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Ebranati E, Mancon A, Airoldi M, Renica S, Shkjezi R, Dragusha P, Della Ventura C, Ciccaglione AR, Ciccozzi M, Bino S, Tanzi E, Micheli V, Riva E, Galli M, Zehender G. Time and Mode of Epidemic HCV-2 Subtypes Spreading in Europe: Phylodynamics in Italy and Albania. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11020327. [PMID: 33671355 PMCID: PMC7922790 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2 causes about 10% of global infections and has the most variable circulation profile in Europe. The history of “endemic” HCV-2 subtypes has been satisfactorily reconstructed, instead there is little information about the recent spread of the “epidemic” subtypes, including HCV-2c. To investigate the origin and dispersion pathways of HCV-2c, 245 newly characterized Italian and Albanian HCV-2 NS5B sequences were aligned with 247 publicly available sequences and included in phylogeographic and phylodynamic analyses using the Bayesian framework. Our findings show that HCV-2c was the most prevalent subtype in Italy and Albania. The phylogeographic analysis suggested an African origin of HCV-2c before it reached Italy about in the 1940s. Phylodynamic analysis revealed an exponential increase in the effective number of infections and Re in Italy between the 1940s and 1960s, and in Albania between the 1990s and the early 2000s. It seems very likely that HCV-2c reached Italy from Africa at the time of the second Italian colonization but did not reach Albania until the period of dramatic migration to Italy in the 1990s. This study contributes to reconstructing the history of the spread of epidemic HCV-2 subtypes to Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ebranati
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (E.E.); (M.A.); (S.R.); (C.D.V.); (M.G.)
- CRC-Coordinated Research Center “EpiSoMI”, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mancon
- Unit of Microbiology, Hospital Sacco of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Martina Airoldi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (E.E.); (M.A.); (S.R.); (C.D.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Silvia Renica
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (E.E.); (M.A.); (S.R.); (C.D.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Renata Shkjezi
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University “Our Lady of the Good Counsel”, 1001 Tirana, Albania; (R.S.); (P.D.)
| | - Pranvera Dragusha
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University “Our Lady of the Good Counsel”, 1001 Tirana, Albania; (R.S.); (P.D.)
| | - Carla Della Ventura
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (E.E.); (M.A.); (S.R.); (C.D.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Anna Rita Ciccaglione
- Viral Hepatitis Unit, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Roma, Italy;
| | - Silvia Bino
- National Institute of Health, 1001 Tirana, Albania;
| | - Elisabetta Tanzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for the Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Valeria Micheli
- Unit of Microbiology, Hospital Sacco of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Elisabetta Riva
- Laboratory of Virology, Campus Bio-Medico University, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Massimo Galli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (E.E.); (M.A.); (S.R.); (C.D.V.); (M.G.)
- CRC-Coordinated Research Center “EpiSoMI”, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianguglielmo Zehender
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (E.E.); (M.A.); (S.R.); (C.D.V.); (M.G.)
- CRC-Coordinated Research Center “EpiSoMI”, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-503-19770
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'Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus genotypes in northern Greece in the last decade: descriptive analysis and clinical correlations'. GLOBAL HEALTH EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENOMICS 2019; 4:e5. [PMID: 31516719 PMCID: PMC6719250 DOI: 10.1017/gheg.2019.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) represents a major public health problem, while the identification of a HCV genotype is clinically very important for therapy prescription. The aim of the present study was to determine the HCV genotype distribution patients from northern Greece with HCV RNA positive viral load and to identify whether there is a shift in this distribution, during 2009–2017. The study was performed on 915 HCV positive patients and according to the results, genotype 3 was the most prevalent genotype (Ν = 395, 43.2%) followed by genotype 1 (Ν = 361, 39.5%). Regarding the gender of the patients, genotype 1 was mostly detected in women. Moreover, genotype 1 was associated with higher viral loads, while genotype 3 was most frequently detected in patients with a history of intravenous drug use. In conclusion, our results show that genotype 3 is the most prevalent genotype in Greece during the last decade as opposed to older epidemiological studies, likely due to intravenous drug use becoming the major source of infection.
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Petruzziello A, Sabatino R, Loquercio G, Guzzo A, Di Capua L, Labonia F, Cozzolino A, Azzaro R, Botti G. Nine-year distribution pattern of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in Southern Italy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212033. [PMID: 30785909 PMCID: PMC6382136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been greatly described that different hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes are strictly correlated to various evolution, prognosis and response to therapy during the chronic liver disease. Aim of this study was to outline the changes in the epidemiology of Hepatitis C genotypes in Southern Italy regions from 2006 to 2014. MATERIAL/METHODS Prevalence of HCV genotypes was analyzed in 535 HCV-RNA positive patients with chronic Hepatitis C infection, selected during the period 2012-2014, and compared with our previous data, referred to periods 2006-2008 and 2009-2011. RESULTS In all the three periods analyzed, genotype 1b is predominant (51.8% in 2006-08, 48.3% in 2009-11 and 54.4% in 2012-14) while genotype 2 showed an increase in prevalence (27.9% in 2006-08, 31.7% in 2009-11 and 35.2% in 2012-14) and genotypes 3a and 1a a decrease during the same period (6.8% in 2006-08, 4.7% in 2009-11 and 3.2% in 2012-14 and 7.9% in 2006-08, 4.7% in 2009-11 and 2.6% in 2012-14, respectively). Subtype 1b seems to be equally distributed between males and females (52.7% vs 56.6%) and the prevalence in the age range 31-40 years is significantly higher in the 2012-14 period than in both previous periods (53.8% vs. 16.6% in 2009-11, p< 0.001 and 13.4% in 2006-08, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Genotype 1b is still the most prevalent, even if shows a significantly increase in the under 40 years old population. Instead, genotype 3a seems to have a moderate increase among young people. Overall, the alarming finding is the "returning" role of the iatrogenic transmission as risk factor for the diffusion of Hepatitis C infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnolfo Petruzziello
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic Area, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS Italia, Naples, Italy
| | - Rocco Sabatino
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic Area, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS Italia, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Loquercio
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic Area, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS Italia, Naples, Italy
| | - Annunziata Guzzo
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic Area, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS Italia, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Di Capua
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic Area, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS Italia, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Labonia
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic Area, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS Italia, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Cozzolino
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic Area, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS Italia, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Azzaro
- Transfusion Service, Department of Hemathology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori—Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS Italia, Naples, Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic Area, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS Italia, Naples, Italy
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Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes and Related Risk Factors Among Iranian Blood Donors: A Penalized Logistic Regression. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.69136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in Rasht, Capital City of Guilan Province, Northern Part of Iran. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.62030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Acero Fernández D, Ferri Iglesias MJ, Buxó Pujolràs M, López Nuñez C, Serra Matamala I, Queralt Molés X, Aldeguer Manté X. Changes in the epidemiology and distribution of the hepatitis C virus genotypes in North-Eastern Spain over the last 35 years. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2017; 41:2-11. [PMID: 29150360 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genotypic distribution and epidemiology of HCV infection in Western Europe countries has changed over the last decades. AIM To establish the local genotypic profile and characterize the associated demographic variables. MATERIAL AND METHOD All the genotyping from 1988 to 2015 were considered. Associated demographic variables were included in logistic regression models. Genotyping was carried out with updated commercial kits. RESULTS Genotype 1b was the most prevalent (42.4%) followed by 1a (22.5%), 3 (18.6%), 4 (10.6%) and 2 (4.6%). The prevalence of 1a was higher in males, in patients younger than 45 and in intravenous drug users (IDU). 1b was more frequent in older than 45, with transfusion-associated and parenteral/nosocomial infections and in immigrants from Eastern Europe. Genotype 2 was highly prevalent in the postransfusional route (54.9%). Genotype 3 prevalence was high in males, in patients younger than 45, in IDU (69.3%) and in Asian and Eastern European immigrants. Genotype 4 was high in males, in patients younger than 45, and in IDU (63.5%). 1a, 3, 4 were the most prevalent genotypes in HIV-coinfected patients. There was a significant decline in genotype 1b and an increase in genotypes 3 and 4 over time. CONCLUSIONS There has been a decline of genotype 1b, associated with transfusion or parenteral/nosocomial infections, and increases in the prevalence of genotypes 1a, 3 and 4 associated with male gender and IDU, now the most prevalent infection route. Immigration contributed with genotype 2 infections from Africa and genotype 1b and 3 infections from Eastern Europe and Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carmen López Nuñez
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Hospital de Girona, Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Isabel Serra Matamala
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Hospital de Girona, Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Xavier Aldeguer Manté
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Hospital de Girona, Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain; Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques de Girona, IdIBGi, Salt, Spain
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Temporal dynamics of hepatitis C genotypes in a five-year hospital-based surveillance in Northern Italy. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2727-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2975-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lu L, An Y, Zou J, Gu L, Zhao Z, Zhang X, Li C, Kurihara C, Hokari R, Itakura J, Kurosaki M, Izumi N, Fu Y, Nakano T, Kato T, Negro F, Chen G. The evolutionary patterns of hepatitis C virus subtype 2a and 6a isolates linked to an outbreak in China in 2012. Virology 2015; 485:431-8. [PMID: 26343863 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED An HCV outbreak occurred in 2012 in China, affecting hundreds of patients. We characterized HCV subtype 2a and 6a sequences from 60 and 102 patients, respectively, and co-analyzed them with 82 local controls and 103 calibrating references. The close grouping of the patients׳ sequences contrasted sharply with the diversity of local controls. Scaled by the calibrating references, the emergence of patients׳ isolates was estimated at 2-5 years before sampling. In contrast, the controls intermingled with the calibrating references that were much older. For both subtypes, the major and minor clusters could be defined, with the closeness to indicate linked transmission. CONCLUSION HCV sequences from the study patients grouped into three subtype 2a and two subtype 6a clusters, in addition to three 6a solitary branches, representing descendants of eight earlier strains that were distinct and otherwise sporadic. Due to iatrogenic transmission through reusing needles, five strains were highly selected and preferentially spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lu
- Laboratory for Hepatology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; The Center for Viral Oncology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America.
| | - Yuling An
- Department of Liver Transplantation, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ji Zou
- Laboratory for Hepatology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Gu
- Laboratory for Hepatology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhixin Zhao
- Laboratory for Hepatology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Laboratory for Hepatology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunhua Li
- The Center for Viral Oncology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Chie Kurihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryota Hokari
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jun Itakura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kurosaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Namiki Izumi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yongshui Fu
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tatsunori Nakano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fujita Health University, Nanakuri Sanatorium, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Takanobu Kato
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjyuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Francesco Negro
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and of Clinical pathology, University, Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Guihua Chen
- Department of Liver Transplantation, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Petruzziello A, Coppola N, Loquercio G, Marigliano S, Giordano M, Azzaro R, Diodato AM, Iervolino V, Di Costanzo G, Di Macchia CA, Di Meo T, Paradiso L, Ferro R, Giuliano P, Russo F, Pasquale G, Cacciapuoti C. Distribution pattern of hepatitis C virus genotypes and correlation with viral load and risk factors in chronic positive patients. Intervirology 2014; 57:311-8. [PMID: 25170801 DOI: 10.1159/000363386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has emerged as a leading cause of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. The purpose of this study was to describe the distribution pattern of HCV genotypes in chronic hepatitis patients in the Campania region of southern Italy and estimate their association with risk factors and viral load. MATERIALS AND METHODS 404 consecutive HCV ribonucleic acid-positive patients were included in the study. HCV genotyping was carried out by the HCV line probe assay test and viral load estimation by the TaqMan real-time PCR system. RESULTS The predominant genotype was 1 (63.6%), followed by genotype 2 (29.4%), 3 (6.2%) and 4 (0.8%). Subtype 1b was more frequent in females than in males. Conversely, genotype 3 was more frequent in males. No significant difference was observed in age distribution of HCV genotypes. Surgery and dental therapy were the most frequent risk factors for genotype 1 and intravenous drug abuse and tattooing for genotype 3. Patients with genotype 1 more frequently showed high HCV viral load when compared to those with genotypes 2 and 3. CONCLUSION The present study revealed that HCV genotypes 1 and 2 accounted for over 95% of all HCV infections in the Campania region, and genotype 1 was more frequently associated with a higher viral load when compared to genotypes 2 and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnolfo Petruzziello
- Laboratory of Virology and Molecular Biology 'V. Tridente', Transfusion Service, Department of Haemathology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - Fondazione 'G. Pascale', IRCCS Italia, Naples, Italy
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Wiessing L, Ferri M, Grady B, Kantzanou M, Sperle I, Cullen KJ, Hatzakis A, Prins M, Vickerman P, Lazarus JV, Hope VD, Matheï C. Hepatitis C virus infection epidemiology among people who inject drugs in Europe: a systematic review of data for scaling up treatment and prevention. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103345. [PMID: 25068274 PMCID: PMC4113410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who inject drugs (PWID) are a key population affected by hepatitis C virus (HCV). Treatment options are improving and may enhance prevention; however access for PWID may be poor. The availability in the literature of information on seven main topic areas (incidence, chronicity, genotypes, HIV co-infection, diagnosis and treatment uptake, and burden of disease) to guide HCV treatment and prevention scale-up for PWID in the 27 countries of the European Union is systematically reviewed. METHODS AND FINDINGS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library for publications between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2012, with a search strategy of general keywords regarding viral hepatitis, substance abuse and geographic scope, as well as topic-specific keywords. Additional articles were found through structured email consultations with a large European expert network. Data availability was highly variable and important limitations existed in comparability and representativeness. Nine of 27 countries had data on HCV incidence among PWID, which was often high (2.7-66/100 person-years, median 13, Interquartile range (IQR) 8.7-28). Most common HCV genotypes were G1 and G3; however, G4 may be increasing, while the proportion of traditionally 'difficult to treat' genotypes (G1+G4) showed large variation (median 53, IQR 43-62). Twelve countries reported on HCV chronicity (median 72, IQR 64-81) and 22 on HIV prevalence in HCV-infected PWID (median 3.9%, IQR 0.2-28). Undiagnosed infection, assessed in five countries, was high (median 49%, IQR 38-64), while of those diagnosed, the proportion entering treatment was low (median 9.5%, IQR 3.5-15). Burden of disease, where assessed, was high and will rise in the next decade. CONCLUSION Key data on HCV epidemiology, care and disease burden among PWID in Europe are sparse but suggest many undiagnosed infections and poor treatment uptake. Stronger efforts are needed to improve data availability to guide an increase in HCV treatment among PWID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Wiessing
- European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marica Ferri
- European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bart Grady
- Cluster Infectious Diseases, Department of Research, Public Health Service, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Kantzanou
- National Reference Centre for Retroviruses, Laboratory of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Ida Sperle
- Copenhagen HIV Programme (CHIP), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katelyn J. Cullen
- HIV & STI Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Angelos Hatzakis
- National Reference Centre for Retroviruses, Laboratory of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Prins
- Cluster Infectious Diseases, Department of Research, Public Health Service, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Vickerman
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey V. Lazarus
- Copenhagen HIV Programme (CHIP), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vivian D. Hope
- HIV & STI Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Catharina Matheï
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Petruzziello A, Coppola N, Diodato AM, Iervolino V, Azzaro R, Di Costanzo G, Di Macchia CA, Di Meo T, Loquercio G, Pasquale G, Cacciapuoti C. Age and gender distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in the metropolitan area of Naples. Intervirology 2013; 56:206-12. [PMID: 23594735 DOI: 10.1159/000348506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess any time-related variations in the distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in the metropolitan area of Naples, Italy. METHODS HCV genotypes were analysed in 255 HCV RNA-positive patients with chronic HCV infection, observed from 2009 to 2011, and compared with data pertaining to a sample of 176 HCV RNA-positive patients observed from 2006 to 2008. RESULTS In both periods of analysis, genotype 1b was predominant (51.8 and 48.3%, respectively), followed by genotype 2 (27.9 and 31.7%, respectively). These HCV genotypes were particularly prevalent in older patients, whereas genotypes 3a and 1a were observed more frequently in the younger population. Genotype 1b was particularly common in females compared to males in both study periods (39.3% of 89 males vs. 64.3% of 87 females in the 3-year period 2006-2008, p < 0.001; 41.5% of 118 males vs. 54.0% of 137 females in the period 2009-2011, p < 0.05). The prevalence of patients with genotype 1b in the age range 51-60 years was higher in the 2006-2008 period than in 2009-2011 (76.9 vs. 37.7%; p < 0.0005) and lower in the over 60 year olds (55.1 vs. 59.6%; p = 0.5). CONCLUSION Genotype 1b, historically the most prevalent in Italy, is still predominant; however, when comparing the two time periods, a cohort effect evidencing the increasing prevalence of genotype 1b among elderly patients was revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnolfo Petruzziello
- Laboratory of Virology and Molecular Biology 'V. Tridente', Transfusion Service, Department of Haematology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy.
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Jahanbakhsh Sefidi F, Keyvani H, Monavari SH, Alavian SM, Fakhim S, Bokharaei-Salim F. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Iranian chronic infected patients. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2013; 13:e7991. [PMID: 23550108 PMCID: PMC3582303 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.7991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has different genotypes throughout the world. Since the determination of which antiviral treatment to be applied is related to HCV genotypes, identification of an individual's HCV genotypes prior to antiviral therapy is critical. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of HCV genotypes in a large population of Iranian HCV infected patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eleven thousand, five hundred and sixty one patients with chronic HCV infection which referred to hospitals related to the Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Tehran Hepatitis Center-Clinical Department of Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroeneterology and Liver Disease from March 2003 to December 2011 were enrolled. Following extraction of viral RNA of the serum, HCV-RNA was detected using reverse transcriptase-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nested PCR) and then HCV genotypes analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay. RESULTS The mean age of patients was 37.6 ± 14.2 years (range: 1-87). The highest frequency was noted for subtype 1a (44.9%) followed by subtype 3a (39.6%), and 1b (11.3%). Mixed HCV genotypes were also found in 2.5% of the total cases. Subtype 1a was the most frequent genotype in patients over 40 years of age (46.1% versus 42.4%) and subtype 3a was the most frequent in patients under 40 years old (41.5% versus 38.9%). CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that the dominant HCV subtype among Iranian patients was 1a followed by subtype 3a.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | | | - Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Shahin Fakhim
- Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Shahre Qods, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei-Salim
- Department of Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Farah Bokharaei-Salim , Department of Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel.: +98-2182943002, Fax: +98-2188602205, E-mail:
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Epidemiological features and specificities of HCV infection: a hospital-based cohort study in a university medical center of Calabria region. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12 Suppl 2:S4. [PMID: 23173638 PMCID: PMC3495624 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-s2-s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiological status of HCV in Europe, and in particular in Mediterranean countries, is continuously evolving. The genotype distribution is related to improvement of healthcare conditions, expansion of intravenous drug use and immigration. We review and characterize the epidemiology of the distribution of HCV genotypes within Calabria, an area of Southern Italy. We focus on the pattern of distinct HCV genotype changes over the last 16 years; particularly subtype 1b and genotype 4. We collected data by evaluating a hospital-based cohort of chronic hepatitis C patients; in addition, we report an update including new patients enrolled during last eight months.
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Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus among injection drug users in Iran: a slight change in prevalence of HCV genotypes over time. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1959-65. [PMID: 22695769 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Injecting drug users (IDUs) are the main at-risk population for hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission. We studied HCV infection, risk factors, and genotype distribution in relation to the year of first injection among Iranian IDUs. Of a total of 126 specimens positive for HCV antibody, 93 (74 %) had detectible HCV RNA, and the NS5B gene was sequenced for 83, with genotype 3a (n = 48, 58 %) being predominant, followed by 1a (n = 35, 42 %). Tattooing was an independent predictor for HCV infection. No significant difference was found between HCV genotypes and IDU characteristics. Although there was no change in the distribution of prevalent genotypes before and after 1997, a slight variation in the prevalence was observed (p = 0.71). The difference in the prevalence of subtypes 1a and 3a (9.1 % in the period 1984-1996 and 18.2 % in the period 1997-2009) during 25 years was 9.1 %. These findings indicate a high prevalence of HCV infection among Iranian IDUs and highlights HCV-3a as the most prevalent subtype for the past 25 years. Harm-reduction strategies appear to be the most important measures to reduce the transmission of HCV in Iran.
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Hepatitis C virus genotype distribution varies by underlying disease status among patients in the same geographic region: a retrospective multicenter study. J Clin Virol 2012; 54:218-22. [PMID: 22459004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a known carcinogen with considerable genetic heterogeneity: six different genotypes have been identified. HCV genotype distribution varies from country to country. In the United States, the most prevalent genotypes are 1a, and 1b followed by genotypes 2, and 3. OBJECTIVES To examine whether the distribution of HCV genotypes differed by cancer status among patients in the same area. STUDY DESIGN We reviewed epidemiologic and virological data of 636 patients with HCV infection evaluated at 3 institutions in Houston, Texas, in 2008 and 2009. RESULTS We included 129 cancer patients (53 with hematologic malignancies and 76 with solid tumors), 333 immunocompetent patients, and 102 HIV-co-infected patients. The prevalence of genotype 1 (G-1) was 66% among cancer patients, 84% among immunocompetents (P=0.00004), and 99% among HIV-co-infected patients (P<0.00001). G-2 and G-3 were more common in cancer patients than other patients. Demographics, risk factors, and duration of HCV infection were similar between cancer and immunocompetent patients. G-1 was more prevalent in immunocompetents (84%) than in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (74%, P=0.08) or lymphoma (59%, P=0.001). G-2 was more prevalent in lymphoma patients (24%) than in immunocompetents (8%, P=0.003); cancer risk was 3 times as great with G-2 as with other genotypes (OR 3.72, 95% CI 1.38-9.76). CONCLUSIONS This multicenter retrospective study provides evidence of differences in HCV genotype distribution by underlying disease among geographically related patients and suggests a possible greater carcinogenic potential of some variants. Large-scale prospective studies are warranted to investigate HCV genotype distribution in other regions.
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Yan Z, Fan K, Wang Y, Fan Y, Tan Z, Deng G. Changing pattern of clinical epidemiology on hepatitis C virus infection in southwest china. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2012; 12:196-204. [PMID: 22550528 PMCID: PMC3339420 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The changing pattern of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection could have a significant impact on future medical prevention practices and therapies. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to describe the changing pattern of HCV infection in southwest China using clinical epidemiology, and to assess the association between the genotypes distribution and certain potential risk factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective analysis which included 1208 subjects with chronic HCV registered at the Southwest Hospital (Chongqing, Southwest China) was performed. The information was reviewed and the data collected from clinical records and short telephone interviews when necessary. HCV genotypes were determined by nucleotide sequencing of the CE1 regions followed by phylogenic analysis with the published HCV genotype. HCV genotype distribution was analyzed according to the patients' age, gender, risk exposure, and the initial risk exposure. RESULTS Among the 1 208 patients, the HCV subtype 1b was the most prevalent (32.9%), followed by subtype 3b (18.9%), 6a (18.0%), 3a (12.8%) and 2a (10.4%), while subtypes 1a and 6k accounted for cases of HCV infection in only 9 and 3 cases respectively. Individuals older than 40 years were mainly infected with subtypes 1b and 2a, whereas younger patients were predominantly infected with genotypes 3 and 6. Subtypes 1b and 2a were observed more frequently among 44.4% and 16.0% patients respectively, with a history of invasive operations. Subtypes 3b and 6a constituted the majority of HCV infections among intravenous drug users (IDUs) (28.7% and 34.9%, respectively). A significant difference (P < 0.001) was observed between the HCV genotype distributions, according to the potential route of infection. CONCLUSION In southwest China, the most common remaining subtype is the 1b genotype, but this has declined significantly among young patients. This is followed by subtype 3b and 6a which has increased significantly, especially among young patients. The distribution of such genotypes was also variable according to gender and age. The changing pattern of HCV infection was associated with changes in the modes of HCV acquisition, which raises an alarm signal concerning the major steps that need to be taken in order to reduce such infections in southwest China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Yan
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Fan
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuming Wang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Corresponding author: Yuming Wang, Department of Infectious Diseases,Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing,400038, P. R. China. Tel.: +86-2368754858, Fax: +86-2365334998, E-mail:
| | - Yi Fan
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaoxia Tan
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guohong Deng
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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17
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Changing Pattern of Clinical Epidemiology on Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Southwest China. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2012. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.5123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Dias PT, Hahn JA, Delwart E, Edlin B, Martin J, Lum P, Evans J, Kral A, Deeks S, Busch MP, Page K. Temporal changes in HCV genotype distribution in three different high risk populations in San Francisco, California. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:208. [PMID: 21810243 PMCID: PMC3199778 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype (GT) has become an important measure in the diagnosis and monitoring of HCV infection treatment. In the United States (U.S.) HCV GT 1 is reported as the most common infecting GT among chronically infected patients. In Europe, however, recent studies have suggested that the epidemiology of HCV GTs is changing. Methods We assessed HCV GT distribution in 460 patients from three HCV-infected high risk populations in San Francisco, and examined patterns by birth cohort to assess temporal trends. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess factors independently associated with GT 1 infection compared to other GTs (2, 3, and 4). Results Overall, GT 1 was predominant (72.4%), however younger injection drug users (IDU) had a lower proportion of GT 1 infections (54.7%) compared to older IDU and HIV-infected patients (80.5% and 76.6%, respectively). Analysis by birth cohort showed increasing proportions of non-GT 1 infections associated with year of birth: birth before 1970 was independently associated with higher adjusted odds of GT 1: AOR 2.03 (95% CI: 1.23, 3.34). African-Americans as compared to whites also had higher adjusted odds of GT 1 infection (AOR: 3.37; 95% CI: 1.89, 5.99). Conclusions Although, HCV GT 1 remains the most prevalent GT, especially among older groups, changes in GT distribution could have significant implications for how HCV might be controlled on a population level and treated on an individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Telles Dias
- Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Atenção ao Uso de Drogas (NEPAD)-Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (State University of Rio de Janeiro), 20940-200 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Cornberg M, Razavi HA, Alberti A, Bernasconi E, Buti M, Cooper C, Dalgard O, Dillion JF, Flisiak R, Forns X, Frankova S, Goldis A, Goulis I, Halota W, Hunyady B, Lagging M, Largen A, Makara M, Manolakopoulos S, Marcellin P, Marinho RT, Pol S, Poynard T, Puoti M, Sagalova O, Sibbel S, Simon K, Wallace C, Young K, Yurdaydin C, Zuckerman E, Negro F, Zeuzem S. A systematic review of hepatitis C virus epidemiology in Europe, Canada and Israel. Liver Int 2011; 31 Suppl 2:30-60. [PMID: 21651702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Decisions on public health issues are dependent on reliable epidemiological data. A comprehensive review of the literature was used to gather country-specific data on risk factors, prevalence, number of diagnosed individuals and genotype distribution of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in selected European countries, Canada and Israel. METHODOLOGY Data references were identified through indexed journals and non-indexed sources. In this work, 13,000 articles were reviewed and 860 were selected based on their relevance. RESULTS Differences in prevalence were explained by local and regional variances in transmission routes or different public health measures. The lowest HCV prevalence (≤ 0.5%) estimates were from northern European countries and the highest (≥ 3%) were from Romania and rural areas in Greece, Italy and Russia. The main risk for HCV transmission in countries with well-established HCV screening programmes and lower HCV prevalence was injection drug use, which was associated with younger age at the time of infection and a higher infection rate among males. In other regions, contaminated glass syringes and nosocomial infections continue to play an important role in new infections. Immigration from endemic countries was another factor impacting the total number of infections and the genotype distribution. Approximately 70% of cases in Israel, 37% in Germany and 33% in Switzerland were not born in the country. In summary, HCV epidemiology shows a high variability across Europe, Canada and Israel. CONCLUSION Despite the eradication of transmission by blood products, HCV infection continues to be one of the leading blood-borne infections in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Cornberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Ré VE, Culasso ACA, Mengarelli S, Farías AA, Fay F, Pisano MB, Elbarcha O, Contigiani MS, Campos RH. Phylodynamics of hepatitis C virus subtype 2c in the province of Córdoba, Argentina. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19471. [PMID: 21611129 PMCID: PMC3097208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 2 subtype 2c (HCV-2c) is detected as a low prevalence subtype in many countries, except in Southern Europe and Western Africa. The current epidemiology of HCV in Argentina, a low-prevalence country, shows the expected low prevalence for this subtype. However, this subtype is the most prevalent in the central province of Córdoba. Cruz del Eje (CdE), a small rural city of this province, shows a prevalence for HCV infections of 5%, being 90% of the samples classified as HCV-2c. In other locations of Córdoba Province (OLC) with lower prevalence for HCV, HCV-2c was recorded in about 50% of the samples. The phylogenetic analysis of samples from Córdoba Province consistently conformed a monophyletic group with HCV-2c sequences from all the countries where HCV-2c has been sequenced. The phylogeographic analysis showed an overall association between geographical traits and phylogeny, being these associations significant (α = 0.05) for Italy, France, Argentina (places other than Córdoba), Martinique, CdE and OLC. The coalescence analysis for samples from CdE, OLC and France yielded a Time for the Most Common Recent Ancestor of about 140 years, whereas its demographic reconstruction showed a “lag” phase in the viral population until 1880 and then an exponential growth until 1940. These results were also obtained when each geographical area was analyzed separately, suggesting that HCV-2c came into Córdoba province during the migration process, mainly from Europe, which is compatible with the history of Argentina of the early 20th century. This also suggests that the spread of HCV-2c occurred in Europe and South America almost simultaneously, possibly as a result of the advances in medicine technology of the first half of the 20th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana E. Ré
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Virología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrés C. A. Culasso
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Mengarelli
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital San Roque, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Adrián A. Farías
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Virología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fabián Fay
- Laboratorio CIBIC, Centro de Diagnóstico Moleculares, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María B. Pisano
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Virología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Elbarcha
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marta S. Contigiani
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Virología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo H. Campos
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Diversity of hepatitis C virus genotypes among intravenous heroin users in Taiwan. Am J Med Sci 2011; 341:110-2. [PMID: 20924285 DOI: 10.1097/maj.0b013e3181f5582f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Limited information is available about genotypes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in intravenous heroin users in Taiwan. The purpose of this study was to examine the concordance of the detection of antibody to HCV and HCV-RNA and to determine the distribution of HCV genotypes in male intravenous heroin users. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study. The study population included 274 intravenous heroin drug users newly sentenced in a male prison in central Taiwan from November 2004 to February 2005, whose antibodies to HCV were positive, and antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus were negative. The mean age was 33.9 years (standard deviation, 7.8). The molecular diagnosis used to identify HCV-RNA was PCR. RESULTS Among 274 subjects, 214 subjects were found to contain HCV-RNA. Positive predictive value of HCV infection using antibody to HCV as an indicator was 78.1%. Among 214 subjects, HCV genotype 2a was the most predominant (58.9%, n = 126), followed by 1a (17.3%, n = 37), 1b (14.5%, n = 31), 2b (8.9%, n = 19) and 1a + 2b (0.4%, n = 1). Age-specific analysis also showed genotype 2a was the most prominent genotype among the 4 age groups, with the highest prevalence in groups aged 20 to 29 years and 30 to 39 years (53.3% and 67.6%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The concordance of antibody to HCV and HCV-RNA is remarkable in selected high-risk groups. HCV genotype 2a is the most prevalent in male intravenous heroin users in central Taiwan, especially in aged 20 to 29 years and aged 30 to 39 years.
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Mora MVA, Romano CM, Gomes-Gouvêa MS, Gutiérrez MF, Carrilho FJ, Pinho JRR. Molecular characterization, distribution, and dynamics of hepatitis C virus genotypes in blood donors in Colombia. J Med Virol 2011; 82:1889-98. [PMID: 20872715 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a frequent cause of acute and chronic hepatitis and a leading cause for cirrhosis of the liver and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV is classified in six major genotypes and more than 70 subtypes. In Colombian blood banks, serum samples were tested for anti-HCV antibodies using a third-generation ELISA. The aim of this study was to characterize the viral sequences in plasma of 184 volunteer blood donors who attended the "Banco Nacional de Sangre de la Cruz Roja Colombiana," Bogotá, Colombia. Three different HCV genomic regions were amplified by nested PCR. The first of these was a segment of 180 bp of the 5'UTR region to confirm the previous diagnosis by ELISA. From those that were positive to the 5'UTR region, two further segments were amplified for genotyping and subtyping by phylogenetic analysis: a segment of 380 bp from the NS5B region; and a segment of 391 bp from the E1 region. The distribution of HCV subtypes was: 1b (82.8%), 1a (5.7%), 2a (5.7%), 2b (2.8%), and 3a (2.8%). By applying Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation, it was estimated that HCV-1b was introduced into Bogotá around 1950. Also, this subtype spread at an exponential rate between about 1970 to about 1990, after which transmission of HCV was reduced by anti-HCV testing of this population. Among Colombian blood donors, HCV genotype 1b is the most frequent genotype, especially in large urban conglomerates such as Bogotá, as is the case in other South American countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Viviana Alvarado Mora
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Sharifi Z, Shooshtari MM, Kermani FR. Identification of HCV genotypes in HCV infected blood donors. Indian J Microbiol 2010; 50:275-9. [PMID: 23100841 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-010-0059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HCV infection is a leading cause of chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis of the liver. There are at least six major genotypes and more than 50 subtypes of HCV. The prevalence and distribution of HCV genotypes depend on geographical location. The aim of this study was to identify and compare the HCV genotypes in HCV infected blood donors and patients. In this cross-sectional study, 167 serum samples from 103 blood donors and 64 patients with hepatitis C were investigated for HCV genotypes. HCV genotyping was carried out using type-specific primers from the core region of the viral genome. The highest frequency was for genotype 1a, with 53 and 34 (51.5% versus 53.1%) of subjects in blood donors and patients respectively. Genotype 3a and 1b were the other frequent genotypes with 4 and 16 (3.9% versus 25%) and 39 and 10 (37.9% versus 15.6%) subjects, respectively. There was not any statistical significant association between the place of infection of the patients and genotype. The results of this study indicate that the distribution of genotypes in the two populations was similar. The dominant HCV genotypes between blood donors and patients were 1a, 3a and 1b respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Sharifi
- Research center, Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization (IBTO), Tehran, Iran
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Ahmad W, Ijaz B, Javed FT, Jahan S, Shahid I, Khan FM, Hassan S. HCV genotype distribution and possible transmission risks in Lahore, Pakistan. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:4321-8. [PMID: 20818816 PMCID: PMC2937113 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i34.4321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and their association with possible transmission routes in the general population of Lahore, as the data exclusively related to this city is limited.
METHODS: Complete data regarding patient’s history, possible route of infection and biochemical tests was collected from the public hospital for 1364 patients. SPSS version 16 windows software was used for data analysis by univariate and multivariate techniques.
RESULTS: Age range ≤ 40 years showed high prevalence of HCV infection. HCV genotype 3a was dominant (55.9%), followed by 1a (23.6%), 4a (12.5%), 3b (3.2%), untypable (2.5%), 4b (1.2%) and mixed type (1.2%). Blood transfusion, dental surgery and barber shops were the main risk factors for HCV transmission. Genotype prevalence was independent of age (P = 0.971) and gender (P = 0.122) while risk factors showed a significant association with age (P = 0.000) and genotypes (P = 0.000). We observed an independent association of risk factors and genotype 3a, while patients with genotype 1 and 4 were mostly infected due to dental surgery blood transfusion and barber shops. Risk factors of intravenous drug use and sexual exposure were exclusively found in ≤ 40 years age group.
CONCLUSION: An increase in genotypes 1a and 4a suggest migration of people, possibly from Balochistan and the northern war-zone area. Government should focus on public education regarding infection routes.
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Abstract
Hepatitis C (HCV) is the disease that has affected around 200 million people globally. HCV is a life threatening human pathogen, not only because of its high prevalence and worldwide burden but also because of the potentially serious complications of persistent HCV infection. Chronicity of the disease leads to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and end-stage liver disease. HCV positive hepatocytes vary between less than 5% and up to 100%, indicating the high rate of replication of viral RNA. HCV has a very high mutational rate that enables it to escape the immune system. Viral diversity has two levels; the genotypes and Quasiaspecies. Major HCV genotypes constitute genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 while more than 50 subtypes are known. All HCV genotypes have their particular patterns of geographical distribution and a slight drift in viral population has been observed in some parts of the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazish Bostan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad-45320, Pakistan
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Antaki N, Craxi A, Kamal S, Moucari R, Van der Merwe S, Haffar S, Gadano A, Zein N, Lai CL, Pawlotsky JM, Heathcote EJ, Dusheiko G, Marcellin P. The neglected hepatitis C virus genotypes 4, 5 and 6: an international consensus report. Liver Int 2010; 30:342-55. [PMID: 20015149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.02188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes 4, 5 and 6 represent >20% of all HCV cases worldwide. HCV-4 is mainly seen in Egypt, where it represents 90% of all HCV cases. Antischistosomal therapy was the main cause of contamination there, followed by procedures performed by informal providers and traditional healers such as dental care, wound treatment, circumcision, deliveries, excision and scarification. It is also highly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa and in the Middle East. In Europe, its prevalence has recently increased particularly among intravenous drug users and in immigrants. HCV-5 is mainly found in South Africa, where it represents 40% of all HCV genotypes, but four pockets of HCV-5 were found in France, Spain, Syria and Belgium and sporadic cases were found elsewhere. The mode of transmission is mainly iatrogenic and transfusion. HCV-6 is found in Hong Kong, Vietnam, Thailand and Myanmar and also in American and Australian from Asian origin. The response to treatment in HCV-4 is intermediate between HCV-1 and HCV-2 and HCV-3. A sustained viral response is achieved in 43-70% with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. It is higher in Egyptians than Europeans and Africans and is negatively related to insulin resistance and to the severity of fibrosis. It increases to >80% with 24 weeks of therapy only if a rapid virological response is achieved. In HCV-5, a sustained virological response is achieved in >60% with 48 weeks of therapy. HCV-6 is also considered an easy-to-treat genotype, leading to a response in 60-85% of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Antaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Louis Hospital, Aleppo, Syria.
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Zhou Y, Wang X, Mao Q, Fan Y, Zhu Y, Zhang X, Lan L, Jiang L, Tan W. Changes in modes of hepatitis C infection acquisition and genotypes in southwest China. J Clin Virol 2009; 46:230-3. [PMID: 19729342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The shift in the distribution of HCV genotypes could have a significant impact on practical medical issues. OBJECTIVES To describe the recent distribution and evolution of HCV genotypes in southwest China. STUDY DESIGN HCV genotypes were determined by nucleotide sequencing of the CE1 regions followed by phylogenic analysis with the published HCV genotype. HCV genotype distribution was analyzed according to patients' age, risk exposure, and the first time of risk exposure. RESULTS Among the 371 cases, subtypes 1a (0.8%), 1b (42.0%), 2a (9.7%), 3a (12.1%), 3b (21.0%), 4a (0.3%), and 6a (14.0%) were found. Genotypes 3 and 6 were significantly more frequent (85.4%) among IDUs than among other subjects (32.5%, P<0.001), they were also more frequent among subjects aged 40 years or under (63.6%) than older patients (21.6%, P<0.001), among patients infected after 1997 (54.4%) than those infected before 1997 (27.3%, P=0.001). Age 40 years or under (P<0.001) and infection via IDU (P<0.001) were independently associated with genotypes 3 and 6 in the multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis. IDU was detected as a cause of infection in 27.8% of HCV cases; it was more frequent among younger patients (40.4%) than older ones (7.1%, P<0.001), among patients infected after 1997 (40.3%) than those infected before 1997 (16.2%, P<0.001). CONCLUSION In southwest China, the relative prevalence of genotypes 3 and 6 has increased significantly, and that of genotypes 1b and 2a has declined significantly among young patients. This shift in distribution was associated with changes in the modes of HCV acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- YouQian Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Chongqing 400038, China
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Sereno S, Perinelli P, Laghi V. Changes in the prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotype among Italian injection drug users-relation to period of injection started. J Clin Virol 2009; 45:354-7. [PMID: 19497783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hepatitis C is a worldwide health problem. Intravenous drug users are the main risk group. OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of HCV genotypes in Italian injecting drug users and the distribution of genotypes in relation to the period when the infection was acquired. STUDY DESIGN Two hundred sera from patients with chronic hepatitis C and a history of intravenous drug use were assayed for HCV-RNA and genotyped by a commercial line probe assay. RESULTS Genotypes 1 (45.5%) and 3 (35%) were the most common genotypes, followed by genotypes 4 (15%) and 2 (3%). One genotype 5 (0.5%) was found. Two mixed infections (1%) were detected. Subtype could be determined in 160 cases (80%): subtype 3a was the most prevalent (41.3%), followed by subtypes 1a (23.1%) and 1b (20.6%). A significant change in the distribution of prevalent genotypes occurred since 1965 (p=0.020). Genotype 3 infections declined from 48/116 (41.4%) in 1965-1985 to 22/84 (26.2%) in 1986-2006. The prevalence of genotype 4 was significantly higher in patients infected after 1985 compared to patients infected before this year (11/116 [9.5%] vs. 19/84 [22.6%], respectively; p=0.018). CONCLUSIONS Since 1965 the common HCV genotype 3 has become less common in Italy. Genotype 4, an imported genotype, has become more common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sereno
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University La Sapienza, Viale del Policlinico, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Molecular and Contextual Markers of Hepatitis C Virus and Drug Abuse. Mol Diagn Ther 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03256323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Seme K, Vrhovac M, Mocilnik T, Maticic M, Lesnicar G, Baklan Z, Volkar JM, Rajter M, Stepec S, Lunar M, Poljak M. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in 1,504 patients in Slovenia, 1993-2007. J Med Virol 2009; 81:634-9. [PMID: 19235845 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to identify the main routes of hepatitis C (HCV) transmission and to determine the HCV genotype distribution and its dynamics during a 15-year period in Slovenia, HCV genotypes were detected using the INNO-LiPA HCV II (Innogenetics) test for serum samples obtained from 1,504 patients representing 72.6% of all patients with chronic hepatitis C diagnosed from 1993 to 2007. HCV genotype 1 was predominant (56%), followed by genotypes 3, 2, and 4, with a prevalence of 37.8%, 5%, and 1.2%, respectively. HCV genotypes 5 and 6 were not detected in any patient. Patients infected with HCV genotype 3 were significantly younger (mean age 28.9 +/- 8.5 years) than those infected with genotype 1 (mean age 38.9 +/- 14.8 years; P < 0.0001) and those infected with HCV genotype 2 (mean age 50.3 +/- 18.2 years; P < 0.0001). Intravenous drug use was identified as the most frequent possible HCV transmission route (34.3%), followed by medical-related transmission such as transfusion of HCV-contaminated blood or blood products, and hemodialysis (12.5%). Being an intravenous drug user was found to be strongly associated with HCV genotype 3 (OR, 3.71 [95% CI, 2.97-4.65]; P < 0.0001) and reporting infection by transfusion of blood or blood products was found to be strongly associated with HCV genotype 1 (OR, 3.28 [95% CI, 2.18-4.95]; P < 0.0001). During the 15-year period, the proportion of genotype 3 increased substantially, reflecting the fact that the HCV epidemic in Slovenia is driven mostly by intravenous drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Seme
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Shapshak P, Somboonwit C, Drumright LN, Frost SDW, Commins D, Tellinghuisen TL, Scott WK, Duncan R, McCoy C, Page JB, Giunta B, Fernandez F, Singer E, Levine A, Minagar A, Oluwadara O, Kotila T, Chiappelli F, Sinnott JT. Molecular and contextual markers of hepatitis C virus and drug abuse. Mol Diagn Ther 2009; 13:153-79. [PMID: 19650670 PMCID: PMC4447498 DOI: 10.2165/01250444-200913030-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The spread of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection involves a complex interplay of social risks, and molecular factors of both virus and host. Injection drug abuse is the most powerful risk factor for HCV infection, followed by sexual transmission and additional non-injection drug abuse factors such as co-infection with other viruses and barriers to treatment. It is clearly important to understand the wider context in which the factors related to HCV infection occur. This understanding is required for a comprehensive approach leading to the successful prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of HCV. An additional consideration is that current treatments and advanced molecular methods are generally unavailable to socially disadvantaged patients. Thus, the recognition of behavioral/social, viral, and host factors as components of an integrated approach to HCV is important to help this vulnerable group. Equally important, this approach is key to the development of personalized patient treatment - a significant goal in global healthcare. In this review, we discuss recent findings concerning the impact of drug abuse, epidemiology, social behavior, virology, immunopathology, and genetics on HCV infection and the course of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Shapshak
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tampa General Hospital, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA.
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Saravanan S, Velu V, Kumarasamy N, Shankar EM, Nandakumar S, Murugavel KG, Balakrishnan P, Solomon SS, Solomon S, Thyagarajan SP. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection among patients with chronic liver disease in South India. Int J Infect Dis 2008; 12:513-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Gottwein JM, Bukh J. Cutting the gordian knot-development and biological relevance of hepatitis C virus cell culture systems. Adv Virus Res 2008; 71:51-133. [PMID: 18585527 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide approximately 180 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV isolates exhibit extensive genetic heterogeneity and have been grouped in six genotypes and various subtypes. Additionally, several naturally occurring intergenotypic recombinants have been described. Research on the viral life cycle, efficient therapeutics, and a vaccine has been hampered by the absence of suitable cell culture systems. The first system permitting studies of the full viral life cycle was intrahepatic transfection of RNA transcripts of HCV consensus complementary DNA (cDNA) clones into chimpanzees. However, such full-length clones were not infectious in vitro. The development of the replicon system and HCV pseudo-particles allowed in vitro studies of certain aspects of the viral life cycle, RNA replication, and viral entry, respectively. Identification of the genotype 2 isolate JFH1, which for unknown reasons showed an exceptional replication capability and resulted in formation of infectious viral particles in the human hepatoma cell line Huh7, led in 2005 to the development of the first full viral life cycle in vitro systems. JFH1-based systems now enable in vitro studies of the function of viral proteins, their interaction with each other and host proteins, new antivirals, and neutralizing antibodies in the context of the full viral life cycle. However, several challenges remain, including development of cell culture systems for all major HCV genotypes and identification of other susceptible cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Gottwein
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
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Chlabicz S, Flisiak R, Kowalczuk O, Grzeszczuk A, Pytel-Krolczuk B, Prokopowicz D, Chyczewski L. Changing HCV genotypes distribution in Poland--relation to source and time of infection. J Clin Virol 2008; 42:156-9. [PMID: 18353714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Revised: 02/03/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the distribution of HCV genotypes has implications for prognosis and therapy of hepatitis C. OBJECTIVES To describe the distribution of HCV genotypes in Poland in relation to route of transmission and year of infection. STUDY DESIGN Patients with chronic liver disease were evaluated at the Department of Infectious Diseases, Bialystok (Poland). HCV genotype was determined by means of 5'UTR sequencing and comparison with known sequences of particular genotypes. RESULTS The genotypes mostly frequently detected were genotype 1 (57.5%); genotype 3 (31.3%); and genotype 4 (8.4%). Genotype 1 constituted the majority of HCV infections caused by blood transfusion (68.8%) and only 34.8% of HCV infections in the intravenous drug use (IVDU) group (p<0.05). In contrast genotype 3 constituted the majority of HCV infections in the IVDU group (56.5%). We observed a significant increase in the proportion of genotype 3 infections detected after 2000--from 19.1% to 38.9%. CONCLUSIONS The relative proportion of genotype 1b in Poland has decreased and that of genotype 3a has increased, especially among IVDU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Chlabicz
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Nursing, Medical University of Bialystok, Mieszka I 4 B, 15-054 Białystok, Poland.
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Roman F, Hawotte K, Struck D, Ternes AM, Servais JY, Arendt V, Hoffman P, Hemmer R, Staub T, Seguin-Devaux C, Schmit JC. Hepatitis C virus genotypes distribution and transmission risk factors in Luxembourg from 1991 to 2006. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:1237-43. [PMID: 18300350 PMCID: PMC2690672 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To analyze the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype distribution and transmission risk factors in a population of unselected patients in Luxembourg.
METHODS: Epidemiological information (gender, age and transmission risks) were collected from 802 patients newly diagnosed for hepatitis C and living in Luxembourg, among whom 228 patients referred from prison. Genotyping using 5’noncoding (5’NC) sequencing was performed. We compared categorical data using the Fisher’s exact F-test and odds ratios (OR) were calculated for evaluating association of HCV genotype and risk factors.
RESULTS: The sex ratio was predominantly male (2.2) and individuals aged less than 40 years represented 49.6% of the population. Genotype 1 was predominant (53.4%) followed by genotype 3 (33%). Among risk factors, intravenous drug usage (IVDU) was the most frequently reported (71.4%) followed by medical-related transmission (17.6%) including haemophilia, transfusion recipients and other nosocomial reasons. Genotype 3 was significantly associated to IVDU (OR = 4.84, P < 0.0001) whereas genotype 1 was significantly associated with a medical procedure (OR = 2.42, P < 0.001). The HCV genotype distribution from inmate patients differed significantly from the rest of the population (Chi-square test with four degrees of freedom, P < 0.0001) with a higher frequency of genotype 3 (46.5% vs 27.5%) and a lower frequency of genotype 1 and 4 (44.7% vs 56.8% and 5.3% vs 9.6%, respectively). IVDU was nearly exclusively reported as a risk factor in prison.
CONCLUSION: We report the first description of the HCV genotype distribution in Luxembourg. The repartition is similar to other European countries, with one of the highest European prevalence rates of genotype 3 (33%). Since serology screening became available in 1991, IVDU remains the most common way of HCV transmission in Luxembourg.
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Esteban JI, Sauleda S, Quer J. The changing epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in Europe. J Hepatol 2008; 48:148-62. [PMID: 18022726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The epidemic of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Europe is continuously evolving and epidemiological parameters (prevalence, incidence, disease transmission patterns and genotype distribution) have changed substantially during the last 15 years. Four main factors contribute to such changes: increased blood transfusion safety, improvement of healthcare conditions, continuous expansion of intravenous drug use and immigration to Europe from endemic areas. As a result, intravenous drug use has become the main risk factor for HCV transmission, prevalent infections have increased and genotype distribution has changed and diversified. Hence, prevalence data from studies conducted a decade ago may not be useful to estimate the current and future burden of HCV infection and additional epidemiological studies should be conducted, as well as new preventive strategies implemented to control the silent epidemic. This review summarizes recently published data on the epidemiology of HCV infection in Europe focusing on the factors currently shaping the epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I Esteban
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
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Ferreri AJM, Dolcetti R, Musto P, Dognini GP, Doglioni C, Ponzoni M. Reply to the article 'Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and MALT-type ocular adnexal lymphoma (OAL)' by P. Arnaud, M.-C. Escande, M. Lecuit et al. (Ann Oncol doi:10.1093/annonc/mdl369). Ann Oncol 2007; 18:401-403. [PMID: 32559838 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdl423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A J M Ferreri
- Medical Oncology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan.
| | - R Dolcetti
- Immunovirology and Biotherapy Unit, Department of Pre-Clinical and Epidemiological Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Aviano
| | - P Musto
- U.O.C. di Ematologia e Trapianto di Cellule Staminali, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Basilicata, Ospedale Oncologico Regionale, Rionero in Vulture, Potenza
| | - G P Dognini
- Medical Oncology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan
| | - C Doglioni
- Pathology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - M Ponzoni
- Pathology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Svirtlih N, Delic D, Simonovic J, Jevtovic D, Dokic L, Gvozdenovic E, Boricic I, Terzic D, Pavic S, Neskovic G, Zerjav S, Urban V. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in Serbia and Montenegro: The prevalence and clinical significance. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:355-60. [PMID: 17230602 PMCID: PMC4065888 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i3.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in Serbia and Montenegro and their influence on some clinical characteristics in patients with chronic HCV infection.
METHODS: A total of 164 patients was investigated. Complete history, route of infection, assessment of alcohol consumption, an abdominal ultrasound, standard biochemical tests and liver biopsy were done. Gene sequencing of 5’ NTR type-specific PCR or commercial kits was performed for HCV genotyping and subtyping. The SPSS for Windows (version 10.0) was used for univariate regression analysis with further multivariate analysis.
RESULTS: The genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 1b3a and 1b4 were present in 57.9%, 3.7%, 23.2%, 6.7%, 6.7% and 1.8% of the patients, respectively. The genotype 1 (mainly the subtype 1b) was found to be independent of age in subjects older than 40 years, high viral load, more severe necro-inflammatory activity, advanced stage of fibrosis, and absence of intravenous drug abuse. The genotype 3a was associated with intravenous drug abuse and the age below 40. Multivariate analysis demonstrated age over 40 and intravenous drug abuse as the positive predictive factors for the genotypes 1b and 3a, respectively.
CONCLUSION: In Serbia and Montenegro, the genotypes 1b and 3a predominate in patients with chronic HCV infection. The subtype 1b is characteristic of older patients, while the genotype 3a is common in drug abusers. Association of the subtype 1b with advanced liver disease, higher viral load and histological activity suggests earlier infection with this genotype and eventually its increased pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Svirtlih
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Bul Oslobodjenja 16, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
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van de Laar TJW, Koppelman MHGM, van der Bij AK, Zaaijer HL, Cuijpers HTM, van der Poel CL, Coutinho RA, Bruisten SM. Diversity and origin of hepatitis C virus infection among unpaid blood donors in the Netherlands. Transfusion 2006; 46:1719-28. [PMID: 17002628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2006.00961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To improve transfusion policy and to increase understanding of the spread of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the general population, HCV infections among voluntary Dutch blood donors were examined with molecular epidemiologic techniques. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS During 6 years, 1997 through 2002, confirmed anti-HCV-positive donors were interviewed on HCV-associated risk behavior with a standardized questionnaire. Additionally, HCV isolates were genotyped, partially sequenced, and compared to sequences obtained from Dutch injecting drug users (IDUs). RESULTS HCV prevalence and incidence rates among Dutch donors were extremely low; the residual risk of transmitting HCV was calculated to be 1 in 30 million donations. Former IDUs (21%), transfusion recipients (30%), and immigrants (>12%) were identified as major HCV risk groups. Cryptogenic transmission caused 18 percent of infections among new donors and all infections among repeat donors. Compared to IDUs, genotype distribution among donors was highly diverse; major subtypes were 3a (27%), 1a (24%), 1b (24%), 2a/b (10%), and 4 (9%). Half of the donors were infected with IDU-related subtypes 1a and 3a, whereas subtype 1b mainly spread via blood transfusion and various other nosocomial modes of transmission in the past. HCV infections acquired in endemic countries could be clearly identified based on genotype. CONCLUSION Different modes of transmission are linked to infections with certain HCV subtypes, suggesting separate HCV epidemics, but spillover between different risk groups underlines the value of molecular epidemiologic techniques to gain insight into the origin and dynamics of HCV infections on a population level.
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Morice Y, Cantaloube JF, Beaucourt S, Barbotte L, De Gendt S, Goncales FL, Butterworth L, Cooksley G, Gish RG, Beaugrand M, Fay F, Fay O, Gonzalez JE, Martins RMB, Dhumeaux D, Vanderborght B, Stuyver L, Sablon E, de Lamballerie X, Pawlotsky JM. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus subtype 3a in injecting drug users. J Med Virol 2006; 78:1296-303. [PMID: 16927280 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus subtype 3a (HCV-3a) originates from Asia and has spread widely among injecting drug users as well as other patient groups in industrialized countries. HCV subtype 3a infection remains highly prevalent and frequently transmitted in the population of intravenous drug users. The objective of this study was to understand better the mechanisms of the worldwide HCV-3a epidemics in drug users. Ninety-three sera from HCV-3a-infected IDUs from France, the United States, Brazil, Argentina, and Australia were studied. Phylogenetic analyses of the non-structural 5B region showed no specific clustering according to the continent of the patient's origin. Non-exclusive clusters of viral sequences from South America, Australia, and California were observed, but topologies were not supported by strong bootstrap values. The results suggest that HCV-3a has been transmitted from a common origin through a unique worldwide epidemic that rapidly spread among drug users. Regional transmission occurred in the recent past, leading to an embryonic genetic diversification of HCV-3a among local injecting drug user population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Morice
- Department of Virology & INSERM U635, French National Reference Center for Viral Hepatitis B, C and delta, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Université Paris 12, Créteil, France
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Kabir A, Alavian SM, Keyvani H. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in patients infected by different sources and its correlation with clinical and virological parameters: a preliminary study. COMPARATIVE HEPATOLOGY 2006; 5:4. [PMID: 17014721 PMCID: PMC1599752 DOI: 10.1186/1476-5926-5-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Information about genotypes and associated risk factors in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients in Iran is limited. The aim of this study was to identify the HCV genotypes and associated risk factors in a group of HCV infected patients from Iran. Results Genotyping analysis was performed in 156 patients with positive anti-HCV and HCV-RNA. Patients were questioned concerning documented risk factors. Genotypes 1 and 3 were found in 87 (55.8%) and 45 (28.8%) patients, respectively. The most frequent HCV subtype was 1a (37.8), followed by 3a (28.9%) and 1b (16.7%). There was no statistically significant difference between the risk factors analyzed and the acquisition of HCV infection. We further found that 18 (40%) and 17 (37.8%) patients that were intravenous drug users (IVDU) had genotype 1a and 3a respectively. Conclusion Genotypes 3a and 1a in Iran are less prevalent in IVDU than in Europe and USA, but there is a high similarity between the pattern of genotype in IVDU in both Europe and United States, and Iran. However, in this case it can not be due to people migration among countries since history of travel abroad existed only in 6 cases (13.3%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kabir
- Tehran Hepatitis Center, Tehran, Iran
- Nikan Health Researchers Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed-Moayed Alavian
- Tehran Hepatitis Center, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Gastroenterology, Baqyiatallah University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Hussein Keyvani
- Tehran Hepatitis Center, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Nainan OV, Alter MJ, Kruszon-Moran D, Gao FX, Xia G, McQuillan G, Margolis HS. Hepatitis C virus genotypes and viral concentrations in participants of a general population survey in the United States. Gastroenterology 2006; 131:478-84. [PMID: 16890602 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Estimates of the long-term benefits of antiviral therapies for chronic hepatitis C are influenced by the frequency of characteristics that affect response in the population treated. This study determined hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and RNA titers among HCV-infected persons in the general population of the United States. METHODS Genotypes were determined from the NS5b region, and HCV RNA was quantified by using Amplicor Monitor (Roche Diagnostic Systems, Inc, Branchburg, NJ) from 275 HCV RNA-positive participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted during 1988 to 1994. RESULTS The HCV genotypes identified included 1a (n = 142), 1b (n = 73), 2a (n = 8), 2b (n = 27), 3a (n = 17), 4 (n = 3), and 6 (n = 5). Based on weighted analysis of persons infected with genotypes 1, 2, and 3, genotype 1 predominated in all age groups (75.3%). By racial/ethnic group, genotype 1 was found in 90.9% of non-Hispanic blacks, 69.6% of non-Hispanic whites, and 71.2% of Mexican Americans. After adjusting for age and gender, only non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity was independently associated with genotype 1 infection (adjusted odds ratio 4.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-12.8). The overall geometric mean concentration of HCV RNA was 2.1 x 10(6) IU/mL; concentrations > 2 million IU/mL were found in 53.0% overall and 50.3% of persons with genotype 1. CONCLUSIONS Persons with chronic hepatitis C in the United States who may require treatment in the foreseeable future are predominantly infected with genotype 1, including a disproportionate number of non-Hispanic blacks. These features emphasize the need for improved therapies that reduce or eliminate complications from genotype 1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omana V Nainan
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Ramos B, Núñez M, Toro C, Sheldon J, García-Samaniego J, Ríos P, Soriano V. Changes in the distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes over time in Spain according to HIV serostatus: implications for HCV therapy in HCV/HIV-coinfected patients. J Infect 2006; 54:173-9. [PMID: 16569433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Revised: 02/11/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in the prevalence of distinct hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and subtypes over time have not been explored in detail. METHODS A retrospective analysis was carried out in all specimens from subjects with chronic hepatitis C sent for testing to a reference laboratory in Spain since 1998-2004. RESULTS A total of 1226 distinct subjects were analyzed. The most frequent HCV genotype was 1 (64.1%), followed by 3 (20.9%) and 4 (11.7%). The most frequent HCV subtype was 1b (32.4%). A total of 797 patients (65%) were HIV-positive. Although genotype 1 was the most frequent, it represented 74.6% of HIV-negative and 58.5% of HIV-positive patients (p<0.01). While HCV subtype 1a was the most frequent among HIV-positive subjects (32.1%), 1b was the most common in HIV-negative patients (53.8%). There was a significant increase in the prevalence of genotype 4 and conversely a decline in genotype 3 among HIV-positive patients over time. CONCLUSION Genotype 1 is the most frequent HCV variant circulating in Spain. Genotypes 3 and 4 are significantly more prevalent in HIV/HCV-coinfected than in HCV-monoinfected patients. However, HCV-3 has declined and HCV-4 is increasing in the former group. These findings are relevant given their different susceptibility to interferon-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Ramos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Carlos III, Calle Sinesio Delgado 10, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Echevarría JM, León P, Pozo F, Avellón A. Follow-up of the prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Spain during a nine-year period (1996-2004). Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2006; 24:20-5. [PMID: 16537058 DOI: 10.1157/13083370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent data suggest that the prevalence of genotype 4 HCV strains among Spanish carriers is increasing. OBJECTIVE To assess changes in the prevalence of HCV genotypes in Spain during the last nine years. METHODS HCV RNA was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction from 3161 serum samples from unselected, anti-HCV-positive individuals, and the HCV genotype was identified by a reverse hybridisation assay (line probe assay, LiPA). Samples came from 17 different regions of Spain and were obtained between January, 1996 and December, 2004. RESULTS The overall prevalence of HCV genotypes was: 1b, 41.3%; 1a, 24.1%; 3, 19.6%; 4, 11.6%; 2, 3.1%; and 5, 0.3%. The prevalence of genotypes 1a, 3 and 4 increased significantly among patients born after 1950, and that of genotype 1b decreased among them. These significant differences in regard to age were also observed among patients lacking notified high-risk factors. A main switch-up in prevalence of genotypes 1a and 3 was found when patients born in 1941-1950 were compared with those born in 1951-1960, but the same finding in genotype 4 was delayed to patients born in 1961-1970. CONCLUSIONS Two separate epidemics of HCV seem to have occurred in Spain during the last 30 years. The former one involved the spread of HCV genotypes 1a and 3. The second was more recent, and involved the spread of genotype 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Echevarría
- Servicio de Microbiología Diagnóstica, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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Matheï C, Wollants E, Verbeeck J, Van Ranst M, Robaeys G, Van Damme P, Buntinx F. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C among drug users in Flanders, Belgium: association of genotype with clinical parameters and with sex- and drug-related risk behaviours. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 24:514-22. [PMID: 16133411 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-005-1376-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the genotypic variation of hepatitis C among drug users in Flanders and to relate the distribution of genotypes to the characteristics of the population. Hepatitis C virus RNA (HCV-RNA) quantification and genotyping was performed on stored samples from 161 anti-HCV-positive injecting and non-injecting drug users. Information on sociodemographic status, drug-related risk behaviour and sexual risk behaviour was available for each drug user. HCV-RNA was present in 152 of 161 samples (94.4%). Genotype 1 was predominant (48.7%), followed by genotype 3 (41.2%), genotype 4 (8.8%) and genotype 2 (1.4%). In the multivariate analysis, lack of a history of injecting drug use was confirmed as a statistically significant predictor for infection with genotype 1. Predictors for infection with genotype 3 were the presence of anti-HBc antibodies and a history of injecting drug use. Being tattooed emerged as a statistically significant predictor for infection with genotype 4. The 94.4% prevalence of HCV-RNA among anti-HCV-positive drug users was considerably higher than the 54-86% chronicity rate found globally among HCV-infected patients. The results of this study suggest the existence of separate transmission networks for injecting drug users and non-injecting drug users. Finally, the results suggest that tattooing practices play a role in the spread of HCV among drug users.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Matheï
- Department of General Practice, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33 Blok J, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Savvas SP, Koskinas J, Sinani C, Hadziyannis A, Spanou F, Hadziyannis SJ. Changes in epidemiological patterns of HCV infection and their impact on liver disease over the last 20 years in Greece. J Viral Hepat 2005; 12:551-7. [PMID: 16108773 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2005.00614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relative frequency of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in Greek patients with chronic infection as well as possible secular changes in their distribution in relation to modes of transmission, age and time at acquisition of the infection and other variables. We evaluated 434 unselected patients, 241 males and 193 females with a median age of 46.2 years (18-75), with chronic HCV infection presenting during the period 1996-2000. HCV infection was confirmed by the detection of HCV-RNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), while HCV genotyping was performed by the Inno-LiPA assay. Liver biopsies were evaluated according to Ishak's scoring system. Of 434 patients, 167 had a history of blood transfusion [post-transfusion hepatitis (PTH)], 80 were i.v. drug users and in 187 the route of infection remained unknown. The overall distribution of HCV genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4 was 47, 8.3, 27 and 15.2%, respectively. Genotype 3 was common in younger adults and i.v. drug users, whereas genotype 1 predominated in older people and PTH patients (P < 0.001 for both). Infection acquired before 1981 (group A) was related to transfusion and genotype 1, while after 1981 (group B) with i.v. drug use and genotype 3 (P < 0.01). Biopsy was available in 369 (85%) patients, of whom 22.5% had cirrhosis; 29.8% in group A and 9.9% in group B. In a multivariate analysis, cirrhosis was strongly associated with the duration of infection (P = 0.013). Our study revealed a change of HCV genotype distribution in the last 20 years among Greek patients with chronic HCV infection as a result of epidemiological changes in HCV transmission. The presence of cirrhosis was associated only with the duration of infection. These observations have impact both on prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Savvas
- Second Department of Medicine, Athens University, Athens, Greece
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Cantaloube JF, Gallian P, Attoui H, Biagini P, De Micco P, de Lamballerie X. Genotype distribution and molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in blood donors from southeast France. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:3624-9. [PMID: 16081888 PMCID: PMC1233931 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.8.3624-3629.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in blood donors from southeast France was tracked for a period of 13 years (1991 to 2003). Virus genomes from 321 samples were analyzed by amplification and sequencing of the NS5b and E1 regions. The most frequent genotypes were 1b (30.2%), 1a (27.7%), and 3a (22.4%). Although it was less common, genotype 2 was characterized by the presence of strains belonging to 11 different subtypes, including 5 that had never been characterized. Genotypes 1a, 1b, 3a, and 4a presented typical "epidemic" profiles, with a large number of isolates per subtype and short mean genetic distances between isolates. Type 2 isolates displayed a typical "endemic" profile, with a large number of subtypes and very few isolates in each subtype. The epidemiology of HCV infection in southeast France changed radically during the study period in relation to modifications in the etiology of infection. We observed the emergence of new epidemic subtypes (subtypes 1a and 3) linked to intravenous drug use and a decrease in the types linked to blood transfusion and nosocomial infection (epidemic subtype 1b and endemic type 2). Comparison of strains from blood donors with strains from a cohort of inpatients in the same region during 2001 and 2002 demonstrated for the first time that the monitoring of blood donors is a generally valid indicator of HCV epidemiology in terms of genotype distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Cantaloube
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Etablissement de Transfusion Sanguine Alpes-Méditerranée, 149 bd. Baille, 13005 Marseille, France.
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Satoh Y, Hino K, Kato T, Mizokami M, Yamashita S, Nakamura H, Okita K. Molecular epidemiologic analysis of hepatitis C virus infection in injecting drug users with acute hepatitis C in Japan. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 19:1305-11. [PMID: 15482539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2004.03444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The aim of this study was to examine whether particular hepatitis C virus (HCV) subtypes are spreading among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Yamaguchi prefecture, on the south-western tip of the island of Honshu in Japan, as found in European countries. METHODS We prospectively enrolled acute hepatitis C patients from January 2001 to March 2003. E2 gene sequences of HCV isolates from IDUs with acute hepatitis C were phylogenetically compared to those from 30 chronic hepatitis C patients with the same HCV subtypes who had or did not have a history of intravenous drug use. RESULTS Nine of 11 patients (82%) with acute hepatitis C were IDUs. The HCV subtypes were 2a in four and 2b in five, which contrasted with the high prevalence of subtype 1b in patients with chronic liver diseases in Japan. IDUs with acute hepatitis C (22.0 +/- 2.4 years old) were significantly younger than those with chronic hepatitis C (49.5 +/- 9.5 years old) for subtype 2a (P = 0.0005), but not for subtype 2b (25.6 +/- 5.4 vs 28.1 +/- 2.4 years old). Some HCV isolates of subtype 2b from IDUs with acute hepatitis C were phylogenetically related to those from IDUs with chronic hepatitis C. By contrast, there was no phylogenetic segregation of HCV in IDUs with subtype 2a. HCV isolates from non-IDUs were genetically divergent from each other and those from IDUs, irrespective of the HCV subtype. CONCLUSION Hepatitis C virus of the non-1b subtype, particularly subtype 2b, seemed to be transmitted between IDUs very recently in Yamaguchi prefecture, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Satoh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
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High prevalence of hepatitis C virus type 5 in central France evidenced by a prospective study from 1996 to 2002. J Clin Microbiol 2004. [PMID: 15243055 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.7.3030-3035.200442/7/3030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
From 1996 to 2002, hepatitis C virus (HCV) typing was prospectively performed for 1,281 unselected HCV-infected and viremic patients, irrespective of their clinical status. Eighty-three patients (6.5%) were coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HCV. A total of 1,195 strains were identified by a serotype screening (Murex HCV Serotyping 1-6 assay) and/or genotyping (Inno-LiPA HCV II) test. The distribution of HCV types showed an unusually high rate of type 5 (14.2%) that was stable over time and was the third most frequent type, after type 1 (59.1%) and type 3 (15.1%). HCV type 5 was more frequent in patients who were older than 50 (P = 10(-6)), but its frequency did not differ significantly by gender (P = 0.21). Serotyping was performed for 1,160 strains but failed for 30.2% of them. The efficiency depended on HIV status (for HCV-HIV-coinfected patients, half of the strains were untypeable) and HCV type. Genotyping was performed for 428 samples, with an overall efficiency of 99.3%. It failed in three cases, which were subsequently identified as HCV type 2. Serotyping and genotyping results for 39 patients showed discrepancies between the two methods for 4 patients, who had HCV type 2, type 6, or mixed infections. Thus, HCV type 5 may also be encountered frequently in Western countries. Its apparent confinement to a restricted area raises the question of how it emerged and underscores the need for further studies of HCV type prevalence, routes of transmission, pathogenicity, and responses to treatment.
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Henquell C, Cartau C, Abergel A, Laurichesse H, Regagnon C, De Champs C, Bailly JL, Peigue-Lafeuille H. High prevalence of hepatitis C virus type 5 in central France evidenced by a prospective study from 1996 to 2002. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:3030-5. [PMID: 15243055 PMCID: PMC446309 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.7.3030-3035.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2003] [Revised: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
From 1996 to 2002, hepatitis C virus (HCV) typing was prospectively performed for 1,281 unselected HCV-infected and viremic patients, irrespective of their clinical status. Eighty-three patients (6.5%) were coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HCV. A total of 1,195 strains were identified by a serotype screening (Murex HCV Serotyping 1-6 assay) and/or genotyping (Inno-LiPA HCV II) test. The distribution of HCV types showed an unusually high rate of type 5 (14.2%) that was stable over time and was the third most frequent type, after type 1 (59.1%) and type 3 (15.1%). HCV type 5 was more frequent in patients who were older than 50 (P = 10(-6)), but its frequency did not differ significantly by gender (P = 0.21). Serotyping was performed for 1,160 strains but failed for 30.2% of them. The efficiency depended on HIV status (for HCV-HIV-coinfected patients, half of the strains were untypeable) and HCV type. Genotyping was performed for 428 samples, with an overall efficiency of 99.3%. It failed in three cases, which were subsequently identified as HCV type 2. Serotyping and genotyping results for 39 patients showed discrepancies between the two methods for 4 patients, who had HCV type 2, type 6, or mixed infections. Thus, HCV type 5 may also be encountered frequently in Western countries. Its apparent confinement to a restricted area raises the question of how it emerged and underscores the need for further studies of HCV type prevalence, routes of transmission, pathogenicity, and responses to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Henquell
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Faculté de Médecine, 28 place Henri Dunant, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France.
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