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Itani T, Chalapa V, Semenov A, Sergeev A. Laboratory diagnosis of nonpolio enteroviruses: A review of the current literature. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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2
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Xu J, Sun Z, Li W, Liu L, Gao F, Pan D. Epidemiological characteristics and cerebrospinal fluid cytokine profiles of enterovirus encephalitis in children in Hangzhou, China. J Med Virol 2021; 94:2645-2652. [PMID: 34862630 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are common causes of viral encephalitis in children. To better understand the epidemiological and pathological characteristics of EV encephalitis, we enrolled suspected encephalitis patients younger than 15 years old in Hangzhou, China, from October 2016 to September 2019 for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection and analyses. A total of 7735 CSF samples were collected, among which 330 (4.27%) were positive for the EV genome. The positivity rate was significantly higher in boys than girls (χ2 = 5.68, p = 0.02). The monthly case numbers peaked from June to August (80.30%). Among the different age groups, the 0-2 months age group showed the highest number of cases (28.48% of all cases). The 6-7 years (10.82%) and 9-10 years (9.29%) age groups showed the highest EV-positivity rates among suspected encephalitis cases. Sixty-two EV-positive and 53 control CSF samples were collected for Bio-Plex Pro human cytokine assays that simultaneously tested 48 cytokines. Principle component analyses showed significant separation between EV-positive and control samples, but insignificant separation between children and newborns. The levels of 28 cytokines and chemokines were significantly elevated in the EV-positive group including many proinflammatory and a few anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as chemokines belonging to the CC and CXC subfamilies. Only one cytokine, stem cell growth factor-β, showed a decrease in the EV-positive group. Thus, this study revealed age, sex, and seasonal preferences for EV encephalitis incidences in children and identified many cytokines dysregulated during EV encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zeyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lifang Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongli Pan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, and Department of Infectious Diseases of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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do Socorro Fôro Ramos E, Rosa UA, de Oliveira Ribeiro G, Villanova F, de Pádua Milagres FA, Brustulin R, Dos Santos Morais V, Bertanhe M, Marcatti R, Araújo ELL, Witkin SS, Delwart E, Luchs A, da Costa AC, Leal É. High Heterogeneity of Echoviruses in Brazilian Children with Acute Gastroenteritis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040595. [PMID: 33807396 PMCID: PMC8067319 DOI: 10.3390/v13040595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Echoviruses (E) are a diverse group of viruses responsible for various pathological conditions in humans including aseptic meningitis, myocarditis, and acute flaccid paralysis. The detection and identification of echovirus genotypes in clinical samples is challenging due to its high genetic diversity. Here, we report the complete genome sequences of nine echoviruses, obtained by next-generation sequencing of 238 fecal samples from individuals with gastroenteritis in regions of Brazil. Detected viruses were classified into six genotypes: Three E1 sequences (BRA/TO-028, BRA/TO-069 and BRA/TO-236), one E3 (BRA/TO-018), one E11 (BRA/TO-086), one E20 (BRA/TO-016), two E29 (BRA/TO-030 and BRA/TO-193), and one E30 sequence (BRA/TO-032). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the echoviruses E1 and E29 circulating in Brazil are divergent from strains circulating worldwide. The genotype diversity identified in our study may under-represent the total echovirus diversity in Brazil because of the small sample size and the restricted geographical distribution covered by the survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endrya do Socorro Fôro Ramos
- Laboratório de Diversidade Viral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem 66075-000, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ulisses Alves Rosa
- Laboratório de Diversidade Viral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem 66075-000, Pará, Brazil
| | - Geovani de Oliveira Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Diversidade Viral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem 66075-000, Pará, Brazil
| | - Fabiola Villanova
- Laboratório de Diversidade Viral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem 66075-000, Pará, Brazil
| | - Flávio Augusto de Pádua Milagres
- Secretaria de Saúde do Tocantins, Palmas 77453-000, Tocantins, Brazil
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Tocantins (LACEN/TO), Palmas 77016-330, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Rafael Brustulin
- Secretaria de Saúde do Tocantins, Palmas 77453-000, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Dos Santos Morais
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Mayara Bertanhe
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Roberta Marcatti
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Emerson Luiz Lima Araújo
- General Coordination of Public Health Laboratories of the Strategic Articulation, Department of the Health Surveillance Secretariat of the Ministry of Health (CGLAB/DAEVS/SVS-MS), Brasília 70719-040, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Steven S Witkin
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Adriana Luchs
- Laboratório de Doenças Entéricas, Centro de Virologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Antonio Charlys da Costa
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Élcio Leal
- Laboratório de Diversidade Viral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem 66075-000, Pará, Brazil
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Cheng W, Ji T, Zhou S, Shi Y, Jiang L, Zhang Y, Yan D, Yang Q, Song Y, Cai R, Xu W. Molecular epidemiological characteristics of echovirus 6 in mainland China: extensive circulation of genotype F from 2007 to 2018. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1305-1312. [PMID: 33638089 PMCID: PMC8036204 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Echovirus 6 (E6) is associated with various clinical diseases and is frequently detected in environmental sewage. Despite its high prevalence in humans and the environment, little is known about its molecular phylogeography in mainland China. In this study, 114 of 21,539 (0.53%) clinical specimens from hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) cases collected between 2007 and 2018 were positive for E6. The complete VP1 sequences of 87 representative E6 strains, including 24 strains from this study, were used to investigate the evolutionary genetic characteristics and geographical spread of E6 strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on VP1 nucleotide sequence divergence showed that, globally, E6 strains can be grouped into six genotypes, designated A to F. Chinese E6 strains collected between 1988 and 2018 were found to belong to genotypes C, E, and F, with genotype F being predominant from 2007 to 2018. There was no significant difference in the geographical distribution of each genotype. The evolutionary rate of E6 was estimated to be 3.631 × 10-3 substitutions site-1 year-1 (95% highest posterior density [HPD]: 3.2406 × 10-3-4.031 × 10-3 substitutions site-1 year-1) by Bayesian MCMC analysis. The most recent common ancestor of the E6 genotypes was traced back to 1863, whereas their common ancestor in China was traced back to around 1962. A small genetic shift was detected in the Chinese E6 population size in 2009 according to Bayesian skyline analysis, which indicated that there might have been an epidemic around that year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Cheng
- Medical School, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianjiao Ji
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaifeng Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Shi
- Jiangxi Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Yunnan Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Song
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru Cai
- Medical School, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenbo Xu
- Medical School, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Vandesande H, Laajala M, Kantoluoto T, Ruokolainen V, Lindberg AM, Marjomäki V. Early Entry Events in Echovirus 30 Infection. J Virol 2020; 94:e00592-20. [PMID: 32295914 PMCID: PMC7307138 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00592-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Echovirus 30 (E30), a member of the enterovirus B species, is a major cause of viral meningitis, targeting children and adults alike. While it is a frequently isolated enterovirus and the cause of several outbreaks all over the world, surprisingly little is known regarding its entry and replication strategy within cells. In this study, we used E30 strain Bastianni (E30B) generated from an infectious cDNA clone in order to study early entry events during infection in human RD cells. E30B required the newly discovered Fc echovirus receptor (FcRn) for successful infection, but not the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) or decay-accelerating factor (DAF), although an interaction with DAF was observed. Double-stranded RNA replication intermediate was generated between 2 and 3 h postinfection (p.i.), and viral capsid production was initiated between 4 and 5 h p.i. The drugs affecting Rac1 (NSC 23766) and cholesterol (filipin III) compromised infection, whereas bafilomycin A1, dyngo, U-73122, wortmannin, and nocodazole did not, suggesting the virus follows an enterovirus-triggered macropinocytic pathway rather than the clathrin pathway. Colocalization with early endosomes and increased infection due to constitutively active Rab5 expression suggests some overlap and entry to classical early endosomes. Taken together, these results suggest that E30B induces an enterovirus entry pathway, leading to uncoating in early endosomes.IMPORTANCE Echovirus 30 (E30) is a prevalent enterovirus causing regular outbreaks in both children and adults in different parts of the world. It is therefore surprising that relatively little is known of its infectious entry pathway. We set out to generate a cDNA clone and gradient purified the virus in order to study the early entry events in human cells. We have recently studied other enterovirus B group viruses, like echovirus 1 (EV1) and coxsackievirus A9 (CVA9), and found many similarities between those viruses, allowing us to define a so-called "enterovirus entry pathway." Here, E30 is reminiscent of these viruses, for example, by not relying on acidification for infectious entry. However, despite not using the clathrin entry pathway, E30 accumulates in classical early endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Vandesande
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Mira Laajala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tino Kantoluoto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Visa Ruokolainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - A Michael Lindberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Wollants E, Maes P, Merino M, Bloemen M, Van Ranst M, Vanmechelen B. First genomic characterization of a Belgian Enterovirus C104 using sequence-independent Nanopore sequencing. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 81:104267. [PMID: 32114255 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Because of the enormous variation in their genome sequence, genotyping enteroviruses by standard methods can prove to be quite challenging. Nanopore sequencing offers the potential to overcome the limitations of older techniques, but thus far, only amplicon-based strategies have been used to sequence complete enterovirus genomes. By combining a sequence-independent, single primer amplification (SISPA) for cDNA generation with next-generation sequencing using the Oxford Nanopore MinION, complete enterovirus genomes can be obtained in an easy-to-use, sequence-independent manner. To demonstrate its usability, we applied this technique to determine the complete genome sequence of an enterovirus C104 strain, representing the first documented occurrence of this uncommon enterovirus strain in Belgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Wollants
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Piet Maes
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michelle Merino
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mandy Bloemen
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Laboratory Medicine and National Reference Center for Enteroviruses, University Hospitals Leuven, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert Vanmechelen
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Vandendriessche S, Padalko E, Wollants E, Verfaillie C, Verhasselt B, Coorevits L. Evaluation of the Seegene Allplex™ Respiratory Panel for diagnosis of acute respiratory tract infections. Acta Clin Belg 2019; 74:379-385. [PMID: 30307378 DOI: 10.1080/17843286.2018.1531605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: The Seegene AllplexTM Respiratory panel was retrospectively challenged using a collection of quality control samples (QCMD) and clinical samples previously analysed with validated routine methods. Methods: A collection of 111 samples [43 QCMD samples, 13 bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and 55 nasopharyngeal aspirates/swabs] was tested with Seegene AllplexTM. The clinical samples were tested previously using either FTD® Respiratory Pathogens 21 qPCR assay (Fast Track Diagnostics), an in-house multiplex PCR for Bordetella, or BioGX Sample-ReadyTM Atypical pneumo panel (Becton Dickinson). Samples were stored at -80°C prior to analysis with Seegene Allplex™, nucleic acids were automatically extracted with NucliSENS Easymag (bioMérieux). Samples returning discordant results were subjected to repeat testing and/or additional testing by reference laboratories. Results: Seegene correctly identified 41/43 QCMD samples (95.4%); two samples positive for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus, respectively, were only correctly identified following repeat testing. In the 56 clinical samples, overall, 97 pathogens were identified: 65 pathogens (67.0%) were detected both by routine methods and Seegene, 24 pathogens (24.7%) only by routine methods, and 8 pathogens (8.2%) only by Seegene. The majority of discordant results was detected in samples with low pathogen load (22/32, 68.8%) and in samples containing multiple pathogens (25/32, 78.1%). Full agreement between methods was observed for influenza, RSV, adenovirus, Bordetella (para)pertussis and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Discordance was observed for human metapneumovirus, coronavirus OC43, bocavirus and parainfluenza virus, mainly type 4. Conclusion: Overall, the Seegene AllplexTM assay performed well for routine detection of important respiratory targets. Acceptable agreement was observed between Seegene and other routine assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stien Vandendriessche
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Microbiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elizaveta Padalko
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Microbiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elke Wollants
- Rega Institute, Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Verfaillie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Microbiology, AZ Sint-Lucas Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Verhasselt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Microbiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liselotte Coorevits
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Microbiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Wollants E, Beller L, Beuselinck K, Bloemen M, Lagrou K, Reynders M, Van Ranst M. A decade of enterovirus genetic diversity in Belgium. J Clin Virol 2019; 121:104205. [PMID: 31722268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.104205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteroviruses are responsible for a wide range of clinical symptoms.Enterovirus D68 was already known to cause mild to severe respiratory infections, but in the last few years, it has also been associated with neurological symptoms and acute flaccid paralysis. OBJECTIVES In this epidemiological surveillance in Belgium, 1521 enteroviruspositive samples were genotyped. STUDY DESIGN Enterovirus-positive patient samples were collected from the University Hospitals Leuven and other hospitals and medical practices in Belgium from 2007 to 2018. Molecular typing was done by RT-PCR using different primers sets. EV-A and EV-B were typed by sequencing part of VP1. For EVC and EV-D, the VP4/VP2 region was used together with the non-coding region. RESULTS In this epidemiological survey with samples collected over 12 years, 35 different EV types were detected in 1521 patient samples. Enterovirus species B was by far the most dominant species in our samples (93%). Echovirus 30 was most frequently found (24%), followed by echovirus 6 (8%) and echovirus 9 (7%). In 2018, there was an outbreak for the first time of enterovirus D68 with severe respiratory infections but no acute flaccid paralysis. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the collected outbreak strains coexist in different clades. CONCLUSIONS For more than a decade, the circulating enterovirus strains were investigated in Belgium. During this time span, echovirus 30 was the most frequently detected and peaked every 3 years. Enterovirus D68 began an upsurge in 2018, but thus far without being clinically associated with acute flaccid paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Wollants
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, BE-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Leen Beller
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, BE-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kurt Beuselinck
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, BE-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mandy Bloemen
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, BE-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, BE-3000, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Laboratory Medicine and National Reference Center for Respiratory Pathogens and Enteroviruses, University Hospitals Leuven, BE-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijke Reynders
- Unit of Molecular Microbiology, Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge AV, BE-8000 Bruges, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, BE-3000, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Laboratory Medicine and National Reference Center for Respiratory Pathogens and Enteroviruses, University Hospitals Leuven, BE-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Monge S, Benschop K, Soetens L, Pijnacker R, Hahné S, Wallinga J, Duizer E. Echovirus type 6 transmission clusters and the role of environmental surveillance in early warning, the Netherlands, 2007 to 2016. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 23. [PMID: 30424830 PMCID: PMC6234528 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.45.1800288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background In the Netherlands, echovirus type 6 (E6) is identified through clinical and environmental enterovirus surveillance (CEVS and EEVS). Aim We aimed to identify E6 transmission clusters and to assess the role of EEVS in surveillance and early warning of E6. Methods We included all E6 strains from CEVS and EEVS from 2007 through 2016. CEVS samples were from patients with enterovirus illness. EEVS samples came from sewage water at pre-specified sampling points. E6 strains were defined by partial VP1 sequence, month and 4-digit postcode. Phylogenetic E6 clusters were detected using pairwise genetic distances. We identified transmission clusters using a combined pairwise distance in time, place and phylogeny dimensions. Results E6 was identified in 157 of 3,506 CEVS clinical episodes and 92 of 1,067 EEVS samples. Increased E6 circulation was observed in 2009 and from 2014 onwards. Eight phylogenetic clusters were identified; five included both CEVS and EEVS strains. Among these, identification in EEVS did not consistently precede CEVS. One phylogenetic cluster was dominant until 2014, but genetic diversity increased thereafter. Of 14 identified transmission clusters, six included both EEVS and CEVS; in two of them, EEVS identification preceded CEVS identification. Transmission clusters were consistent with phylogenetic clusters, and with previous outbreak reports. Conclusion Algorithms using combined time–place–phylogeny data allowed identification of clusters not detected by any of these variables alone. EEVS identified strains circulating in the population, but EEVS samples did not systematically precede clinical case surveillance, limiting EEVS usefulness for early warning in a context where E6 is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Monge
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Kimberley Benschop
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Loes Soetens
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Roan Pijnacker
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Susan Hahné
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jacco Wallinga
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin Duizer
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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10
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Muslin C, Mac Kain A, Bessaud M, Blondel B, Delpeyroux F. Recombination in Enteroviruses, a Multi-Step Modular Evolutionary Process. Viruses 2019; 11:E859. [PMID: 31540135 PMCID: PMC6784155 DOI: 10.3390/v11090859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA recombination is a major driving force in the evolution and genetic architecture shaping of enteroviruses. In particular, intertypic recombination is implicated in the emergence of most pathogenic circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses, which have caused numerous outbreaks of paralytic poliomyelitis worldwide. Recent experimental studies that relied on recombination cellular systems mimicking natural genetic exchanges between enteroviruses provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms of enterovirus recombination and enabled to define a new model of genetic plasticity for enteroviruses. Homologous intertypic recombinant enteroviruses that were observed in nature would be the final products of a multi-step process, during which precursor nonhomologous recombinant genomes are generated through an initial inter-genomic RNA recombination event and can then evolve into a diversity of fitter homologous recombinant genomes over subsequent intra-genomic rearrangements. Moreover, these experimental studies demonstrated that the enterovirus genome could be defined as a combination of genomic modules that can be preferentially exchanged through recombination, and enabled defining the boundaries of these recombination modules. These results provided the first experimental evidence supporting the theoretical model of enterovirus modular evolution previously elaborated from phylogenetic studies of circulating enterovirus strains. This review summarizes our current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of recombination in enteroviruses and presents a new evolutionary process that may apply to other RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Muslin
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de las Américas, Quito EC170125, Pichincha, Ecuador.
| | - Alice Mac Kain
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Maël Bessaud
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Bruno Blondel
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Enteric Viruses Unit, 75015 Paris, France.
- INSERM U994, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Francis Delpeyroux
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Enteric Viruses Unit, 75015 Paris, France.
- INSERM U994, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75015 Paris, France.
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11
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Han Z, Zhang Y, Huang K, Wang J, Tian H, Song Y, Yang Q, Yan D, Zhu S, Yao M, Wang X, Xu W. Two Coxsackievirus B3 outbreaks associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease in China and the evolutionary history worldwide. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:466. [PMID: 31126252 PMCID: PMC6534883 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4107-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coxsackievirus B3 (CV-B3) is usually associated with aseptic meningitis and myocarditis; however, the association between CV-B3 and hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has not been clearly demonstrated, and the phylogenetic dynamics and transmission history of CV-B3 have not been well summarized. METHOD Two HFMD outbreaks caused by CV-B3 were described in Hebei Province in 2012 and in Shandong Province in 2016 in China. To analyze the epidemiological features of two CV-B3 outbreaks, a retrospective analysis was conducted. All clinical specimens from CV-B3 outbreaks were collected and disposed according to the standard procedures supported by the WHO Global Poliovirus Specialized Laboratory. EV genotyping and phylogenetic analysis were performed to illustrate the genetic characteristics of CV-B3 in China and worldwide. RESULTS Two transmissible lineages (lineage 2 and 3) were observed in Northern China, which acted as an important "reservoir" for the transmission of CV-B3. Sporadic exporting and importing of cases were observed in almost all regions. In addition, the global sequences of CV-B3 showed a tendency of geographic-specific clustering, indicating that geographic-driven adaptation plays a major role in the diversification and evolution of CV-B3. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our study indicated that CV-B3 is a causative agent of HFMD outbreak and revealed the phylogenetic dynamics of CV-B3 worldwide, as well as provided an insight on CV-B3 outbreaks for effective intervention and countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhi Han
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155, Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155, Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Keqiang Huang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155, Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxing Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan City, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Tian
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Song
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155, Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155, Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155, Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155, Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxiao Yao
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan City, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianjun Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan City, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155, Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.,Anhui University of Science and Technology, Hefei City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
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12
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Genetic diversity of the enteroviruses detected from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of patients with suspected aseptic meningitis in northern West Bank, Palestine in 2017. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202243. [PMID: 30532168 PMCID: PMC6287809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human enterovirus genus showed a wide range of genetic diversity. OBJECTIVES To investigate the genetic diversity of the enteroviruses isolated in 2017 in northern West Bank, Palestine. STUDY DESIGN 249 CSF samples from aseptic meningitis cases were investigated for HEV using two RT-PCR protocols targeting the 5' NCR and the VP1 region of the HEV genome. The phylogenetic characterization of the sequenced VP1 region of Echovirus18 (E18) and Coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) isolated in Palestine along with 27 E18 and 27 CVB5 sequences available from the Genbank were described. RESULTS E18 and CVB5 account for 50% and 35% of the successfully HEV types, respectively. Phylogenetic tree of E18 and CVB5 showed three main clusters, with all Palestinian isolates uniquely clustering together with those from China and from different countries, respectively. Cluster I of E18, with 13 Palestinian and 6 Chinese isolates, showed the lowest haplotype-to-sequence ratio (0.6:1), haplotype diversity (Hd), nucleotide diversity (π), and number of segregating sites (S) compared to clusters II and III. Furthermore, cluster I showed negative Tajima's D and Fu-Li'sF tests with statistically significant departure from neutrality (P<0.01). In both E18 and CVB5 populations, high haplotype diversity, but low genetic diversity was evident. Inter-population pairwise genetic distance (Fst) and gene flow (Nm) showed that the Palestinian E18 and CVB5 clusters were highly differentiated from the other clusters. CONCLUSIONS The study divulged close genetic relationship between Palestinian HEV strains as confirmed by population genetics and phylogenetic analyses.
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Mao Q, Hao X, Hu Y, Du R, Lang S, Bian L, Gao F, Yang C, Cui B, Zhu F, Shen L, Liang Z. A neonatal mouse model of central nervous system infections caused by Coxsackievirus B5. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:185. [PMID: 30459302 PMCID: PMC6246558 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
As one of the key members of the coxsackievirus B group, coxsackievirus B5 (CV-B5) can cause many central nervous system diseases, such as viral encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, and acute flaccid paralysis. Notably, epidemiological data indicate that outbreaks of CV-B5-associated central nervous system (CNS) diseases have been reported worldwide throughout history. In this study, which was conducted to promote CV-B5 vaccine and anti-virus drug research, a 3-day-old BALB/c mouse model was established using a CV-B5 clinical isolate (CV-B5/JS417) as the challenge strain. Mice challenged with CV-B5/JS417 exhibited a series of neural clinical symptoms and death with necrosis of neuronal cells in the cerebral cortex and the entire spinal cord, hindlimb muscles, and cardiomyocytes. The viral load of each tissue at various post-challenge time points suggested that CV-B5 replicated in the small intestine and was subsequently transmitted to various organs via viremia; the virus potentially entered the brain through the spinal axons, causing neuronal cell necrosis. In addition, this mouse model was used to evaluate the protective effect of a CV-B5 vaccine. The results indicated that both the inactivated CV-B5 vaccine and anti-CVB5 serum significantly protected mice from a lethal infection of CV-B5/JS417 by producing neutralizing antibodies. In summary, the first CV-B5 neonatal mouse model has been established and can sustain CNS infections in a manner similar to that observed in humans. This model will be a useful tool for studies on pathogenesis, vaccines, and anti-viral drug evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunying Mao
- Institute for Biological Products Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotian Hao
- Institute for Biological Products Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yalin Hu
- Quality Control Department, Hualan Biological Engineering Inc., Henan, China
| | - Ruixiao Du
- Institute for Biological Products Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhui Lang
- Shandong Xinbo Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Dezhou, China
| | - Lianlian Bian
- Institute for Biological Products Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Gao
- Institute for Biological Products Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ce Yang
- Institute for Biological Products Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Bopei Cui
- Institute for Biological Products Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- Vaccine Clinical Evaluation Department, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Zhenglun Liang
- Institute for Biological Products Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.
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14
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Dahm T, Adams O, Boettcher S, Diedrich S, Morozov V, Hansman G, Fallier-Becker P, Schädler S, Burkhardt CJ, Weiss C, Stump-Guthier C, Ishikawa H, Schroten H, Schwerk C, Tenenbaum T, Rudolph H. Strain-dependent effects of clinical echovirus 30 outbreak isolates at the blood-CSF barrier. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:50. [PMID: 29463289 PMCID: PMC5819246 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echovirus (E) 30 (E-30) meningitis is characterized by neuroinflammation involving immune cell pleocytosis at the protective barriers of the central nervous system (CNS). In this context, infection of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), which has been demonstrated to be involved in enteroviral CNS pathogenesis, may affect the tight junction (TJ) and adherens junction (AJ) function and morphology. METHODS We used an in vitro human choroid plexus epithelial (HIBCPP) cell model to investigate the effect of three clinical outbreak strains (13-311, 13-759, and 14-397) isolated in Germany in 2013, and compared them to E-30 Bastianni. Conducting transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), paracellular dextran flux measurement, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), western blot, and immunofluorescence analysis, we investigated TJ and AJ function and morphology as well as strain-specific E-30 infection patterns. Additionally, transmission electron and focused ion beam microscopy electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) was used to evaluate the mode of leukocyte transmigration. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed to discriminate potential genetic differences among the outbreak strains. RESULTS We observed a significant strain-dependent decrease in TEER with strains E-30 Bastianni and 13-311, whereas paracellular dextran flux was only affected by E-30 Bastianni. Despite strong similarities among the outbreak strains in replication characteristics and particle distribution, strain 13-311 was the only outbreak isolate revealing comparable disruptive effects on TJ (Zonula Occludens (ZO) 1 and occludin) and AJ (E-cadherin) morphology to E-30 Bastianni. Notwithstanding significant junctional alterations upon E-30 infection, we observed both para- and transcellular leukocyte migration across HIBCPP cells. Complete genome sequencing revealed differences between the strains analyzed, but no explicit correlation with the observed strain-dependent effects on HIBCPP cells was possible. CONCLUSION The findings revealed distinct E-30 strain-specific effects on barrier integrity and junctional morphology. Despite E-30-induced barrier alterations leukocyte trafficking did not exclusively occur via the paracellular route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Dahm
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children’s Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ortwin Adams
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sindy Boettcher
- National Reference Centre for Poliomyelitis and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Diedrich
- National Reference Centre for Poliomyelitis and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vasily Morozov
- Schaller Research Group, University of Heidelberg and the DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Grant Hansman
- Schaller Research Group, University of Heidelberg and the DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Fallier-Becker
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Claus J. Burkhardt
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Christel Weiss
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Biomathematics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carolin Stump-Guthier
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children’s Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Department of NDU Life Sciences, School of life Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children’s Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian Schwerk
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children’s Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Tenenbaum
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children’s Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Henriette Rudolph
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children’s Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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15
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Thanongsaksrikul J, Srimanote P, Tongtawe P, Glab-ampai K, Malik AA, Supasorn O, Chiawwit P, Poovorawan Y, Chaicumpa W. Identification and production of mouse scFv to specific epitope of enterovirus-71 virion protein-2 (VP2). Arch Virol 2018; 163:1141-1152. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3731-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Bandeira AC, Campos GS, Ribeiro GS, Cardoso CW, Bastos CJ, Pessoa TL, Araujo KA, Grassi MFR, Castro AP, Carvalho RH, Prates APPB, Gois LL, Rocha VF, Sardi SI. Clinical and laboratory evidence of Haff disease - case series from an outbreak in Salvador, Brazil, December 2016 to April 2017. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 22:30552. [PMID: 28661391 PMCID: PMC5479974 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.24.30552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe a series of 15 Haff disease cases from an outbreak in Salvador, Brazil, starting early December 2016. Eleven cases were grouped in four family clusters of two to four individuals, four were isolated cases. All but one patient consumed cooked fish; 11 within 24h before symptoms onset. Cases consumed ‘Olho de Boi’ (Seriola spp.) and ’Badejo’ (Mycteroperca spp.). A total of 67 cases were detected, the last case was reported on 5 April 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C Bandeira
- Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciencias - FTC - Medical School, Salvador, Brazil.,Hospital Aliança, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Gubio S Campos
- Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Guilherme S Ribeiro
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tiago L Pessoa
- Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciencias - FTC - Medical School, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Luana L Gois
- Universidade Catolica do Salvador, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Silvia I Sardi
- Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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17
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Gao F, Bian L, Hao X, Hu Y, Yao X, Sun S, Chen P, Yang C, Du R, Li J, Zhu F, Mao Q, Liang Z. Seroepidemiology of coxsackievirus B5 in infants and children in Jiangsu province, China. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 14:74-80. [PMID: 29049009 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1384107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B5 (CV-B5) is associated with various human diseases such as viral encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, paralysis, herpangina, and hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). However, there is currently no effective vaccine against CV-B5.The seroepidemiologic characteristics of CV-B5 remained unknown. A cohort study was carried out in 176 participants aged 6-35 months from January 2012 to January 2014. The serum samples were collected and tested for CV-B5 neutralizing antibodies (NtAbs) four times during these two years. The confirmed enterovirus cases were recorded through the surveillance system, and their throat or rectal swabs were collected for pathogen detection. According to the changes of CV-B5 NtAbs, two CV-B5 epidemics were detected among these participants during the two-year follow-up. Sixty-seven cases out of all participants had seroconversion in CV-B5 NtAbs. During the first epidemic from March 2012 to September 2012, CV-B5 seropositivity rate increased significantly (6.8%, 12/176 vs. 21.6%, 38/176, P = 0.000). The seroconversion rate and geometric mean fold-increase (GMFI) were 18.2% (32/176) and 55.7, respectively; During the second epidemic from September 2012 to January 2014, CV-B5 seropositivity rate also increased (21.6%, 38/176 vs. 38.6%, 68/176, P = 0.000), and the seroconversion rate and GMFI were 19.9% (35/176) and 46.5, respectively. Only one case had CV-B5 associated HFMD during the two-year follow-up, and CV-B5 from the throat swab isolate was GI.D3 subtype, which belonged to the major pandemic strain in mainland China. CV-B5 infection was common in infants and children in Jiangsu province, China. Therefore, it's necessary to strengthen the surveillance on CV-B5 and to understand the epidemic characteristics of CV-B5 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Gao
- a Division Hepatitis Virus Vaccines , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Lianlian Bian
- a Division Hepatitis Virus Vaccines , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Xiaotian Hao
- a Division Hepatitis Virus Vaccines , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Yalin Hu
- b Hualan Biological Engineering Inc , Xinxiang , Henan , P. R. China
| | - Xin Yao
- a Division Hepatitis Virus Vaccines , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Shiyang Sun
- a Division Hepatitis Virus Vaccines , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Pan Chen
- a Division Hepatitis Virus Vaccines , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Ce Yang
- a Division Hepatitis Virus Vaccines , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Ruixiao Du
- a Division Hepatitis Virus Vaccines , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Jingxin Li
- c Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing , Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- c Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing , Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Qunying Mao
- a Division Hepatitis Virus Vaccines , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- a Division Hepatitis Virus Vaccines , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , P. R. China
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18
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Shen H. Recombination analysis of coxsackievirus B5 genogroup C. Arch Virol 2017; 163:539-544. [PMID: 29134337 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3608-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) is a member of the species Enterovirus B of the genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae. Based on its VP1 sequence, CVB5 is divided into four genogroups: A, B, C, and D. From 2002 to 2012, CVB5 serotype genogroup C caused an outbreak of aseptic meningitis in China. In order to study the evolution of CVB5 genogroup C, phylogenetic and recombination analysis was performed using the 399 available enterovirus B genome sequences in the GenBank database. The results indicated that 10 strains of CVB5 serotype genogroup C resulted from recombination between members of genogroup B and echovirus serotype E6, and another 5 strains resulted from recombination between members of genogroup C and serotype CVB4. These recombination events were confirmed by phylogenetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Shen
- Medical College, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, 212013, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Kyriakopoulou Z, Amoutzias GD, Dimitriou TG, Tsakogiannis D, Mossialos D, Markoulatos P. Intra- and inter-serotypic recombinations in the 5΄ UTR-VP4 region of Echovirus 30 strains. Arch Virol 2017; 163:365-375. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Chen P, Wu X, Su Y, Hao X, Mao Q, Liang Z. Development of a pseudovirus based assay for measuring neutralizing antibodies against coxsackievirus B5. J Virol Methods 2017; 246:21-26. [PMID: 28435072 PMCID: PMC7113871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B5 (CV-B5), an important Coxsackie B virus from genus Enteroviruse within the family Picornaviridae, has also been isolated from Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) patients, and often associated with neurological manifestations. In this study, we found out that Coxsackievirus B3 (CV-B3) replicon RNA could be encapsidated with CV-B5 capsid to assemble infectious CV-B5 pseudovirus. We then utilized this single round infection system of CV-B5 to develop a neutralizing antibody quantification assay. This pseudovirus neutralization assay showed superiority in biosafety, sensibility, quantitativity, efficiency and high throughput, and would facilitate the epidemiological studies and vaccine development of CV-B5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xing Wu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yao Su
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaotian Hao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qunying Mao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China.
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Dumaidi K, Al-Jawabreh A. Molecular detection and genotyping of enteroviruses from CSF samples of patients with suspected sepsis-like illness and/or aseptic meningitis from 2012 to 2015 in West Bank, Palestine. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172357. [PMID: 28225788 PMCID: PMC5321419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human enteroviruses (HEVs) are the most frequently reported cause of aseptic meningitis with or without CSF pleocytosis in childhood. Rapid detection and genotype of HEVs is essential to determine the causative agent and variant causing sepsis-like illness and/or aseptic meningitis. AIM To investigate the molecular epidemiology of enteroviruses (EVs) among patients with sepsis-like illness and/or aseptic meningitis admitted to three major hospitals in West Bank, Palestine from 2012 to 2015. METHODS During the study period, 356 CSF samples were collected from patients with sepsis-like illness and/or aseptic meningitis. Two RT-nested PCR assays targeting a partial part of 5'UTR for direct diagnosis and the VP1 region for genotyping by sequence analysis of the viral genome were used. RESULTS HEV RNA was detected in 66 of 356 (18.5%) of CSF samples. Age distribution showed that 64% (42/66) were infants (<1 year), 18% were children between 1 and 5 years old, 12% were children between 5 and 10 years old, and 6% were more than 10 years old. Of the 66 EV cases, 12 were successfully genotyped. Five different EV genotypes were identified. All of them belonged to HEV-B species. The study showed that echovirus 6 genotype accounted for 42% of the sequenced cases. The HEV infections in the present study tended to show slight seasonal pattern with more cases occurring during spring and summer, yet still significant numbers were also reported in fall and winter seasons. CONCLUSION HEV was isolated from a significant number of children with sepsis-like illness and/or aseptic meningitis. In addition, the molecular method utilized for direct diagnosis and genotyping of HEV from CSF revealed that more than one HEV type circulated in the West Bank, Palestine during the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Dumaidi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Arab American University in Jenin, Jenin, Palestine
- * E-mail:
| | - Amer Al-Jawabreh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Arab American University in Jenin, Jenin, Palestine
- Al-Quds Public Health Society, Jerusalem, Palestine
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Zhou JF, Chen ZY, Yang SM, Chen JZ, Zhou LY, Wang YF, Wang G, Yu XJ, Zhang WH. Clinical Features and Peripheral Blood T Lymphocyte Subsets in Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease According to Different Pathogens. Indian J Pediatr 2017; 84:124-127. [PMID: 27465820 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-016-2198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the changes in lymphocyte subsets that are caused by infection with different pathogens in children with hand, foot, and mouth disease. METHODS T lymphocyte subsets were measured in the patients' peripheral blood, and serum, throat swab, and fecal samples were tested for enterovirus. RESULTS Fecal and throat swab samples exhibited similar positive detection rates, and were significantly more likely to be positive, compared to serum samples (P < 0.01). The EV71-positive group exhibited significantly lower CD4 + TM cell counts (QR: 1.058), compared to the CD4 + TM cell counts in the CoxA16-positive group (QR: 1.391; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Throat swab and fecal samples exhibited significantly higher positive detection rates, compared to serum samples. In addition, EV71-infected children exhibited significantly lower CD4+ T-cell counts, compared to CoxA16-infected children, which suggests that EV71 infection may be associated with a poorer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Fang Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fenghua People's Hospital, Fenghua, Zhejiang Province, 315500, China.
| | - Zhi-Yong Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan-Ming Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fenghua People's Hospital, Fenghua, Zhejiang Province, 315500, China
| | - Jia-Zhen Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fenghua People's Hospital, Fenghua, Zhejiang Province, 315500, China
| | - Ling-Ye Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fenghua People's Hospital, Fenghua, Zhejiang Province, 315500, China
| | - Ya-Fen Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fenghua People's Hospital, Fenghua, Zhejiang Province, 315500, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fenghua People's Hospital, Fenghua, Zhejiang Province, 315500, China
| | - Xia-Jian Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fenghua People's Hospital, Fenghua, Zhejiang Province, 315500, China
| | - Wen-Hong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Rasti M, Makvandi M, Neisi N, Azaran A, Rastegarvand N, Khalafkhany D, Jahangirnezhad E, Teimoori A, Hadian M, Shabani A, Shamsizadeh A, Nikfar R, Varnaseri M. Three cases of mumps virus and enterovirus coinfection in children with enteroviral meningitis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e5610. [PMID: 27930588 PMCID: PMC5266060 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several viruses are responsible for aseptic meningitis; however, in the region of Southwest Iran, the role played by each virus is still not very well known. The aim of this study is to determine the relative frequencies of mumps virus, herpes viruses, and enteroviruses, as well as coinfections among them, in patients with aseptic meningitis.In this cross-sectional study, samples of cerebrospinal fluid were collected between December 2012 and December 2013 from patients under 14 years, who were hospitalized in Abuzar Children's Hospital in Ahvaz, Southwest Iran (the only children's hospital in Khuzestan province and Southwest Iran).All 66 cerebrospinal fluid samples and corresponding clinical data were collected from patients with aseptic meningitis by specialists, and with the patients' consent. The DNA and RNA were extracted from these samples and subjected to polymerase chain reaction as well as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detection of mumps virus, herpes viruses, and enteroviruses. Nine of the samples (3 mumps-positive and 6 enterovirus-positive) were sequenced. The mumps virus sequences were investigated for possible mutations in the SH and partial HN regions.Up to 39 patients (59.09%) were found to be positive for enteroviruses, 3 (4.5%) for mumps virus, and 1 (1.5%) for herpes viruses (specifically, the varicella-zoster virus). Two patients (3.03%) had a mumps virus and enterovirus coinfection. Among the 3 detected mumps virus samples, 1 belonged to genotype B, while the others belonged to genotype N. Six sequenced enteroviruses indicated the highest similarity with Echovirus 30. An amino acid substitution at position 51 (N→T) was detected in the HN region of genotype N mumps virus samples, in comparison to the reference strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Rasti
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center
| | - Manoochehr Makvandi
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center
- Virology Department, Faculty of Medicine
| | | | | | - Nasrin Rastegarvand
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roya Nikfar
- Aboozar Children's Hospital
- Faculty of Medicine
| | - Mehran Varnaseri
- Razi Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
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24
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Wei L, Qiong Z, Xiao-ting S, Yu-jie L, Jian-hua M, Qiang S, Shi-qiang S. Molecular epidemiological study of enteroviruses associated with encephalitis in children from Hangzhou, China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4870. [PMID: 27749541 PMCID: PMC5059043 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus (EV) has over 100 serotypes of species A-D, which can cause various symptoms in infants. Enterovirus encephalitis (EVE) is serve disease with high morbidity and mortality in children. To well define the epidemiology of EVE, we wanted to know more about EV and EV molecular typing by conducting this study in Hangzhou.Cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected from children with diagnosis of encephalitis. Meanwhile, one-step real-time RT-PCR was used for the detection of EV, and we also identified the serotypes of EV by using gene sequencing of VP1 or 5'UTR region.A total of 126 CSF specimens were tested and EV was detected in 26 specimens (20.6%). The molecular typing results showed different types of EV strains including Coxsackievirus B2, Coxsackievirus B3, Echovirus 5, Echovirus 16, Echovirus 18, Echovirus 30, and all EV isolates belonging to the human EV species B.According to the sequence of VP1 and 5'UTR region, E30 may be major cause of children's EVE in Hangzhou, China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shang Shi-qiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
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25
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Kawada JI, Okuno Y, Torii Y, Okada R, Hayano S, Ando S, Kamiya Y, Kojima S, Ito Y. Identification of Viruses in Cases of Pediatric Acute Encephalitis and Encephalopathy Using Next-Generation Sequencing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33452. [PMID: 27625312 PMCID: PMC5022051 DOI: 10.1038/srep33452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute encephalitis/encephalopathy is a severe neurological syndrome that is occasionally associated with viral infection. Comprehensive virus detection assays are desirable because viral pathogens have not been identified in many cases. We evaluated the utility of next-generation sequencing (NGS) for detecting viruses in clinical samples of encephalitis/encephalopathy patients. We first determined the sensitivity and quantitative performance of NGS by comparing the NGS-determined number of sequences of human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) in clinical serum samples with the HHV-6 load measured using real-time PCR. HHV-6 was measured as it occasionally causes neurologic disorders in children. The sensitivity of NGS for detection of HHV-6 sequences was equivalent to that of real-time PCR, and the number of HHV-6 reads was significantly correlated with HHV-6 load. Next, we investigated the ability of NGS to detect viral sequences in 18 pediatric patients with acute encephalitis/encephalopathy of unknown etiology. A large number of Coxsackievirus A9 and mumps viral sequences were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of 2 and 1 patients, respectively. In addition, Torque teno virus and Pepper mild mottle viral sequences were detected in the sera of one patient each. These data indicate that NGS is useful for detection of causative viruses in patients with pediatric encephalitis/encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Kawada
- Departments of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okuno
- Departments of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yuka Torii
- Departments of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Ryo Okada
- Horticultural Research Institute, Ibaraki Agricultural Center, 3165-1 Ago, Kasama, 319-0292, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hayano
- Departments of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shotaro Ando
- Departments of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kamiya
- Departments of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Seiji Kojima
- Departments of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ito
- Departments of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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26
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Direct Detection and Identification of Enteroviruses from Faeces of Healthy Nigerian Children Using a Cell-Culture Independent RT-Seminested PCR Assay. Adv Virol 2016; 2016:1412838. [PMID: 27087810 PMCID: PMC4818813 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1412838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a cell-culture independent protocol for detection of enteroviruses from clinical specimen was recommended by the WHO for surveillance alongside the previously established protocols. Here, we investigated whether this new protocol will show the same enterovirus diversity landscape as the established cell-culture dependent protocols. Faecal samples were collected from sixty apparently healthy children in Ibadan, Nigeria. Samples were resuspended in phosphate buffered saline, RNA was extracted, and the VP1 gene was amplified using WHO recommended RT-snPCR protocol. Amplicons were sequenced and sequences subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Fifteen (25%) of the 60 samples yielded the expected band size. Of the 15 amplicons sequenced, 12 were exploitable. The remaining 3 had electropherograms with multiple peaks and were unexploitable. Eleven of the 12 exploitable sequences were identified as Coxsackievirus A1 (CVA1), CVA3, CVA4, CVA8, CVA20, echovirus 32 (E32), enterovirus 71 (EV71), EVB80, and EVC99. Subsequently, the last exploitable sequence was identified as enterobacteriophage baseplate gene by nucleotide BLAST. The results of this study document the first description of molecular sequence data on CVA1, CVA8, and E32 strains present in Nigeria. The result further showed that species A enteroviruses were more commonly detected in the region when cell-culture bias is bypassed.
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27
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Faleye TOC, Adewumi MO, Adeniji JA. Defining the Enterovirus Diversity Landscape of a Fecal Sample: A Methodological Challenge? Viruses 2016; 8:E18. [PMID: 26771630 PMCID: PMC4728578 DOI: 10.3390/v8010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are a group of over 250 naked icosahedral virus serotypes that have been associated with clinical conditions that range from intrauterine enterovirus transmission withfataloutcome through encephalitis and meningitis, to paralysis. Classically, enterovirus detection was done by assaying for the development of the classic enterovirus-specific cytopathic effect in cell culture. Subsequently, the isolates were historically identified by a neutralization assay. More recently, identification has been done by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). However, in recent times, there is a move towards direct detection and identification of enteroviruses from clinical samples using the cell culture-independent RT semi-nested PCR (RT-snPCR) assay. This RT-snPCR procedure amplifies the VP1 gene, which is then sequenced and used for identification. However, while cell culture-based strategies tend to show a preponderance of certain enterovirus species depending on the cell lines included in the isolation protocol, the RT-snPCR strategies tilt in a different direction. Consequently, it is becoming apparent that the diversity observed in certain enterovirus species, e.g., enterovirus species B(EV-B), might not be because they are the most evolutionarily successful. Rather, it might stem from cell line-specific bias accumulated over several years of use of the cell culture-dependent isolation protocols. Furthermore, it might also be a reflection of the impact of the relative genome concentration on the result of pan-enterovirus VP1 RT-snPCR screens used during the identification of cell culture isolates. This review highlights the impact of these two processes on the current diversity landscape of enteroviruses and the need to re-assess enterovirus detection and identification algorithms in a bid to better balance our understanding of the enterovirus diversity landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moses Olubusuyi Adewumi
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Johnson Adekunle Adeniji
- WHO National Polio Laboratory, Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
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28
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Danthanarayana N, Williams DT, Williams SH, Thevanesam V, Speers DJ, Fernando MSS. Acute meningoencephalitis associated with echovirus 9 infection in Sri Lanka, 2009. J Med Virol 2015; 87:2033-9. [PMID: 25983131 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aetiology of acute meningoencephalitis in Sri Lankan children and adults is poorly understood. This study was carried out to determine pathogens responsible for meningoencephalitis in Sri Lanka. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was performed using cerebrospinal fluid samples (22 adult and 17 pediatric) collected from August to December 2009 from patients clinically diagnosed with acute meningoencephalitis at two tertiary care hospitals in Sri Lanka. Routine microbiology for bacterial pathogens together with in-house RT-PCR and PCR assays for the detection of dengue viruses, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, chikungunya virus, enteroviruses, mumps virus, measles virus, herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2, and varicella zoster virus were performed. Bacterial pathogens were not isolated from any patient specimens. However, from nine of the paediatric patients aged 1 month to 10 years (mean age 5.2 years) echovirus 9 (E-9; family Picornaviridae, genus Enterovirus,species Enterovirus B ) was detected by RT-PCR. All nine patients presented with fever, six had headache, and seven had vomiting. Neck stiffness indicating meningitis was present in six of the patients. Phylogenetic analysis of partial VP1 and VP4-VP2 genes showed these E-9 strains to be most closely related to E-9 strains detected in CSF from Korea and France in 2005 and 2006. The remaining patients were negative for all other viruses tested. E-9 was the most common cause of acute meningoencephalitis in the tested paediatric population from Sri Lanka in 2009, which likely reflects circulation of this E-9 strain between Europe and Asia over several years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayomi Danthanarayana
- Medical Research Institute, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka.,Teaching Hospital Karapitiya, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | - David T Williams
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Vasanthi Thevanesam
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - David J Speers
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - M S S Fernando
- Lady Ridgeway Children's Hospital, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka
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29
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Muehlenbachs A, Bhatnagar J, Zaki SR. Tissue tropism, pathology and pathogenesis of enterovirus infection. J Pathol 2015; 235:217-28. [PMID: 25211036 DOI: 10.1002/path.4438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are very common and cause infections with a diverse array of clinical features. Enteroviruses are most frequently considered by practising pathologists in cases of aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis and disseminated infections in neonates and infants. Congenital infections have been reported and transplacental transmission is thought to occur. Although skin biopsies during hand, foot and mouth disease are infrequently obtained, characteristic dermatopathological findings can be seen. Enteroviruses have been implicated in lower respiratory tract infections. This review highlights histopathological features of enterovirus infection and discusses diagnostic modalities for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues and their associated pitfalls. Immunohistochemistry can detect enterovirus antigen within cells of affected tissues; however, assays can be non-specific and detect other viruses. Molecular methods are increasingly relied upon but, due to the high frequency of asymptomatic enteroviral infections, clinical-pathological correlation is needed to determine significance. Of note, diagnostic assays on central nervous system or cardiac tissues from immunocompetent patients with prolonged disease courses are most often negative. Histopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular studies performed on clinical specimens also provide insight into enteroviral tissue tropism and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atis Muehlenbachs
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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30
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Adeniji JA, Faleye TOC. Enterovirus C strains circulating in Nigeria and their contribution to the emergence of recombinant circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses. Arch Virol 2015; 160:675-83. [PMID: 25559670 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Between 2005 and 2011, 23 lineages of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) were detected in Nigeria with nonstructural region (NSR) of non-polio enterovirus C (NPEV-C) origin. However, no information exists on NPEV-C strains recombining with oral poliovirus type 2 vaccine strains (OPV2) to make type 2 cVDPVs (cVDPV2s) in Nigeria. This study was therefore designed to investigate the probable contribution of NPEV-Cs recently isolated in the region to the emergence of cVDPV2s. Eleven enterovirus C (EV-C) strains (8 NPEV-Cs and 3 PV2s) previously isolated by the authors were analysed in this study. All 11 isolates were assayed for cell-line-dependent growth restriction in four cell lines (LLC-MK2, MCF-7, RD and L20B). Subsequently, the isolates were subjected to RT-PCR specific for VP1 and 3Dpol/3'-UTR of EV-C. All PCR products were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis was performed. All eight NPEV-Cs replicated exclusively in the MCF-7 cell line, while the three PV2s replicated in all four cell lines. The eight NPEV-Cs were identified as CVA13 (7 isolates) and CVA20 (1 isolate) by VP1 analysis, while all 11 isolates were confirmed to be EV-Cs by 3Dpol/3'-UTR analysis. In addition, phylogeny violations suggested that some cVDPVs might have recombined with common ancestors of the NPEV-Cs described in this study. This was confirmed by the scatter plot of divergence in VP1 against that of 3Dpol/3'-UTR sequences for pairs of isolates. The results of this study showed that the NSR of unknown origin found in cVDPVs from the region might have come from NPEV-Cs (e.g., CVA13 and CVA20) circulating in Nigeria.
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31
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Janes VA, Minnaar R, Koen G, van Eijk H, Dijkman-de Haan K, Pajkrt D, Wolthers KC, Benschop KS. Presence of human non-polio enterovirus and parechovirus genotypes in an Amsterdam hospital in 2007 to 2011 compared to national and international published surveillance data: a comprehensive review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19. [PMID: 25425513 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.46.20964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EV) and human parechoviruses (HPeV) are endemic worldwide. These infections are a constant cause of hospitalisation and severe disease, predominantly in young children and infants. Coordinated monitoring and surveillance are crucial to control these infections. We have monitored EV and HPeV epidemiology in Amsterdam from 2007 to 2011 with real-time RT-PCR and direct genotyping, facilitating highly sensitive surveillance. Moreover, we conducted a literature survey of existing surveillance data for comparison. Only 14 studies were identified. While HPeV1 was most frequently detected in Amsterdam, EV-B viruses dominated nationally and internationally. Furthermore, the top 10 strains detected differed yearly and per study. However, detection and typing methods were too varied to allow direct comparison and comprehension of the worldwide distribution and circulation patterns of the different genotypes. This limited a direct response to anticipate peaks. Uniform European monitoring programmes are essential to aid prediction of outbreaks and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Janes
- Emma Children s Hospital, Department of Paediatric Haematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Chia MY, Chiang PS, Chung WY, Luo ST, Lee MS. Epidemiology of enterovirus 71 infections in Taiwan. Pediatr Neonatol 2014; 55:243-9. [PMID: 24120535 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) was first described in USA in 1969 but retrospective studies in The Netherlands further detected EV71 in the clinical specimens collected in 1963. EV71 has one single serotype measured by using hyperimmune animal antisera but can be phylogenetically classified into three genogroups (A, B, and C) including 11 genotypes (A, B1-B5, C1-C5). In Taiwan, EV71 caused a large-scale nationwide epidemic in 1998. Retrospective studies further detected EV71 in clinical specimens collected from hand-foot-mouth disease patients in 1980 and 1986. Therefore, EV71 may have circulated in Taiwan prior to 1980. Since 1998, EV71 has cyclically caused nationwide epidemics with different predominant genotypes in 1998 (genotype C2), 2000-2001 (B4), 2005 (C4), 2008 (B5), and 2012 (B5). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that C4 viruses isolated in 2005 were probably from China, B5 viruses isolated in 2008 were probably from South Eastern Asia, and B5 viruses isolated in 2012 were probably from Xiamen, China. Several studies have collected postinfection sera from children to measure cross-reactive neutralizing antibody titers against different EV71 genotypes and found that antigenic differences between genogroup B and C viruses did not have a clear pattern but that genotype A virus was antigenically different from genogroup B and C viruses. In conclusion, EV71 cyclically caused nationwide epidemics through international importations. EV71 surveillance in Taiwan should combine genetic and serological methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yuan Chia
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
| | - Pai-Shan Chiang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yu Chung
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ting Luo
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
| | - Min-Shi Lee
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan.
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Adeniji JA, Faleye TOC. Isolation and identification of enteroviruses from sewage and sewage-contaminated water in Lagos, Nigeria. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2014; 6:75-86. [PMID: 24566762 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-014-9137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Studies have confirmed silent circulation of enteroviruses in the environment even in the absence of associated clinical conditions in the community. In this light, 26 samples of sewage and sewage-contaminated water serving selected high-risk communities in Lagos Nigeria were examined between June and September 2010. To concentrate virus particles in the sample, 480 μL of each sample was centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 1 h at 4 °C. Subsequently, pellets were pooled, chloroform treated and further centrifuged at 1,500 rpm for 20 min at 4 °C. The water phase (concentrate) was then collected and stored at -20 °C. The concentrates were subsequently inoculated into RD and L20B cell lines. Recovered isolates were identified by real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR), serotyping, VP1 amplification, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Overall, 9 (34.6%) of the samples showed characteristic enterovirus cytopathic effect in RD cell line and were subsequently confirmed by pan-enterovirus rRT-PCR. The isolates were further identified by serotyping to include three E7, one E11 and one E13 isolates whilst four isolates were untypable. Further characterisation by VP1 sequencing confirmed the results of serotyping and rRT-PCR for all but isolate E13. Also, the four previously untypable isolates were identified to include two E19, one E20 and one E7 by VP1 sequencing. Results of the study confirmed circulation of Sub-Saharan Africa-specific enterovirus clades in the region, provide information on their molecular epidemiology and emphasise the need to combine methods of identification to enhance enterovirus surveillance.
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Liu N, Jia L, Yin J, Wu Z, Wang Z, Li P, Hao R, Wang L, Wang Y, Qiu S, Song H. An outbreak of aseptic meningitis caused by a distinct lineage of coxsackievirus B5 in China. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 23:101-4. [PMID: 24747088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2009, an outbreak of aseptic meningitis caused by coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) occurred in China. Epidemiological investigations of this outbreak revealed that the proportion of severe cases (14/43, 33%) was higher than in other outbreaks associated with CVB5 in China. Phylogenetic analysis of the entire VP1 sequences demonstrated that the CVB5 isolates from the severe cases form a distinct lineage belonging to genogroup E with the Shandong isolates of 2009. A substitution of serine (S) to asparagine (N) at amino acid 95 in the VP1 region may be a major virulence determinant for the virus. Our findings suggest that this new lineage of CVB5 is circulating in China. Further genetic studies are needed in order to gain a better insight into the genetic variability of CVB5 isolates and the relationship with pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Liu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Leili Jia
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jiye Yin
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhihao Wu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhongqiang Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Peng Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Rongzhang Hao
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ligui Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shaofu Qiu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Hongbin Song
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China.
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Ibrahim W, Boukhadra N, Nasri-Zoghlami D, Berthelot P, Omar S, Bourlet T, Pozzetto B, Pillet S. Partial sequencing of the VP2 capsid gene for direct enterovirus genotyping in clinical specimens. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:O558-65. [PMID: 24372815 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Typing of human enterovirus (EV) remains a major goal for diagnostic and epidemiological purposes. Whereas sequencing of the VP1 coding region is the reference standard for EV typing, a method relying on sequencing of the VP2 coding region has been proposed as an alternative; however, this has been validated only on cell culture supernatants. To avoid the selection of cultivable strains and to quicken the identification step, a new semi-nested PCR method targeting the VP2 region was developed by use of the CODEHOP strategy. After validation of the method on reference and clinical strains, a total of 352 clinical specimens found to be positive for EV RNA (138 with the GeneXpert EV kit and 214 with the Enterovirus R-gene kit) during a 3-year period (2010-2012) were analysed prospectively for VP2 genotyping. Overall, 204 (58%) specimens were typeable. A higher proportion of throat swab/stool specimens than of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens was found to be typeable (94 of 142 (66.2%) vs. 83 of 169 (49.1%), respectively, p <0.01 by the chi-square test). Moreover, the median Ct value obtained was lower for typeable specimens than for untypeable specimens (32.20 vs. 33.01, p <0.05, and 25.96 vs. 31.74, p <0.001, for the GeneXpert and R-gene tests, respectively, by the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test). These results suggest that, in cases of EV meningitis, a peripheral specimen (i.e. throat swab or stool) that is susceptible to exhibiting a higher viral load should be used in preference to CSF for identifying the causative EV genotype by use of the VP2 typing method without cell culture isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ibrahim
- EA-3064, Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes (GIMAP), Faculty of Medicine of Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France; Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, Tunisia
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Chen J, Fu Y, Ju L, Miao X, Shen Y, He L, Wang W, Jin J, Shao L, Sampath R, Ecker DJ, Zhang Y, Li M, Cheng X, Zhang W. Detection and identification of viral pathogens in patients with hand, foot, and mouth disease by multilocus PCR, reverse-transcription PCR and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Clin Virol 2014; 59:115-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rahimi P, Naser HM, Siadat SD, Sohrabi A, Mostafavi E, Motamedirad M, Bahramali G, Sadat SM, Ardestani MS. Genotyping of human parechoviruses in Iranian young children with aseptic meningitis and sepsis-like illness. J Neurovirol 2013; 19:595-600. [PMID: 24277440 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-013-0221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human parechoviruses (HPeV) are classified into 14 genotypes. HPeV1 and HPeV2 are the most prevalent genotypes in young children, which have been associated with mild to severe diseases. This study was conducted to investigate the involvement of HPeVs in aseptic meningitis and sepsis-like illness in Iran. Viral RNA was extracted from 148 cerebrospinal fluid samples from children <8 years old with primary diagnosis of aseptic meningitis and/or sepsis-like illness. Specific HPeV, HEV real-time PCR and HPeV typing were done to identify the infection rate of these viruses. HPeV and HEV were detected in 64 (43.24 %), 31 (20.94 %) of 148 patients with 10 (6.75 %) coinfection. VP1/VP3 junction region was successfully sequenced from 12 of the HPeV-positive specimens, and all of them were identified as HPeV1. HPeV was more prevalent than HEV in both aseptic meningitis and sepsis-like illness, so further studies are needed to understand the disease burden of HPeV infections, and clinical manifestations especially in specific illnesses of possible viral etiology. Direct detection of these viruses leads to reduce hospitalization and use of antibiotic, which are often followed by other complications in neonates and young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooneh Rahimi
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Enghelab Square, 12 Faravrdin Ave, Tehran, Iran,
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Direct Serotyping of Enteroviruses in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Children With Aseptic Meningitis. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.7852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Xiao H, Guan D, Chen R, Chen P, Monagin C, Li W, Su J, Ma C, Zhang W, Ke C. Molecular characterization of echovirus 30-associated outbreak of aseptic meningitis in Guangdong in 2012. Virol J 2013; 10:263. [PMID: 23968330 PMCID: PMC4016494 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evaluation of the primary etiologic agents that cause aseptic meningitis outbreaks may provide valuable information regarding the prevention and management of aseptic meningitis. An outbreak of aseptic meningitis occurred from May to June, 2012, in Guangdong Province, China. In order to determine the etiologic agent, CSF specimens from 121 children hospitalized for aseptic meningitis at Luoding People’s Hospital of Guangdong Province were tested for virus isolation and identification. Results Enterovirus RNA was positive in 62.0% of 121 CSF sspecimens by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Amplification and sequencing of the VP1 region of enterovirus isolates revealed Echovirus 30 (E30) was the most common isolated serotype (80% of 40 enterovirus strains).For the molecular characterization of the E30 isolates, the VP1 gene sequence of 20 Luoding E30 isolates was compared pairwise using the MegAlign with reference strains from GenBank. The pairwise comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the VP1 genes demonstrated that the sequences of the strains differed from those of lineage groups C, D, E, F, and G. Reconstruction of the phylogenetic tree based on the VP1 nucleotide sequences resulted in a monophyletic tree, with seven clustered lineage groups. Most of the isolates were segregated from other lineage groups. Four E30 isolates causing this outbreak aggregated into the Lineage A cluster which was derived from E30 strains that circulated in other regions of China from 2003–2010. Conclusions This study demonstrated the Luoding strains were a distinct lineage of E30, and a probable cause of this outbreak. The study also demonstrated that different E30 variants existed in the local meningitis outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Changwen Ke
- Key Laboratory for Emergency Pathogen Detection, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, Guangdong, China.
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Smura T, Kakkola L, Blomqvist S, Klemola P, Parsons A, Kallio-Kokko H, Savolainen-Kopra C, Kainov DE, Roivainen M. Molecular evolution and epidemiology of echovirus 6 in Finland. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 16:234-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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41
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Lee MD, Tzen CY, Lin CC, Huang FY, Liu HC, Tsai JD. Hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by enteroviral infection. Pediatr Neonatol 2013; 54:207-10. [PMID: 23597514 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A 4-year-old boy presented with enteroviral infection complicated with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). Enterovirus RNA was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of both blood and kidney biopsy specimens. A survey of the complement system did not reveal a specific complement defect. Supportive therapy with blood components transfusion, plasma therapy, and immunosuppressants was administered, however, renal function did not recover. The results of this report demonstrate that the enterovirus is the cause of aHUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Dar Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Chen P, Tao Z, Song Y, Liu G, Wang H, Liu Y, Song L, Li Y, Lin X, Cui N, Xu A. A coxsackievirus B5-associated aseptic meningitis outbreak in Shandong Province, China in 2009. J Med Virol 2012; 85:483-9. [PMID: 23212939 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In 2009, a major outbreak of aseptic meningitis was noted in Linyi city, Shandong province, China. From June to September 2009, a total of 2,104 cases were involved in this outbreak, and 98.6% of patients were <16 years of age. To determine the pathogen of the outbreak, 42 cerebrospinal fluid specimens collected from aseptic meningitis cases were tested for cell culture, and 17 (40.5%) enteroviruses were isolated and identified as Coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5). Homologous comparison indicated that these isolates had 0-7.7% nucleotide divergence with each other. Phylogenetic reconstruction showed global CVB5 could be separated into four genogroups, and all Linyi CVB5 isolates belonged to the genogroup C which had been circulating for recent 27 years in Asia and Europe. Interestingly, two distinct lineages were observed for the 17 isolates in the phylogenetic tree, indicating that at least two different transmission chains of CVB5 were responsible for this outbreak. This study showed that CVB5-associated aseptic meningitis is an emerging concern in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Shaukat S, Angez M, Alam MM, Sharif S, Khurshid A, Mahmood T, Zaidi SSZ. Characterization of non-polio enterovirus isolates from acute flaccid paralysis children in Pakistan reflects a new genotype of EV-107. Virus Res 2012; 170:164-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Park KS, Choi YJ, Park JS. Enterovirus infection in Korean children and anti-enteroviral potential candidate agents. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2012; 55:359-66. [PMID: 23133481 PMCID: PMC3488610 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2012.55.10.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although most enterovirus infections are not serious enough to be life threatening, several enteroviruses such as enterovirus 71 are responsible for severe, potentially life-threatening disease. The epidemic patterns of enteroviruses occur regularly during the year, but they may change due to environmental shifts induced by climate change due to global warming. Therefore, enterovirus epidemiological studies should be performed continuously as a basis for anti-viral studies. A great number of synthesized antiviral compounds that work against enteroviruses have been developed but only a few have demonstrated effectiveness in vivo. No proven effective antiviral agents are available for enterovirus disease therapy. The development of a new antiviral drug is a difficult task due to poor selective toxicity and cost. To overcome these limitations, one approach is to accelerate the availability of other existing antiviral drugs approved for antiviral effect against enteroviruses, and the other way is to screen traditional medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwi Sung Park
- Chungcheongnam-do Institute of Health and Environmental Research, Daejeon, Korea
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Chiang PS, Huang ML, Luo ST, Lin TY, Tsao KC, Lee MS. Comparing molecular methods for early detection and serotyping of enteroviruses in throat swabs of pediatric patients. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48269. [PMID: 23133580 PMCID: PMC3484998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enteroviruses include over 100 serotypes and usually cause self-limited infections with non-specific symptoms in children, with the exceptions of polioviruses and enterovirus 71 which frequently cause neurologic complications. Therefore, early detection and serotyping of enteroviruses are critical in clinical management and disease surveillance. Traditional methods for detection and serotyping of enteroviruses are virus isolation and immunofluorescence assay, which are time-consuming. In this study, we compare virus isolation and two molecular tests for detection and serotyping of enteroviruses in clinical samples. Methods One hundred and ten throat swabs were collected from pediatric outpatients with enterovirus-like illnesses (hand-foot-mouth disease, herpangina, and non-specific febrile illness). Virus isolation was conducted using multiple cell lines and isolated viruses were serotyped using immunofluorescent assay. In the molecular tests, a semi-nested RT-PCR and a novel CODEHOP platform were used to detect the 5′UTR and VP1 genes of enteroviruses, respectively. Amplified nucleotides were sequenced and genotyped. Results Among the 110 cases, 39(35%), 52(47%), and 46(42%) were tested positive with these three tests, respectively. Using the consensus results of these three tests as the gold standard, agreement of the VP1 CODEHOP test was 96%, which is higher than those of the virus isolation (89%) and the 5′-UTR test (88%). The VP1 CODEHOP test also has the best performance on serotyping confirmed with serum neutralization tests. Conclusions The VP1 CODEHOP test performed well for detection and serotyping of enteroviruses in clinical specimens and could reduce unnecessary hospitalization cares during enterovirus seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai-Shan Chiang
- National Institutes of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Liang Huang
- National Institutes of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ting Luo
- National Institutes of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
| | - Tzou-Yien Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chien Tsao
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Min-Shi Lee
- National Institutes of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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El Hiar R, Haddad S, Jaïdane H, Hober D, Ben M'hadheb-Gharbi M, Gullberg M, Neji-Guediche M, Lindberg AM, Gharbi J, Aouni M. Enteroviral central nervous system infections in children of the region of monastir, Tunisia: diagnosis, laboratory findings of cerebrospinal fluid and clinical manifestations. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2012; 23:294-302. [PMID: 24293816 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-012-0104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human enteroviruses (HEV) are one of the major causes of central nervous system (CNS) infections in pediatrics. A prospective study was conducted to assess the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of enterovirus (EV) infections of the CNS in children under 15-years-old, suspected of having viral CNS infections and admitted to the Pediatric Department of Monastir University Hospital, Tunisia. Enteroviral RNA was detected by 5' NCR nested RT-PCR assay in 33 % (20 out of 60) of cerebrospinal fluid specimens, whereas only six samples (10 %) were EV positive in cell culture. EV-positive patients were clustered according to their clinical manifestations, predominantly diagnosed as aseptic meningitis (65 %) and meningoencephalitis (20 %). Fever, headache, vomiting, and neck stiffness were the most pronounced symptoms. Pleocytosis with the predominance of lymphocytes was observed in 60 % of EV positive specimens. Although patients suffering from EV infections were encountered throughout the year, most occurred during spring and summer months. Using VP1-2A nested RT-PCR and sequence analysis, three of the 20 positive HEV were identified as Echovirus (E)-9. This is the first report of a cluster of aseptic meningitis cases caused by E-9 in Monastir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raida El Hiar
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents LR99-ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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Evaluation of two (semi-)nested VP1 based-PCRs for typing enteroviruses directly from cerebral spinal fluid samples. J Virol Methods 2012; 185:228-33. [PMID: 22796036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human enteroviruses (EVs) are the leading cause of CNS-associated disease in childhood. Identification of the EV types that patients are infected with is essential for monitoring outbreaks, the emergence of new types or variants, epidemiological surveillance and contributes to patient management. Rapid and sensitive molecular detection methods are frequently used to detect EVs/HPeVs directly from CSF. This requires that sensitive EV typing methods from CSF material need to be developed. In the present study two nested PCR-based typing assays were evaluated. The performance of the EV-A and -B specific nested PCR protocol and the Codehop-based PCR protocol were analyzed with several TCID(50)-titrated EV-A to D strains and 22 EV positive CSF samples. The EV-A and -B protocol was found to be more sensitive than the Codehop protocol. The Codehop protocol showed a high degree of aspecific amplification products when run on a gel, and required additional gel purification. The detection limit of the two protocols varied between the types, ranging from 0.1TCID(50)/mL sample to 10(6)TCID(50)/mL sample. From the 22 EV positive CSF samples, 15 (68%) samples were typed using either protocol. All samples were characterized as members of species B (E30 (9), CAV9 (2), E6 (1), E11 (1), E21 (1), E25 (1)). Three samples (E30 (2) and E25 (1)) could only be typed using the EV-B protocol. In this study, selected EV strains could be typed using both assays at low virus concentrations, typically found in CSF. However, the EV-A and -B protocol was more sensitive than the Codehop protocol for primary typing of CSF samples.
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dos Santos GPL, da Costa EV, Tavares FN, da Costa LJ, da Silva EE. Genetic diversity of Echovirus 30 involved in aseptic meningitis cases in Brazil (1998-2008). J Med Virol 2012; 83:2164-71. [PMID: 22012725 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aseptic meningitis is one of the most common neurological disorders caused by enteroviruses. Among them, Echovirus 30 (E30) is described as the main etiological agent of many outbreaks and sporadic cases. This study investigated the genomic variability of E30 isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of aseptic meningitis cases that occurred from 1998 to 2008 in Brazil. Over a 10-year period (1998-2008), 302 non-polio enteroviruses were isolated, of which 177 were identified as E30 (58.6%). Phylogenetic analysis of the complete VP1 gene (876 nt) of 48 E30 isolates was performed and compared with additional Brazilian and foreign strains. E30 VP1 sequences segregated into three distinct major groups and seven subgroups, which were linked to the isolation year. In general, sequence divergence among E30 strains ranged from 0.2% to 13.8%. A common direct ancestor for this set of E30 strains was not defined. Brazilian isolates from Group I were related genetically to a 1997 USA isolate and both may have a common origin. Group III representatives showed close relationship to the 2007 Argentinean isolates. The present results complement existing data on the molecular characterization and genetic variability of E30 and may contribute to the understanding of the epidemiology of aseptic meningitis in the region.
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Kyriakopoulou Z, Pliaka V, Tsakogiannis D, Ruether IGA, Komiotis D, Gartzonika C, Levidiotou-Stefanou S, Markoulatos P. Genome analysis of two type 6 echovirus (E6) strains recovered from sewage specimens in Greece in 2006. Virus Genes 2011; 44:207-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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50
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Baek K, Yeo S, Lee B, Park K, Song J, Yu J, Rheem I, Kim J, Hwang S, Choi Y, Cheon D, Park J. Epidemics of enterovirus infection in Chungnam Korea, 2008 and 2009. Virol J 2011; 8:297. [PMID: 21668960 PMCID: PMC3130694 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we explored the epidemic pattern and molecular characterization of enteroviruses isolated in Chungnam, Korea from 2005 to 2006. The present study extended these observations to 2008 and 2009. In this study, enteroviruses showed similar seasonal prevalent pattern from summer to fall and age distribution to previous investigation. The most prevalent month was July: 42.9% in 2008 and 31.9% in 2009. The highest rate of enterovirus-positive samples occurred in children < 1-year-old-age. Enterovirus-positive samples were subjected to sequence determination of the VP1 region, which resolved the isolated enteroviruses into 10 types in 2008 (coxsackievirus A4, A16, B1, B3, echovirus 6, 7, 9, 11, 16, and 30) and 8 types in 2009 (coxsackievirus A2, A4, A5, A16, B1, B5, echovirus 11, and enterovirus 71). The most prevalent enterovirus serotype in 2008 and 2009 was echovirus 30 and coxsackievirus B1, respectively, whereas echovirus 18 and echovirus 5 were the most prevalent types in 2005 and 2006, respectively. Comparison of coxsackievirus B1 and B5 of prevalent enterovirus type in Korea in 2009 with reference strains of each same serotype were conducted to genetic analysis by a phylogenetic tree. The sequences of coxsackievirus B1 strains segregated into four distinct clusters (A, B, C, and D) with some temporal and regional sub-clustering. Most of Korean coxsackievirus B1 strains in 2008 and 2009 were in cluster D, while only "Kor08-CVB1-001CN" was cluster C. The coxsackievirus B5 strains segregated in five distinct genetic groups (clusters A-E) were supported by high bootstrap values. The Korean strains isolated in 2001 belonged to cluster D, whereas Korean strains isolated in 2005 and 2009 belonged to cluster E. Comparison of the VP1 amino acid sequences of the Korean coxsackievirus B5 isolates with reference strains revealed amino acid sequence substitutions at nine amino acid sequences (532, 562, 570, 571, 576-578, 582, 583, and 585).
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Affiliation(s)
- KyoungAh Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungcheongnam-Do Institute of Health and Environmental Research, Daejeon, Korea
| | - SangGu Yeo
- Divison of Enteric and Hepatitis viruses, National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - KwiSung Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chungcheongnam-Do Institute of Health and Environmental Research, Daejeon, Korea
| | - JaeHyoung Song
- Department of Herbal Resources, Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - JeeSuk Yu
- Departments of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - InSoo Rheem
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - JaeKyung Kim
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - SeoYeon Hwang
- Divison of Enteric and Hepatitis viruses, National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Kyunghee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - YoungJin Choi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Kyunghee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - DooSung Cheon
- Divison of Enteric and Hepatitis viruses, National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, Korea
| | - JoonSoo Park
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea
- Departments of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea
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