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Vigneswara V, Ahmed Z. The Role of Caspase-2 in Regulating Cell Fate. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051259. [PMID: 32438737 PMCID: PMC7290664 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-2 is the most evolutionarily conserved member of the mammalian caspase family and has been implicated in both apoptotic and non-apoptotic signaling pathways, including tumor suppression, cell cycle regulation, and DNA repair. A myriad of signaling molecules is associated with the tight regulation of caspase-2 to mediate multiple cellular processes far beyond apoptotic cell death. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the literature pertaining to possible sophisticated molecular mechanisms underlying the multifaceted process of caspase-2 activation and to highlight its interplay between factors that promote or suppress apoptosis in a complicated regulatory network that determines the fate of a cell from its birth and throughout its life.
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2
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Chandran R, Kumar M, Kesavan L, Jacob RS, Gunasekaran S, Lakshmi S, Sadasivan C, Omkumar R. Cellular calcium signaling in the aging brain. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 95:95-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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3
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Haddadi R, Nayebi AM, Eyvari Brooshghalan S. Silymarin prevents apoptosis through inhibiting the Bax/caspase-3 expression and suppresses toll like receptor-4 pathway in the SNc of 6-OHDA intoxicated rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 104:127-136. [PMID: 29772432 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Several lines of evidence show that apoptosis, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are associated with the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). In the present study, we investigated the effect of pre-treatment with silymarin (SM) on oxidative stress, apoptosis and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in substantia nigra pars copmacta (SNc) of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats. METHODS Animals were pretreated with 100, 200 or 300 mg/kg of SM daily for 5 days and at 6th day 6-OHDA (8 μg/2 μl) was infused unilaterally into the central region of the SNc. RESULTS 6-OHDA decreased the total glutathione and antioxidant enzymes activity in the SNc. Interestingly, we found that 6-OHDA caused to TLR4 up regulation. The SNc levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase were significantly higher in the SM pretreated rats. SM strongly decreased 6-OHDA-induced elevation of SNc apoptosis, caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Furthermore, SM markedly (p < 0.001) prevented from SNc over expression of TLR4 caused by 6-OHDA. A significantly high positive correlation was seen between TLR4 activity with caspase-3 protein levels (r = 0.896, P < 0.01), Bax protein levels (r = 0.96, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Pre-treatment of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats with SM reduces SNc neuronal apoptosis possibly through inhibition of TLR4 over expression. Further clinical study should be carried out to prove potential application of SM for protection against PD in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasool Haddadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Herbal Medicine and natural product Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Alireza Mohajjel Nayebi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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4
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Wang Z. Experimental and Clinical Strategies for Treating Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3. Neuroscience 2017; 371:138-154. [PMID: 29229556 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), or Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of a polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in the ataxin-3 protein. To date, there is no effective therapy available to prevent progression of this disease. However, clinical strategies for alleviating various symptoms are imperative to promote a better quality of life for SCA3/MJD patients. Furthermore, experimental therapeutic strategies, including gene silencing or mutant protein clearance, mutant polyQ protein modification, stabilizing the native protein conformation, rescue of cellular dysfunction and neuromodulation to slow the progression of SCA3/MJD, have been developed. In this study, based on the current knowledge, I detail the clinical and experimental therapeutic strategies for treating SCA3/MJD, paying particular attention to drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Wang
- Genetic Engineering Laboratory, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China.
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5
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Rybachuk O, Kopach O, Krotov V, Voitenko N, Pivneva T. Optimized Model of Cerebral Ischemia In situ for the Long-Lasting Assessment of Hippocampal Cell Death. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:388. [PMID: 28729821 PMCID: PMC5498507 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Among all the brain, the hippocampus is the most susceptible region to ischemic lesion, with the highest vulnerability of CA1 pyramidal neurons to ischemic damage. This damage may cause either prompt neuronal death (within hours) or with a delayed appearance (over days), providing a window for applying potential therapies to reduce or prevent ischemic impairments. However, the time course when ischemic damage turns to neuronal death strictly depends on experimental modeling of cerebral ischemia and, up to now, studies were predominantly focused on a short time-window—from hours to up to a few days post-lesion. Using different schemes of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), the conditions taking place upon cerebral ischemia, we optimized a model of mimicking ischemic conditions in organotypical hippocampal slices for the long-lasting assessment of CA1 neuronal death (at least 3 weeks). By combining morphology and electrophysiology, we show that prolonged (30-min duration) OGD results in a massive neuronal death and overwhelmed astrogliosis within a week post-OGD whereas OGD of a shorter duration (10-min) triggered programmed CA1 neuronal death with a significant delay—within 2 weeks—accompanied with drastically impaired CA1 neuron functions. Our results provide a rationale toward optimized modeling of cerebral ischemia for reliable examination of potential treatments for brain neuroprotection, neuro-regeneration, or testing neuroprotective compounds in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Rybachuk
- Department of Sensory Signaling, Bogomoletz Institute of PhysiologyKyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olga Kopach
- Department of Sensory Signaling, Bogomoletz Institute of PhysiologyKyiv, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Krotov
- Department of Sensory Signaling, Bogomoletz Institute of PhysiologyKyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nana Voitenko
- Department of Sensory Signaling, Bogomoletz Institute of PhysiologyKyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tatyana Pivneva
- Department of Sensory Signaling, Bogomoletz Institute of PhysiologyKyiv, Ukraine
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6
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Nurr1 and PPARγ protect PC12 cells against MPP+ toxicity: involvement of selective genes, anti-inflammatory, ROS generation, and antimitochondrial impairment. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 420:29-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2764-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Caspase-3 is Involved in Aluminum-Induced Impairment of Long-Term Potentiation in Rats Through the Akt/GSK-3β Pathway. Neurotox Res 2016; 29:484-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Yakovlev AA, Gulyaeva NV. Possible role of proteases in preconditioning of brain cells to pathological conditions. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 80:163-71. [PMID: 25756531 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Preconditioning (PC) is one of the most effective strategies to reduce the severity of cell damage, in particular of nervous tissue cells. Although PC mechanisms are studied insufficiently, it is clear that proteases are involved in them, but their role has yet been not studied in detail. In this work, some mechanisms of a potential recruiting of proteases in PC are considered. Our attention is mainly focused on the protease families of caspases and cathepsins and on protease receptors. We present evidence that just these proteins are involved in the PC of brain cells. A hypothesis is proposed that secreted cathepsin B is involved in the realization of PC through activation of PAR2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Yakovlev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117485, Russia.
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9
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Evers MM, Toonen LJA, van Roon-Mom WMC. Ataxin-3 protein and RNA toxicity in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: current insights and emerging therapeutic strategies. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 49:1513-31. [PMID: 24293103 PMCID: PMC4012159 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ataxin-3 is a ubiquitously expressed deubiqutinating enzyme with important functions in the proteasomal protein degradation pathway and regulation of transcription. The C-terminus of the ataxin-3 protein contains a polyglutamine (PolyQ) region that, when mutationally expanded to over 52 glutamines, causes the neurodegenerative disease spinocerebellar ataxia 3 (SCA3). In spite of extensive research, the molecular mechanisms underlying the cellular toxicity resulting from mutant ataxin-3 remain elusive and no preventive treatment is currently available. It has become clear over the last decade that the hallmark intracellular ataxin-3 aggregates are likely not the main toxic entity in SCA3. Instead, the soluble PolyQ containing fragments arising from proteolytic cleavage of ataxin-3 by caspases and calpains are now regarded to be of greater influence in pathogenesis. In addition, recent evidence suggests potential involvement of a RNA toxicity component in SCA3 and other PolyQ expansion disorders, increasing the pathogenic complexity. Herein, we review the functioning of ataxin-3 and the involvement of known protein and RNA toxicity mechanisms of mutant ataxin-3 that have been discovered, as well as future opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin M. Evers
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk J. A. Toonen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willeke M. C. van Roon-Mom
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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10
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Schilling J, Schöppe J, Sauer E, Plückthun A. Co-crystallization with conformation-specific designed ankyrin repeat proteins explains the conformational flexibility of BCL-W. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:2346-62. [PMID: 24747052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BCL-W is a member of the BCL-2 family of anti-apoptotic proteins. A key event in the regulation of apoptosis is the heterodimerization between anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic family members, which involves a conserved surface-exposed groove on the anti-apoptotic proteins. Crystal structures of the ligand binding-competent conformation exist for all anti-apoptotic family members, with the exception of BCL-W, due to the flexibility of the BCL-W groove region. Existing structures had suggested major deviations of the BCL-W groove region from the otherwise structurally highly related remaining anti-apoptotic family members. To capture its ligand binding-competent conformation by counteracting the conformational flexibility of the BCL-W groove, we had selected high-affinity groove-binding designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) using ribosome display. We now determined two high-resolution crystal structures of human BCL-W in complex with different DARPins at resolutions 1.5 and 1.85Å, in which the structure of BCL-W is virtually identical, and BCL-W adopts a conformation extremely similar to the ligand-free conformation of its closest relative BCL-XL in both structures. However, distinct differences to all previous BCL-W structures are evident, notably in the ligand-binding region. We provide the first structural explanation for the conformational flexibility of the BCL-W groove region in comparison to other BCL-2 family members. Due to the importance of the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family as drug targets, the presented crystal structure of ligand binding-competent BCL-W may serve as a valuable basis for structure-based drug design in the future and provides a missing piece for the structural characterization of this protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schilling
- Biochemisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jendrik Schöppe
- Biochemisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Evelyn Sauer
- Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Biochemisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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11
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Schilling J, Schöppe J, Plückthun A. From DARPins to LoopDARPins: novel LoopDARPin design allows the selection of low picomolar binders in a single round of ribosome display. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:691-721. [PMID: 24513107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are the most versatile binding proteins in nature with six loops creating a flexible continuous interaction surface. However, in some molecular formats, antibodies are aggregation prone. Designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) were successfully created as alternative design solutions. Nevertheless, their concave shape, rigidity and incompletely randomized binding surface may limit the epitopes that can be targeted by this extremely stable scaffold. Combining conformational diversity and a continuous convex paratope found in many antibodies with the beneficial biophysical properties of DARPins, we created LoopDARPins, a next generation of DARPins with extended epitope binding properties. We employed X-ray structure determination of a LoopDARPin for design validation. Biophysical characterizations show that the introduction of an elongated loop through consensus design does not decrease the stability of the scaffold,consistent with molecular dynamics simulations. Ribosome-display selections against extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) and four members of the BCL-2 family (BCL-2, BCL-XL, BCL-W and MCL-1) of anti-apoptotic regulators yielded LoopDARPins with affinities in the mid-picomolar to low nanomol arrange against all targets. The BCL-2 family binders block the interaction with their natural interaction partner and will be valuable reagents to test the apoptotic response in functional assays. With the LoopDARPin scaffold, binders for BCL-2 with an affinity of 30 pM were isolated with only a single round of ribosome display,an enrichment that has not been described for any scaffold. Identical stringent one-round selections with conventional DARPins without loop yielded no binders. The LoopDARPin scaffold may become a highly valuable tool for biotechnological high-throughput applications.
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12
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Wang JY, Chen F, Fu XQ, Ding CS, Zhou L, Zhang XH, Luo ZG. Caspase-3 cleavage of dishevelled induces elimination of postsynaptic structures. Dev Cell 2014; 28:670-84. [PMID: 24631402 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During the development of vertebrate neuromuscular junction (NMJ), agrin stabilizes, whereas acetylcholine (ACh) destabilizes AChR clusters, leading to the refinement of synaptic connections. The intracellular mechanism underlying this counteractive interaction remains elusive. Here, we show that caspase-3, the effector protease involved in apoptosis, mediates elimination of AChR clusters. We found that caspase-3 was activated by cholinergic stimulation of cultured muscle cells without inducing cell apoptosis and that this activation was prevented by agrin. Interestingly, inhibition of caspase-3 attenuated ACh agonist-induced dispersion of AChR clusters. Furthermore, we identified Dishevelled1 (Dvl1), a Wnt signaling protein involved in AChR clustering, as the substrate of caspase-3. Blocking Dvl1 cleavage prevented induced dispersion of AChR clusters. Finally, inhibition or genetic ablation of caspase-3 or expression of a caspase-3-resistant form of Dvl1 caused stabilization of aneural AChR clusters. Thus, caspase-3 plays an important role in the elimination of postsynaptic structures during the development of NMJs.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/metabolism
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/antagonists & inhibitors
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Agrin/physiology
- Animals
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Dishevelled Proteins
- Electrophysiology
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Motor Neurons/cytology
- Motor Neurons/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Neuromuscular Junction/physiology
- Phosphoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Cholinergic/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Synaptic Potentials/physiology
- Synaptic Transmission
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yuan Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiu-Qing Fu
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chuang-Shi Ding
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 319 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhen-Ge Luo
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 319 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
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A synergic role of caspase-6 and caspase-3 in Tau truncation at D421 induced by H2O 2. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 34:369-78. [PMID: 24363090 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-0021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tau truncation is widely detected in Alzheimer's disease brain. Caspases activation is suggested to play a significant role in tau truncation at Aspartate 421 (D421) according to their ability to cleave recombinant tau in vitro. Ample evidence has shown that caspase-6 is involved in cognitive impairment and expressed in AD brain. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to caspase-6 activation and correlate with AD. Here, we transfected human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) cells with Tau 441 plasmid and investigated the role of caspase-6 and caspase-3 in ROS-mediated tau truncation. Our data demonstrated that H2O2 induced oxidative stress and increased tau truncation. Caspase-6 and caspase-3 activity also increased in a dose-dependent manner in HEK 293/Tau cells during H2O2 insult. When cells were treated with an ROS inhibitor N-acetyl-L-cysteine, tau truncation was significantly suppressed. Compared with H2O2 (100 μM)/non-inhibitor group or single-inhibitor groups (z-VEID-fmk, caspase-6 inhibitor or z-DEVD-fmk, and caspase-3 inhibitor), tau truncation induced by H2O2 was effectively reduced in the combinative inhibitors group. Similar results were shown when cells were transfected with specific caspase-3 and caspase-6 siRNA. Inhibition of caspase-6 led to decline of caspase-3 activation. Taken together, our results suggest that the combination of caspase-6 and caspase-3 aggravates tau truncation at D421 induced by H2O2. Caspase-6 may play an important part in activating caspase-3. Further investigation of how the synergic role of caspase-6 and caspase-3 affects tau truncation may provide new visions for potential AD therapies.
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Sannia A, Zimmermann LJI, Gavilanes AWD, Vles HJ, Calevo MG, Florio P, Gazzolo D. Elevated Activin A urine levels are predictors of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm newborns. Acta Paediatr 2013; 102:e449-54. [PMID: 23808611 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM Intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) is the most common variety of cerebral haemorrhage and cause of neurological disabilities in preterm newborns. We evaluated the usefulness of urine Activin A concentrations for the early detection of perinatal IVH. METHODS We conducted a case-control study on 100 preterm newborns (20 with IVH and 80 without IVH) in whom urine Activin A was measured at five predetermined time-points in the first 72 h after birth. IVH diagnosis and the extension of the lesion were performed by ultrasound scanning within the first 72 h and at 1 week after birth, respectively. RESULTS Urine Activin A in infants who developed IVH was significantly higher than in controls at all monitoring time-points (p < 0.01 for all), increasing progressively from first urination to 24 h when it reached the highest peak (p < 0.001). At a cut-off 0.08 ng/L, at the first void, Activin A sensitivity and specificity were 68.7% (CI: 41.3-89%) and 84.5% (CI: 75-91.5%). CONCLUSION Activin A measurements in urine soon after birth can constitute a promising tool for identifying preterm infants at risk of IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sannia
- Department of Critical Care and Perinatal Medicine; G. Gaslini Children's Hospital; Genoa; Italy
| | - Luc JI Zimmermann
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology; School for Oncology and Developmental Biology; Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht; The Netherlands
| | - Antonio WD Gavilanes
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology; School for Oncology and Developmental Biology; Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht; The Netherlands
| | - Hans J Vles
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology; School for Oncology and Developmental Biology; Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht; The Netherlands
| | - Maria Grazia Calevo
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section; Scientific Directorate IRCCS G. Gaslini; Genoa; Italy
| | - Pasquale Florio
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine; University of Siena; Siena; Italy
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15
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Akbulut KG, Guney S, Cetin F, Akgun HN, Aktas SH, Akbulut H. Melatonin Delays Brain Aging by Decreasing the Nitric Oxide Level. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-013-9368-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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16
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Uribe V, Wong BK, Graham RK, Cusack CL, Skotte NH, Pouladi MA, Xie Y, Feinberg K, Ou Y, Ouyang Y, Deng Y, Franciosi S, Bissada N, Spreeuw A, Zhang W, Ehrnhoefer DE, Vaid K, Miller FD, Deshmukh M, Howland D, Hayden MR. Rescue from excitotoxicity and axonal degeneration accompanied by age-dependent behavioral and neuroanatomical alterations in caspase-6-deficient mice. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:1954-67. [PMID: 22262731 PMCID: PMC3315204 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a cellular pathway involved in normal cell turnover, developmental tissue remodeling, embryonic development, cellular homeostasis maintenance and chemical-induced cell death. Caspases are a family of intracellular proteases that play a key role in apoptosis. Aberrant activation of caspases has been implicated in human diseases. In particular, numerous findings implicate Caspase-6 (Casp6) in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease (AD) and Huntington disease (HD), highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of Casp6 biology and its role in brain development. The use of targeted caspase-deficient mice has been instrumental for studying the involvement of caspases in apoptosis. The goal of this study was to perform an in-depth neuroanatomical and behavioral characterization of constitutive Casp6-deficient (Casp6-/-) mice in order to understand the physiological function of Casp6 in brain development, structure and function. We demonstrate that Casp6-/- neurons are protected against excitotoxicity, nerve growth factor deprivation and myelin-induced axonal degeneration. Furthermore, Casp6-deficient mice show an age-dependent increase in cortical and striatal volume. In addition, these mice show a hypoactive phenotype and display learning deficits. The age-dependent behavioral and region-specific neuroanatomical changes observed in the Casp6-/- mice suggest that Casp6 deficiency has a more pronounced effect in brain regions that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases, such as the striatum in HD and the cortex in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Uribe
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Bibiana K.Y. Wong
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Rona K. Graham
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Corey L. Cusack
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC27599-7250, USA
| | - Niels H. Skotte
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 N Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mahmoud A. Pouladi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Yuanyun Xie
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Konstantin Feinberg
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Group, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, OntarioM5G1L7, Canada
| | - Yimiao Ou
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Group, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, OntarioM5G1L7, Canada
| | | | - Yu Deng
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Sonia Franciosi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Nagat Bissada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Amanda Spreeuw
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Weining Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Dagmar E. Ehrnhoefer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Kuljeet Vaid
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Freda D. Miller
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Group, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, OntarioM5G1L7, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics and
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5G1X5, Canada
| | - Mohanish Deshmukh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC27599-7250, USA
| | | | - Michael R. Hayden
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
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Schliemann M, Bullinger E, Borchers S, Allgöwer F, Findeisen R, Scheurich P. Heterogeneity reduces sensitivity of cell death for TNF-stimuli. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2011; 5:204. [PMID: 22204418 PMCID: PMC3313907 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death essential for the maintenance of homeostasis and the removal of potentially damaged cells in multicellular organisms. By binding its cognate membrane receptor, TNF receptor type 1 (TNF-R1), the proinflammatory cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) activates pro-apoptotic signaling via caspase activation, but at the same time also stimulates nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-mediated survival pathways. Differential dose-response relationships of these two major TNF signaling pathways have been described experimentally and using mathematical modeling. However, the quantitative analysis of the complex interplay between pro- and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways is an open question as it is challenging for several reasons: the overall signaling network is complex, various time scales are present, and cells respond quantitatively and qualitatively in a heterogeneous manner. Results This study analyzes the complex interplay of the crosstalk of TNF-R1 induced pro- and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways based on an experimentally validated mathematical model. The mathematical model describes the temporal responses on both the single cell level as well as the level of a heterogeneous cell population, as observed in the respective quantitative experiments using TNF-R1 stimuli of different strengths and durations. Global sensitivity of the heterogeneous population was quantified by measuring the average gradient of time of death versus each population parameter. This global sensitivity analysis uncovers the concentrations of Caspase-8 and Caspase-3, and their respective inhibitors BAR and XIAP, as key elements for deciding the cell's fate. A simulated knockout of the NF-κB-mediated anti-apoptotic signaling reveals the importance of this pathway for delaying the time of death, reducing the death rate in the case of pulse stimulation and significantly increasing cell-to-cell variability. Conclusions Cell ensemble modeling of a heterogeneous cell population including a global sensitivity analysis presented here allowed us to illuminate the role of the different elements and parameters on apoptotic signaling. The receptors serve to transmit the external stimulus; procaspases and their inhibitors control the switching from life to death, while NF-κB enhances the heterogeneity of the cell population. The global sensitivity analysis of the cell population model further revealed an unexpected impact of heterogeneity, i.e. the reduction of parametric sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Schliemann
- Institute for Automation Engineering, Laboratory for Systems Theory and Automatic Control, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
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18
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Yakovlev AA, Peregud DI, Panchenko LF, Gulyaeva NV. Involvement of brain intracellular proteolytic systems in the effects of opiates: Caspases. NEUROCHEM J+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712411040192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Graham RK, Ehrnhoefer DE, Hayden MR. Caspase-6 and neurodegeneration. Trends Neurosci 2011; 34:646-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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20
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Yakovlev AA, Gulyaeva NV. Pleiotropic functions of brain proteinases: Methodological considerations and search for caspase substrates. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:1079-86. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Spinal anesthesia in infant rats: development of a model and assessment of neurologic outcomes. Anesthesiology 2011; 114:1325-35. [PMID: 21555934 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0b013e31821b5729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies in infant rats and case-control studies of human infants undergoing surgery have raised concerns about potential neurodevelopmental toxicities of general anesthesia. Spinal anesthesia is an alternative to general anesthesia for some infant surgeries. To test for potential toxicity, a spinal anesthesia model in infant rats was developed. METHODS Rats of postnatal ages 7, 14, and 21 days were assigned to no treatment, 1% isoflurane for either 1 h or 6 h, or lumbar spinal injection of saline or bupivacaine at doses of 3.75 mg/kg (low dose) or 7.5 mg/kg (high dose). Subgroups of animals underwent neurobehavioral testing and blood gas analysis. Brain and lumbar spinal cord sections were examined for apoptosis using cleaved caspase-3 immunostaining. The lumbar spinal cord was examined histologically.Rats exposed to spinal or general anesthesia as infants underwent Rotarod testing of motor performance as adults. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with general linear models, Friedman tests, and Mann-Whitney U tests, as appropriate. RESULTS Bupivacaine 3.75 mg/kg was effective for spinal anesthesia in all age groups. Impairments in sensory and motor function recovered in 40-60 min. Blood gases were similar among groups. Brain and spinal cord apoptosis increased in rats receiving 6 h of 1% isoflurane, but not among the other treatments. All groups showed intact motor performance at adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Spinal anesthesia is technically feasible in infant rats and appears benign in terms of neuroapoptotic and neuromotor sequelae.
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Antipova TA, Sapozhnikova DS, Stepanichev MY, Onufriev MV, Gulyaeva NV, Seredenin SB. Effects of selective anxiolytic afobazole on active caspase-3. Bull Exp Biol Med 2011; 149:201-3. [PMID: 21113491 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-010-0907-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects of afobazole on apoptosis through active caspase-3. Afobazole in a final concentration of 10(-8) M inhibits hyperactivation of effector apoptotic caspase-3 in HT-22 cell culture under conditions of glutamate toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Antipova
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Neuroprotection, V. V. Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Russia.
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Bhargavi K, Chaitanya PK, Ramasree D, Vasavi M, Murthy DK, Uma V. Homology Modeling and Docking Studies of Human Bcl-2L10 Protein. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2010; 28:379-91. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2010.10507367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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25
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Drag M, Salvesen GS. Emerging principles in protease-based drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2010; 9:690-701. [PMID: 20811381 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proteases have an important role in many signalling pathways, and represent potential drug targets for diseases ranging from cardiovascular disorders to cancer, as well as for combating many parasites and viruses. Although inhibitors of well-established protease targets such as angiotensin-converting enzyme and HIV protease have shown substantial therapeutic success, developing drugs for new protease targets has proved challenging in recent years. This in part could be due to issues such as the difficulty of achieving selectivity when targeting protease active sites. This Perspective discusses the general principles in protease-based drug discovery, highlighting the lessons learned and the emerging strategies, such as targeting allosteric sites, which could help harness the therapeutic potential of new protease targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Drag
- Program in Apoptosis and Cell Death Research, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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26
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Miwa CP, de Lima MNM, Scalco F, Vedana G, Mattos R, Fernandez LL, Hilbig A, Schröder N, Vianna MRM. Neonatal Iron Treatment Increases Apoptotic Markers in Hippocampal and Cortical Areas of Adult Rats. Neurotox Res 2010; 19:527-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Castillo A, Tolón MR, Fernández-Ruiz J, Romero J, Martinez-Orgado J. The neuroprotective effect of cannabidiol in an in vitro model of newborn hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in mice is mediated by CB(2) and adenosine receptors. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 37:434-40. [PMID: 19900555 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the mechanisms involved in cannabidiol (CBD)-induced neuroprotection in hypoxic-ischemic (HI) immature brain, forebrain slices from newborn mice underwent oxygen and glucose deprivation in the presence of vehicle, or CBD alone or with selective antagonists of cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2), and adenosine A(1) and A(2) receptors. CBD reduced acute (LDH efflux to the incubation medium) and apoptotic (caspase-9 concentration in tissue) HI brain damage by reducing glutamate and IL-6 concentration, and TNFalpha, COX-2, and iNOS expression. CBD effects were reversed by the CB(2) antagonist AM630 and by the A(2A) antagonist SCH58261. The A(1A) antagonist DPCPX only counteracted the CBD reduction of glutamate release, while the CB(1) antagonist SR141716 did not modify any effect of CBD. In conclusion, CBD induces robust neuroprotection in immature brain, by acting on some of the major mechanisms underlying HI cell death; these effects are mediated by CB(2) and adenosine, mainly A(2A), receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Castillo
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Spain
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Cheng B, Yang X, Chen C, Cheng D, Xu X, Zhang X. D-beta-hydroxybutyrate prevents MPP+-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:444-51. [PMID: 19851865 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies show that D-beta-Hydroxybutyrate (DbetaHB) is neuroprotective. The present study was to explore the neuroprotective effects of DbetaHB against the cell death and apoptosis induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) in PC12 cells. PC12 cells were pretreated with DbetaHB and followed by MPP+ exposure. The cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The morphological characteristics of apoptosis was observed by Acridine Orange (AO) staining and apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometer. The product of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA), was measured using thiobarbituric acid method. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), intracellular ROS and total glutathione were detected by microplate reader. In PC12 cells, pretreatment with DbetaHB significantly reduced MPP+-induced the decrease of cell viability. AO staining and flow cytometric analysis found DbetaHB inhibited MPP+-induced apoptosis. The measurement of MDA formation showed that DbetaHB alleviated lipid peroxidation induced by MPP+. The loss of MMP induced by MPP+ was preventive by DbetaHB. The changes of intracellular ROS and total glutathione induced by MPP+ were reversed by DbetaHB. DbetaHB protected PC12 cells against MPP+-induced death and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Cheng
- Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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29
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Liu F, Li Z, Li J, Siegel C, Yuan R, McCullough LD. Sex differences in caspase activation after stroke. Stroke 2009; 40:1842-8. [PMID: 19265047 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.108.538686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Over the past 5 years, experimental data have emerged that ischemia-induced cell death pathways may differ in males and females. Cell death in males is triggered by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor. We have previously shown that interference with this pathway benefits males but not females after an experimental stroke. In contrast, caspase activation may be the major pathway activated after ischemic injury in females. The aim of this study is to examine whether sex differences exist in caspase activation in adult mice after stroke and to determine if interference with stroke-induced caspase activation preferentially protects females. METHODS Focal stroke was induced by reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (90 minutes) in young and aging C57BL/6 mice of both sexes. The pan-caspase inhibitor, quinoline-Val-Asp(Ome)-CH2-O-phenoxy was administered at reperfusion. Histological outcomes were assessed 48 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Separate cohorts were used for protein analysis of key cell death proteins, including caspase-3, caspase-8, cytochrome C, and apoptosis-inducing factor. RESULTS Drug-treated female mice had significantly decreased infarct volumes and improved neurological deficits after stroke compared to vehicle-treated mice. Quinoline-Val-Asp(Ome)-CH2-O-phenoxy administration had no effect in male mice. The expression of cytochrome C and nuclear caspase-8 levels were increased in females after stroke. CONCLUSIONS Female mice had an early release of cytochrome C and enhanced caspase activation after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Caspase inhibition benefited females but not males. Sex differences exist in both the response to ischemic injury and the efficacy of neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Kragh CL, Lund LB, Febbraro F, Hansen HD, Gai WP, El-Agnaf O, Richter-Landsberg C, Jensen PH. Alpha-synuclein aggregation and Ser-129 phosphorylation-dependent cell death in oligodendroglial cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:10211-22. [PMID: 19203998 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m809671200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by accumulation of aggregated Ser-129-phosphorylated alpha-synuclein in oligodendrocytes. p25alpha is an oligodendroglial protein that potently stimulates alpha-synuclein aggregation in vitro. To model multiple system atrophy, we coexpressed human p25alpha and alpha-synuclein in the rat oligodendroglial cell line OLN-93 and observed a cellular response characterized by a fast retraction of microtubules from the cellular processes to the perinuclear region followed by a protracted development of apoptosis. This response was dependent on phosphorylation at Ser-129 in alpha-synuclein as demonstrated by site-directed mutagenesis. Treatment of the cells with the kinase inhibitor 2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H benzimidazole that targets kinases like casein kinase 2, and polo-like kinases abrogated the toxicity. The polo-like kinase inhibitor BI 2536 caused apoptosis in the model. Ser-129 phosphorylation was linked to the formation of phosphorylated oligomers detectable by immunoblotting, and their formation was inhibited by 2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H benzimidazole. The process of microtubule retraction was also dependent on aggregation as demonstrated by the protective effect of treating the cells with the specific peptide inhibitor of alpha-synuclein aggregation ASI1D and the non-selective inhibitors Congo Red and baicalein. The fast microtubule retraction was followed by the development of the apoptotic markers: activated caspase-3, phosphatidylserine externalization, nuclear condensation, and fragmentation. These markers could all be blocked by the inhibitors of phosphorylation, aggregation, and caspase-3. Hence, the model predicts that both Ser-129 phosphorylation and aggregation control the toxic alpha-syn pathway in oligodendroglial cells and may represent therapeutic intervention points in multiple system atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Kragh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark, Lundbeck A/S, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
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Loepke AW, Istaphanous GK, McAuliffe JJ, Miles L, Hughes EA, McCann JC, Harlow KE, Kurth CD, Williams MT, Vorhees CV, Danzer SC. The Effects of Neonatal Isoflurane Exposure in Mice on Brain Cell Viability, Adult Behavior, Learning, and Memory. Anesth Analg 2009; 108:90-104. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e31818cdb29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Different expression of caspase-3 in rat hippocampal subregions during postnatal development. Microsc Res Tech 2008; 71:633-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Choi DH, Kim EM, Son HJ, Joh TH, Kim YS, Kim D, Flint Beal M, Hwang O. A novel intracellular role of matrix metalloproteinase-3 during apoptosis of dopaminergic cells. J Neurochem 2008; 106:405-15. [PMID: 18397366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the active form of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (actMMP-3) is released from dopamine(DA)rgic neurons undergoing apoptosis. Herein, whether actMMP-3 might be generated intracellularly, and if so, whether it is involved in apoptosis of DArgic neurons itself was investigated in primary cultured DArgic neurons of wild-type, MMP-3 knockout animals, and CATH.a cells. During apoptosis, gene expression of MMP-3 is induced, specifically among the various classes of MMPs, generating the proform (55 kDa) which is subsequently cleaved to the catalytically active actMMP-3 (48 kDa) involving a serine protease. Intracellular actMMP-3 activity is directly linked to apoptotic signaling in DArgic cells: (i) Pharmacologic inhibition of enzymatic activity, repression of gene expression by siRNA, and gene deficiency all lead to protection; (ii) pharmacologic inhibition causes attenuation of DNA fragmentation and caspase 3 activation, the indices of apoptosis; and (iii) inhibition of the pro-apoptotic enzyme c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase leads to repression of MMP-3 induction. Under the cell stress condition, MMP-3 is released as actMMP-3 rather than the proform (proMMP-3), and catalytically active MMP-3 added to the medium does not cause cell death. Thus, actMMP-3 seems to have a novel intracellular role in apoptotic DArgic cells and this finding provides an insight into the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hee Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Yakovlev AA, Gorokhovatsky AY, Onufriev MV, Beletsky IP, Gulyaeva NV. Brain cathepsin B cleaves a caspase substrate. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2008; 73:332-6. [PMID: 18393770 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297908030140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We show that an enzyme exists in rat brain capable of cleaving the caspase-3 specific peptide substrate Ac-DEVD-AMC at low pH. The enzyme shows properties of a cysteine protease and is localized, predominantly, in lysosomes. We have purified this enzyme from rat brain and identified it by MALDI-TOF MS. The enzyme possessing "acidic" DEVDase activity in rat brain appears to be cathepsin B. It remains obscure, whether cathepsin B participates in cleavage of caspase-3 substrates in vivo. We suggest that under certain conditions (e.g. in hypoxia) cathepsin B participates in cleavage of caspase-3 substrates in brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Yakovlev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Wiksten M, Väänänen A, Liesi P. Selective overexpression of gamma1 laminin in astrocytes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis indicates an involvement in ALS pathology. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:2045-58. [PMID: 17554784 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our earlier studies indicate that the KDI tripeptide of gamma1 laminin reverts paralysis and protects adult rat CNS from excitotoxicity of glutamate and from oxidative stress. Here we show that gamma1 laminin is selectively overexpressed in reactive astrocytes of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) spinal cord, with both gray and white matter astrocytes overexpressing gamma1 laminin. Intensely gamma1 laminin-positive, aggressive-looking reactive astrocytes of the lateral columns of both cervical and thoracic spinal cord surround the lateral ventral horns and roots and extend into the area of the lateral corticospinal tract. In the cervical ALS spinal cord, large numbers of strongly gamma1 laminin-immunoreactive astrocytes are also present in the dorsal columns of the ascending sensory pathways. No other laminin or any other ALS-associated protein localizes in this manner. This unique distribution of gamma1 laminin-immunoreactive astrocytes in the ALS white matter together with our recent results on the efficacy of the KDI domain as a neuronal protector strongly suggest that gamma1 laminin may be expressed by astrocytes of the ALS spinal cord as a protective measure intended to aid neuronal survival. Further comparative studies on ALS spinal cord tissues and those of the animal models of ALS are needed to clarify the specific role of gamma1 laminin and its KDI domain in ALS and its putative interactions with the additional ALS-associated factors, such as excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and neurofilament accumulation. Most importantly, further studies are urgently needed to test the potential of the KDI tripeptide as a therapeutic treatment for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wiksten
- The Brain Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences (Physiology), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Verdaguer E, Susana GDA, Clemens A, Pallàs M, Camins A. Implication of the transcription factor E2F-1 in the modulation of neuronal apoptosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2007; 61:390-9. [PMID: 17178208 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and other neurological disorders remain major problem worldwide since is currently no effective treatment. Thus, studying the mechanisms involved in neuronal apoptotic pathways is imperative if drugs that might stop or delay these disease processes are to be synthesized. In recent years it has become evident that mitochondria are key component of the neuronal apoptotic route. In addition to mitochondria, other intracellular components have been implicated in this process. Thus, DNA damage and re-entry into the cell cycle may constitute a common pathway in apoptosis in neurological diseases. The implication of cell cycle in neurodegenerative disorders is supported by data on the brain of patients who showed an increase in cell cycle protein expression. Indeed, studies performed in neuronal cell preparations indicate that re-entry into the cell cycle and, more specifically, an increase in the expression of E2F-1 transcription role of DNA damage/repair as a potential mechanism in cell cycle re-entry. In this context, ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein could be the enzyme responsible for neuronal apoptosis activation. Furthermore, the potential routes involved in E2F-1 induced apoptosis, p53-dependent and p53-independent, are similarly reviewed. Under this hypothesis, multiple pathways have been suggested, including the route of caspases. Finally, given the increasing experimental data on the neuroprotective and antiapoptotic effects of cyclin dependent kinase CDK inhibitory drugs, including flavopiridol, their application for the treatment of neurological disorders is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Verdaguer
- Departament de Farmacologia i Toxicologia, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Rossello 161, Planta 6, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Gemma C, Bickford PC. Interleukin-1beta and caspase-1: players in the regulation of age-related cognitive dysfunction. Rev Neurosci 2007; 18:137-48. [PMID: 17593876 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro.2007.18.2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Scientific research on the unprecedented and growing number of older adults in the United States and other industrialized countries has focused much attention on the health consequences of aging. Over the last few decades, inflammation in the brain and its implication in the progression of aging and age-related cognitive dysfunction has been an area of increasing importance to neuroscientists and is now considered as one of the most interesting and promising topics for aging research. One of the critical aspects of inflammatory processes is that the activation of one upstream inflammatory molecule initiates a cascade of self-sustaining inflammatory events which leads to the activation of a number of different downstream functions. Recently, a great deal of attention has been given to the interplay between inflammatory and apoptotic processes and the regulation of these processes by the caspases. The caspase family of proteases can be divided into proapoptotic and pro-inflammatory members. The present review summarizes recent observations of the interactions between the inflammatory cytokine interleuldn-1 (IL-1) beta and the inflammatory/apoptotic caspase-1 and their involvement in age-related impairments in cognition. A comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms could potentially lead to the development of preventive or protective therapies that reduce or inhibit the cognitive decline associated with aging and age-related neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelina Gemma
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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38
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Rupinder SK, Gurpreet AK, Manjeet S. Cell suicide and caspases. Vascul Pharmacol 2007; 46:383-93. [PMID: 17382599 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death or apoptosis is a well regulated physiological form of cellular autodestruction. It plays an essential role in embryonic development, homeostasis, remodeling, surveillance, and host defense mechanisms. Conversely dysregulation of apoptosis, resulting in either too less or excessive cell death is implicated in pathogenesis of stroke, myocardial infarction, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and autoimmmune disorders. Apoptosis is coordinated by a family of cysteine proteinases called caspases, which dismantle the cell by targeting panoply of proteins. The mammalian caspase family contains 14 members, a subset participates in cellular demise and the remaining are involved in the processing of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We have tried to develop a simplified picture of basic apoptotic mechanisms on the basis of recent insights into the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sodhi K Rupinder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India.
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Florio P, Perrone S, Luisi S, Vezzosi P, Longini M, Marzocchi B, Petraglia F, Buonocore G. Increased Plasma Concentrations of Activin A Predict Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Preterm Newborns. Clin Chem 2006; 52:1516-21. [PMID: 16740650 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2005.065979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a major cause of neurologic disabilities in preterm newborns. We evaluated the use of plasma activin A concentrations to predict the development of perinatal IVH.
Methods: We measured nucleated erythrocyte (NRBC) counts, plasma activin A, hypoxanthine (Hyp), and xanthine (Xan) in arterial blood samples obtained from 53 preterm infants during the first hour after birth. Cerebral ultrasound was performed within 48 h of birth and repeated at 5- or 6-day intervals until the age of 4 weeks.
Results: Grade I or II IVH was detected during the first 10 days of life in 11 of 53 patients (21%). Activin A, Hyp, and Xan concentrations and NRBC counts were higher in preterm newborns who subsequently developed IVH than in those who did not (P <0.0001, except P = 0.019 for Xan). Neonatal activin A was correlated (P <0.0001) with Hyp (r = 0.95), Xan (r = 0.90), and NRBC count (r = 0.90) in newborns without later IVH and in those who developed IVH (Hyp, r = 0.89, P = 0.0002; Xan, r = 0.95, P <0.0001; NRBC count, r = 0.90, P = 0.0002). At a cutoff of 0.8 μg/L activin A, the sensitivity and specificity were 100% [11 of 11; 95% confidence interval (CI), 71%–100%] and 93% (39 of 42; 95% CI, 81%–98%), and positive and negative predictive values were 79% (95% CI, 61%–100%) and 0% (95% CI, 0%–2%), respectively. The area under the ROC curve was 0.98.
Conclusions: Activin A concentrations at birth are increased in preterm newborns who later develop IVH and may be useful for early identification of infants with hypoxic-ischemic brain insults who are at high risk for IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Florio
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Zhang A, Lorke DE, Wu SX, Yew DT. Caspase-3 immunoreactivity in different cortical areas of young and aging macaque (Macaca mulatta) monkeys. Neurosignals 2006; 15:64-73. [PMID: 16847399 DOI: 10.1159/000094602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that cytochrome-c-dependent caspase-3 activation is significantly elevated in the aging macaque brain. To assess the underlying age-related changes in the cellular distribution of caspase-3, we have examined the motor cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus of young (4-year-old, n = 4) and old (20-year-old, n = 4)rhesus monkeys by immunohistochemistry. Western blot analyses of brain homogenate showed that the antibody reacted only with inactive 32-kDa procaspase and its active 20- and 17-kDa subunits, formed after granzyme B exposure. In the motor cortex, pyramidal cells of layers III and V were moderately labeled; the underlying white matter contained weakly stained astrocytes. In the hippocampus, hilar neurons and pyramidal cells in CA3 showed the strongest immunoreaction, pyramidal cells in CA1 and granule cells of the dentate gyrus were also strongly labeled. In contrast, CA2 pyramidal cells were only weakly stained, and neurons of the molecular layer were unlabeled. Weak caspase-3 immunoreaction of CA2 neurons parallels known decreased susceptibility to apoptosis. In the cerebellar cortex, clusters of strongly labeled Purkinje cells were observed next to groups of weakly and unstained cells; granule cells were generally unstained. The brains of aging monkeys displayed a similar pattern of caspase-3 immunoreactivity. In neocortical layer V, however, scattered very strongly labeled pyramidal cells were regularly detected, which were not observed in younger animals. This clustering of caspase-3 indicates increased vulnerability of a subset of pyramidal cells in the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqun Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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41
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Imeri L, Bianchi S, Opp MR. Inhibition of caspase-1 in rat brain reduces spontaneous nonrapid eye movement sleep and nonrapid eye movement sleep enhancement induced by lipopolysaccharide. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 291:R197-204. [PMID: 16455762 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00828.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that IL-1β is involved in promoting physiological nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. IL-1β has also been proposed to mediate NREM sleep enhancement induced by bacteria or their components. Mature and biologically active IL-1β is cleaved from an inactive precursor by a cysteinyl aspartate-specific protease (caspase)-1. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that inhibition in brain of the cleavage of biologically active IL-1β will reduce in rats both spontaneous NREM sleep and NREM sleep enhancement induced by the peripheral administration of components of the bacterial cell wall. To test this hypothesis, rats were intracerebroventricularly administered the caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp chloromethyl ketone (YVAD; 3, 30, 300, and 1,500 ng) or were pretreated intracerebroventricularly with YVAD (300 ng) and then intraperitoneally injected with the gram-negative bacterial cell wall component LPS (250 μg/kg). Subsequent sleep-wake behavior was determined by standard polygraphic recordings. YVAD administration at the beginning of the light phase of the light-dark cycle significantly reduced time spontaneously spent in NREM sleep during the first 12 postinjection hours. YVAD pretreatment also completely prevented NREM sleep enhancement induced by peripheral LPS administration at the beginning of the dark phase. These results, in agreement with previous evidence, support the involvement of brain IL-1β in physiological promotion of NREM sleep and in mediating NREM sleep enhancement induced by peripheral immune challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Imeri
- Institute of Human Physiology II, University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
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Menshanov PN, Bannova AV, Dygalo NN. Region-Specific Interrelations between Apoptotic Proteins Expression and DNA Fragmentation in the Neonatal Rat Brain. Neurochem Res 2006; 31:869-75. [PMID: 16794856 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA fragmentation, mRNA and protein levels of Bcl-XL, Bax and caspase-3 were determined to characterize interrelations between expression of these apoptotic markers in the neonatal brain regions. High DNA fragmentation intensity in the cortex was in consonance with the lowest Bcl-XL/Bax expression ratio, the highest procaspase-3 and active caspase-3 levels. Low and intermediate DNA fragmentation levels in the cerebellum and hippocampus respectively were also in a good agreement with apoptotic proteins expression in these structures. In the cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum DNA fragmentation intensity was proportional to the active caspase-3 level. In contrast to these structures, in the brainstem, the lowest level of this protease was accompanied by the highest intensity of DNA fragmentation among the brain regions studied. The data suggest that cell death normally occurring during early postnatal life could be realized in the developing brainstem via caspase-3-independent pathways in animals that express this protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr N Menshanov
- Functional Neurogenomics Laboratory, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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Ottens AK, Kobeissy FH, Golden EC, Zhang Z, Haskins WE, Chen SS, Hayes RL, Wang KKW, Denslow ND. Neuroproteomics in neurotrauma. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2006; 25:380-408. [PMID: 16498609 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrauma in the form of traumatic brain injury (TBI) afflicts more Americans annually than Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease combined, yet few researchers have used neuroproteomics to investigate the underlying complex molecular events that exacerbate TBI. Discussed in this review is the methodology needed to explore the neurotrauma proteome-from the types of samples used to the mass spectrometry identification and quantification techniques available. This neuroproteomics survey presents a framework for large-scale protein research in neurotrauma, as applied for immediate TBI biomarker discovery and the far-reaching systems biology understanding of how the brain responds to trauma. Ultimately, knowledge attained through neuroproteomics could lead to clinical diagnostics and therapeutics to lessen the burden of neurotrauma on society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Ottens
- Center of Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Polgár E, Hughes DI, Arham AZ, Todd AJ. Loss of neurons from laminas I-III of the spinal dorsal horn is not required for development of tactile allodynia in the spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain. J Neurosci 2006; 25:6658-66. [PMID: 16014727 PMCID: PMC6725431 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1490-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that death of inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal horn contributes to the neuropathic pain that follows partial nerve injury. In this study, we have used two approaches to test whether there is neuronal death in the dorsal horn in the spared nerve injury (SNI) model. We performed a stereological analysis of the packing density of neurons in laminas I-III 4 weeks after operation and found no reduction on the ipsilateral side compared with that seen on the contralateral side or in sham-operated or naive rats. In addition, we used two markers of apoptosis, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and immunocytochemical detection of cleaved (activated) caspase-3. Neither of these methods demonstrated apoptotic neurons in the dorsal spinal cord 1 week after operation. Although TUNEL-positive cells were present throughout the gray and white matter at this stage, they were virtually all labeled with antibody against ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, a marker for microglia. All animals that underwent SNI showed clear signs of tactile allodynia affecting the ipsilateral hindpaw. These results suggest that a significant loss of neurons from the dorsal horn is not necessary for the development of tactile allodynia in the SNI model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Polgár
- Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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45
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Ueno M, Tomita S, Ueki M, Iwanaga Y, Huang CL, Onodera M, Maekawa N, Gonzalez FJ, Sakamoto H. Two pathways of apoptosis are simultaneously induced in the embryonal brains of neural cell-specific HIF-1α-deficient mice. Histochem Cell Biol 2005; 125:535-44. [PMID: 16292520 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-005-0101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism of apoptosis seen in the cortex of neural cell-specific hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha)-deficient embryos. A previous study showed that the neural cells in the cortical area of the mutant embryos underwent apoptosis coincident with vascular regression. Through histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic technique, two kinds of apoptotic cells were detected in the mutant embryonal cortex. Apoptotic cells of one type were clustered in small round structures, 10-20 mum in diameter, whereas the others, present in large numbers, were distributed in a group at the cortical plate located more to the outer side than the round structures. The histochemical and electron microscopic findings indicate that the former represented the appearance of macrophages, in which cellular fragments including vascular cells underwent oxidative stress-related, TNF receptor-mediated, caspase-2-induced apoptosis, while the latter showed c-Myc-related, caspase-3-activated apoptosis of the neural cells. These results suggest that two pathways of apoptosis are induced in neuronal and vascular cells of the cortex in the neural cell-specific HIF-1alpha-deficient mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ueno
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan.
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46
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Sathasivam S, Grierson AJ, Shaw PJ. Characterization of the caspase cascade in a cell culture model of SOD1-related familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: expression, activation and therapeutic effects of inhibition. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2005; 31:467-85. [PMID: 16150118 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2005.00658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that apoptosis or a similar programmed cell death pathway is the mechanism of cell death responsible for motor neurone degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Knowledge of the relative importance of different caspases in the cell death process is at present incomplete. In addition, there is little information on the critical point of the death pathway when the process of dying becomes irreversible. In this study, using the well-established NSC34 motor neurone-like cell line stably transfected with empty vector, normal or mutant human Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), we have characterized the activation of the caspase cascade in detail, revealing that the activation of caspases-9, -3 and -8 are important in motor neurone death and that the presence of mutant SOD1 causes increased activation of components of the apoptotic cascade under both basal culture conditions and following oxidative stress induced by serum withdrawal. Activation of the caspases identified in the cellular model has been confirmed in the G93A SOD1 transgenic mice. Furthermore, investigation of the effects of anti-apoptotic neuroprotective agents including specific caspase inhibitors, minocycline and nifedipine, have supported the importance of the mitochondrion-dependent apoptotic pathway in the death process and revealed that the upstream caspase cascade needs to be inhibited if useful neuro-protection is to be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sathasivam
- Laboratory of origin: Academic Neurology Unit, Section of Neuroscience, Division of Genomic Medicine, The Medical School, Beech Hill Road, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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47
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Pabello NG, Tracy SJ, Snyder-Keller A, Keller RW. Regional expression of constitutive and inducible transcription factors following transient focal ischemia in the neonatal rat: influence of hypothermia. Brain Res 2005; 1038:11-21. [PMID: 15748868 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Revised: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 12/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia is a potent modulator of gene expression. Differential expression of transcription factors after focal ischemia may reflect the potential for neuronal recovery in peri-ischemic regions. Previously, we demonstrated that hypothermia reduces the volume of damage in a model of neonatal focal ischemia. In the present study, immunocytochemistry was used to assess the temporal and spatial profiles of the transcription factors Fos and pCREB under normal and hypothermic conditions in this neonatal model of focal ischemia. At 7 days of age, rat pups underwent a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) coupled with a temporary 1-h occlusion of the common carotid artery (CCAo). They were maintained at 37 degrees C throughout ischemia and reperfusion (Normothermic), or given 1 h of hypothermic conditions (28 degrees C) either during the occlusion (Intraischemic Hypothermia) or during the second hour of reperfusion (postischemic hypothermia). In normothermic pups, Fos immunoreactivity peaked at early time points (4-8 h post-ischemia) in a narrow band in peri-ischemic regions. By later stages of reperfusion (12-24 h), there was a more widespread induction in peri-ischemic regions including the ipsilateral cortex. In contrast with Fos, the constitutive transcription factor pCREB was reduced in core regions at all time points examined. Both the c-fos induction in peri-ischemic regions and the reduction of pCREB in the core were attenuated by intraischemic hypothermia. Postischemic hypothermia altered the distribution of Fos immunoreactivity without significantly changing the number of Fos- and pCREB-immunoreactive cells compared to normothermic rats. Both intra- and postischemic hypothermia reduced the number of caspase-immunoreactive cells. Thus, focal ischemia in the P7 rat produces different distributions of Fos and pCREB than what has been observed in adult rats subjected to focal ischemia, and expression of these transcription factors can be altered by hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina G Pabello
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, MC-136, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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48
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Hosaka Y, Teraoka H, Yamamoto E, Ueda H, Takehana K. Mechanism of cell death in inflamed superficial digital flexor tendon in the horse. J Comp Pathol 2005; 132:51-8. [PMID: 15629479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2003] [Accepted: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to clarify the presence and determine the role of apoptosis in the degenerative process of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) in the horse. Samples were obtained from normal and inflamed SDFTs of horses. To detect apoptosis and to identify apoptotic cells, the samples were subjected to immunohistochemical labelling and Western blot analysis. Although a large number of cells in degenerate areas showed positive reactions with caspase-3 and single stranded DNA antibodies, cells in normal tendon samples showed very weak reactions. Excessive apoptosis was confirmed by the results of Western blot analysis, which showed a significant increase in activated caspase-3 protein in the inflamed SDFTs, suggesting that apoptosis occurred in the tendinocytes via a caspase-3-dependent pathway. This is the first report of excessive apoptosis in inflamed SDFT of the horse. The results indicate that apoptosis may play an important role in the process of degeneration of the tendon as well as other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hosaka
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Clarke G, Lumsden CJ. Heterogeneous cellular environments modulate one-hit neuronal death kinetics. Brain Res Bull 2005; 65:59-67. [PMID: 15680545 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2004.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2004] [Revised: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 11/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that cell loss kinetics in diverse forms of neurodegeneration (ND) suggests a universal death switch mechanism in which each cell is at a constant risk to initiate apoptosis. We proposed that mutant and injured neurons exist in a viable state typified by an increased risk of initiating death processes [Clarke, Collins, Leavitt, Andrews, Hayden, Lumsden, McInnes, A one-hit model of cell death in inherited neuronal degenerations, Nature 406 (2000) 195-199]. To date, however, measurements of cell death risk have been available only as averages across the affected cell population. Here we develop and apply a method of death kinetic analysis in which the risk factors vary across the neuronal population, as for example due to regional heterogeneities in the cellular microenvironment. We find that most cases of ND for which cell loss data has been obtained are better explained by death risks that vary from cell to cell, compared to death risk that is constant across the neuronal population. Strikingly, a common form of the frequency distribution defining the death risk heterogeneity is shared across most of these cases. This first characterization of the kinetic heterogeneity in one-hit neuronal death, therefore, suggests that the wide variety of ND now known may share mechanisms through which regional differences in the cellular microenvironment modulate the kinetics of cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff Clarke
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ont., Canada M5S 1A8
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50
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Cozzolino M, Ferraro E, Ferri A, Rigamonti D, Quondamatteo F, Ding H, Xu ZS, Ferrari F, Angelini DF, Rotilio G, Cattaneo E, Carrì MT, Cecconi F. Apoptosome inactivation rescues proneural and neural cells from neurodegeneration. Cell Death Differ 2005; 11:1179-91. [PMID: 15257302 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of the apoptosome component Apaf1 leads to accumulation of supernumerary brain cells in mouse embryos. We observed that neural precursor cells (NPCs) in Apaf1(-/-) embryos escape programmed cell death, proliferate and retain their potential to differentiate. To evaluate the circumstances of Apaf1(-/-) NPC survival and investigate their fate under neurodegenerative conditions, we established cell lines of embryonic origin (ETNA). We found that Apaf1(-/-) NPCs resist common apoptotic stimuli and neurodegenerative inducers such as amyloid-beta peptide (typical of Alzheimer's disease) and mutant G93A superoxide dismutase 1 (typical of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). Similar results were obtained in Apaf1(-/-) primary cells. When death is prevented by Apaf1 deficiency, cytochrome c is released from mitochondria and rapidly degraded by the proteasome, but mitochondria remain intact. Under these conditions, neither activation by cleavage of initiator caspases nor release of alternative apoptotic inducers from mitochondria takes place. In addition, NPCs can still differentiate, as revealed by neurite outgrowth and expression of differentiation markers. Our findings imply that the mitochondrion/apoptosome pathway is the main route of proneural and neural cells to death and that its inhibition prevents them from dismantling in neurodegenerative conditions. Indeed, the ETNA cell model is ideally suited for exploring the potential of novel cell therapies for the treatment of human neurodegenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cozzolino
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
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