl J Hulston
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jørgensen MB, Idorn T, Rydahl C, Hansen HP, Bressendorff I, Brandi L, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, van Hall G, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Knop FK, Hornum M, Feldt-Rasmussen B. Effect of the Incretin Hormones on the Endocrine Pancreas in End-Stage Renal Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5586894. [PMID: 31608934 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The insulin-stimulating and glucagon-regulating effects of the 2 incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), contribute to maintain normal glucose homeostasis. Impaired glucose tolerance occurs with high prevalence among patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of the incretin hormones on endocrine pancreatic function in patients with ESRD. DESIGN AND SETTING Twelve ESRD patients on chronic hemodialysis and 12 matched healthy controls, all with normal oral glucose tolerance test, were included. On 3 separate days, a 2-hour euglycemic clamp followed by a 2-hour hyperglycemic clamp (3 mM above fasting level) was performed with concomitant infusion of GLP-1 (1 pmol/kg/min), GIP (2 pmol/kg/min), or saline administered in a randomized, double-blinded fashion. A 30% lower infusion rate was used in the ESRD group to obtain comparable incretin hormone plasma levels. RESULTS During clamps, comparable plasma glucose and intact incretin hormone concentrations were achieved. The effect of GLP-1 to increase insulin concentrations relative to placebo levels tended to be lower during euglycemia in ESRD and was significantly reduced during hyperglycemia (50 [8-72]%, P = 0.03). Similarly, the effect of GIP relative to placebo levels tended to be lower during euglycemia in ESRD and was significantly reduced during hyperglycemia (34 [13-50]%, P = 0.005). Glucagon was suppressed in both groups, with controls reaching lower concentrations than ESRD patients. CONCLUSIONS The effect of incretin hormones to increase insulin release is reduced in ESRD, which, together with elevated glucagon levels, could contribute to the high prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among ESRD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morten B Jørgensen
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Idorn
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Casper Rydahl
- Department of Nephrology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Henrik P Hansen
- Department of Nephrology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Iain Bressendorff
- Department of Cardiology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Lisbet Brandi
- Department of Cardiology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød, Denmark
| | | | - Gerrit van Hall
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Mads Hornum
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Feldt-Rasmussen
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Svane MS, Bojsen-Møller KN, Martinussen C, Dirksen C, Madsen JL, Reitelseder S, Holm L, Rehfeld JF, Kristiansen VB, van Hall G, Holst JJ, Madsbad S. Postprandial Nutrient Handling and Gastrointestinal Hormone Secretion After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass vs Sleeve Gastrectomy. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:1627-1641.e1. [PMID: 30742833 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.01.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) induce substantial weight loss and improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes, but it is not clear whether these occur via the same mechanisms. We compared absorption rates of glucose and protein, as well as profiles of gastro-entero-pancreatic hormones, in patients who had undergone SG or RYGB vs controls. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study of 12 patients who had undergone sleeve gastrectomy, 12 patients who had undergone RYGB, and 12 individuals who had undergone neither surgery (controls), all in Denmark. Study participants were matched for body mass index, age, sex, and postoperative weight loss, and all had stable weights. They received continuous infusions of stable isotopes of glucose, glycerol, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and urea before and during a mixed meal containing labeled glucose and intrinsically phenylalanine-labeled caseinate. Blood samples were collected for 6 hours, at 10- to 60-minute intervals, and analyzed. RESULTS The systemic appearance of ingested glucose was faster after RYGB and SG vs controls; the peak glucose appearance rate was 64% higher after RYGB, and 23% higher after SG (both P < .05); the peak phenylalanine appearance rate from ingested casein was 118% higher after RYGB (P < .01), but similar between patients who had undergone SG and controls. Larger, but more transient increases in levels of plasma glucose and amino acids were accompanied by higher secretion of insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1, peptide YY, and cholecystokinin after RYGB, whereas levels of ghrelin were lower after SG, compared with RYGB and controls. Total 6-hour oral recovery of ingested glucose and protein was comparable among groups. CONCLUSIONS Postprandial glucose and protein absorption and gastro-entero-pancreatic hormone secretions differ after SG and RYGB. RYGB was characterized by accelerated absorption of glucose and amino acids, whereas protein metabolism after SG did not differ significantly from controls, suggesting that different mechanisms explain improved glycemic control and weight loss after these surgical procedures. ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03046186.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Svane
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine N Bojsen-Møller
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Martinussen
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Dirksen
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan L Madsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre for Functional Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Søren Reitelseder
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Holm
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Viggo B Kristiansen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Plomgaard P, Hansen JS, Ingerslev B, Clemmesen JO, Secher NH, van Hall G, Fritsche A, Weigert C, Lehmann R, Häring HU, Heni M. Nasal insulin administration does not affect hepatic glucose production at systemic fasting insulin levels. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:993-1000. [PMID: 30552787 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the effects of brain insulin on endogenous glucose production in fasting humans, with a focus on hepatic glucose release by performing a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded, crossover experiment. MATERIALS AND METHODS On two separate days, 2 H2 -glucose was infused to nine healthy lean men, and blood was sampled from the hepatic vein and a radial artery. On day 1, participants received 160 U human insulin through nasal spray, and on day 2 they received placebo spray, together with an intravenous insulin bolus to mimic spillover of nasal insulin to the circulation. Hepatic glucose fluxes and endogenous glucose production were calculated. RESULTS Plasma insulin concentrations were similar on the two study days, and no differences in whole-body endogenous glucose production or hepato-splanchnic glucose turnover were detected. CONCLUSIONS Nasal administration of insulin does not influence whole-body or hepatic glucose production in fasting humans. By contrast, pharmacological delivery of insulin to the brain might modulate insulin effectiveness in glucose-producing tissue when circulating insulin levels are elevated; therefore, the metabolic consequences of brain insulin action appear to be dependent on metabolic prandial status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Plomgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob S Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bodil Ingerslev
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens O Clemmesen
- Department of Hepatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels H Secher
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cora Weigert
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Lehmann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fast LC-MS quantitation of glucose and glycerol via enzymatic derivatization. Anal Biochem 2019; 575:40-43. [PMID: 30940446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucose and glycerol are important circulating metabolites. Due to poor ionization and/or ion suppression, the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) detection of glucose and glycerol presents challenges. Here, we propose an efficient LC-MS method of quantitative glucose and glycerol detection via enzymatic derivatization to glucose-6-phosphate and sn-glycerol-3-phosphate, respectively. This derivatization protocol can be used to measure the concentrations of glucose production in a plethora of sample types for metabolic analysis and is compatible with the general metabolomics workflow. This novel approach allows us to quantitatively study glucose and glycerol metabolism using stable isotope tracers in vivo.
Collapse
|
27
|
Lundsgaard AM, Holm JB, Sjøberg KA, Bojsen-Møller KN, Myrmel LS, Fjære E, Jensen BAH, Nicolaisen TS, Hingst JR, Hansen SL, Doll S, Geyer PE, Deshmukh AS, Holst JJ, Madsen L, Kristiansen K, Wojtaszewski JFP, Richter EA, Kiens B. Mechanisms Preserving Insulin Action during High Dietary Fat Intake. Cell Metab 2019; 29:50-63.e4. [PMID: 30269983 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged intervention studies investigating molecular metabolism are necessary for a deeper understanding of dietary effects on health. Here we provide mechanistic information about metabolic adaptation to fat-rich diets. Healthy, slightly overweight men ingested saturated or polyunsaturated fat-rich diets for 6 weeks during weight maintenance. Hyperinsulinemic clamps combined with leg balance technique revealed unchanged peripheral insulin sensitivity, independent of fatty acid type. Both diets increased fat oxidation potential in muscle. Hepatic insulin clearance increased, while glucose production, de novo lipogenesis, and plasma triacylglycerol decreased. High fat intake changed the plasma proteome in the immune-supporting direction and the gut microbiome displayed changes at taxonomical and functional level with polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). In mice, eucaloric feeding of human PUFA and saturated fatty acid diets lowered hepatic triacylglycerol content compared with low-fat-fed control mice, and induced adaptations in the liver supportive of decreased gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis. Intake of fat-rich diets thus induces extensive metabolic adaptations enabling disposition of dietary fat without metabolic complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Lundsgaard
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Jacob B Holm
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Clinical Microbiomics, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim A Sjøberg
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | | | | | - Even Fjære
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Benjamin A H Jensen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Trine S Nicolaisen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Janne R Hingst
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Sine L Hansen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Sophia Doll
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Munich, Germany
| | - Philip E Geyer
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Munich, Germany
| | - Atul S Deshmukh
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Clinical Proteomics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Madsen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Metagenomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wilkinson DJ. Historical and contemporary stable isotope tracer approaches to studying mammalian protein metabolism. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:57-80. [PMID: 27182900 PMCID: PMC5763415 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Over a century ago, Frederick Soddy provided the first evidence for the existence of isotopes; elements that occupy the same position in the periodic table are essentially chemically identical but differ in mass due to a different number of neutrons within the atomic nucleus. Allied to the discovery of isotopes was the development of some of the first forms of mass spectrometers, driven forward by the Nobel laureates JJ Thomson and FW Aston, enabling the accurate separation, identification, and quantification of the relative abundance of these isotopes. As a result, within a few years, the number of known isotopes both stable and radioactive had greatly increased and there are now over 300 stable or radioisotopes presently known. Unknown at the time, however, was the potential utility of these isotopes within biological disciplines, it was soon discovered that these stable isotopes, particularly those of carbon (13 C), nitrogen (15 N), oxygen (18 O), and hydrogen (2 H) could be chemically introduced into organic compounds, such as fatty acids, amino acids, and sugars, and used to "trace" the metabolic fate of these compounds within biological systems. From this important breakthrough, the age of the isotope tracer was born. Over the following 80 yrs, stable isotopes would become a vital tool in not only the biological sciences, but also areas as diverse as forensics, geology, and art. This progress has been almost exclusively driven through the development of new and innovative mass spectrometry equipment from IRMS to GC-MS to LC-MS, which has allowed for the accurate quantitation of isotopic abundance within samples of complex matrices. This historical review details the development of stable isotope tracers as metabolic tools, with particular reference to their use in monitoring protein metabolism, highlighting the unique array of tools that are now available for the investigation of protein metabolism in vivo at a whole body down to a single protein level. Importantly, it will detail how this development has been closely aligned to the technological development within the area of mass spectrometry. Without the dedicated development provided by these mass spectrometrists over the past century, the use of stable isotope tracers within the field of protein metabolism would not be as widely applied as it is today, this relationship will no doubt continue to flourish in the future and stable isotope tracers will maintain their importance as a tool within the biological sciences for many years to come. © 2016 The Authors. Mass Spectrometry Reviews Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel James Wilkinson
- MRC‐ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular PhysiologyUniversity of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital CentreDerbyUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Karstoft K, Clark MA, Jakobsen I, Knudsen SH, van Hall G, Pedersen BK, Solomon TPJ. Glucose effectiveness, but not insulin sensitivity, is improved after short-term interval training in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a controlled, randomised, crossover trial. Diabetologia 2017; 60:2432-2442. [PMID: 28842722 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The role of glucose effectiveness (S G) in training-induced improvements in glucose metabolism in individuals with type 2 diabetes is unknown. The objectives and primary outcomes of this study were: (1) to assess the efficacy of interval walking training (IWT) and continuous walking training (CWT) on S G and insulin sensitivity (S I) in individuals with type 2 diabetes; and (2) to assess the association of changes in S G and S I with changes in glycaemic control. METHODS Fourteen participants with type 2 diabetes underwent three trials (IWT, CWT and no training) in a crossover study. Exclusion criteria were exogenous insulin treatment, smoking, pregnancy, contraindications to structured physical activity and participation in recurrent training (>90 min/week). The trials were performed in a randomised order (computerised-generated randomisation). IWT and CWT consisted of ten supervised treadmill walking sessions, each lasting 60 min, over 2 weeks. IWT was performed as repeated cycles of 3 min slow walking and 3 min fast walking (aiming for 54% and 89% of [Formula: see text], respectively, which was measured during the last minute of each interval), and CWT was performed aiming for a moderate walking speed (73% of [Formula: see text]). A two-step (pancreatic and hyperinsulinaemic) hyperglycaemic clamp was implemented before and after each trial. All data were collected in a hospitalised setting. Neither participants nor assessors were blinded to the trial interventions. RESULTS Thirteen individuals completed all procedures and were included in the analyses. IWT improved S G (mean ± SEM: 0.6 ± 0.1 mg kg-1 min-1, p < 0.05) but not S I (p > 0.05), whereas CWT matched for energy expenditure and time duration improved neither S G nor S I (both p > 0.05). Changes in S G, but not in S I, were associated with changes in mean (β = -0.62 ± 0.23, r 2 = 0.17, p < 0.01) and maximum (β = -1.18 ± 0.52, r 2 = 0.12, p < 0.05) glucose levels during 24 h continuous glucose monitoring. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Two weeks of IWT, but not CWT, improves S G but not S I in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Moreover, changes in S G are associated with changes in glycaemic control. Therefore, increased S G is likely an important mechanism by which training improves glycaemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02320526 FUNDING: CFAS is supported by a grant from TrygFonden. During the study period, the Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism (CIM) was supported by a grant from the Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF55). The study was further supported by grants from Diabetesforeningen, Augustinusfonden and Krista og Viggo Petersens Fond. CIM/CFAS is a member of DD2-the Danish Center for Strategic Research in Type 2 Diabetes (the Danish Council for Strategic Research, grant no. 09-067009 and 09-075724).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Karstoft
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Section M7641, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Margaret A Clark
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Section M7641, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Jakobsen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Section M7641, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sine H Knudsen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Section M7641, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente K Pedersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Section M7641, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas P J Solomon
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bertholdt L, Gudiksen A, Stankiewicz T, Villesen I, Tybirk J, van Hall G, Bangsbo J, Plomgaard P, Pilegaard H. Impact of training state on fasting-induced regulation of adipose tissue metabolism in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 124:729-740. [PMID: 29191981 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00664.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of fatty acids from adipose tissue is increased during fasting. However, the molecular mechanisms behind fasting-induced metabolic regulation in human adipose tissue and the potential impact of training state in this are unknown. Therefore the aim of the present study was to investigate 1) fasting-induced regulation of lipolysis and glyceroneogenesis in human adipose tissue as well as 2) the impact of training state on basal oxidative capacity and fasting-induced metabolic regulation in human adipose tissue. Untrained [maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) < 45 ml·min-1·kg-1] and trained subjects (V̇o2max > 55 ml·min-1·kg-1) fasted for 36 h, and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were obtained 2, 12, 24, and 36 h after a standardized meal. Adipose tissue oxidative phosphorylation complexes, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)-E1α protein as well as PDH kinase (PDK) 2, PDK4, and PDH phosphatase 2 mRNA content were higher in trained subjects than in untrained subjects. In addition, trained subjects had higher adipose tissue hormone-sensitive lipase Ser660 phosphorylation and adipose triglyceride lipase protein content as well as higher plasma free fatty acid concentration than untrained subjects during fasting. Moreover, adipose tissue PDH phosphorylation increased with fasting only in trained subjects. Taken together, trained subjects seem to possess higher basal adipose tissue oxidative capacity as well as higher capacity for regulation of lipolysis and for providing substrate for glyceroneogenesis in adipose tissue during fasting than untrained subjects. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study shows for the first time higher protein content of lipolytic enzymes and higher oxidative phosphorylation protein in adipose tissue from trained subjects than from untrained subjects during fasting. Furthermore, trained subjects had higher capacity for adipose tissue glyceroneogenesis than untrained subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lærke Bertholdt
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Anders Gudiksen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Tomasz Stankiewicz
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Ida Villesen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jonas Tybirk
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Peter Plomgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Henriette Pilegaard
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Trötzmüller M, Triebl A, Ajsic A, Hartler J, Köfeler H, Regittnig W. Determination of the Isotopic Enrichment of 13C- and 2H-Labeled Tracers of Glucose Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: Application to Dual- and Triple-Tracer Studies. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12252-12260. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Trötzmüller
- Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse
24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Jürgen Hartler
- Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse
24, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Computational
Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Köfeler
- Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse
24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lundsgaard AM, Sjøberg KA, Høeg LD, Jeppesen J, Jordy AB, Serup AK, Fritzen AM, Pilegaard H, Myrmel LS, Madsen L, Wojtaszewski JFP, Richter EA, Kiens B. Opposite Regulation of Insulin Sensitivity by Dietary Lipid Versus Carbohydrate Excess. Diabetes 2017; 66:2583-2595. [PMID: 28768703 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To understand the mechanisms in lipid-induced insulin resistance, a more physiological approach is to enhance fatty acid (FA) availability through the diet. Nine healthy men ingested two hypercaloric diets (in 75% excess of habitual caloric intake) for 3 days, enriched in unsaturated FA (78 energy % [E%] fat) (UNSAT) or carbohydrates (80 E% carbohydrate) (CHO) as well as a eucaloric control diet (CON). Compared with CON, the UNSAT diet reduced whole-body and leg glucose disposal during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, while decreasing hepatic glucose production. In muscle, diacylglycerol (DAG) and intramyocellular triacylglycerol were increased. The accumulated DAG was sn-1,3 DAG, which is known not to activate PKC, and insulin signaling was intact. UNSAT decreased PDH-E1α protein content and increased inhibitory PDH-E1α Ser300 phosphorylation and FA oxidation. CHO increased whole-body and leg insulin sensitivity, while increasing hepatic glucose production. After CHO, muscle PDH-E1α Ser300 phosphorylation was decreased, and glucose oxidation increased. After UNSAT, but not CHO, muscle glucose-6-phosphate content was 103% higher compared with CON during the clamp. Thus, PDH-E1α expression and covalent regulation, and hence the tricarboxylic acid cycle influx of pyruvate-derived acetyl-CoA relative to β-oxidation-derived acetyl-CoA, are suggested to impact on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Taken together, the oxidative metabolic fluxes of glucose and FA are powerful and opposite regulators of insulin action in muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Lundsgaard
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim A Sjøberg
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise D Høeg
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Jeppesen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas B Jordy
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annette K Serup
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas M Fritzen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lene S Myrmel
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lise Madsen
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tanaka S, Dohi T, Aizawa SI, Kemmei T, Terashima H, Taga A, Yamamoto A, Kodama S. Simultaneous determination of alcohols including diols and triols by HPLC with ultraviolet detection based on the formation of a copper(II) complex. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:4168-4175. [PMID: 28851084 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We developed a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet detection using on-line complexation with Cu(II) ion for analysis of five alcohols including diols and triol (methanol, ethanol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, and glycerol). The Cu(II) ion concentration in the mobile phase had a great influence on the peak areas of these alcohols, but not on their retention times. Column temperature (25-40°C) and pH of the mobile phase did not affect the separation of analytes. The optimum separation conditions were determined as 5 mM CuSO4 , 3 mM H2 SO4 , and 3 mM NaOH at 30°C. The ratio of the peak areas for three alcohols (methanol, 1,2-propanediol, and glycerol) was in good agreement with that calculated from the obtained stability constants, molar absorption coefficients for the 1:1 Cu(II) complexes with the three alcohols, and the injected molar quantities. This fact strongly suggests that the observed high-performance liquid chromatography signals resulted from formation of the 1:1 Cu(II)-alcohol complexes. Using the proposed method, these five alcohols in spirit, liquid for electronic cigarette, mouthwash, and nail enamel remover samples were successfully analyzed with only a simple pretreatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sohei Tanaka
- School of Science, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takumi Dohi
- School of Science, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sen-Ichi Aizawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | | | | | - Atsushi Taga
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai-shi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shuji Kodama
- School of Science, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jørgensen MB, Hornum M, van Hall G, Bistrup C, Hansen JM, Mathiesen ER, Feldt-Rasmussen B. The impact of kidney transplantation on insulin sensitivity. Transpl Int 2017; 30:295-304. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Morten B. Jørgensen
- Department of Nephrology; Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Mads Hornum
- Department of Nephrology; Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility; Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Claus Bistrup
- Department of Nephrology; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
| | - Jesper M. Hansen
- Department of Nephrology; Herlev Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Elisabeth R. Mathiesen
- Department of Endocrinology; Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Bo Feldt-Rasmussen
- Department of Nephrology; Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lundsgaard AM, Fritzen AM, Sjøberg KA, Myrmel LS, Madsen L, Wojtaszewski JFP, Richter EA, Kiens B. Circulating FGF21 in humans is potently induced by short term overfeeding of carbohydrates. Mol Metab 2016; 6:22-29. [PMID: 28123934 PMCID: PMC5220397 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Fibroblast-growth factor 21 (FGF21) is thought to be important in metabolic regulation. Recently, low protein diets have been shown to increase circulating FGF21 levels. However, when energy contribution from dietary protein is lowered, other macronutrients, such as carbohydrates, must be increased to meet eucaloric balance. This raises the possibility that intake of a diet rich in carbohydrates may induce an increase in plasma FGF21 levels per se. Here we studied the role of dietary carbohydrates on the levels of circulating FGF21 and concomitant physiologic effects by feeding healthy men a carbohydrate rich diet without reducing protein intake. Methods A diet enriched in carbohydrates (80 E% carbohydrate; CHO) and a eucaloric control diet (CON) were provided to nine healthy men for three days. The energy intake during the CHO diet was increased (+75% energy) to ensure similar dietary protein intake in CHO and CON. To control for the effect of caloric surplus, we similarly overfed (+75% energy) the same subjects for three days with a fat-rich diet (78 E% fat; FAT), consisting of primarily unsaturated fatty acids. The three diets were provided in random order. Results After CHO, plasma FGF21 concentration increased 8-fold compared to CON (329 ± 99 vs. 39 ± 9 pg ml−1, p < 0.05). In contrast, after FAT only a non-significant tendency (p = 0.073) to an increase in plasma FGF21 concentration was found. The increase in FGF21 concentration after CHO correlated closely (r = 0.88, p < 0.01) with increased leg glucose uptake (62%, p < 0.05) and increased hepatic glucose production (17%, p < 0.01), indicating increased glucose turnover. Plasma fatty acid (FA) concentration was decreased by 68% (p < 0.01), supported by reduced subcutaneous adipose tissue HSL Ser660 phosphorylation (p < 0.01) and perilipin 1 protein content (p < 0.01), pointing to a suppression of adipose tissue lipolysis. Concomitantly, a 146% increase in the plasma marker of hepatic de novo lipogenesis C16:1 n−7 FA (p < 0.01) was observed together with 101% increased plasma TG concentration (p < 0.001) in association with CHO intake and increased plasma FGF21 concentration. Conclusion Excess dietary carbohydrate, but not fat, led to markedly increased FGF21 secretion in humans, notably without protein restriction, and affected glucose and lipid homeostais. Dietary carbohydrate excess induces circulating FGF21 8-fold in humans. Increased FGF21 was associated with increased hepatic glucose production and lipogenesis. The induction of FGF21 was associated with increased leg glucose uptake. The induction of FGF21 was accompanied by indices of lower adipose tissue lipolysis.
Collapse
Key Words
- AMPK, AMP-activated kinase
- ATGL, adipose triglyceride lipase
- BCA, bicinchoninic acid
- BM, body mass
- BMI, body mass index
- CHO, carbohydrate-rich diet
- CON, control diet
- Carbohydrates
- ChREBP, carbohydrate-responsive element binding protein
- Diet
- FA, fatty acid
- FAT, fat-rich diet
- FGF21
- FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21
- GLUT4, glucose transporter 4
- HSL, hormone sensitive lipase
- LM, leg mass
- Lipolysis
- Liver
- PKA, protein kinase A
- Ra, rate of appearance
- TG, triacylglycerol
- VLDL, very low density lipoprotein
- VO2peak, maximal oxygen consumption
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Lundsgaard
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas M Fritzen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim A Sjøberg
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene S Myrmel
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lise Madsen
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lund A, Bagger JI, Christensen M, Grøndahl M, van Hall G, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. Higher Endogenous Glucose Production During OGTT vs Isoglycemic Intravenous Glucose Infusion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:4377-4384. [PMID: 27533305 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Oral glucose ingestion elicits a larger insulin response and delayed suppression of glucagon compared to isoglycemic IV glucose infusion (IIGI). OBJECTIVE We studied whether these differences translate into effects on endogenous glucose production (EGP) and glucose disposal in patients with type 2 diabetes and nondiabetic control subjects. DESIGN This was a single-blinded, randomized, crossover study. SETTING The study was conducted at a specialized research unit. PARTICIPANTS Ten patients with type 2 diabetes (age, [mean ± SD] 57.1 ± 6.7 years; body mass index, 29.0 ± 4.3 kg/m2; hemoglobin A1c, 53.8 ± 11.0 mmol/mol; duration of diabetes, 9.2 ± 5.0 years) and 10 matched nondiabetic control subjects (age, 56.0±10.7 years; body mass index, 29.8 ± 2.9 kg/m2; hemoglobin A1c, 33.8 ± 5.5 mmol/mol) participated. INTERVENTIONS Three experimental days: 75 g-oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), IIGI, and IIGI+glucagon (IIGI with a concomitant IV glucagon infusion [0.8 ng/kg/min from 0 to 25 minutes] designed to mimic portal glucagon concentrations during OGTT in the type 2 diabetic group) were undertaken. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Glucose kinetics were assessed by tracer methodology. RESULTS Glucose rate of disappearance was higher during the OGTT vs IIGI in the control group, but similar on all days in the diabetic group. Surprisingly, in both groups, EGP was more suppressed during IIGI than during OGTT, and exogenous glucagon infusion during IIGI did not restore EGP to the levels observed during OGTT. CONCLUSION EGP was less suppressed during OGTT than during IIGI in both patients with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic control subjects. Based on the present experimental design, it was not possible to attribute this difference to the delayed glucagon suppression observed in the initial phase of the OGTT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asger Lund
- Center for Diabetes Research (A.L., J.I.B., M.C., M.G., T.V., F.K.K.), Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; The NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research (A.L., J.J.H., F.K.K.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (T.V., F.K.K.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.C.), Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences (G.v.H., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry (G.v.H.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonatan I Bagger
- Center for Diabetes Research (A.L., J.I.B., M.C., M.G., T.V., F.K.K.), Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; The NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research (A.L., J.J.H., F.K.K.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (T.V., F.K.K.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.C.), Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences (G.v.H., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry (G.v.H.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Christensen
- Center for Diabetes Research (A.L., J.I.B., M.C., M.G., T.V., F.K.K.), Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; The NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research (A.L., J.J.H., F.K.K.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (T.V., F.K.K.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.C.), Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences (G.v.H., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry (G.v.H.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Magnus Grøndahl
- Center for Diabetes Research (A.L., J.I.B., M.C., M.G., T.V., F.K.K.), Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; The NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research (A.L., J.J.H., F.K.K.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (T.V., F.K.K.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.C.), Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences (G.v.H., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry (G.v.H.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Center for Diabetes Research (A.L., J.I.B., M.C., M.G., T.V., F.K.K.), Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; The NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research (A.L., J.J.H., F.K.K.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (T.V., F.K.K.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.C.), Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences (G.v.H., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry (G.v.H.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Center for Diabetes Research (A.L., J.I.B., M.C., M.G., T.V., F.K.K.), Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; The NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research (A.L., J.J.H., F.K.K.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (T.V., F.K.K.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.C.), Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences (G.v.H., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry (G.v.H.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Diabetes Research (A.L., J.I.B., M.C., M.G., T.V., F.K.K.), Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; The NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research (A.L., J.J.H., F.K.K.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (T.V., F.K.K.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.C.), Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences (G.v.H., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry (G.v.H.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Diabetes Research (A.L., J.I.B., M.C., M.G., T.V., F.K.K.), Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; The NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research (A.L., J.J.H., F.K.K.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (T.V., F.K.K.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.C.), Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences (G.v.H., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry (G.v.H.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Deventer K, Van Eenoo P. Screening and confirmation of a glycerol-positive case. Drug Test Anal 2016; 7:1009-13. [PMID: 26695488 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koen Deventer
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University (UGent), Technologiepark 30, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University (UGent), Technologiepark 30, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lund A, Bagger JI, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Christensen M, Grøndahl M, Hartmann B, Mathiesen ER, Hansen CP, Storkholm JH, van Hall G, Rehfeld JF, Hornburg D, Meissner F, Mann M, Larsen S, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. Evidence of Extrapancreatic Glucagon Secretion in Man. Diabetes 2016; 65:585-97. [PMID: 26672094 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon is believed to be a pancreas-specific hormone, and hyperglucagonemia has been shown to contribute significantly to the hyperglycemic state of patients with diabetes. This hyperglucagonemia has been thought to arise from α-cell insensitivity to suppressive effects of glucose and insulin combined with reduced insulin secretion. We hypothesized that postabsorptive hyperglucagonemia represents a gut-dependent phenomenon and subjected 10 totally pancreatectomized patients and 10 healthy control subjects to a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test and a corresponding isoglycemic intravenous glucose infusion. We applied novel analytical methods of plasma glucagon (sandwich ELISA and mass spectrometry-based proteomics) and show that 29-amino acid glucagon circulates in patients without a pancreas and that glucose stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract elicits significant hyperglucagonemia in these patients. These findings emphasize the existence of extrapancreatic glucagon (perhaps originating from the gut) in man and suggest that it may play a role in diabetes secondary to total pancreatectomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asger Lund
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonatan I Bagger
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mikkel Christensen
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Magnus Grøndahl
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth R Mathiesen
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten P Hansen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan H Storkholm
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Hornburg
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Felix Meissner
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Proteomics Program, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hansen M, Lund MT, Gregers E, Kraunsøe R, Van Hall G, Helge JW, Dela F. Adipose tissue mitochondrial respiration and lipolysis before and after a weight loss by diet and RYGB. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:2022-9. [PMID: 26337597 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study adipose tissue mitochondrial respiration and lipolysis following a massive weight loss. METHODS High resolution respirometry of adipose tissue biopsies and tracer determined whole body lipolysis. Sixteen obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and 27 without (OB) were studied following a massive weight loss by diet and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). RESULTS The mitochondrial respiratory rates were similar in OB and T2DM, and the mass-specific oxygen flux increased significantly 4 and 18 months post-surgery (P < 0.05). With normalization to mitochondrial content, no differences in oxidative capacity after RYGB were seen. The ratio between the oxidative phosphorylation system capacity (P) and the capacity of the electron transfer system (E) increased 18 months after RYGB in both groups (P < 0.05). Lipolysis per fat mass was similar in the two groups and was increased (P < 0.05) and lipid oxidation during hyperinsulinemia decreased 4 months post-surgery. In T2DM, visceral fat mass was always higher relative to the body fat mass (%) compared to OB. CONCLUSIONS Adipose tissue mitochondrial respiratory capacity increases with RYGB. Adipocytes adapt to massive weight loss by increasing the phosphorylation system ratio (P/E), suggesting an increased ability to oxidize substrates after RYGB. Lipolysis increases in the short term post-surgery, and insulin sensitivity for suppression of lipolysis increases with RYGB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merethe Hansen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael T Lund
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Surgery, Koege Hospital, Koege, Denmark
| | - Emilie Gregers
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Regitze Kraunsøe
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerrit Van Hall
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørn W Helge
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Dela
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ling Z, Xu P, Zhong Z, Wang F, Shu N, Zhang J, Tang X, Liu L, Liu X. Sensitive determination of glucose in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium by high-performance liquid chromatography with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone derivatization: application to gluconeogenesis studies. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 30:601-5. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoli Ling
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Ping Xu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Zeyu Zhong
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Fan Wang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Nan Shu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Xiange Tang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Li Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Simultaneous quantification of labeled (2)H5-glycerol, (13)C6-glucose, and endogenous D-glucose in mouse plasma using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:8617-22. [PMID: 26362155 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring the level of glucose and glycerol or their labeled derivatives in biological fluid for kinetic studies has always been challenging, especially in mice, because of the limited volume in addition to the complexity of plasma. For such application, we developed a simple, fast, and sensitive method for the simultaneous measurement of absolute concentrations of labeled (2)H5-glycerol and (13)C6-glucose as well as endogenous D-glucose using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In our study, 15.0 μL of mouse plasma was processed by a one-step protein precipitation, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. The quantification of the analytes was carried out by monitoring the product ion scan of their corresponding deprotonated molecular ions and constructing the extracted ion fragmentogram by choosing a specific product ion for each analyte (equivalent to precursor ion to product ion transitions). The limit of detection (LOD) was evaluated to be 1.0 μM for both (2)H5-glycerol and (13)C6-glucose, and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was observed to be 5.0 μM for both (2)H5-glycerol and (13)C6-glucose in diluted mice plasma that corresponds to 50 μM in plasma or 4.60 and 9.01 mg/dL of glycerol and glucose in plasma, respectively. The extraction recoveries are 81.9 % (CV = 8.1 %) for (2)H5-glycerol and 26.2 % (CV = 13.6 %) for (13)C6-glucose.
Collapse
|
42
|
Hansen JS, Zhao X, Irmler M, Liu X, Hoene M, Scheler M, Li Y, Beckers J, Hrabĕ de Angelis M, Häring HU, Pedersen BK, Lehmann R, Xu G, Plomgaard P, Weigert C. Type 2 diabetes alters metabolic and transcriptional signatures of glucose and amino acid metabolism during exercise and recovery. Diabetologia 2015; 58:1845-54. [PMID: 26067360 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The therapeutic benefit of physical activity to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes is commonly accepted. However, the impact of the disease on the acute metabolic response is less clear. To this end, we investigated the effect of type 2 diabetes on exercise-induced plasma metabolite changes and the muscular transcriptional response using a complementary metabolomics/transcriptomics approach. METHODS We analysed 139 plasma metabolites and hormones at nine time points, and whole genome expression in skeletal muscle at three time points, during a 60 min bicycle ergometer exercise and a 180 min recovery phase in type 2 diabetic patients and healthy controls matched for age, percentage body fat and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2). RESULTS Pathway analysis of differentially regulated genes upon exercise revealed upregulation of regulators of GLUT4 (SLC2A4RG, FLOT1, EXOC7, RAB13, RABGAP1 and CBLB), glycolysis (HK2, PFKFB1, PFKFB3, PFKM, FBP2 and LDHA) and insulin signal mediators in diabetic participants compared with controls. Notably, diabetic participants had normalised rates of lactate and insulin levels, and of glucose appearance and disappearance, after exercise. They also showed an exercise-induced compensatory regulation of genes involved in biosynthesis and metabolism of amino acids (PSPH, GATM, NOS1 and GLDC), which responded to differences in the amino acid profile (consistently lower plasma levels of glycine, cysteine and arginine). Markers of fat oxidation (acylcarnitines) and lipolysis (glycerol) did not indicate impaired metabolic flexibility during exercise in diabetic participants. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Type 2 diabetic individuals showed specific exercise-regulated gene expression. These data provide novel insight into potential mechanisms to ameliorate the disturbed glucose and amino acid metabolism associated with type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob S Hansen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Mikkelsen KH, Seifert T, Secher NH, Grøndal T, van Hall G. Systemic, cerebral and skeletal muscle ketone body and energy metabolism during acute hyper-D-β-hydroxybutyratemia in post-absorptive healthy males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:636-43. [PMID: 25415176 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-2608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ketone bodies are substrates during fasting and when on a ketogenic diet not the least for the brain and implicated in the management of epileptic seizures and dementia. Moreover, D-β-hydroxybutyrate (HOB) is suggested to reduce blood glucose and fatty acid levels. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to quantitate systemic, cerebral, and skeletal muscle HOB utilization and its effect on energy metabolism. DESIGN Single trial. SETTING Hospital. PARTICIPANT Healthy post-absorptive males (n = 6). INTERVENTIONS Subjects were studied under basal condition and three consecutive 1-hour periods with a 3-, 6-, and 12-fold increased HOB concentration via HOB infusion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Systemic, cerebral, and skeletal muscle HOB kinetics, oxidation, glucose turnover, and lipolysis via arterial, jugular, and femoral venous differences in combination with stable isotopically labeled HOB, glucose, and glycerol, infusion. RESULTS An increase in HOB from the basal 160-450 μmol/L elicited 14 ± 2% reduction (P = .03) in glucose appearance and 37 ± 4% decrease (P = .03) in lipolytic rate while insulin and glucagon were unchanged. Endogenous HOB appearance was reduced in a dose-dependent manner with complete inhibition at the highest HOB concentration (1.7 mmol/L). Cerebral HOB uptake and subsequent oxidation was linearly related to the arterial HOB concentration. Resting skeletal muscle HOB uptake showed saturation kinetics. CONCLUSION A small increase in the HOB concentration decreases glucose production and lipolysis in post-absorptive healthy males. Moreover, cerebral HOB uptake and oxidation rates are linearly related to the arterial HOB concentration of importance for modifying brain energy utilization, potentially of relevance for patients with epileptic seizures and dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian H Mikkelsen
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility (K.H.M., T.G., G.v.H.), Department of Anaesthesiology (T.S., N.H.S.), Rigshospitalet, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (G.v.H.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|