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Gong M, Peng C, Yang C, Wang Z, Qian H, Hu X, Zhou P, Shan C, Ding Q. Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen identifies SLC39A9 and PIK3C3 as crucial entry factors for Ebola virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012444. [PMID: 39173055 PMCID: PMC11341029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus (EBOV) has emerged as a significant global health concern, notably during the 2013-2016 outbreak in West Africa. Despite the clinical approval of two EBOV antibody drugs, there is an urgent need for more diverse and effective antiviral drugs, along with comprehensive understanding of viral-host interactions. In this study, we harnessed a biologically contained EBOVΔVP30-EGFP cell culture model which could recapitulate the entire viral life cycle, to conduct a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen. Through this, we identified PIK3C3 (phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase) and SLC39A9 (zinc transporter) as crucial host factors for EBOV infection. Genetic depletion of SLC39A9 and PIK3C3 lead to reduction of EBOV entry, but not impact viral genome replication, suggesting that SLC39A9 and PIK3C3 act as entry factors, facilitating viral entry into host cells. Moreover, PIK3C3 kinase activity is indispensable for the internalization of EBOV virions, presumably through the regulation of endocytic and autophagic membrane traffic, which has been previously recognized as essential for EBOV internalization. Notably, our study demonstrated that PIK3C3 kinase inhibitor could effectively block EBOV infection, underscoring PIK3C3 as a promising drug target. Furthermore, biochemical analysis showed that recombinant SLC39A9 protein could directly bind viral GP protein, which further promotes the interaction of viral GP protein with cellular receptor NPC1. These findings suggests that SLC39A9 plays dual roles in EBOV entry. Initially, it serves as an attachment factor during the early entry phase by engaging with the viral GP protein. Subsequently, SLC39A9 functions an adaptor protein, facilitating the interaction between virions and the NPC1 receptor during the late entry phase, prior to cathepsin cleavage on the viral GP. In summary, this study offers novel insights into virus-host interactions, contributing valuable information for the development of new therapies against EBOV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Gong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chen Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hongwu Qian
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Kanda T, Li TC, Takahashi M, Nagashima S, Primadharsini PP, Kunita S, Sasaki-Tanaka R, Inoue J, Tsuchiya A, Nakamoto S, Abe R, Fujiwara K, Yokosuka O, Suzuki R, Ishii K, Yotsuyanagi H, Okamoto H. Recent advances in hepatitis E virus research and the Japanese clinical practice guidelines for hepatitis E virus infection. Hepatol Res 2024; 54:1-30. [PMID: 38874115 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Acute hepatitis E was considered rare until reports emerged affirming the existence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 3 and 4 infections in Japan in the early 2000s. Extensive studies by Japanese researchers have highlighted the pivotal role of pigs and wild animals, such as wild boars and deer, as reservoirs for HEV, linking them to zoonotic infections in Japan. Currently, when hepatitis occurs subsequent to the consumption of undercooked or grilled pork, wild boar meat, or offal (including pig liver and intestines), HEV infection should be considered. Following the approval of anti-HEV immunoglobulin A antibody as a diagnostic tool for hepatitis E by Japan's Health Insurance System in 2011, the annual number of diagnosed cases of HEV infection has surged. Notably, the occurrence of post-transfusion hepatitis E promoted nationwide screening of blood products for HEV using nucleic acid amplification tests since 2020. Furthermore, chronic hepatitis E has been observed in immunosuppressed individuals. Considering the significance of hepatitis E, heightened preventive measures are essential. The Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development Hepatitis A and E viruses (HAV and HEV) Study Group, which includes special virologists and hepatologists, held a virtual meeting on February 17, 2024. Discussions encompassed pathogenesis, transmission routes, diagnosis, complications, severity factors, and ongoing and prospective vaccination or treatments for hepatitis E. Rigorous assessment of referenced studies culminated in the formulation of recommendations, which are detailed within this review. This comprehensive review presents recent advancements in HEV research and Japanese clinical practice guidelines for HEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kanda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Uonuma Institute of Community Medicine, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Minamiuonuma, Japan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tian-Cheng Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nagashima
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Putu Prathiwi Primadharsini
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kunita
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Reina Sasaki-Tanaka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Jun Inoue
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsunori Tsuchiya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Abe
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Osamu Yokosuka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Suzuki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Ishii
- Department of Quality Assurance and Radiological Protection, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, Hospital of the Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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Shahini E, Argentiero A, Andriano A, Losito F, Maida M, Facciorusso A, Cozzolongo R, Villa E. Hepatitis E Virus: What More Do We Need to Know? MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:998. [PMID: 38929615 PMCID: PMC11205503 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60060998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is typically a self-limiting, acute illness that spreads through the gastrointestinal tract but replicates in the liver. However, chronic infections are possible in immunocompromised individuals. The HEV virion has two shapes: exosome-like membrane-associated quasi-enveloped virions (eHEV) found in circulating blood or in the supernatant of infected cell cultures and non-enveloped virions ("naked") found in infected hosts' feces and bile to mediate inter-host transmission. Although HEV is mainly spread via enteric routes, it is unclear how it penetrates the gut wall to reach the portal bloodstream. Both virion types are infectious, but they infect cells in different ways. To develop personalized treatment/prevention strategies and reduce HEV impact on public health, it is necessary to decipher the entry mechanism for both virion types using robust cell culture and animal models. The contemporary knowledge of the cell entry mechanism for these two HEV virions as possible therapeutic target candidates is summarized in this narrative review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endrit Shahini
- Gastroenterology Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (F.L.); (R.C.)
| | | | - Alessandro Andriano
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Francesco Losito
- Gastroenterology Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (F.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Marcello Maida
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, S. Elia-Raimondi Hospital, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy;
| | - Antonio Facciorusso
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Raffaele Cozzolongo
- Gastroenterology Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (F.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Erica Villa
- Gastroenterology Unit, CHIMOMO Department, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41121 Modena, Italy
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Li X, Sun X, Pinpin J, Zhao Q, Sun Y. Multifunctional ORF3 protein of hepatitis E virus. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29691. [PMID: 38783788 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that is transmitted primarily through the fecal-oral route and can cause acute hepatitis in humans. Since HEV was identified as a zoonotic pathogen, different species of HEV strains have been globally identified from various hosts, leading to an expanding range of hosts. The HEV genome consists of a 5' noncoding region, three open reading frames (ORFs), and a 3' noncoding region. The ORF3 protein is the smallest but has many functions in HEV release and pathogenesis. In this review, we systematically summarize recent progress in understanding the functions of the HEV ORF3 protein in virion release, biogenesis of quasi-enveloped viruses, antigenicity, and host environmental regulation. This review will help us to understand HEV replication and pathogenesis mechanisms better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuwen Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ji Pinpin
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yani Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Corneillie L, Lemmens I, Weening K, De Meyer A, Van Houtte F, Tavernier J, Meuleman P. Virus-Host Protein Interaction Network of the Hepatitis E Virus ORF2-4 by Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assays. Viruses 2023; 15:2412. [PMID: 38140653 PMCID: PMC10748205 DOI: 10.3390/v15122412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout their life cycle, viruses interact with cellular host factors, thereby influencing propagation, host range, cell tropism and pathogenesis. The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an underestimated RNA virus in which knowledge of the virus-host interaction network to date is limited. Here, two related high-throughput mammalian two-hybrid approaches (MAPPIT and KISS) were used to screen for HEV-interacting host proteins. Promising hits were examined on protein function, involved pathway(s), and their relation to other viruses. We identified 37 ORF2 hits, 187 for ORF3 and 91 for ORF4. Several hits had functions in the life cycle of distinct viruses. We focused on SHARPIN and RNF5 as candidate hits for ORF3, as they are involved in the RLR-MAVS pathway and interferon (IFN) induction during viral infections. Knocking out (KO) SHARPIN and RNF5 resulted in a different IFN response upon ORF3 transfection, compared to wild-type cells. Moreover, infection was increased in SHARPIN KO cells and decreased in RNF5 KO cells. In conclusion, MAPPIT and KISS are valuable tools to study virus-host interactions, providing insights into the poorly understood HEV life cycle. We further provide evidence for two identified hits as new host factors in the HEV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Corneillie
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Irma Lemmens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karin Weening
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amse De Meyer
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Freya Van Houtte
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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6
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Ju X, Dong L, Ding Q. Hepatitis E Virus Life Cycle. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1417:141-157. [PMID: 37223864 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-1304-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infects over 20 million people worldwide per year, leading to 30,000-40,000 deaths. In most cases HEV infection in a self-limited, acute illness. However, chronic infections could occur in immunocompromised individuals. Due to scarcity of robust cell culture models in vitro and genetic tractable animal models in vivo, the details of HEV life cycle, as well as its interaction with host cells still remain elusive, which dampens antivirals discovery. In this chapter, we present an update in the HEV infectious cycle steps: entry, genome replication/subgenomic RNA transcription, assembly, and release. Moreover, we discussed the future prospective on HEV research and illustrates important questions urgently to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Ju
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Dong
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Liu X, Qi S, Yin X. Morphogenesis of Hepatitis E Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1417:159-169. [PMID: 37223865 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-1304-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus, a leading cause of acute hepatitis worldwide, has been recognized as non-enveloped virus since its discovery in the 1980s. However, the recent identification of lipid membrane-associated form termed as "quasi-enveloped" HEV has changed this long-held notion. Both naked HEV and quasi-enveloped HEV play important roles in the pathogenesis of hepatitis E. However, the biogenesis and the mechanisms underlying the composition, biogenesis regulation, and functions of the novel quasi-enveloped virions remain enigmatic. In this chapter, we highlight the most recent discoveries on the dual life cycle of these two different types of virions, and further discuss the implication of the quasi-envelopment in our understanding of the molecular biology of HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shuhui Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
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Zhou Y, Zhao C, Tian Y, Xu N, Wang Y. Characteristics and Functions of HEV Proteins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1417:15-32. [PMID: 37223856 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-1304-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a non-enveloped virus containing a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome of 7.2 kb, which consists of a 5' non-coding region, three open reading frames (ORFs), and a 3' non-coding region. ORF1 is diverse between genotypes and encodes the nonstructural proteins, which include the enzymes needed for virus replication. In addition to its role in virus replication, the function of ORF1 is relevant to viral adaption in culture and may also relate to virus infection and HEV pathogenicity. ORF2 protein is the capsid protein, which is about 660 amino acids in length. It not only protects the integrity of the viral genome, but is also involved in many important physiological activities, such as virus assembly, infection, host interaction, and innate immune response. The main immune epitopes, especially neutralizing epitopes, are located on ORF2 protein, which is a candidate antigen for vaccine development. ORF3 protein is a phosphoprotein of 113 or 114 amino acids with a molecular weight of 13 kDa with multiple functions that can also induce strong immune reactivity. A novel ORF4 has been identified only in genotype 1 HEV and its translation promotes viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- RegCMC, Great Regulatory Affairs, Sanofi (China) Investment Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyan Zhao
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yabin Tian
- Division II of In Vitro Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.
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ACE2-Independent Alternative Receptors for SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112535. [PMID: 36423144 PMCID: PMC9692829 DOI: 10.3390/v14112535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is highly contagious and remains a major public health challenge despite the availability of effective vaccines. SARS-CoV-2 enters cells through the binding of its spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in concert with accessory receptors/molecules that facilitate viral attachment, internalization, and fusion. Although ACE2 plays a critical role in SARS-CoV-2 replication, its expression profiles are not completely associated with infection patterns, immune responses, and clinical manifestations. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 infects cells that lack ACE2, and the infection is resistant to monoclonal antibodies against spike RBD in vitro, indicating that some human cells possess ACE2-independent alternative receptors, which can mediate SARS-CoV-2 entry. Here, we discuss these alternative receptors and their interactions with SARS-CoV-2 components for ACE2-independent viral entry. These receptors include CD147, AXL, CD209L/L-SIGN/CLEC4M, CD209/DC-SIGN/CLEC4L, CLEC4G/LSECtin, ASGR1/CLEC4H1, LDLRAD3, TMEM30A, and KREMEN1. Most of these receptors are known to be involved in the entry of other viruses and to modulate cellular functions and immune responses. The SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant exhibits altered cell tropism and an associated change in the cell entry pathway, indicating that emerging variants may use alternative receptors to escape the immune pressure against ACE2-dependent viral entry provided by vaccination against RBD. Understanding the role of ACE2-independent alternative receptors in SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and pathogenesis may provide avenues for the prevention of infection by SARS-CoV-2 variants and for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Chew N, Situ J, Wu S, Yao W, Sridhar S. Independent Evaluation of Cell Culture Systems for Hepatitis E Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061254. [PMID: 35746725 PMCID: PMC9227121 DOI: 10.3390/v14061254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in humans is primarily caused by genotypes within Paslahepevirus species balayani (HEV-A). Rocahepevirus species ratti (HEV-C1, otherwise known as rat HEV) can also infect humans. HEV grows poorly in cell culture. Recent studies have reported that hyper-confluent cell layers, amphotericin B, MgCl2, progesterone, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) increase HEV yield in vitro. Here, we describe an independent evaluation of the effectiveness of these modifications in improving the yield of HEV-A genotype 4 (HEV-A4) and HEV-C1 from clinical samples in PLC/PRF/5 cells. We found that amphotericin B, MgCl2, and DMSO increased HEV yield from high-viral-load patient stool samples, while progesterone was not effective. Yield of HEV-C1 was lower than HEV-A4 across all medium conditions, but was boosted by DMSO. HEV-A4 could be maintained for over 18 months in amphotericin B- and MgCl2-containing medium, with the demonstration of viral antigen in supernatants and infected cells. We also evaluated various protocols to remove pseudo-envelopes from cell culture-derived HEV. Treating cell culture supernatant with NP-40 was the most effective. Our findings identify key modifications that boost HEV growth in vitro and illustrate the importance of independent verification of such studies using diverse HEV variants and cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Chew
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (N.C.); (J.S.); (S.W.); (W.Y.)
| | - Jianwen Situ
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (N.C.); (J.S.); (S.W.); (W.Y.)
| | - Shusheng Wu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (N.C.); (J.S.); (S.W.); (W.Y.)
| | - Weiming Yao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (N.C.); (J.S.); (S.W.); (W.Y.)
| | - Siddharth Sridhar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (N.C.); (J.S.); (S.W.); (W.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-22552408
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11
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Zhang B, Fan M, Fan J, Luo Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Liu B, Sun Y, Zhao Q, Hiscox JA, Nan Y, Zhou EM. Avian Hepatitis E Virus ORF2 Protein Interacts with Rap1b to Induce Cytoskeleton Rearrangement That Facilitates Virus Internalization. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0226521. [PMID: 35138149 PMCID: PMC8826821 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02265-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes liver diseases and multiple extrahepatic disorders in chickens. However, the mechanisms involved in avian HEV entry remain elusive. Herein, we identified the RAS-related protein 1b (Rap1b) as a potential HEV-ORF2 protein interacting candidate. Experimental infection of chickens and cells with an avian HEV isolate from China (CaHEV) led to upregulated expression and activation of Rap1b both in vivo and in vitro. By using CaHEV capsid as mimic of virion to treat cell in vitro, it appears that the interaction between the viral capsid and Rap1b promoted cell membrane recruitment of the downstream effector Rap1-interacting molecule (RIAM). In turn, RIAM further enhanced Talin-1 membrane recruitment and retention, which led to the activation of integrin α5/β1, as well as integrin-associated membrane protein kinases, including focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Meanwhile, FAK activation triggered activation of downstream signaling molecules, such as Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 RAC1 cell division cycle 42 (CDC42), p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), and LIM domain kinase 1 (LIMK1). Finally, F-actin rearrangement induced by Cofilin led to the formation of lamellipodia, filopodia, and stress fibers, contributes to plasma membrane remodeling, and might enhance CaHEV virion internalization. In conclusion, our data suggested that Rap1b activation was triggered during CaHEV infection and appeared to require interaction between CaHEV-ORF2 and Rap1b, thereby further inducing membrane recruitment of Talin-1. Membrane-bound Talin-1 then activates key Integrin-FAK-Cofilin cascades involved in modulation of actin kinetics, and finally leads to F-actin rearrangement and membrane remodeling to potentially facilitate internalization of CaHEV virions into permissive cells. IMPORTANCE Rap1b is a multifunctional protein that is responsible for cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation. The inactive form of Rap1b is phosphorylated and distributed in the cytoplasm, while active Rap1b is prenylated and loaded with GTP to the cell membrane. In this study, the activation of Rap1b was induced during the early stage of avian HEV infection under the regulation of PKA and SmgGDS. Continuously activated Rap1b recruited its effector RIAM to the membrane, thereby inducing the membrane recruitment of Talin-1 that led to the activation of membrane α5/β1 integrins. The triggering of the signaling pathway-associated Integrin α5/β1-FAK-CDC42&RAC1-PAK1-LIMK1-Cofilin culminated in F-actin polymerization and membrane remodeling that might promote avian HEV virion internalization. These findings suggested a novel mechanism that is potentially utilized by avian HEV to invade susceptible cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengnan Fan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuhang Luo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yajing Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baoyuan Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yani Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Julian A. Hiscox
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Yuchen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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12
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Taban Q, Mumtaz PT, Masoodi KZ, Haq E, Ahmad SM. Scavenger receptors in host defense: from functional aspects to mode of action. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:2. [PMID: 34980167 PMCID: PMC8721182 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00812-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptors belong to a superfamily of proteins that are structurally heterogeneous and encompass the miscellaneous group of transmembrane proteins and soluble secretory extracellular domain. They are functionally diverse as they are involved in various disorders and biological pathways and their major function in innate immunity and homeostasis. Numerous scavenger receptors have been discovered so far and are apportioned in various classes (A-L). Scavenger receptors are documented as pattern recognition receptors and known to act in coordination with other co-receptors such as Toll-like receptors in generating the immune responses against a repertoire of ligands such as microbial pathogens, non-self, intracellular and modified self-molecules through various diverse mechanisms like adhesion, endocytosis and phagocytosis etc. Unlike, most of the scavenger receptors discussed below have both membrane and soluble forms that participate in scavenging; the role of a potential scavenging receptor Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 has also been discussed whereby only its soluble form might participate in preventing the pathogen entry and replication, unlike its membrane-bound form. This review majorly gives an insight on the functional aspect of scavenger receptors in host defence and describes their mode of action extensively in various immune pathways involved with each receptor type. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qamar Taban
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology - Kashmir, Shuhama, 190006, India.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar, Kashmir, India
| | | | - Khalid Z Masoodi
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Transcriptomics Laboratory, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, India
| | - Ehtishamul Haq
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar, Kashmir, India
| | - Syed Mudasir Ahmad
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology - Kashmir, Shuhama, 190006, India.
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13
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Cancela F, Noceti O, Arbiza J, Mirazo S. Structural aspects of hepatitis E virus. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2457-2481. [PMID: 36098802 PMCID: PMC9469829 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a leading cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. Hepatitis E is an enterically transmitted zoonotic disease that causes large waterborne epidemic outbreaks in developing countries and has become an increasing public-health concern in industrialized countries. In this setting, the infection is usually acute and self-limiting in immunocompetent individuals, although chronic cases in immunocompromised patients have been reported, frequently associated with several extrahepatic manifestations. Moreover, extrahepatic manifestations have also been reported in immunocompetent individuals with acute HEV infection. HEV belongs to the alphavirus-like supergroup III of single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses, and its genome contains three partially overlapping open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 encodes a nonstructural protein with eight domains, most of which have not been extensively characterized: methyltransferase, Y domain, papain-like cysteine protease, hypervariable region, proline-rich region, X domain, Hel domain, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. ORF2 and ORF3 encode the capsid protein and a multifunctional protein believed to be involved in virion release, respectively. The novel ORF4 is only expressed in HEV genotype 1 under endoplasmic reticulum stress conditions, and its exact function has not yet been elucidated. Despite important advances in recent years, the biological and molecular processes underlying HEV replication remain poorly understood, primarily due to a lack of detailed information about the functions of the viral proteins and the mechanisms involved in host-pathogen interactions. This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning HEV proteins and their biological properties, providing updated detailed data describing their function and focusing in detail on their structural characteristics. Furthermore, we review some unclear aspects of the four proteins encoded by the ORFs, highlighting the current key information gaps and discussing potential novel experimental strategies for shedding light on those issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Cancela
- grid.11630.350000000121657640Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ofelia Noceti
- grid.414402.70000 0004 0469 0889Programa Nacional de Trasplante Hepático y Unidad Docente Asistencial Centro Nacional de Tratamiento Hepatobiliopancreatico. Hospital Central de las Fuerzas Armadas, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Arbiza
- grid.11630.350000000121657640Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Mirazo
- grid.11630.350000000121657640Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay ,grid.11630.350000000121657640Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay ,Av. Alfredo Navarro 3051, PC 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
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14
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Zhao T, Masuda T, Takai M. pH-Responsive Water-Soluble Polymer Carriers for Cell-Selective Metabolic Sialylation Labeling. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15420-15429. [PMID: 34727692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell-surface sialic acids can be metabolically labeled and subsequently modified using bioorthogonal chemistry. The method has great potential for targeted therapy and imaging; however, distinguishing the sialylation of specific cells remains a major challenge. Here, we described a cell-selective metabolic sialylation labeling strategy based on water-soluble polymer carriers presented with pH-responsive N-azidoacetylmannosamine (ManNAz) release. 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine contributed to increased water solubility and reduced nonspecific attachment to cells. Lactobionic acid residues, used for cell selectivity, recognized overexpressed receptors on target hepatoma cells and mediated cellular internalization. ManNAz caged by acidic pH-responsive carbonated ester linkage on the polymer was released inside target cells and expressed as azido sialic acid. Additionally, longer copolymer carriers enhanced the metabolic labeling efficiency of sialylation. This approach provides a platform for cell-selective labeling of sialylation and can be applied to high-resolution bioimaging and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingbi Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tsukuru Masuda
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Madoka Takai
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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15
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Fan M, Luo Y, Zhang B, Wang J, Chen T, Liu B, Sun Y, Nan Y, Hiscox JA, Zhao Q, Zhou EM. Cell Division Control Protein 42 Interacts With Hepatitis E Virus Capsid Protein and Participates in Hepatitis E Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:775083. [PMID: 34790187 PMCID: PMC8591454 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.775083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) causes viral hepatitis in humans worldwide, while a subset of HEV species, avian HEV, causes hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome in chickens. To date, there are few reports on the host proteins interacting with HEV and being involved in viral infection. Previous pull-down assay combining mass spectrometry indicated that cell division control protein 42 (CDC42), a member belonging to the Rho GTPase family, was pulled down by avian HEV capsid protein. We confirmed the direct interaction between CDC42 and avian and mammalian HEV capsid proteins. The interaction can increase the amount of active guanosine triphosphate binding CDC42 state (GTP-CDC42). Subsequently, we determined that the expression and activity of CDC42 were positively correlated with HEV infection in the host cells. Using the different inhibitors of CDC42 downstream signaling pathways, we found that CDC42-MRCK (a CDC42-binding kinase)-non-myosin IIA (NMIIA) pathway is involved in naked avian and mammalian HEV infection, CDC42-associated p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1)-NMIIA/Cofilin pathway is involved in quasi-enveloped mammalian HEV infection and CDC42-neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein-actin-polymerizing protein Arp2/3 pathway (CDC42-(N-)WASP-Arp2/3) pathway participates in naked and quasi-enveloped mammalian HEV infection. Collectively, these results demonstrated for the first time that HEV capsid protein can directly bind to CDC42, and non- and quasi-enveloped HEV use different CDC42 downstream signaling pathways to participate in viral infection. The study provided some new insights to understand the life cycle of HEV in host cells and a new target of drug design for combating HEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Fan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yuhang Luo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jiaxi Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Tianxiang Chen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Baoyuan Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yani Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yuchen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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16
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Willment JA. Fc-conjugated C-type lectin receptors: Tools for understanding host-pathogen interactions. Mol Microbiol 2021; 117:632-660. [PMID: 34709692 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of soluble fusion proteins of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) used in the detection of exogenous and endogenous ligands has helped resolve the roles of PRRs in the innate immune response to pathogens, how they shape the adaptive immune response, and function in maintaining homeostasis. Using the immunoglobulin (Ig) crystallizable fragment (Fc) domain as a fusion partner, the PRR fusion proteins are soluble, stable, easily purified, have increased affinity due to the Fc homodimerization properties, and consequently have been used in a wide range of applications such as flow cytometry, screening of protein and glycan arrays, and immunofluorescent microscopy. This review will predominantly focus on the recognition of pathogens by the cell membrane-expressed glycan-binding proteins of the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) subgroup of PRRs. PRRs bind to conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as glycans, usually located within or on the outer surface of the pathogen. Significantly, many glycans structures are identical on both host and pathogen (e.g. the Lewis (Le) X glycan), allowing the use of Fc CLR fusion proteins with known endogenous and/or exogenous ligands as tools to identify pathogen structures that are able to interact with the immune system. Screens of highly purified pathogen-derived cell wall components have enabled identification of many unique PAMP structures recognized by CLRs. This review highlights studies using Fc CLR fusion proteins, with emphasis on the PAMPs found in fungi, bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The structure and unique features of the different CLR families is presented using examples from a broad range of microbes whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet A Willment
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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17
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Xu Y, Tao J, Yu X, Wu Y, Chen Y, You K, Zhang J, Getachew A, Pan T, Zhuang Y, Yuan F, Yang F, Lin X, Li YX. Hypomorphic ASGR1 modulates lipid homeostasis via INSIG1-mediated SREBP signaling suppression. JCI Insight 2021; 6:147038. [PMID: 34622799 PMCID: PMC8525641 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.147038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A population genetic study identified that the asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (ASGR1) mutation carriers had substantially lower non–HDL-cholesterol (non–HDL-c) levels and reduced risks of cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanism behind this phenomenon remained unclear. Here, we established Asgr1-knockout mice that represented a plasma lipid profile with significantly lower non–HDL-c and triglyceride (TG) caused by decreased secretion and increased uptake of VLDL/LDL. These 2 phenotypes were linked with the decreased expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, 2 key targeted genes of sterol regulatory element–binding proteins (SREBPs). Furthermore, there were fewer nuclear SREBPs (nSREBPs) on account of more SREBPs being trapped in endoplasmic reticulum, which was caused by an increased expression of insulin-induced gene 1 (INSIG1), an anchor of SREBPs. Overexpression and gene knockdown interventions, in different models, were conducted to rescue the ASGR1-deficient phenotypes, and we found that INSIG1 knockdown independently reversed the ASGR1-mutated phenotypes with increased serum total cholesterol, LDL-c, TG, and liver cholesterol content accompanied by restored SREBP signaling. ASGR1 rescue experiments reduced INSIG1 and restored the SREBP network defect as manifested by improved apolipoprotein B secretion and reduced LDL uptake. Our observation demonstrated that increased INSIG1 is a critical factor responsible for ASGR1 deficiency–associated lipid profile changes and nSREBP suppression. This finding of an ASGR1/INSIG1/SREBP axis regulating lipid hemostasis may provide multiple potential targets for lipid-lowering drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xu
- Center for Health Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawang Tao
- Center for Health Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaorui Yu
- Center for Health Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yuhang Wu
- Center for Health Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Center for Health Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai You
- Center for Health Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaye Zhang
- Center for Health Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anteneh Getachew
- Center for Health Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingcai Pan
- Center for Health Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanqi Zhuang
- Center for Health Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Center for Health Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Center for Health Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianhua Lin
- Center for Health Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yin-Xiong Li
- Center for Health Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
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18
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Zhou Z, Xie Y, Wu C, Nan Y. The Hepatitis E Virus Open Reading Frame 2 Protein: Beyond Viral Capsid. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:739124. [PMID: 34690982 PMCID: PMC8529240 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.739124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic pathogen causing hepatitis in both human and animal hosts, which is responsible for acute hepatitis E outbreaks worldwide. The 7.2 kb genome of the HEV encodes three well-defined open reading frames (ORFs), where the ORF2 translation product acts as the major virion component to form the viral capsid. In recent years, besides forming the capsid, more functions have been revealed for the HEV-ORF2 protein, and it appears that HEV-ORF2 plays multiple functions in both viral replication and pathogenesis. In this review, we systematically summarize the recent research advances regarding the function of the HEV-ORF2 protein such as application in the development of a vaccine, regulation of the innate immune response and cellular signaling, involvement in host tropism and participation in HEV pathogenesis as a novel secretory factor. Progress in understanding more of the function of HEV-ORF2 protein beyond the capsid protein would contribute to improved control and treatment of HEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobin Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Yinqian Xie
- Shaanxi Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Yuchen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
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19
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Cellular Organelles Involved in Hepatitis E Virus Infection. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091206. [PMID: 34578238 PMCID: PMC8469867 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a major cause of acute hepatitis worldwide, infects approximately 20 million individuals annually. HEV can infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species, and cause frequent zoonotic spillover, increasingly raising public health concerns. To establish a successful infection, HEV needs to usurp host machineries to accomplish its life cycle from initial attachment to egress. However, relatively little is known about the HEV life cycle, especially the functional role(s) of cellular organelles and their associated proteins at different stages of HEV infection. Here, we summarize current knowledge regarding the relation of HEV with the different cell organelles during HEV infection. Furthermore, we discuss the underlying mechanisms by which HEV infection is precisely regulated in infected cells and the modification of host cell organelles and their associated proteins upon HEV infection.
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20
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Lu Q, Liu J, Zhao S, Gomez Castro MF, Laurent-Rolle M, Dong J, Ran X, Damani-Yokota P, Tang H, Karakousi T, Son J, Kaczmarek ME, Zhang Z, Yeung ST, McCune BT, Chen RE, Tang F, Ren X, Chen X, Hsu JCC, Teplova M, Huang B, Deng H, Long Z, Mudianto T, Jin S, Lin P, Du J, Zang R, Su TT, Herrera A, Zhou M, Yan R, Cui J, Zhu J, Zhou Q, Wang T, Ma J, Koralov SB, Zhang Z, Aifantis I, Segal LN, Diamond MS, Khanna KM, Stapleford KA, Cresswell P, Liu Y, Ding S, Xie Q, Wang J. SARS-CoV-2 exacerbates proinflammatory responses in myeloid cells through C-type lectin receptors and Tweety family member 2. Immunity 2021; 54:1304-1319.e9. [PMID: 34048708 PMCID: PMC8106883 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite mounting evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) engagement with immune cells, most express little, if any, of the canonical receptor of SARS-CoV-2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Here, using a myeloid cell receptor-focused ectopic expression screen, we identified several C-type lectins (DC-SIGN, L-SIGN, LSECtin, ASGR1, and CLEC10A) and Tweety family member 2 (TTYH2) as glycan-dependent binding partners of the SARS-CoV-2 spike. Except for TTYH2, these molecules primarily interacted with spike via regions outside of the receptor-binding domain. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of pulmonary cells from individuals with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) indicated predominant expression of these molecules on myeloid cells. Although these receptors do not support active replication of SARS-CoV-2, their engagement with the virus induced robust proinflammatory responses in myeloid cells that correlated with COVID-19 severity. We also generated a bispecific anti-spike nanobody that not only blocked ACE2-mediated infection but also the myeloid receptor-mediated proinflammatory responses. Our findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2-myeloid receptor interactions promote immune hyperactivation, which represents potential targets for COVID-19 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Lu
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China; Institute of Basics Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China
| | | | - Maudry Laurent-Rolle
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | | | - Xiaojuan Ran
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China; Institute of Basics Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China
| | - Payal Damani-Yokota
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hongzhen Tang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China; Institute of Basics Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China
| | - Triantafyllia Karakousi
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Juhee Son
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maria E Kaczmarek
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Stephen T Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Broc T McCune
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Fei Tang
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xianwen Ren
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xufeng Chen
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jack C C Hsu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Marianna Teplova
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Haijing Deng
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China; Institute of Basics Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China
| | - Zhilin Long
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China; Institute of Basics Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China
| | - Tenny Mudianto
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shumin Jin
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China; Institute of Basics Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China; Institute of Basics Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China
| | - Jasper Du
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ruochen Zang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tina Tianjiao Su
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Alberto Herrera
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ming Zhou
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China; Institute of Basics Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China
| | - Renhong Yan
- Joint Research Center of Hangzhou First Hospital Group and Westlake University, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China
| | - Jia Cui
- Kactus Biosystems Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201114, China
| | - James Zhu
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Joint Research Center of Hangzhou First Hospital Group and Westlake University, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jianzhu Ma
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sergei B Koralov
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Zemin Zhang
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Leopoldo N Segal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kamal M Khanna
- The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kenneth A Stapleford
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Peter Cresswell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Ab Studio, Inc., Hayward, CA 94545, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Qi Xie
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China; Institute of Basics Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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21
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Virus-Host Cell Interplay during Hepatitis E Virus Infection. Trends Microbiol 2020; 29:309-319. [PMID: 32828646 PMCID: PMC7437515 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The molecular interplay between cellular host factors and viral proteins is a continuous process throughout the viral life cycle determining virus host range and pathogenesis. The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a long-neglected RNA virus and the major causative agent of acute viral hepatitis in humans worldwide. However, the mechanisms of liver pathology and clinical disease remain poorly understood for HEV infection. This review summarizes our current understanding of HEV-host cell interactions and highlights experimental strategies and techniques to identify novel host components required for the viral life cycle as well as restriction factors. Understanding these interactions will provide insight into the viral life cycle of HEV and might further help to devise novel therapeutic strategies and antiviral targets.
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22
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On the Host Side of the Hepatitis E Virus Life Cycle. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051294. [PMID: 32456000 PMCID: PMC7291229 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is one of the most common causes of acute hepatitis in the world. HEV is an enterically transmitted positive-strand RNA virus found as a non-enveloped particle in bile as well as stool and as a quasi-enveloped particle in blood. Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms and host factors involved in productive HEV infection is incomplete, but recently developed model systems have facilitated rapid progress in this area. Here, we provide an overview of the HEV life cycle with a focus on the host factors required for viral entry, RNA replication, assembly and release. Further developments of HEV model systems and novel technologies should yield a broader picture in the future.
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Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a major cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. It is transmitted enterically but replicates in the liver. Recent studies indicate that HEV exists in two forms: naked, nonenveloped virions that are shed into feces to mediate inter-host transmission, and membrane-cloaked, quasienveloped virions that circulate in the bloodstream to mediate virus spread within a host. Both virion types are infectious, but differ in the way they infect cells. Elucidating the entry mechanism for both virion types is essential to understand HEV biology and pathogenesis, and is relevant to the development of treatments and preventions for HEV. This review summarizes the current understanding of the cell entry mechanism for these two HEV virion types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yin
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Zongdi Feng
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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24
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Chicken Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide 1A2, a Novel Avian Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) ORF2-Interacting Protein, Is Involved in Avian HEV Infection. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02205-18. [PMID: 30894478 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02205-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the main causative agent of big liver and spleen disease in chickens. Due to the absence of a highly effective cell culture system, there are few reports about the interaction between avian HEV and host cells. In this study, organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1A2 (OATP1A2) from chicken liver cells was identified to interact with ap237, a truncated avian HEV capsid protein spanning amino acids 313 to 549, by a glutathione S-transferase (GST) pulldown assay. GST pulldown and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) further confirmed that the extracellular domain of OATP1A2 directly binds with ap237. The expression levels of OATP1A2 in host cells are positively correlated with the amounts of ap237 attachment and virus infection. The distribution of OATP1A2 in different tissues is consistent with avian HEV infection in vivo Finally, when the functions of OATP1A2 in cells are inhibited by its substrates or an inhibitor or blocked by ap237 or anti-OATP1A2 sera, attachment to and infection of host cells by avian HEV are significantly reduced. Collectively, these results displayed for the first time that OATP1A2 interacts with the avian HEV capsid protein and can influence viral infection in host cells. The present study provides new insight to understand the process of avian HEV infection of host cells.IMPORTANCE The process of viral infection is centered around the interaction between the virus and host cells. Due to the lack of a highly effective cell culture system in vitro, there is little understanding about the interaction between avian HEV and its host cells. In this study, a total of seven host proteins were screened in chicken liver cells by a truncated avian HEV capsid protein (ap237) in which the host protein OATP1A2 interacted with ap237. Overexpression of OATP1A2 in the cells can promote ap237 adsorption as well as avian HEV adsorption and infection of the cells. When the function of OATP1A2 in cells was inhibited by substrates or inhibitors, attachment and infection by avian HEV significantly decreased. The distribution of OATP1A2 in different chicken tissues corresponded with that in tissues during avian HEV infection. This is the first finding that OATP1A2 is involved in viral infection of host cells.
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25
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Teran-Saavedra NG, Sarabia-Sainz JAI, Silva-Campa E, Burgara-Estrella AJ, Guzmán-Partida AM, Ramos-Clamont Montfort G, Pedroza-Montero M, Vazquez-Moreno L. Lactosylated Albumin Nanoparticles: Potential Drug Nanovehicles with Selective Targeting Toward an In Vitro Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071382. [PMID: 30970533 PMCID: PMC6479765 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks fifth in occurrence and second in mortality of all cancers. The development of effective therapies for HCC is urgently needed. Anticancer drugs targeted to the liver-specific asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPRs) are viewed as a promising potential treatment for HCC. ASGPRs facilitate the recognition and endocytosis of molecules, and possibly vehicles with galactose end groups, by the liver. In this study, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was conjugated with lactose using a thermal treatment. The formation of lactosylated BSA (BSA-Lac) was confirmed by a change of the chemical structure, increased molecular mass, and Ricinus communis lectin recognition. Subsequently, the low-crosslinking BSA-Lac nanoparticles (LC BSA-Lac NPs) and high-crosslinking BSA-Lac nanoparticles (HC BSA-Lac NPs) were synthesized. These nanoparticles presented spherical shapes with a size distribution of 560 ± 18.0 nm and 539 ± 9.0 nm, as well as an estimated surface charge of −26 ± 0.15 mV and −24 ± 0.45 mV, respectively. Both BSA-Lac NPs were selectively recognized by ASGPRs as shown by biorecognition, competition, and inhibition assays using an in vitro model of HCC. This justifies pursuing the strategy of using BSA-Lac NPs as potential drug nanovehicles with selective direction toward hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayelli Guadalupe Teran-Saavedra
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo E. Aztiazaran 46, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico.
| | - Jose Andre-I Sarabia-Sainz
- Departamento de Investigacion en Fisica. Universidad de Sonora, P.O. Box 5-088, Hermosillo, C.P. 83190, Mexico.
| | - Erika Silva-Campa
- Departamento de Investigacion en Fisica. Universidad de Sonora, P.O. Box 5-088, Hermosillo, C.P. 83190, Mexico.
| | - Alexel J Burgara-Estrella
- Departamento de Investigacion en Fisica. Universidad de Sonora, P.O. Box 5-088, Hermosillo, C.P. 83190, Mexico.
| | - Ana María Guzmán-Partida
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo E. Aztiazaran 46, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico.
| | - Gabriela Ramos-Clamont Montfort
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo E. Aztiazaran 46, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico.
| | - Martín Pedroza-Montero
- Departamento de Investigacion en Fisica. Universidad de Sonora, P.O. Box 5-088, Hermosillo, C.P. 83190, Mexico.
| | - Luz Vazquez-Moreno
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo E. Aztiazaran 46, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico.
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Life cycle and morphogenesis of the hepatitis E virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:196. [PMID: 30498191 PMCID: PMC6265337 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is transmitted primarily via contaminated water and food by the fecal oral route and causes epidemics in developing countries. In industrialized countries, zoonotic transmission of HEV is prevalent. In addition, HEV is the major cause of acute hepatitis in healthy adults and can cause chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised patients, with pregnant HEV-infected women having increased mortality rates of approximately 25%. HEV was once an understudied and neglected virus. However, in recent years, the safety of blood products with respect to HEV has increasingly been considered to be a public health problem. The establishment of HEV infection models has enabled significant progress to be made in understanding its life cycle. HEV infects cells via a receptor (complex) that has yet to be identified. The HEV replication cycle is initiated immediately after the (+) stranded RNA genome is released into the cell cytosol. Subsequently, infectious viral particles are released by the ESCRT complex as quasi-enveloped viruses (eHEVs) into the serum, whereas feces and urine contain only nonenveloped infectious viral progeny. The uncoating of the viral envelope takes place in the biliary tract, resulting in the generation of a nonenveloped virus that is more resistant to environmental stress and possesses a higher infectivity than that of eHEV. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the HEV life cycle, viral morphogenesis, established model systems and vaccine development.
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27
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Cook N, D'Agostino M, Johne R. Potential Approaches to Assess the Infectivity of Hepatitis E Virus in Pork Products: A Review. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:243-255. [PMID: 28470455 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The zoonotic transmission of hepatitis E, caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV), is an emerging issue. HEV appears common in pigs (although infected pigs do not show clinical signs), and evidence suggests that a number of hepatitis E cases have been associated with the consumption of undercooked pork meat and products. Little information is available on whether cooking can eliminate HEV, since there is currently no robust method for measuring its infectivity. HEV infectivity can be clearly demonstrated by monitoring for signs of infection (e.g., shedding of virus) in an animal model. However, this approach has several disadvantages, such as lack of reproducibility and unsuitability for performing large numbers of tests, high costs, and not least ethical considerations. Growth in cell culture can unambiguously show that a virus is infectious and has the potential for replication, without the disadvantages of using animals. Large numbers of tests can also be performed, which can make the results more amenable to statistical interpretation. However, no HEV cell culture system has been shown to be applicable to all HEV strains, none has been standardized, and few studies have demonstrated their use for measurement of HEV infectivity in food samples. Nonetheless, cell culture remains the most promising approach, and the main recommendation of this review is that there should be an extensive research effort to develop and validate a cell culture-based method for assessing HEV infectivity in pork products. Systems comprising promising cell lines and HEV strains which can grow well in cell culture should be tested to select an assay for effective and reliable measurement of HEV infectivity over a wide range of virus concentrations. The assay should then be harnessed to a procedure which can extract HEV from pork products, to produce a method suitable for further use. The method can then be used to determine the effect of heat or other elimination processes on HEV in pork meat and products, or to assess whether HEV detected in any surveyed foodstuffs is infectious and therefore poses a risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Cook
- Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK.
- Jorvik Food and Environmental Virology Ltd., York, UK.
| | - Martin D'Agostino
- Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
- Campden BRI, Chipping Campden, UK
| | - Reimar Johne
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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28
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Tian Y, Huang W, Yang J, Wen Z, Geng Y, Zhao C, Zhang H, Wang Y. Systematic identification of hepatitis E virus ORF2 interactome reveals that TMEM134 engages in ORF2-mediated NF-κB pathway. Virus Res 2016; 228:102-108. [PMID: 27899274 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of acute hepatitis E. Open reading frame 2 (ORF2) encodes the capsid protein of HEV, which is the main structural protein and may participate, together with the host factors, in viral entry and egress. However, it is still not clear which host proteins are involved in the interaction with ORF2 and what the functions of these ORF2-interacting proteins are. In this study, we have applied a split-ubiquitin yeast two-hybrid screening approach in combination with the pull-down and coimmunoprecipitation assays, identified and validated multiple interacting partners of ORF2 of genotype 1 and 4, which have diverse biological functions. Among these novel candidates that have not been previously reported, we have found that 20 of them are located in endoplasmic reticulum. TMEM134, which interacts and co-localizes with ORF2 in the endoplasmic reticulum, negatively regulates ORF2-mediated inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Our study for the first time has systematically mapped the ORF2 interactome in two genotypes of HEV, providing a new insight of understanding the virus-host interaction during the pathogenesis of HEV, and may offer potential therapeutic targets to intervene the HEV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Tian
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantanxili, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Weijin Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantanxili, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Surgery, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38015, USA.
| | - Zhiheng Wen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantanxili, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yansheng Geng
- Health Science Center, Hebei University, No. 342 Yuhuadonglu, Baoding 071000, China.
| | - Chenyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantanxili, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Heqiu Zhang
- Department of Bio-diagnosis, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27, Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Youchun Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantanxili, Beijing 100050, China.
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29
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Enhanced Replication of Hepatitis E Virus Strain 47832c in an A549-Derived Subclonal Cell Line. Viruses 2016; 8:v8100267. [PMID: 27690085 PMCID: PMC5086603 DOI: 10.3390/v8100267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a human pathogen with increasing importance. The lack of efficient cell culture systems hampers systematic studies on its replication cycle, virus neutralization and inactivation. Here, several cell lines were inoculated with the HEV genotype 3c strain 47832c, previously isolated from a chronically infected transplant patient. At 14 days after inoculation the highest HEV genome copy numbers were found in A549 cells, followed by PLC/PRF/5 cells, whereas HepG2/C3A, Huh-7 Lunet BLR and MRC-5 cells only weakly supported virus replication. Inoculation of A549-derived subclone cell lines resulted in most cases in reduced HEV replication. However, the subclone A549/D3 was susceptible to lower virus concentrations and resulted in higher virus yields as compared to parental A549 cells. Transcriptome analysis indicated a downregulation of genes for carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAM) 5 and 6, and an upregulation of the syndecan 2 (SDC2) gene in A549/D3 cells compared to A549 cells. However, treatment of A549/D3 cells or A549 cells with CEACAM- or syndecan 2-specific antisera did not influence HEV replication. The results show that cells supporting more efficient HEV replication can be selected from the A549 cell line. The specific mechanisms responsible for the enhanced replication remain unknown.
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30
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Zhou Y, Zhao C, Tian Y, Xu N, Wang Y. Characteristics and Functions of HEV Proteins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 948:17-38. [PMID: 27738977 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0942-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a non-enveloped virus containing a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome of 7.2 kb, which consists of a 5' noncoding region, three open reading frames (ORFs), and a 3' noncoding region. ORF1 is diverse between genotypes and encodes the nonstructural proteins, which include the enzymes needed for virus replication. In addition to its role in virus replication, the function of ORF1 is relevant to viral adaption in cultured cells and may also relate to virus infection and HEV pathogenicity. ORF2 protein is the capsid protein, which is about 660 amino acids in length. It not only protects the integrity of the viral genome but is also involved in many important physiological activities, such as virus assembly, infection, and host interaction. The main immune epitopes, especially neutralizing epitopes, are located on ORF2 protein, which is a candidate antigen for vaccine development. ORF3 protein is a phosphoprotein of 113 or 114 amino acids with a molecular weight of 13 kDa with multiple functions that can also induce strong immune reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Division of Drug and Cosmetics Inspection, Center for Food and Drug Inspection, China Food and Drug Administration, No.11 Fa Hua Nan Li, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100061, China
| | - Chenyan Zhao
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantanxili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yabin Tian
- Division of Diagnosis, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantanxili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantanxili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantanxili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.
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