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Xie Y, Xue Q, Jiao W, Wu J, Yu Y, Zhao L, Xu Y, Deng X, Fang G, Zheng Y, Gao Z. Associations Between Sputum Torque Teno Virus Load and Lung Function and Disease Severity in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:618757. [PMID: 33968949 PMCID: PMC8100204 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.618757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Viral load of Torque Teno virus (TTV) is elevated in immunosuppressed patients. The weakened immune response is typical in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. However, the relationship between TTV and COPD is still unknown. Patients and Methods: We enrolled 91 patients admitted to hospitals with acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) between January 2017 and August 2017 (ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT03236480). Sputum samples were gathered during hospitalization and the 120-day follow-up. TTV distribution and genogroups were assessed, and the associations between viral loads and clinical parameters were analyzed. Results: TTV DNA was detected in 95.6% of COPD patients, and the viral load was nearly invariable at the stable and exacerbation states. Most TTV DNA-positive patients carried four distinct genotypes. Sputum load of TTV was positively associated with RV/TLC (r = 0.378, p = 0.030), and negatively correlated with FEV1/pre and FEV1/FVC (r = −0.484, −0.432, p = 0.011, 0.024, respectively). Neutral correlation between the TTV DNA load and COPD assessment test (CAT) scores (r = 0.258, p = 0.018) was observed. Conclusion: Sputum loads of TTV DNA could be a novel indicator for lung function and disease severity assessment in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Xue
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ningde Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Ningde, China
| | - Weike Jiao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ningde Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Ningde, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ningde Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Ningde, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Deng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ningde Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Ningde, China
| | - Guiju Fang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ningde Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Ningde, China
| | - Yali Zheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Respiratory, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhancheng Gao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Respiratory, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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2
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Gençdal G, Yurdaydin C. Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus in the Middle East. LIVER CANCER IN THE MIDDLE EAST 2021:91-99. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78737-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
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3
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Maev IV, Karlovich TI, Burmistrov AI, Chekmazov IA, Andreev DN, Reshetnyak VI. Current Views of Torque Teno Virus (TTV) in Liver Diseases. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY, HEPATOLOGY, COLOPROCTOLOGY 2020; 30:7-22. [DOI: 10.22416/1382-4376-2020-30-4-7-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I. V. Maev
- Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry
| | - T. I. Karlovich
- Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Care of the Russian President Administration
| | | | - I. A. Chekmazov
- Central Clinical Hospital with Outpatient Care of the Russian President Administration
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4
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Saquib N, Rajab AM, Saquib J, AlMazrou A. Substance use disorders in Saudi Arabia: a scoping review. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2020; 15:41. [PMID: 32552804 PMCID: PMC7301978 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-020-00285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use disorders (SUD) are mental health conditions that arise from chronic drug use. There is an increased recognition of this problem in Saudi Arabia. OBJECTIVE Conduct a comprehensive review of published literature on SUD to identify knowledge gaps and to guide future research. METHODS PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched with suitable keywords for SUD publications up to June 10, 2019. Eligible studies (primary research conducted in Saudi Arabia) were organized into three broad domains: (1) risk (or protective) factors of SUD, (2) perspectives on drug use of people who use drugs, and (3) impact on family. The quality of the included studies was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS Of the 113 search records, 23 were eligible for analysis (19 cross-sectional and 4 case-control). All studies were conducted in clinical settings; all but two included males only. There were 4 studies about SUD risk factors, 6 studies about the perspectives of people who use drugs, and none about family impact. None of the cross-sectional studies (0%) and 25% of case-control studies were of good quality. CONCLUSIONS The available studies were few in number, weak in methodology, and poor in quality. Quantitative as well as qualitative studies about SUD are warranted in each domain and should represent both genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmus Saquib
- College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, PO Box 777, Bukairyah, Al-Qassim 51941 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Mamoun Rajab
- College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, PO Box 777, Bukairyah, Al-Qassim 51941 Saudi Arabia
| | - Juliann Saquib
- College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, PO Box 777, Bukairyah, Al-Qassim 51941 Saudi Arabia
| | - AbdulRahman AlMazrou
- College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, PO Box 777, Bukairyah, Al-Qassim 51941 Saudi Arabia
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Reshetnyak VI, Maev IV, Burmistrov AI, Chekmazov IA, Karlovich TI. Torque teno virus in liver diseases: On the way towards unity of view. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:1691-1707. [PMID: 32351287 PMCID: PMC7183866 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i15.1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The review presents the data accumulated for more than 20 years of research of torque teno virus (TTV). Its molecular genetic structure, immunobiology, epidemiology, diagnostic methods, possible replication sites, and pathogenicity factors are described. TTV is a virus that is frequently detectable in patients with different viral hepatitides, in cases of hepatitis without an obvious viral agent, as well as in a healthy population. There is evidence suggesting that biochemical and histological changes occur in liver tissue and bile duct epithelium in TTV monoinfection. There are sufficient histological signs of liver damage, which confirm that the virus can undergo a replicative cycle in hepatocytes. Along with this, cytological hybridization in TTV-infected cells has shown no substantial cytopathic (cell-damaging) effects that are characteristic of pathogenic hepatotropic viruses. Studying TTV has led to the evolution of views on its role in the development of human pathology. The first ideas about the hepatotropism of the virus were gradually reformed as new data became available on the prevalence of the virus and its co-infection with other viruses, including the viruses of the known types of hepatitides. The high prevalence of TTV in the human population indicates its persistence in the body as a virome and a non-pathogenic virus. It has recently been proposed that the level of TTV DNA in the blood of patients undergoing organ transplantation should be used as an endogenous marker of the body’s immune status. The available data show the polytropism of the virus and deny the fact that TTV can be assigned exclusively to hepatitis viruses. Fortunately, the rare detection of the damaging effect of TTV on hepatic and bile duct epithelial cells may be indirect evidence of its conditionally pathogenic properties. The ubiquity of the virus and the variability of its existence in humans cannot put an end to its study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy I Reshetnyak
- Department of Propaedeutic of Internal Diseases and Gastroenterology, A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow 127473, Russia
| | - Igor V Maev
- Department of Propaedeutic of Internal Diseases and Gastroenterology, A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow 127473, Russia
| | - Alexandr I Burmistrov
- Department of Propaedeutic of Internal Diseases and Gastroenterology, A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow 127473, Russia
| | - Igor A Chekmazov
- Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation, Moscow 121359, Russia
| | - Tatiana I Karlovich
- Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation, Moscow 121359, Russia
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6
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Alkharsah KR, Alzahrani AJ, Obeid OE, Aljindan RY, Guella A, Al-Ali AK, Al-Turaifi HR, Sallam TA. Association between Hepatitis C Virus Viremia and the rs12979860, rs2228145 and rs1800795 SNP (CT/AC/GG) Genotype in Saudi Kidney Transplant Recipients. SAUDI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 8:46-52. [PMID: 31929778 PMCID: PMC6945315 DOI: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_175_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major health problem, particularly in high-risk groups such as kidney transplant recipients, where it can adversely affect graft survival and increase the relative risk for mortality. Recently, the role of genetic variation among HCV patients in determining the outcome of infections has been under investigation. Objective: To investigate the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs12979860 (located within the interleukin-28B locus), rs2228145 (interleukin-6 receptor) and rs1800795 (interleukin-6 promoter) with HCV viremia in renal transplant patients. Materials and Methods: In this analytical cross-sectional study, 149 kidney transplant recipients, 82 males (median age: 41 years) and 67 females (median age: 45 years), were screened for HCV RNA in blood using real-time polymerase chain reaction and genotyped by sequencing (rs12979860) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rs2228145 and rs1800795). Results: HCV RNA was detected in 17 (11.41%) of the 149 patients. There was no statistically significant association between the studied SNPs and HCV viremia. However, a combination of the CT/AC/GG genotype was significantly associated with HCV viremia (odds ratio: 5.4). The genotype AA of rs2228145 in the IL-6 receptor was associated with viremia levels of >105 copies/ml (odds ratio: 5.96). Conclusion: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study that has shown that the CT/AC/GG genotype has an impact on HCV viremia in kidney transplant patients. Therefore, such SNP genotypes may potentially be used to identify transplant patients at risk of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled R Alkharsah
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alhussain J Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Obeid E Obeid
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Y Aljindan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnane Guella
- Prince Sultan Research Center, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amein K Al-Ali
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain R Al-Turaifi
- Department of Laboratory and Blood Bank, King Fahad Hospital, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talal A Sallam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Baha University, Al-Bahah, Saudi Arabia
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Al-Qahtani AA, Pourkarim MR, Trovão NS, Vergote V, Li G, Thijssen M, Abdo AA, Sanai FM, Dela Cruz D, Bohol MFF, Al-Anazi MR, Al-Ahdal MN. Molecular epidemiology, phylogenetic analysis and genotype distribution of hepatitis B virus in Saudi Arabia: Predominance of genotype D1. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 77:104051. [PMID: 31634640 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the implementation of various vaccination programs, hepatitis B virus (HBV) poses a considerable health problem in Saudi Arabia. Insight on HBV evolutionary history in the region is limited. We performed a comprehensive epidemiological and phylogenetic reconstruction based on a large cohort of HBV infected patients. Three hundred and nineteen HBV-infected patients with different clinical manifestations, including inactive and active chronic carriers and patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), were enrolled in this study. The full-length large S gene was amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to determine the genotype and subgenotypes of the isolates. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that genotype D is the most dominant genotype among patients. Moreover, this analysis identified two strains with genotype E isolated from active carriers. Detailed phylogenetic analyses confirmed the presence of four HBV D subgenotypes, D1 (93%, n = 296), D2 (0.02%, n = 5), D3 (0.003%, n = 1), and D4 (0.003%, n = 1). In addition, six genotype D strains were not assigned to any existing HBV D subgenotype. The large S gene of eight strains showed signatures of genotype recombination between the genotypes D and A and between D and E. Several strains harbored medically important point mutations at the protein level. Along with the dominance of the HBV genotype D, isolation of the E genotype and several recombinant strains from patients with Saudi Arabian origin is an essential result for decisions involving therapeutic measures for patients. Development of vaccines and detection of diagnostic escape mutations at antigenic epitopes on the HBsAg will be valuable to public health authorities. Furthermore, the diversity at the nucleotide and amino acid levels and different proportions of dN/dS at the PreS1, PreS2, and HBsAg reveal the selective pressure trend from inactive status towards advanced liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Al-Qahtani
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Alfaisal University, School of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mahmoud Reza Pourkarim
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Division of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nídia Sequeira Trovão
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Division of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valentijn Vergote
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Division of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guangdi Li
- Department of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Marijn Thijssen
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Division of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ayman A Abdo
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal M Sanai
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Damian Dela Cruz
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marie Fe F Bohol
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael R Al-Anazi
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed N Al-Ahdal
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Alfaisal University, School of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Al-Qahtani AA, Al-Anazi MR, Nazir N, Abdo AA, Sanai FM, Al-Hamoudi WK, Alswat KA, Al-Ashgar HI, Khan MQ, Albenmousa A, El-Shamy A, Alanazi SK, Dela Cruz D, Bohol MFF, Al-Ahdal MN. The Correlation Between Hepatitis B Virus Precore/Core Mutations and the Progression of Severe Liver Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:355. [PMID: 30406036 PMCID: PMC6204459 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral mutations acquired during the course of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are known to be associated with the progression and severity of HBV-related liver disease. This study of HBV-infected Saudi Arabian patients aimed to identify amino acid substitutions within the precore/core (preC/C) region of HBV, and investigate their impact on disease progression toward hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patients were categorized according to the severity of their disease, and were divided into the following groups: inactive HBV carriers, active HBV carriers, liver cirrhosis patients, and HCC patients. Two precore mutations, W28* and G29D, and six core mutations, F24Y, E64D, E77Q, A80I/T/V, L116I, and E180A were significantly associated with the development of cirrhosis and HCC. Six of the seven significant core mutations that were identified in this study were located within immuno-active epitopes; E77Q, A80I/T/V, and L116I were located within B-cell epitopes, and F24Y, E64D, and V91S/T were located within T-cell epitopes. Multivariate risk analysis confirmed that the core mutations A80V and L116I were both independent predictors of HBV-associated liver disease progression. In conclusion, our data show that mutations within the preC/C region, particularly within the immuno-active epitopes, may contribute to the severity of liver disease in patients with chronic hepatitis. Furthermore, we have identified several distinct preC/C mutations within the study population that affect the clinical manifestation and progression of HBV-related disease. The specific identity of HBV mutations that are associated with severe disease varies between different ethnic populations, and so the specific preC/C mutations identified here will be useful for predicting clinical outcomes and identifying the HBV-infected patients within the Saudi population that are at high risk of developing HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Al-Qahtani
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Alfaisal University School of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael R Al-Anazi
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nyla Nazir
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman A Abdo
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Liver Disease Research Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal M Sanai
- Liver Disease Research Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed K Al-Hamoudi
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Liver Disease Research Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A Alswat
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Liver Disease Research Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad I Al-Ashgar
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Q Khan
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Albenmousa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed El-Shamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, United States
| | - Salah K Alanazi
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Damian Dela Cruz
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marie Fe F Bohol
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed N Al-Ahdal
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Alfaisal University School of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Rinonce HT, Yano Y, Utsumi T, Heriyanto DS, Anggorowati N, Widasari DI, Ghozali A, Utoro T, Lusida MI, Soetjipto, Prasanto H, Hayashi Y. Prevalence and genotypic distribution of GB virus C and torque teno virus among patients undergoing hemodialysis. Mol Med Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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10
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Al Humayed SM, El-Mekki AA, Mahfouz AA. Hepatitis B virus infection in Aseer Region, south-western Saudi Arabia: a call for an immediate action against a preventable disease. Public Health 2017; 146:24-28. [PMID: 28404469 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study was designed as a large-scale cross-sectional study to cast some light on the magnitude of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Aseer Region, south-western Saudi Arabia, a region reported to be of the highest endemicity. METHODS During the WHO hepatitis day of 2013, an aggressive health education campaign was launched in all the hospitals and primary health care centres in Aseer Region. Posters were distributed to encourage the local population to visit the health facilities to be tested for HBV. They were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was done using a fourth-generation ELISA kits. RESULTS The present study included 10,234 persons. The study revealed an overall seroprevalence of 5.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.5-6.4%). A seroprevalence of 0.8% (95% CI = 0.2-2.1%) was found among persons aged less than 15 years, and a seroprevalence of 1.3% (95% CI = 0.4-2.9%) was found among persons aged 15-24 years. On the other hand, among persons aged 25 years and over (who were born before the expanded programme on immunization [EPI]), a seroprevalence of 6.3% (95% CI = 5.8-6.8%) was found. Pockets of unvaccinated individuals were identified. CONCLUSION The present study has documented the efficacy of vaccination in protecting against HBV infection. It also identified the presence of pockets of unvaccinated persons requiring further investigations. Aggressive health education programmes and 'catch-up' mass vaccination of those aged over 25 years is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Al Humayed
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - A A El-Mekki
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - A A Mahfouz
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
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11
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Almansour AH, Darwish MA, Abdel Wahab MM. Hepatitis C infection awareness among fourth year medical students at University of Dammam. J Family Community Med 2017; 24:49-54. [PMID: 28163576 PMCID: PMC5248434 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8229.197182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To determine awareness about hepatitis C among 4th -year medical students at Dammam University, on hepatitis C and possible associated factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire comprising questions on awareness of hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission, screening of the population, symptoms, complications, prevention, and treatment. RESULTS: A total of 201 students participated, with a response rate of 79.8%. About 75% of students had a poor grasp of HCV transmission while the awareness of <25% of students was fair. More than half of students had fair knowledge about screening, prevention, and treatment of HCV. The majority of students were familiar with the clinical presentation and complications of HCV. The overall awareness of the 4th -year medical students on HCV infection was fair, with no significant difference between males and females. CONCLUSIONS: Overall grasp of hepatitis C by the studied group was fair. However, there were serious gaps in their knowledge, which need to be filled or modified, especially knowledge about transmission which was poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulelah H Almansour
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Dammam, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdy A Darwish
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Dammam, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Moataza M Abdel Wahab
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Dammam, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Biostatistics, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria Governorate, Egypt
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12
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Robaeys G, Bielen R, Azar DG, Razavi H, Nevens F. Global genotype distribution of hepatitis C viral infection among people who inject drugs. J Hepatol 2016; 65:1094-1103. [PMID: 27520879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis C viral infection (HCV) after injection drug use is very prevalent. The kind of genotype determines the response to treatment. However, no systematic review update on the global genotype distribution of HCV in people who inject drugs (PWID) is currently available. METHODS A systematic review was performed by using the keywords: Genotype, Hepatitis C, Injection drug user/Intravenous drug user/Substance user/ PWID, Name of countries in Pubmed, Embase and PsycINFO. The results were compared with the review of Gower et al. in 2014, concerning the distribution of HCV genotypes in the general HCV population. RESULTS Using these keywords, 132 studies in 48 countries (from 1995 to 2015) were collected. After grading these results, the data of 48 studies were used to determine the distribution of genotypes in PWID. Genotype 1 is the most prevalent genotype all over the world in PWID. In Europe, genotypes 1, 3 and 4 are highly prevalent. In North and South America and in Australia genotype 1 and 3 are most prevalent. In Asia genotype 2 and 6, and Africa genotype 1a and 4 are mostly observed. Overall, the most important differences comparing with the general population are a lower prevalence of genotype 1b in the PWID population and higher prevalence of genotype 1a and 3. CONCLUSIONS There is a different prevalence of genotype distribution in PWID than in the general population. Genotype 3 is especially highly prevalent in the Western countries. LAY SUMMARY Hepatitis C viral infection after injection drug use is very prevalent. The most important genotype causing HCV infection in PWID globally is genotype 1, as is the case in the general population, but also genotype 3 is highly prevalent in PWID. Genotype 4 is most prevalent in Africa, spreading into Europe, whereas genotype 2 and 6 are more located in Asia. The most important difference comparing to the general population are generally lower prevalence of genotype 1b, and higher prevalence of genotype 1a and 3 in PWID. As the genotype nowadays still determines the treatment, and as there is a different genotype distribution than in the general population, it is important to identify the genotype also in PWID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Robaeys
- Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Dept. of Gastro-enterology and Hepatology, Schiepse Bos 6, 3600 Genk, Belgium; Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; KULeuven, Dept. of Gastro-enterology and Hepatology, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rob Bielen
- Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Dept. of Gastro-enterology and Hepatology, Schiepse Bos 6, 3600 Genk, Belgium; Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium.
| | - Darush Ghezel Azar
- Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Dept. of Gastro-enterology and Hepatology, Schiepse Bos 6, 3600 Genk, Belgium; KULeuven, Dept. of Gastro-enterology and Hepatology, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Homie Razavi
- Center for Disease Analysis, 1120 W South Boulder Road, Suite 102, Louisville, CO 80026, USA
| | - Frederik Nevens
- KULeuven, Dept. of Gastro-enterology and Hepatology, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Ghaderi-Zefrehi H, Gholami-Fesharaki M, Sharafi H, Sadeghi F, Alavian SM. The Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in Middle Eastern Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2016; 16:e40357. [PMID: 27826320 PMCID: PMC5097177 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.40357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is classified into seven genotypes and more than 100 subtypes. The treatment regimen, duration and efficacy of HCV therapy may vary according to the HCV genotype. Therefore, the HCV genotype should be determined prior to antiviral therapy. The objective of the current study was to review systematically all studies reporting the distribution of HCV genotypes in the countries that make up the Middle East. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Articles were identified by searching electronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed and Google scholar, with timeline limits (articles published between 1995 and 2016). We carried out a systematic search regarding the distribution of HCV genotypes in Middle Eastern countries. RESULTS A total of 579 studies were identified by the electronic search. Of these, a total of 187 were identified as eligible papers including 60,319 patients who were meta-analyzed for pooled distribution of HCV genotypes. In Turkey, Israel, Cyprus, and Iran, genotype 1 was the most prevalent HCV genotype with rates of 82% (95% CI, 82%-83%), 68% (95% CI, 67%-69%), 68% (95% CI, 59%-77%), and 55% (95% CI, 54%-55%), respectively. In Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Syria, HCV genotype 4 was the most common genotype with rates of 86% (95% CI, 85%-88%), 60% (95% CI, 56%-64%), 56% (95% CI, 54%-55%), and 57% (95% CI, 54%-61%), respectively. On the basis of adjusted data, HCV genotype 4 was the most prevalent genotype in the Middle East region, with a rate of 74.7% (95% CI, 73.4%-76%), followed by genotype 1 at 15.1% (95% CI, 14.1%-16%). CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that HCV genotype 4 is the most prevalent genotype in the Middle East region. However, HCV genotype 1 is the most prevalent among non-Arab countries in the region including Turkey, Iran, Cyprus, and Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ghaderi-Zefrehi
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | | | - Heidar Sharafi
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Farzin Sadeghi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran
| | - Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Seyed Moayed Alavian, Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2188945186, Fax: +98-2188945188, E-mail:
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Mumtaz GR, Weiss HA, Vickerman P, Larke N, Abu-Raddad LJ. Using hepatitis C prevalence to estimate HIV epidemic potential among people who inject drugs in the Middle East and North Africa. AIDS 2015; 29:1701-10. [PMID: 26372281 PMCID: PMC4541475 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to understand the association between HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), and to estimate HIV epidemic potential among PWIDs using HCV prevalence. DESIGN/METHODS Using data from a systematic review of HIV and HCV among PWID in MENA, we conducted two analyses, stratified by HIV epidemic state: a meta-analysis of the risk ratio of HCV to HIV prevalence (RRHCV/HIV) using DerSimonian-Laird random-effects models, and multivariable linear regression predicting log HIV prevalence. The HCV-HIV association from both analyses was used to estimate HIV prevalence at endemic equilibrium. We compared predicted with current HIV prevalence to classify HIV epidemic potential at country-level as low, medium or high, using predefined criteria. RESULTS The review identified 88 HCV prevalence measures among PWID in MENA, of which 54 had a paired HIV prevalence measure. The pooled RRHCV/HIV were 16, 4 and 3 in low-level, emerging and established HIV epidemics, respectively. There was a significant linear relationship between HCV and HIV at endemic equilibrium (P = 0.002). The predicted endemic HIV prevalence ranged between 8% (Tunisia) and 22% (Pakistan). Of the nine countries with data, five have high and three medium HIV epidemic potential. Only one country, Pakistan, appears to have reached saturation. CONCLUSION HCV prevalence could be a predictor of future endemic HIV prevalence. In MENA, we predict that there will be further HIV epidemic growth among PWID. The proposed methodology can identify PWID populations that should be prioritized for HIV prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghina R. Mumtaz
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London
| | - Helen A. Weiss
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London
| | - Peter Vickerman
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Natasha Larke
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London
| | - Laith J. Abu-Raddad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Sardashti S, Samaei M, Firouzeh MM, Mirshahvalad SA, Pahlaviani FG, SeyedAlinaghi S. Early initiation of antiretroviral treatment: Challenges in the Middle East and North Africa. World J Virol 2015; 4:134-141. [PMID: 25964878 PMCID: PMC4419117 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v4.i2.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
New World Health Organization guidelines recommend the initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART) for asymptomatic patients with CD4+ T-cell counts of ≤ 500 cells/mm3. Substantial reduction of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission is addressed as a major public health outcome of this new approach. Middle East and North Africa (MENA), known as the area of controversies in terms of availability of comprehensive data, has shown concentrated epidemics among most of it’s at risk population groups. Serious challenges impede the applicability of new guidelines in the MENA Region. Insufficient resources restrict ART coverage to less than 14%, while only one fourth of the countries had reportable data on patients’ CD4 counts at the time of diagnosis. Clinical guidelines need to be significantly modified to reach practical utility, and surveillance systems have not yet been developed in many countries of MENA. Based on available evidence in several countries people who inject drugs and men who have sex with men are increasingly vulnerable to HIV and viral hepatitis, while their sexual partners - either female sex workers or women in monogamous relationships with high-risk men - are potential bridging populations that are not appropriately addressed by regional programs. Research to monitor the response to ART among the mentioned groups are seriously lacking, while drug resistant HIV strains and limited information on adherence patterns to treatment regimens require urgent recognition by health policymakers. Commitment to defined goals in the fight against HIV, development of innovative methods to improve registration and reporting systems, monitoring and evaluation of current programs followed by cost-effective modifications are proposed as effective steps to be acknowledged by National AIDS Programs of the countries of MENA Region.
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Human anelloviruses: an update of molecular, epidemiological and clinical aspects. Arch Virol 2015; 160:893-908. [PMID: 25680568 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human torque teno viruses (TTVs) are new, emerging infectious agents, recently assigned to the family Anelloviridae. The first representative of the genus, torque teno virus (TTV), was discovered in 1997, followed by torque teno mini virus (TTMV) in 2000, and torque teno midi virus (TTMDV) in 2007. These viruses are characterized by an extremely high prevalence, with relatively uniform distribution worldwide and a high level of genomic heterogeneity, as well as an apparent pan-tropism at the host level. Although these viruses have a very high prevalence in the general population across the globe, neither their interaction with their hosts nor their direct involvement in the etiology of specific diseases are fully understood. Since their discovery, human anelloviruses, and especially TTV, have been suggested to be associated with various diseases, such as hepatitis, respiratory diseases, cancer, hematological and autoimmune disorders, with few arguments for their direct involvement. Recent studies have started to reveal interactions between TTVs and the host's immune system, leading to new hypotheses for potential pathological mechanisms of these viruses. In this review article, we discuss the most important aspects and current status of human TTVs in order to guide future studies.
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Mumtaz GR, Weiss HA, Thomas SL, Riome S, Setayesh H, Riedner G, Semini I, Tawil O, Akala FA, Wilson D, Abu-Raddad LJ. HIV among people who inject drugs in the Middle East and North Africa: systematic review and data synthesis. PLoS Med 2014; 11:e1001663. [PMID: 24937136 PMCID: PMC4061009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is perceived that little is known about the epidemiology of HIV infection among people who inject drugs (PWID) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). The primary objective of this study was to assess the status of the HIV epidemic among PWID in MENA by describing HIV prevalence and incidence. Secondary objectives were to describe the risk behavior environment and the HIV epidemic potential among PWID, and to estimate the prevalence of injecting drug use in MENA. METHODS AND FINDINGS This was a systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines and covering 23 MENA countries. PubMed, Embase, regional and international databases, as well as country-level reports were searched up to December 16, 2013. Primary studies reporting (1) the prevalence/incidence of HIV, other sexually transmitted infections, or hepatitis C virus (HCV) among PWIDs; or (2) the prevalence of injecting or sexual risk behaviors, or HIV knowledge among PWID; or (3) the number/proportion of PWID in MENA countries, were eligible for inclusion. The quality, quantity, and geographic coverage of the data were assessed at country level. Risk of bias in predefined quality domains was described to assess the quality of available HIV prevalence measures. After multiple level screening, 192 eligible reports were included in the review. There were 197 HIV prevalence measures on a total of 58,241 PWID extracted from reports, and an additional 226 HIV prevalence measures extracted from the databases. We estimated that there are 626,000 PWID in MENA (range: 335,000-1,635,000, prevalence of 0.24 per 100 adults). We found evidence of HIV epidemics among PWID in at least one-third of MENA countries, most of which are emerging concentrated epidemics and with HIV prevalence overall in the range of 10%-15%. Some of the epidemics have however already reached considerable levels including some of the highest HIV prevalence among PWID globally (87.1% in Tripoli, Libya). The relatively high prevalence of sharing needles/syringes (18%-28% in the last injection), the low levels of condom use (20%-54% ever condom use), the high levels of having sex with sex workers and of men having sex with men (15%-30% and 2%-10% in the last year, respectively), and of selling sex (5%-29% in the last year), indicate a high injecting and sexual risk environment. The prevalence of HCV (31%-64%) and of sexually transmitted infections suggest high levels of risk behavior indicative of the potential for more and larger HIV epidemics. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified a large volume of HIV-related biological and behavioral data among PWID in the MENA region. The coverage and quality of the data varied between countries. There is robust evidence for HIV epidemics among PWID in multiple countries, most of which have emerged within the last decade and continue to grow. The lack of sufficient evidence in some MENA countries does not preclude the possibility of hidden epidemics among PWID in these settings. With the HIV epidemic among PWID in overall a relatively early phase, there is a window of opportunity for prevention that should not be missed through the provision of comprehensive programs, including scale-up of harm reduction services and expansion of surveillance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghina R. Mumtaz
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen A. Weiss
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara L. Thomas
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Riome
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hamidreza Setayesh
- Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS Regional Support Team, Middle East and North Africa, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gabriele Riedner
- Regional Office of the Eastern Mediterranean, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Iris Semini
- Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS Regional Support Team, Middle East and North Africa, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Oussama Tawil
- Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS Regional Support Team, Middle East and North Africa, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Francisca Ayodeji Akala
- Human Development Sector, Middle East and North Africa Region, World Bank, Washington (D.C.), United States of America
| | - David Wilson
- Global HIV/AIDS Program, World Bank, Washington (D.C.), United States of America
| | - Laith J. Abu-Raddad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Bajrai LH, Kumosani T, El-Kafrawy S, El-Daly M, Hindawi S, Ashshi A, Azhar EI. Distribution of HBV genotypes from two blood transfusion centers in western Saudi Arabia. Future Virol 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.14.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To determine the distribution of HBV genotypes among HBsAg-positive blood donors in Makkah and Jeddah. Materials & methods: A total of 158 volunteered HBsAg-positive male blood donors donated blood samples at two transfusion centers in western Saudi Arabia. RFLP digestion was performed on 83 PCR products of the S gene. A subset of 77 positive samples were sequenced and aligned with reference Genbank sequences. Results: RFLP showed the following genotype distribution: 71 (85.6%) D; two (2.4%) E; one (1.2%) A; one (1.2%) B; one (1.2%) C; five (6.0%) untypable; one (1.2%) mixed genotypes D+A; and one (1.2%) mixed genotype D+C. Seventy-seven samples were genotyped by sequencing as follows: 73 (94.8%) D, three (3.9%) E; and one (1.3%) A. The study showed that there is concordance in the results of RFLP and sequencing in 67 samples and discrepancy in ten samples: genotypes B, genotype C, one of genotype E and dual genotypes by RFLP could only been detected as genotype D by sequencing. Sequencing showed the RFLP untypable samples as genotypes D and E. Conclusion: HBV type D is the most prevalent genotype in western Saudi Arabia. RFLP is a reliable tool for predicting genotype D in Saudi population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena H Bajrai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taha Kumosani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif El-Kafrawy
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai El-Daly
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salwa Hindawi
- Blood Transfusion Services, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Ashshi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Matos MADD, Ferreira RC, Rodrigues FP, Marinho TA, Lopes CLR, Novais ACM, Motta-Castro ARC, Teles SA, Souto FJD, Martins RMB. Occult hepatitis B virus infection among injecting drug users in the Central-West Region of Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108:S0074-02762013000300386. [PMID: 23778654 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762013000300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was investigated in 149 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) negative injecting drug users (IDUs) in the Central-West Region of Brazil. Of these individuals, 19 were positive for HBV DNA, resulting in an occult HBV infection prevalence of 12.7% (19/149); six of these 19 individuals had anti-HBV core and/or anti-HBV surface antibodies and 13 were negative for HBV markers. All IDUs with occult hepatitis B reported sexual and/or parenteral risk behaviours. All HBV DNA-positive samples were successfully genotyped. Genotype D was the most common (17/19), followed by genotype A (2/19). These findings reveal a high prevalence of occult HBV infection and the predominance of genotype D among IDUs in Brazil's Central-West Region.
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Massaú A, Martins C, Nachtigal GC, Araújo AB, Rossetti ML, Niel C, da Silva CMD. The high prevalence of Torque teno virus DNA in blood donors and haemodialysis patients in southern Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 107:684-6. [PMID: 22850961 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000500017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the frequency of Torque teno virus (TTV) infection in 150 blood donors and 77 patients requiring haemodialysis in southern Brazil. Plasma samples were screened for TTV DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The prevalences of TTV among blood donors and patients requiring haemodialysis were 73.3% and 68.8%, respectively. The presence of TTV was correlated with age in the blood donors (p = 0.024). In haemodialysis patients, no association was found between TTV infection and the demographic parameters (age, sex and education), the duration of haemodialysis or a history of blood transfusion. This study is the first to evaluate the prevalence of TTV infection in Brazilian patients requiring haemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Massaú
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Diagnóstico Genético e Molecula, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brasil, 92425-900
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Amini N, Alavian SM, Kabir A, Aalaei-Andabili SH, Saiedi Hosseini SY, Rizzetto M. Prevalence of hepatitis d in the eastern mediterranean region: systematic review and meta analysis. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2013; 13:e8210. [PMID: 23554822 PMCID: PMC3609404 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.8210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) causes the most threatening form of chronic viral hepatitis. To date, there is no overall estimation of HDV prevalence in the Eastern Mediterranean Region Office of WHO (EMRO) countries. OBJECTIVES To provide a clear estimation of HDV prevalence in the aforementioned region. PATIENTS AND METHODS In the current systematic review, databases such as PubMed, Embase, Web of sciences and Google scholar were searched Until December 2010. The summary estimate of HDV prevalence in the EMRO region was calculated as an average of the pooled infection prevalence of each country weighted by the ratio of the country's HBV population to the study's sample size in the survey data analysis. RESULTS We included 62 eligible studies. The weighted mean of HDV prevalence in the EMRO region was 14.74% (95% CI: 14.73 - 14.77), 27.8% (95% CI: 27.78 - 27.82), 36.57% (95% CI: 36.55 - 36.59) and 16.44%. (95% CI: 16.42 - 16.46) in asymptomatic HBsAg positive carriers, chronic hepatitis patients, cirrhosis/ hepatocellular carcinoma, and high risk group, respectively. Among the asymptomatic HBsAg positive group, HDV prevalence was increased by years in older patients in Saudi Arabia but its prevalence was decreased in Iran. No specific pattern was seen according to chronological analysis during years among the EMRO countries. CONCLUSIONS HDV infection is endemic in the EMRO countries and it is more common among patients with severe forms of hepatitis. Due to the high HDV infection rates in the EMRO countries, we recommend blood screening for HDV infection in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Amini
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Students' Scientific Research Centre, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Seyed Moayed Alavian, Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel.: +98-2188067114, Fax: +98-2188067114, E-mail:
| | - Ali Kabir
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Center for Educational Research in Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Aalaei-Andabili
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Seyed Yasser Saiedi Hosseini
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mario Rizzetto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Molinette – University of Turin, Corso Bramante, Turin, Italy
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Abozaid SM, Shoukri M, Al-Qahtani A, Al-Ahdal MN. Prevailing genotypes of hepatitis C virus in Saudi Arabia: a systematic analysis of evidence. Ann Saudi Med 2013; 33:1-5. [PMID: 23458931 PMCID: PMC6078584 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2013.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Although hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 4 has been reported to be prevalent in some countries of the Middle East, the genotype distribution in some geographical areas is not conclusive. We aimed to perform a meta-analysis on available literature on this issue in an attempt to identify or confirm the prevailing HCV genotypes in Saudi Arabia. METHODS We searched for reports describing genotypes in Saudi Arabia. A meta-analysis was performed on the samples in 18 studies, published between 1995 and 2011, in which HCV genotypes were identified. RESULTS A total of 2277 specimens from 18 studies showed that 617, 82, 119 and 1198 subjects were HCV-positive for genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The meta-analyses showed that there is a great deal of heterogeneity in estimated prevalence among the studies. The highest prevalence was found in genotype HCV-4, followed by HCV-1, HCV-3, and HCV-2. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysei emphasizes that HCV genotype 4 is the most prevalent, followed by genotype 1. Further studies on genotype determination and subtype distribution are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhair M Abozaid
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Daw MA, Dau AA. Hepatitis C virus in Arab world: a state of concern. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:719494. [PMID: 22629189 PMCID: PMC3354686 DOI: 10.1100/2012/719494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus has been considered to be one of the most important devastating causes of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatic cellular carcinoma. The prevalence of such virus varies greatly over the world. Arab world has a unique geography and consists over nineteen countries who share the same heritage and customs and do speak the same language. In this area, the epidemiology of hepatitis C is not well understandable. Hepatitis C virus was found to be endemic in Arabia. The serostatus of such virus was found to be variable among these countries with uniform patterns of genotypes. Such prevalence varies tremendously according to the risk factors involved. Blood and blood products, haemodialysis, intravenous, and percutaneous drug users, and occupational, habitual, and social behavior were found to be the important factors involved. Hepatitis C will have major social, economic, and even political burdens on such young and dynamic societies. Thus, strategies and clear policy of intervention are urgently needed to combat the consequences of HCV both regionally and at state level of each country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Daw
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Tripoli Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine Tripoli, PO Box 82668, Tripoli, Libya.
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Hepatitis C virus infection in the Middle East and North Africa "MENA" region: injecting drug users (IDUs) is an under-investigated population. Infection 2012; 40:1-10. [PMID: 22237470 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-011-0236-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Investigation of the injecting drug users (IDUs) population is becoming extremely critical and timely in light of the recent evidence that IDUs now act as the core of hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemics in developed countries. The purpose of this article, therefore, is not only to review the epidemiology of HCV in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, but also to see whether IDUs were adequately studied and whether harm reduction strategies to be applied for their protection have been set. METHODS A literature review was carried out of articles published within the last decade on HCV infection. RESULTS The gathered data showed that the population of IDUs is severely under-investigated throughout the whole region, possibly due to religious and cultural impediments. CONCLUSION In order to reduce the risk of HCV infection in IDUs, a set of recommendations are advanced emphasizing the urgent need for bio-behavioral studies in this population in order to help identify the source and mode of transmission and the genotypes of HCV involved. These results may allow the development of effective and, yet, socially acceptable intervention strategies. We believe that the role which IDUs play in sustaining HCV infection is also an under-investigated topic in many developing countries. Similar reviews and, hence, interventions should be initiated in these regions.
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Abstract
Some 400 million people worldwide are currently infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV), and the infection is common in the Middle East. Another 170 million people around the globe presently live with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Both HBV and HCV represent a worldwide epidemic. Despite significant decline in the prevalence of HBV and HCV infection in Saudi Arabia, these viral diseases cause significant morbidity and mortality, and impose a great burden on the country's healthcare system. On the other hand, Saudi epidemiology studies have shown that the hepatitis A virus seroprevalence in the country has reduced considerably over the past two decades. The progress in mapping the epidemiological pattern of viral hepatitis in Saudi Arabia has not only aided our understanding of the disease, but has also exposed the small but relevant gaps in our identification of the intricate details concerning the disease's clinical expression. In this review, we aim to document the timeline of viral hepatitis epidemiology in Saudi Arabia, while summarizing the relevant published literature on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman A. Abdo
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, King Khalid University Hospital, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Liver Disease Research Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Address for correspondence: Dr. Ayman A. Abdo, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, College of Medicine, King Saud University, PO Box 2925 (59), Riyadh - 11461, Saudi Arabia. E-mail:
| | - Faisal M. Sanai
- Liver Disease Research Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Hepatobiliary Sciences and Liver Transplantation, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faleh Z. Al-Faleh
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, King Khalid University Hospital, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Liver Disease Research Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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