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Li Y, Liu J, Huang J, Wei C, Ge L, Chung M, Zhu B, Guo Z, Zheng T, Li H, Gu Y, Wang W, Li Q, Wang Z. Reduced PTPRS expression promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition of Schwann cells in NF1-related plexiform neurofibromas. Cancer Lett 2024; 599:217151. [PMID: 39094827 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Plexiform neurofibromas (PNFs) are a prevalent and severe phenotype associated with NF1, characterized by a high teratogenic rate and potential for malignant transformation. The growth and recurrence of PNFs are attributed to aberrant proliferation and migration of Nf1-deficient Schwann cells. Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor S (PTPRS) is believed to modulate cell migration and invasion by inhibiting the EMT process in NF1-derived malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Nevertheless, the specific role of PTPRS in NF1-derived PNFs remains to be elucidated. The study utilized the GEO database and tissue microarray to illustrate a decrease in PTPRS expression in PNF tissues, linked to tumor recurrence. Furthermore, the down- and over-expression of PTPRS in Nf1-deficient Schwann cell lines resulted in the changes of cell migration and EMT processes. Additionally, RTK assay and WB showed that PTPRS knockdown can promote EGFR expression and phosphorylation. The restoration of EMT processes disrupted by alterations in PTPRS levels in Schwann cells can be achieved through EGFR knockdown and EGFR inhibitor. Moreover, high EGFR expression has been significantly correlated with poor prognosis. These findings underscore the potential role of PTPRS as a tumor suppressor in the recurrence of PNF via the regulation of EGFR-mediated EMT processes, suggesting potential targets for future clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehua Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China; Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Center and Laboratory for Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China; Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Center and Laboratory for Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Jingxuan Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China; Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Center and Laboratory for Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Chengjiang Wei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China; Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Center and Laboratory for Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Lingling Ge
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China; Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Center and Laboratory for Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Manhon Chung
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China; Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Center and Laboratory for Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Beiyao Zhu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China; Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Center and Laboratory for Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zizhen Guo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China; Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Center and Laboratory for Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China; Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Center and Laboratory for Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China; Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Center and Laboratory for Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yihui Gu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China; Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Center and Laboratory for Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China; Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Center and Laboratory for Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China; Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Center and Laboratory for Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China; Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Center and Laboratory for Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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2
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Cornejo F, Cortés BI, Findlay GM, Cancino GI. LAR Receptor Tyrosine Phosphatase Family in Healthy and Diseased Brain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:659951. [PMID: 34966732 PMCID: PMC8711739 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.659951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatases are major regulators of signal transduction and they are involved in key cellular mechanisms such as proliferation, differentiation, and cell survival. Here we focus on one class of protein phosphatases, the type IIA Receptor-type Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases (RPTPs), or LAR-RPTP subfamily. In the last decade, LAR-RPTPs have been demonstrated to have great importance in neurobiology, from neurodevelopment to brain disorders. In vertebrates, the LAR-RPTP subfamily is composed of three members: PTPRF (LAR), PTPRD (PTPδ) and PTPRS (PTPσ), and all participate in several brain functions. In this review we describe the structure and proteolytic processing of the LAR-RPTP subfamily, their alternative splicing and enzymatic regulation. Also, we review the role of the LAR-RPTP subfamily in neural function such as dendrite and axon growth and guidance, synapse formation and differentiation, their participation in synaptic activity, and in brain development, discussing controversial findings and commenting on the most recent studies in the field. Finally, we discuss the clinical outcomes of LAR-RPTP mutations, which are associated with several brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Cornejo
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bastián I Cortés
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Greg M Findlay
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Gonzalo I Cancino
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
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3
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Fukai S, Yoshida T. Roles of type IIa receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases as synaptic organizers. FEBS J 2020; 288:6913-6926. [PMID: 33301645 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurons establish circuits for brain functions such as cognition, emotion, learning, and memory. Their connections are mediated by synapses, which are specialized cell-cell adhesions responsible for neuronal signal transmission. During neurodevelopment, synapse formation is triggered by interactions of cell adhesion molecules termed synaptic organizers or synapse organizers. Type IIa receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (IIa RPTPs; also known as leukocyte common antigen-related receptor tyrosine phosphatases or LAR-RPTPs) play important roles in axon guidance and neurite extension, and also serve as presynaptic organizers. IIa RPTPs transsynaptically interact with multiple sets of postsynaptic organizers, mostly in a splicing-dependent fashion. Here, we review and update research progress on IIa RPTPs, particularly regarding their functional roles in vivo demonstrated using conditional knockout approach and structural insights into their extracellular and intracellular molecular interactions revealed by crystallography and other biophysical techniques. Future directions in the research field of IIa RPTPs are also discussed, including recent findings of the molecular assembly mechanism underlying the formation of synapse-specific nanostructures essential for synaptic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Fukai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
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4
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Ren JY, Gu YH, Cui XW, Long MM, Wang W, Wei CJ, Gu B, Zhang HB, Li QF, Wang ZC. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor S Acts as a Metastatic Suppressor in Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor via Profilin 1-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:582220. [PMID: 33163494 PMCID: PMC7581944 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.582220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are aggressive sarcomas with over half of cases developed in the context of neurofibromatosis type 1. Surgical resection is the only effective therapy for MPNST. The prognosis is very dismal once recurrence or metastasis occurs. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key process of recurrence and metastasis involving reorganizations of the actin cytoskeleton and actin-binding proteins (ABP) play a non-negligible role. Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor S (PTPRS), a tumor suppressor previously reported in colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and head and neck cancer, is thought to mediate cell migration and invasion by downregulation of EMT. However, its role in MPNST remains unknown. In the present study, by using tissue microarray we demonstrated low expression of PTPRS was related to poor prognosis in MPNST. Knockdown of PTPRS in MPNST cell lines increased migration/invasion and EMT processes were induced with increased N-cadherin and decreased E-cadherin, which indicated PTPRS may serve as a tumor suppressor in MPNST. In addition, we tested all EMT related ABP and found profilin 1 was significantly elevated in PTPRS downregulated MPNST cell lines. As a member of actin-binding proteins, profilins are regulators of actin polymerization and contribute to cell motility and invasion, which have been reported to be responsible for EMT. Moreover, results showed that downregulation of profilin 1 could restore the EMT processes caused by PTPRS downregulation in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, high expression of profilin 1 was significantly associated with dismal prognosis. These results highlighted PTPRS served as a potential tumor suppressor in the recurrence and metastasis of MPNST via profilin 1 induced EMT processes and it might provide potential targets for future clinical therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Yi Ren
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Hui Gu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Wei Cui
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Man-Mei Long
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Jiang Wei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Gu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Bing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Feng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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5
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Sclip A, Südhof TC. LAR receptor phospho-tyrosine phosphatases regulate NMDA-receptor responses. eLife 2020; 9:53406. [PMID: 31985401 PMCID: PMC6984820 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
LAR-type receptor phosphotyrosine-phosphatases (LAR-RPTPs) are presynaptic adhesion molecules that interact trans-synaptically with multitudinous postsynaptic adhesion molecules, including SliTrks, SALMs, and TrkC. Via these interactions, LAR-RPTPs are thought to function as synaptogenic wiring molecules that promote neural circuit formation by mediating the establishment of synapses. To test the synaptogenic functions of LAR-RPTPs, we conditionally deleted the genes encoding all three LAR-RPTPs, singly or in combination, in mice before synapse formation. Strikingly, deletion of LAR-RPTPs had no effect on synaptic connectivity in cultured neurons or in vivo, but impaired NMDA-receptor-mediated responses. Deletion of LAR-RPTPs decreased NMDA-receptor-mediated responses by a trans-synaptic mechanism. In cultured neurons, deletion of all LAR-RPTPs led to a reduction in synaptic NMDA-receptor EPSCs, without changing the subunit composition or the protein levels of NMDA-receptors. In vivo, deletion of all LAR-RPTPs in the hippocampus at birth also did not alter synaptic connectivity as measured via AMPA-receptor-mediated synaptic responses at Schaffer-collateral synapses monitored in juvenile mice, but again decreased NMDA-receptor mediated synaptic transmission. Thus, LAR-RPTPs are not essential for synapse formation, but control synapse properties by regulating postsynaptic NMDA-receptors via a trans-synaptic mechanism that likely involves binding to one or multiple postsynaptic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Sclip
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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6
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Brown AS, Meera P, Quinones G, Magri J, Otis TS, Pulst SM, Oro AE. Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases control Purkinje neuron firing. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:153-159. [PMID: 31876231 PMCID: PMC6961678 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1695995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) are a genetically heterogeneous family of cerebellar neurodegenerative diseases characterized by abnormal firing of Purkinje neurons and degeneration. We recently demonstrated the slowed firing rates seen in several SCAs share a common etiology of hyper-activation of the Src family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases (SFKs). However, the lack of clinically available neuroactive SFK inhibitors lead us to investigate alternative mechanisms to modulate SFK activity. Previous studies demonstrate that SFK activity can be enhanced by the removal of inhibitory phospho-marks by receptor-protein-tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs). In this Extra View we show that MTSS1 inhibits SFK activity through the binding and inhibition of a subset of the RPTP family members, and lowering RPTP activity in cerebellar slices with peptide inhibitors increases the suppressed Purkinje neuron basal firing rates seen in two different SCA models. Together these results identify RPTPs as novel effectors of Purkinje neuron basal firing, extending the MTSS1/SFK regulatory circuit we previously described and expanding the therapeutic targets for SCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Brown
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pratap Meera
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gabe Quinones
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Magri
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas S. Otis
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stefan M. Pulst
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anthony E. Oro
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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7
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Niknam P, Raoufy MR, Fathollahi Y, Javan M. Modulating proteoglycan receptor PTPσ using intracellular sigma peptide improves remyelination and functional recovery in mice with demyelinated optic chiasm. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 99:103391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.103391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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8
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Schrauwen I, Melegh BI, Chakchouk I, Acharya A, Nasir A, Poston A, Cornejo-Sanchez DM, Szabo Z, Karosi T, Bene J, Melegh B, Leal SM. Hearing impairment locus heterogeneity and identification of PLS1 as a new autosomal dominant gene in Hungarian Roma. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:869-878. [PMID: 30872814 PMCID: PMC6777543 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0372-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Roma are a socially and culturally distinct isolated population with genetically divergent subisolates, residing mainly across Central, Southern, and Eastern Europe. We evaluated the genetic etiology of hearing impairment (HI) in 15 Hungarian Roma families through exome sequencing. A family with autosomal dominant non-syndromic HI segregating a rare variant in the Calponin-homology 2 domain of PLS1, or Plastin 1 [p.(Leu363Phe)] was identified. Young adult Pls1 knockout mice have progressive HI and show morphological defects to their inner hair cells. There is evidence that PLS1 is important in the preservation of adult stereocilia and normal hearing. Four families segregated the European ancestral variant c.35delG [p.(Gly12fs)] in GJB2, and one family was homozygous for p.(Trp24*), an Indian subcontinent ancestral variant which is common amongst Roma from Slovakia, Czech Republic, and Spain. We also observed variants in known HI genes USH1G, USH2A, MYH9, MYO7A, and a splice site variant in MANBA (c.2158-2A>G) in a family with HI, intellectual disability, behavioral problems, and respiratory inflammation, which was previously reported in a Czech Roma family with similar features. Lastly, using multidimensional scaling and ADMIXTURE analyses, we delineate the degree of Asian/European admixture in the HI families understudy, and show that Roma individuals carrying the GJB2 p.(Trp24*) and MANBA c.2158-2A>G variants have a more pronounced South Asian background, whereas the other hearing-impaired Roma display an ancestral background similar to Europeans. We demonstrate a diverse genetic HI etiology in the Hungarian Roma and identify a new gene PLS1, for autosomal dominant human non-syndromic HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Schrauwen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Béla I Melegh
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pecs, Medical School, and Szentagothai Research Centre, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Imen Chakchouk
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anushree Acharya
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Abdul Nasir
- Synthetic Protein Engineering Lab (SPEL), Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea
| | - Alexis Poston
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Diana M Cornejo-Sanchez
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Grupo Mapeo Genético, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia. Medellín, 050010470, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Zsolt Szabo
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, B-A-Z County Central Hospital and University Teaching Hospital, Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Tamás Karosi
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, B-A-Z County Central Hospital and University Teaching Hospital, Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Judit Bene
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pecs, Medical School, and Szentagothai Research Centre, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Béla Melegh
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pecs, Medical School, and Szentagothai Research Centre, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Suzanne M Leal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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9
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Bomkamp C, Padmanabhan N, Karimi B, Ge Y, Chao JT, Loewen CJR, Siddiqui TJ, Craig AM. Mechanisms of PTPσ-Mediated Presynaptic Differentiation. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2019; 11:17. [PMID: 31191292 PMCID: PMC6540616 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2019.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of synapses between neurons depends in part on binding between axonal and dendritic cell surface synaptic organizing proteins, which recruit components of the developing presynaptic and postsynaptic specializations. One of these presynaptic organizing molecules is protein tyrosine phosphatase σ (PTPσ). Although the protein domains involved in adhesion between PTPσ and its postsynaptic binding partners are known, the mechanisms by which it signals into the presynaptic neuron to recruit synaptic vesicles and other necessary components for regulated transmitter release are not well understood. One attractive candidate to mediate this function is liprin-α, a scaffolding protein with well-established roles at the synapse. We systematically mutated residues of the PTPσ intracellular region (ICR) and used the yeast dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) protein complementation assay to screen for disrupted interactions between these mutant forms of PTPσ and its various binding partners. Using a molecular replacement strategy, we show that disrupting the interaction between PTPσ and liprin-α, but not between PTPσ and itself or another binding partner, caskin, abolishes presynaptic differentiation. Furthermore, phosphatase activity of PTPσ and binding to extracellular heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans are dispensable for presynaptic induction. Previous reports have suggested that binding between PTPσ and liprin-α is mediated by the PTPσ membrane-distal phosphatase-like domain. However, we provide evidence here that both of the PTPσ phosphatase-like domains mediate binding to liprin-α and are required for PTPσ-mediated presynaptic differentiation. These findings further our understanding of the mechanistic basis by which PTPσ acts as a presynaptic organizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bomkamp
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nirmala Padmanabhan
- Health Sciences Centre, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Benyamin Karimi
- Health Sciences Centre, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yuan Ge
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jesse T Chao
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher J R Loewen
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tabrez J Siddiqui
- Health Sciences Centre, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ann Marie Craig
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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10
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Ohtake Y, Saito A, Li S. Diverse functions of protein tyrosine phosphatase σ in the nervous and immune systems. Exp Neurol 2018; 302:196-204. [PMID: 29374568 PMCID: PMC6275553 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation is a common means of regulating protein functions and signal transduction in multiple cells. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are a large family of signaling enzymes that remove phosphate groups from tyrosine residues of target proteins and change their functions. Among them, receptor-type PTPs (RPTPs) exhibit a distinct spatial pattern of expression and play essential roles in regulating neurite outgrowth, axon guidance, and synaptic organization in developmental nervous system. Some RPTPs function as essential receptors for chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans that inhibit axon regeneration following CNS injury. Interestingly, certain RPTPs are also important to regulate functions of immune cells and development of autoimmune diseases. PTPσ, a RPTP in the LAR subfamily, is expressed in various immune cells and regulates their differentiation, production of various cytokines and immune responses. In this review, we highlight the physiological and pathological significance of PTPσ and related molecules in both nervous and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ohtake
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Stress Protein Processing, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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11
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Huang Y, Zhang Y, Ge L, Lin Y, Kwok HF. The Roles of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10030082. [PMID: 29558404 PMCID: PMC5876657 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family is involved in multiple cellular functions and plays an important role in various pathological and physiological processes. In many chronic diseases, for example cancer, PTP is a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment. In the last two decades, dozens of PTP inhibitors which specifically target individual PTP molecules were developed as therapeutic agents. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors and is the second most lethal cancer worldwide due to a lack of effective therapies. Recent studies have unveiled both oncogenic and tumor suppressive functions of PTP in HCC. Here, we review the current knowledge on the involvement of PTP in HCC and further discuss the possibility of targeting PTP in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yide Huang
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau, China.
| | - Yafei Zhang
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China.
| | - Lilin Ge
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yao Lin
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China.
| | - Hang Fai Kwok
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau, China.
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12
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Changes in resting-state functional connectivity after stroke in a mouse brain lacking extracellular matrix components. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 112:91-105. [PMID: 29367009 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain, focal ischemia results in a local region of cell death and disruption of both local and remote functional neuronal networks. Tissue reorganization following stroke can be limited by factors such as extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules that prevent neuronal growth and synaptic plasticity. The brain's ECM plays a crucial role in network formation, development, and regeneration of the central nervous system. Further, the ECM is essential for proper white matter tract development and for the formation of structures called perineuronal nets (PNNs). PNNs mainly surround parvalbumin/GABA inhibitory interneurons, of importance for processing sensory information. Previous studies have shown that downregulating PNNs after stroke reduces the neurite-inhibitory environment, reactivates plasticity, and promotes functional recovery. Resting-state functional connectivity (RS-FC) within and across hemispheres has been shown to correlate with behavioral recovery after stroke. However, the relationship between PNNs and RS-FC has not been examined. Here we studied a quadruple knock-out mouse (Q4) that lacks four ECM components: brevican, neurocan, tenascin-C and tenascin-R. We applied functional connectivity optical intrinsic signal (fcOIS) imaging in Q4 mice and wild-type (129S1 mice) before and 14 days after photothrombotic stroke (PT) to understand how the lack of crucial ECM components affects neuronal networks and functional recovery after stroke. Limb-placement ability was evaluated at 2, 7 and 14 days of recovery through the paw-placement test. Q4 mice exhibited significantly impaired homotopic RS-FC compared to wild-type mice, especially in the sensory and parietal regions. Changes in RS-FC were significantly correlated with the number of interhemispheric callosal crossings in those same regions. PT caused unilateral damage to the sensorimotor cortex and deficits of tactile-proprioceptive placing ability in contralesional fore- and hindlimbs, but the two experimental groups did not present significant differences in infarct size. Two weeks after PT, a general down-scaling of regional RS-FC as well as the number of regional functional connections was visible for all cortical regions and most notable in the somatosensory areas of both Q4 and wild-type mice. Q4 mice exhibited higher intrahemispheric RS-FC in contralesional sensory and motor cortices compared to control mice. We propose that the lack of growth inhibiting ECM components in the Q4 mice potentially worsen behavioral outcome in the early phase after stroke, but subsequently facilitates modulation of contralesional RS-FC which is relevant for recovery of sensory motor function. We conclude that Q4 mice represent a valuable model to study how the elimination of ECM genes compromises neuronal function and plasticity mechanisms after stroke.
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Farhy-Tselnicker I, van Casteren ACM, Lee A, Chang VT, Aricescu AR, Allen NJ. Astrocyte-Secreted Glypican 4 Regulates Release of Neuronal Pentraxin 1 from Axons to Induce Functional Synapse Formation. Neuron 2017; 96:428-445.e13. [PMID: 29024665 PMCID: PMC5663462 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The generation of precise synaptic connections between developing neurons is critical to the formation of functional neural circuits. Astrocyte-secreted glypican 4 induces formation of active excitatory synapses by recruiting AMPA glutamate receptors to the postsynaptic cell surface. We now identify the molecular mechanism of how glypican 4 exerts its effect. Glypican 4 induces release of the AMPA receptor clustering factor neuronal pentraxin 1 from presynaptic terminals by signaling through presynaptic protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor δ. Pentraxin then accumulates AMPA receptors on the postsynaptic terminal forming functional synapses. Our findings reveal a signaling pathway that regulates synaptic activity during central nervous system development and demonstrates a role for astrocytes as organizers of active synaptic connections by coordinating both pre and post synaptic neurons. As mutations in glypicans are associated with neurological disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia, this signaling cascade offers new avenues to modulate synaptic function in disease. Astrocyte-secreted Gpc4 induces release of NP1 from neurons Release of NP1 is mediated through Gpc4 interaction with presynaptic RPTPδ Gpc4 or RPTPδ KO causes presynaptic NP1 retention and decreased synapse number Astrocytic release of Gpc4 provides spatial and temporal cues for synaptogenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Farhy-Tselnicker
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adriana C M van Casteren
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aletheia Lee
- University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Division of Structural Biology, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Veronica T Chang
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Neurobiology Division, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - A Radu Aricescu
- University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Division of Structural Biology, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Neurobiology Division, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Nicola J Allen
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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14
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Ohtake Y, Kong W, Hussain R, Horiuchi M, Tremblay ML, Ganea D, Li S. Protein tyrosine phosphatase σ regulates autoimmune encephalomyelitis development. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:111-124. [PMID: 28559011 PMCID: PMC6275552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play essential roles in regulating signaling events in multiple cells by tyrosine dephosphorylation. One of them, PTPσ, appears important in regulating function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC). Here we report that PTPσ deletion in knockout mice and inhibition with a selective antagonist peptide exacerbated symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by enhancing axon and myelin damage in the spinal cord. PTPσ-/- mice displayed pro-inflammatory profiles in the spinal cord and lymphoid organs following MOG peptide immunization. PTPσ deletion promoted a pro-inflammatory phenotype in conventional DCs and directly regulated differentiation of CD4+ T cells. It also facilitated infiltration of T lymphocytes, activation of macrophages in the CNS and development of EAE. Therefore, PTPσ is a key negative regulator in EAE initiation and progression, which acts by regulating functions of DCs, T cells, and other immune cells. PTPσ may become an important molecular target for treating autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ohtake
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Weimin Kong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Rashad Hussain
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Makoto Horiuchi
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Michel L. Tremblay
- Goodman Cancer Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 1160 Pine Ave., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Doina Ganea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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15
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Naito Y, Lee AK, Takahashi H. Emerging roles of the neurotrophin receptor TrkC in synapse organization. Neurosci Res 2016; 116:10-17. [PMID: 27697534 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Tropomyosin-receptor-kinase (Trk) receptors have been extensively studied for their roles in kinase-dependent signaling cascades in nervous system development. Synapse organization is coordinated by trans-synaptic interactions of various cell adhesion proteins, a representative example of which is the neurexin-neuroligin complex. Recently, a novel role for TrkC as a synapse organizing protein has been established. Post-synaptic TrkC binds to pre-synaptic type-IIa receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPσ). TrkC-PTPσ specifically induces excitatory synapses in a kinase domain-independent manner. TrkC has distinct extracellular domains for PTPσ- and NT-3-binding and thus may bind both ligands simultaneously. Indeed, NT-3 enhances the TrkC-PTPσ interaction, thus facilitating synapse induction at the pre-synaptic side and increasing pre-synaptic vesicle recycling in a kinase-independent fashion. A crystal structure study has revealed the detailed structure of the TrkC-PTPσ complex as well as competitive modulation of TrkC-mediated synaptogenesis by heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), which bind the same domain of TrkC as PTPσ. Thus, there is strong evidence supporting a role for the TrkC-PTPσ complex in mechanisms underlying the fine turning of neural connectivity. Furthermore, disruption of the TrkC-PTPσ complex may be the underlying cause of certain psychiatric disorders caused by mutations in the gene encoding TrkC (NTRK3), supporting its role in cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Naito
- Synapse Development and Plasticity, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Alfred Kihoon Lee
- Synapse Development and Plasticity, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Hideto Takahashi
- Synapse Development and Plasticity, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada.
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16
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Yoo SW, Motari MG, Schnaar RL. Agenesis of the corpus callosum in Nogo receptor deficient mice. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:291-301. [PMID: 27339102 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) is the largest fiber tract in the mammalian brain, linking the bilateral cerebral hemispheres. CC development depends on the proper balance of axon growth cone attractive and repellent cues leading axons to the midline and then directing them to the contralateral hemisphere. Imbalance of these cues results in CC agenesis or dysgenesis. Nogo receptors (NgR1, NgR2, and NgR3) are growth cone directive molecules known for inhibiting axon regeneration after injury. We report that mice lacking Nogo receptors (NgR123-null mice) display complete CC agenesis due to axon misdirection evidenced by ectopic axons including cortical Probst bundles. Because glia and glial-derived growth cone repellent factors (especially the diffusible factor Slit2) are required for CC development, their distribution was studied. Compared with wild-type mice, NgR123-null mice had a sharp increase in the glial marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and in Slit2 at the glial wedge and indusium griseum, midline structures required for CC formation. NgR123-null mice displayed reduced motor coordination and hyperactivity. These data are consistent with the hypotheses that Nogo receptors are membrane-bound growth cone repellent factors required for migration of axons across the midline at the CC, and that their absence results directly or indirectly in midline gliosis, increased Slit2, and complete CC agenesis. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:291-301, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Wan Yoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205
| | - Mary G Motari
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205
| | - Ronald L Schnaar
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205
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17
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Choi Y, Nam J, Whitcomb DJ, Song YS, Kim D, Jeon S, Um JW, Lee SG, Woo J, Kwon SK, Li Y, Mah W, Kim HM, Ko J, Cho K, Kim E. SALM5 trans-synaptically interacts with LAR-RPTPs in a splicing-dependent manner to regulate synapse development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26676. [PMID: 27225731 PMCID: PMC4881023 DOI: 10.1038/srep26676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptogenic adhesion molecules play critical roles in synapse formation. SALM5/Lrfn5, a SALM/Lrfn family adhesion molecule implicated in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and schizophrenia, induces presynaptic differentiation in contacting axons, but its presynaptic ligand remains unknown. We found that SALM5 interacts with the Ig domains of LAR family receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (LAR-RPTPs; LAR, PTPδ, and PTPσ). These interactions are strongly inhibited by the splice insert B in the Ig domain region of LAR-RPTPs, and mediate SALM5-dependent presynaptic differentiation in contacting axons. In addition, SALM5 regulates AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission through mechanisms involving the interaction of postsynaptic SALM5 with presynaptic LAR-RPTPs. These results suggest that postsynaptic SALM5 promotes synapse development by trans-synaptically interacting with presynaptic LAR-RPTPs and is important for the regulation of excitatory synaptic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonsoo Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Jungyong Nam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Daniel J. Whitcomb
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Yoo Sung Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, 463–707, Korea
| | - Doyoun Kim
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Sangmin Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Ji Won Um
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
- Department of Physiology and BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Jooyeon Woo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Seok-Kyu Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Won Mah
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ho Min Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Jaewon Ko
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Kwangwook Cho
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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18
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Wang ZC, Gao Q, Shi JY, Guo WJ, Yang LX, Liu XY, Liu LZ, Ma LJ, Duan M, Zhao YJ, Wu YN, Gao DM, Wang XY, Shi GM, Ding ZB, Ke AW, Tang QQ, Cao Y, Zhou J, Fan J. Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor S acts as a metastatic suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma by control of epithermal growth factor receptor-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Hepatology 2015; 62:1201-14. [PMID: 25998839 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third-most lethal cancer worldwide. Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of HCC recurrence and metastasis is the key to improve patients' prognosis. In this study, we report that protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor S (PTPRS) is significantly down-regulated in nearly 80% of HCCs, and its expression negatively correlates with aggressive pathological features, such as larger tumor size and advanced stage. In addition, PTPRS deficiency is independently associated with shorter survival and increased recurrence in patients, although 16.7% of HCCs show intratumor heterogeneous expression of PTPRS. Restoration of wild-type, but not mutant, PTPRS expression significantly inhibits HCC cell migration and invasion in vitro as well as lung metastasis in vivo, whereas knockdown of its expression significantly promotes invasion and metastasis. Notably, PTPRS-regulated HCC invasiveness is accompanied by typical changes of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, PTPRS forms a complex with epithermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and regulates its tyrosine residues' phosphorylation. Ectopic expression of EGFR reverses the metastasis-inhibiting effects of PTPRS, whereas silencing of EGFR or inhibiting phosphorylation of key molecules in EGFR downstream pathways reinhibits EMT and metastasis caused by PTPRS down-regulation. Meanwhile, promoter hypermethylation of PTPRS is frequently detected in HCC samples and cell lines. Treatment with a demethylation agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, recovers PTPRS expression in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Epigenetic inactivation of PTPRS may increase phosphorylation and activity of EGFR signaling to promote EMT and metastasis in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chao Wang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie-Yi Shi
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Jie Guo
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu-Xiao Yang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Yang Liu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Long-Zi Liu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Jie Ma
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Duan
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Jun Zhao
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Na Wu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dong-Mei Gao
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Wang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Ming Shi
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Bin Ding
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai-Wu Ke
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Qun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Ohtake Y, Li S. Molecular mechanisms of scar-sourced axon growth inhibitors. Brain Res 2014; 1619:22-35. [PMID: 25192646 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Astrogliosis is a defense response of the CNS to minimize primary damage and to repair injured tissues, but it ultimately generates harmful effects by upregulating inhibitory molecules to suppress neuronal elongation and forming potent barriers to axon regeneration. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are highly expressed by reactive scars and are potent contributors to the non-permissive environment in mature CNS. Surmounting strong inhibition by CSPG-rich scar is an important therapeutic goal for achieving functional recovery after CNS injuries. Currently, enzymatic digestion of CSPGs with locally applied chondroitinase ABC is the main in vivo approach to overcome scar inhibition, but several disadvantages may prevent using this bacterial enzyme as a therapeutic option for patients. A better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying CSPG function may facilitate development of new effective therapies to overcome scar-mediated inhibition. Previous studies support that CSPGs act by non-specifically hindering the binding of matrix molecules to their cell surface receptors through steric interactions, but two members of the leukocyte common antigen related (LAR) phosphatase subfamily, protein tyrosine phosphatase σ and LAR, are functional receptors that bind CSPGs with high affinity and mediate CSPG inhibition. CSPGs may also act by binding two receptors for myelin-associated growth inhibitors, Nogo receptors 1 and 3. Thus, CSPGs inhibit axon growth through multiple mechanisms, making them especially potent and difficult therapeutic targets. Identification of CSPG receptors is not only important for understanding the scar-mediated growth suppression, but also for developing novel and selective therapies to promote axon sprouting and/or regeneration after CNS injuries. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ohtake
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500N. Broad Street, Philadelphia 19140, PA, USA
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500N. Broad Street, Philadelphia 19140, PA, USA.
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20
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Tchetchelnitski V, van den Eijnden M, Schmidt F, Stoker AW. Developmental co-expression and functional redundancy of tyrosine phosphatases with neurotrophin receptors in developing sensory neurons. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 34:48-59. [PMID: 24491805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) have been implicated as direct or indirect regulators of neurotrophin receptors (TRKs). It remains less clear if and how such RPTPs might regulate TRK proteins in vivo during development. Here we present a comparative expression profile of RPTP genes and Trk genes during early stages of murine, dorsal root ganglion maturation. We find little if any specific, temporal mRNA co-regulation between individual RPTP and Ntrk genes between E12.5 and E14.5. Moreover, a double fluorescent in-situ hybridization and immunofluorescence study of seven Rptp genes with Ntrks revealed widespread co-expression of RPTPs in individual neurons, but no tight correlation with Trk expression profiles. No Rptp is expressed in 100% of Ntrk1-expressing neurons, whereas at least 6 RPTPs are expressed in 100% of Ntrk2- and Ntrk3-expressing neurons. An exception is Ptpro, which showed very selective expression. Short hairpin RNA suppression of Ptprf, Ptprs or Ptpro in primary, E13.5 DRG neurons did not alter TRK signalling. We therefore propose that TRK signalling may not be simply dependent on rate-limiting regulation by individual RPTP subtypes during sensory neuron development. Instead, TRK signalling has the potential to be buffered by concurrent inputs from several RPTPs in individual neurons.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/deficiency
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Ganglia, Spinal/embryology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Mice
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Regulatory-Associated Protein of mTOR
- Sensory Receptor Cells/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Tchetchelnitski
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fanny Schmidt
- MERCK SERONO SA.-Geneva, 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Andrew W Stoker
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom.
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21
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Abstract
Glycans participate in many key cellular processes during development and in physiology and disease. In this review, the functional role of various glycans in the regeneration of neurons and body parts in adult metazoans is discussed. Understanding glycosylation may facilitate research in the field of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponnusamy Babu
- Glycomics and Glycoproteomics,
Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, NCBS-TIFR, GKVK Post, Bangalore 560065, India
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22
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Protein tyrosine phosphatase σ targets apical junction complex proteins in the intestine and regulates epithelial permeability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:693-8. [PMID: 24385580 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1315017111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)σ (PTPRS) was shown previously to be associated with susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). PTPσ(-/-) mice exhibit an IBD-like phenotype in the intestine and show increased susceptibility to acute models of murine colitis. However, the function of PTPσ in the intestine is uncharacterized. Here, we show an intestinal epithelial barrier defect in the PTPσ(-/-) mouse, demonstrated by a decrease in transepithelial resistance and a leaky intestinal epithelium that was determined by in vivo tracer analysis. Increased tyrosine phosphorylation was observed at the plasma membrane of epithelial cells lining the crypts of the small bowel and colon of the PTPσ(-/-) mouse, suggesting the presence of PTPσ substrates in these regions. Using mass spectrometry, we identified several putative PTPσ intestinal substrates that were hyper-tyrosine-phosphorylated in the PTPσ(-/-) mice relative to wild type. Among these were proteins that form or regulate the apical junction complex, including ezrin. We show that ezrin binds to and is dephosphorylated by PTPσ in vitro, suggesting it is a direct PTPσ substrate, and identified ezrin-Y353/Y145 as important sites targeted by PTPσ. Moreover, subcellular localization of the ezrin phosphomimetic Y353E or Y145 mutants were disrupted in colonic Caco-2 cells, similar to ezrin mislocalization in the colon of PTPσ(-/-) mice following induction of colitis. Our results suggest that PTPσ is a positive regulator of intestinal epithelial barrier, which mediates its effects by modulating epithelial cell adhesion through targeting of apical junction complex-associated proteins (including ezrin), a process impaired in IBD.
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Sharma K, Selzer ME, Li S. Scar-mediated inhibition and CSPG receptors in the CNS. Exp Neurol 2012; 237:370-8. [PMID: 22836147 PMCID: PMC5454774 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Severed axons in adult mammals do not regenerate appreciably after central nervous system (CNS) injury due to developmentally determined reductions in neuron-intrinsic growth capacity and extracellular environment for axon elongation. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), which are generated by reactive scar tissues, are particularly potent contributors to the growth-limiting environment in mature CNS. Thus, surmounting the strong inhibition by CSPG-rich scar is an important therapeutic goal for achieving functional recovery after CNS injuries. As of now, the main in vivo approach to overcoming inhibition by CSPGs is enzymatic digestion with locally applied chondroitinase ABC (ChABC), but several disadvantages may prevent using this bacterial enzyme as a therapeutic option for patients. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying CSPG action is needed in order to develop more effective therapies to overcome CSPG-mediated inhibition of axon regeneration and/or sprouting. Because of their large size and dense negative charges, CSPGs were thought to act by non-specifically hindering the binding of matrix molecules to their cell surface receptors through steric interactions. Although this may be true, recent studies indicate that two members of the leukocyte common antigen related (LAR) phosphatase subfamily, protein tyrosine phosphatase σ (PTPσ) and LAR, are functional receptors that bind CSPGs with high affinity and mediate CSPG inhibitory effects. CSPGs also may act by binding to two receptors for myelin-associated growth inhibitors, Nogo receptors 1 and 3 (NgR1 and NgR3). If confirmed, it would suggest that CSPGs have multiple mechanisms by which they inhibit axon growth, making them especially potent and difficult therapeutic targets. Identification of CSPG receptors is not only important for understanding the scar-mediated growth suppression, but also for developing novel and selective therapies to promote axon sprouting and/or regeneration after CNS injuries, including spinal cord injury (SCI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartavya Sharma
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Graduate Program, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8813, USA
| | - Michael E. Selzer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| | - Shuxin Li
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Graduate Program, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8813, USA
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24
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Chien PN, Ryu SE. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase σ in Proteoglycan-Mediated Neural Regeneration Regulation. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 47:220-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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25
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Nikolaienko RM, Agyekum B, Bouyain S. Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases and cancer: new insights from structural biology. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 6:356-64. [PMID: 22796942 DOI: 10.4161/cam.21242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is general agreement that many cancers are associated with aberrant phosphotyrosine signaling, which can be caused by the inappropriate activities of tyrosine kinases or tyrosine phosphatases. Furthermore, incorrect activation of signaling pathways has been often linked to changes in adhesion events mediated by cell surface receptors. Among these receptors, receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) both antagonize tyrosine kinases as well as engage extracellular ligands. A recent wealth of data on this intriguing family indicates that its members can fulfill either tumor suppressing or oncogenic roles. The interpretation of these results at a molecular level has been greatly facilitated by the recent availability of structural information on the extra- and intracellular regions of RPTPs. These structures provide a molecular framework to understand how alterations in extracellular interactions can inactivate RPTPs in cancers or why the overexpression of certain RPTPs may also participate in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman M Nikolaienko
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
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26
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Intracerebral chondroitinase ABC and heparan sulfate proteoglycan glypican improve outcome from chronic stroke in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:9155-60. [PMID: 22615373 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1205697109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical and chemical constraints imposed by the periinfarct glial scar may contribute to the limited clinical improvement often observed after ischemic brain injury. To investigate the role of some of these mediators in outcome from cerebral ischemia, we treated rats with the growth-inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan neurocan, the growth-stimulating heparan sulfate proteoglycan glypican, or the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-degrading enzyme chondroitinase ABC. Neurocan, glypican, or chondroitinase ABC was infused directly into the infarct cavity for 7 d, beginning 7 d after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Glypican and chondroitinase ABC reduced glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity and increased microtubule-associated protein-2 immunoreactivity in the periinfarct region, and glypican- and chondroitinase ABC-treated rats showed behavioral improvement compared with neurocan- or saline-treated rats. Glypican and chondroitinase ABC also increased neurite extension in cortical neuron cultures. Glypican increased fibroblast growth factor-2 expression and chondroitinase ABC increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in these cultures, whereas no such effects were seen following neurocan treatment. Thus, treatment with glypican or enzymatic disruption of neurocan with chondroitinase ABC improves gross anatomical, histological, and functional outcome in the chronic phase of experimental stroke in rats. Changes in growth factor expression and neuritogenesis may help to mediate these effects.
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27
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Tortosa R, Castells X, Vidal E, Costa C, Ruiz de Villa MDC, Sánchez A, Barceló A, Torres JM, Pumarola M, Ariño J. Central nervous system gene expression changes in a transgenic mouse model for bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Vet Res 2011; 42:109. [PMID: 22035425 PMCID: PMC3225326 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression analysis has proven to be a very useful tool to gain knowledge of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of diseases, particularly in the initial or preclinical stages. With the aim of finding new data on the events occurring in the Central Nervous System in animals affected with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, a comprehensive genome wide gene expression study was conducted at different time points of the disease on mice genetically modified to model the bovine species brain in terms of cellular prion protein. An accurate analysis of the information generated by microarray technique was the key point to assess the biological relevance of the data obtained in terms of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy pathogenesis. Validation of the microarray technique was achieved by RT-PCR confirming the RNA change and immunohistochemistry techniques that verified that expression changes were translated into variable levels of protein for selected genes. Our study reveals changes in the expression of genes, some of them not previously associated with prion diseases, at early stages of the disease previous to the detection of the pathological prion protein, that might have a role in neuronal degeneration and several transcriptional changes showing an important imbalance in the Central Nervous System homeostasis in advanced stages of the disease. Genes whose expression is altered at early stages of the disease should be considered as possible therapeutic targets and potential disease markers in preclinical diagnostic tool development. Genes non-previously related to prion diseases should be taken into consideration for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raül Tortosa
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
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28
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Takahashi H, Arstikaitis P, Prasad T, Bartlett TE, Wang YT, Murphy TH, Craig AM. Postsynaptic TrkC and presynaptic PTPσ function as a bidirectional excitatory synaptic organizing complex. Neuron 2011; 69:287-303. [PMID: 21262467 PMCID: PMC3056349 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophin receptor tyrosine kinases (Trks) have well-defined trophic roles in nervous system development through kinase activation by neurotrophins. Yet Trks have typical cell-adhesion domains and express noncatalytic isoforms, suggesting additional functions. Here we discovered noncatalytic TrkC in an unbiased hippocampal neuron-fibroblast coculture screen for proteins that trigger differentiation of neurotransmitter release sites in axons. All TrkC isoforms, but not TrkA or TrkB, function directly in excitatory glutamatergic synaptic adhesion by neurotrophin-independent high-affinity trans binding to axonal protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor PTPσ. PTPσ triggers and TrkC mediates clustering of postsynaptic molecules in dendrites, indicating bidirectional synaptic organizing functions. Effects of a TrkC-neutralizing antibody that blocks TrkC-PTPσ interaction and TrkC knockdown in culture and in vivo reveal essential roles of TrkC-PTPσ in glutamatergic synapse formation. Thus, postsynaptic TrkC trans interaction with presynaptic PTPσ generates bidirectional adhesion and recruitment essential for excitatory synapse development and positions these signaling molecules at the center of synaptic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Takahashi
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 2B5
| | - Pamela Arstikaitis
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 2B5
| | - Tuhina Prasad
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 2B5
| | - Thomas E. Bartlett
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 2B5
| | - Yu Tian Wang
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 2B5
| | - Timothy H. Murphy
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 2B5
| | - Ann Marie Craig
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 2B5
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Receptor tyrosine phosphatase PTPγ is a regulator of spinal cord neurogenesis. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 46:469-82. [PMID: 21112398 PMCID: PMC3038263 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During spinal cord development the proliferation, migration and survival of neural progenitors and precursors is tightly controlled, generating the fine spatial organisation of the cord. In order to understand better the control of these processes, we have examined the function of an orphan receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP) PTPγ, in the developing chick spinal cord. Widespread expression of PTPγ occurs post-embryonic day 3 in the early cord and is consistent with a potential role in either neurogenesis or neuronal maturation. Using gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches in ovo, we show that PTPγ perturbation significantly reduces progenitor proliferation rates and neuronal precursor numbers, resulting in hypoplasia of the neuroepithelium. PTPγ gain-of-function causes widespread suppression of Wnt/β-catenin-driven TCF signalling. One potential target of PTPγ may therefore be β-catenin itself, since PTPγ can dephosphorylate it in vitro, but alternative targets are also likely. PTPγ loss-of-function is not sufficient to alter TCF signalling. Instead, loss-of-function leads to increased apoptosis and defective cell–cell adhesion in progenitors and precursors. Furthermore, motor neuron precursor migration is specifically defective. PTPγ therefore regulates neurogenesis during a window of spinal cord development, with molecular targets most likely related to Wnt/β-catenin signalling, cell survival and cell adhesion.
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30
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A novel locus on proximal chromosome 18 associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum in mice. Mamm Genome 2010; 21:525-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00335-010-9292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Kwon SK, Woo J, Kim SY, Kim H, Kim E. Trans-synaptic adhesions between netrin-G ligand-3 (NGL-3) and receptor tyrosine phosphatases LAR, protein-tyrosine phosphatase delta (PTPdelta), and PTPsigma via specific domains regulate excitatory synapse formation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:13966-78. [PMID: 20139422 PMCID: PMC2859559 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.061127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic cell adhesion molecules regulate various steps of synapse formation. The trans-synaptic adhesion between postsynaptic NGL-3 (for netrin-G ligand-3) and presynaptic LAR (for leukocyte antigen-related) regulates excitatory synapse formation in a bidirectional manner. However, little is known about the molecular details of the NGL-3-LAR adhesion and whether two additional LAR family proteins, protein-tyrosine phosphatase delta (PTPdelta), and PTPsigma, also interact with NGL-3 and are involved in synapse formation. We report here that the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain of NGL-3, containing nine LRRs, interacts with the first two fibronectin III (FNIII) domains of LAR to induce bidirectional synapse formation. Moreover, Gln-96 in the first LRR motif of NGL-3 is critical for LAR binding and induction of presynaptic differentiation. PTPdelta and PTPsigma also interact with NGL-3 via their first two FNIII domains. These two interactions promote synapse formation in a different manner; the PTPsigma-NGL-3 interaction promotes synapse formation in a bidirectional manner, whereas the PTPdelta-NGL-3 interaction instructs only presynaptic differentiation in a unidirectional manner. mRNAs encoding LAR family proteins display overlapping and differential expression patterns in various brain regions. These results suggest that trans-synaptic adhesion between NGL-3 and the three LAR family proteins regulates excitatory synapse formation in shared and distinct neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Kyu Kwon
- From the National Creative Research Initiative Center for Synaptogenesis, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701 and
| | - Jooyeon Woo
- From the National Creative Research Initiative Center for Synaptogenesis, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701 and
| | - Soo-Young Kim
- the Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, 126-1, 5-Ka, Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- the Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, 126-1, 5-Ka, Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- From the National Creative Research Initiative Center for Synaptogenesis, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701 and
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Fry EJ, Chagnon MJ, López-Vales R, Tremblay ML, David S. Corticospinal tract regeneration after spinal cord injury in receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma deficient mice. Glia 2010; 58:423-33. [PMID: 19780196 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (RPTPsigma) plays a role in inhibiting axon growth during development. It has also been shown to slow axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injury and inhibit axon regeneration in the optic nerve. Here, we assessed the ability of the corticospinal tract (CST) axons to regenerate after spinal hemisection and contusion injury in RPTPsigma deficient (RPTPsigma(-/-)) mice. We show that damaged CST fibers in RPTPsigma(-/-) mice regenerate and appear to extend for long distances after a dorsal hemisection or contusion injury of the thoracic spinal cord. In contrast, no long distance axon regeneration of CST fibers is seen after similar lesions in wild-type mice. In vitro experiments indicate that cerebellar granule neurons from RPTPsigma(-/-) mice have reduced sensitivity to the inhibitory effects of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) substrate, but not myelin, which may contribute to the growth of CST axons across the CSPG-rich glial scar. Our data suggest that RPTPsigma may function to prevent axonal growth after injury in the adult mammalian spinal cord and could be a target for promoting long distance regeneration after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Fry
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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33
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Understanding the mechanisms of callosal development through the use of transgenic mouse models. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2009; 16:127-42. [PMID: 19778710 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is the area of the brain where higher-order cognitive processing occurs. The 2 hemispheres of the cerebral cortex communicate through one of the largest fiber tracts in the brain, the corpus callosum. Malformation of the corpus callosum in human beings occurs in 1 in 4000 live births, and those afflicted experience an extensive range of neurologic disorders, from relatively mild to severe cognitive deficits. Understanding the molecular and cellular processes involved in these disorders would therefore assist in the development of prognostic tools and therapies. During the past 3 decades, mouse models have been used extensively to determine which molecules play a role in the complex regulation of corpus callosum development. This review provides an update on these studies, as well as highlights the value of using mouse models with the goal of developing therapies for human acallosal syndromes.
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Reinhard J, Horvat-Bröcker A, Illes S, Zaremba A, Knyazev P, Ullrich A, Faissner A. Protein tyrosine phosphatases expression during development of mouse superior colliculus. Exp Brain Res 2009; 199:279-97. [PMID: 19727691 PMCID: PMC2845883 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-009-1963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are key regulators of different processes during development of the central nervous system. However, expression patterns and potential roles of PTPs in the developing superior colliculus remain poorly investigated. In this study, a degenerate primer-based reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) approach was used to isolate seven different intracellular PTPs and nine different receptor-type PTPs (RPTPs) from embryonic E15 mouse superior colliculus. Subsequently, the expression patterns of 11 PTPs (TC-PTP, PTP1C, PTP1D, PTP-MEG2, PTP-PEST, RPTPJ, RPTPε, RPTPRR, RPTPσ, RPTPκ and RPTPγ) were further analyzed in detail in superior colliculus from embryonic E13 to postnatal P20 stages by quantitative real-time RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Each of the 11 PTPs exhibits distinct spatiotemporal regulation of mRNAs and proteins in the developing superior colliculus suggesting their versatile roles in genesis of neuronal and glial cells and retinocollicular topographic mapping. At E13, additional double-immunohistochemical analysis revealed the expression of PTPs in collicular nestin-positive neural progenitor cells and RC-2-immunoreactive radial glia cells, indicating the potential functional importance of PTPs in neurogenesis and gliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Reinhard
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstr 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Andrea Horvat-Bröcker
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstr 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Illes
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstr 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Angelika Zaremba
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstr 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, PO Box 12233, Durham, NC 27709 USA
| | - Piotr Knyazev
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck-Institute, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Axel Ullrich
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck-Institute, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstr 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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35
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Patrignani C, Magnone MC, Tavano P, Ardizzone M, Muzio V, Gréco B, Zaratin PF. Knockout mice reveal a role for protein tyrosine phosphatase H1 in cognition. Behav Brain Funct 2008; 4:36. [PMID: 18700002 PMCID: PMC2531118 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-4-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study has investigated the protein tyrosine phosphatase H1 (PTPH1) expression pattern in mouse brain and its impact on CNS functions. Methods We have previously described a PTPH1-KO mouse, generated by replacing the PTP catalytic and the PDZ domain with a LacZ neomycin cassette. PTPH1 expression pattern was evaluated by LacZ staining in the brain and PTPH1-KO and WT mice (n = 10 per gender per genotype) were also behaviorally tested for CNS functions. Results In CNS, PTPH1 is expressed during development and in adulthood and mainly localized in hippocampus, thalamus, cortex and cerebellum neurons. The behavioral tests performed on the PTPH1-KO mice showed an impact on working memory in male mice and an impaired learning performance at rotarod in females. Conclusion These results demonstrate for the first time a neuronal expression of PTPH1 and its functionality at the level of cognition.
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Horvat-Bröcker A, Reinhard J, Illes S, Paech T, Zoidl G, Harroch S, Distler C, Knyazev P, Ullrich A, Faissner A. Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases are expressed by cycling retinal progenitor cells and involved in neuronal development of mouse retina. Neuroscience 2008; 152:618-45. [PMID: 18308476 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) appear to coordinate many aspects of neural development, including cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. Here we investigated potential roles of RPTPs in the developing mouse retina. Using a degenerate oligonucleotide-based reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction approach, we identified 11 different RPTPs in the retina at embryonic stage 13 (E13). Subsequently, the expression patterns of RPTPkappa, RPTPJ, RPTPRR, RPTPsigma, RPTPepsilon and RPTPgamma in the retina from embryonic stages to adult were analyzed in detail using quantitative real-time-PCR, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. At E13, all six RPTPs are expressed in actively cycling retinal progenitor cells and postmitotic newborn retinal neurons. With ongoing maturation, RPTPkappa, RPTPJ, RPTPRR, RPTPsigma, RPTPepsilon and RPTPgamma display a different spatiotemporal regulation of mRNAs and proteins in the pre- and postnatal retina. Finally, in adulthood these six RPTPs localize to distinct cellular compartments of multiple retinal neurons. Additional studies in RPTPgamma(-/-) and RPTPbeta/zeta(-/-) (also known as PTPRZ1, RPTPbeta or RPTPzeta) mice at postnatal stage P1 reveal no apparent differences in retinal laminar organization or in the expression pattern of specific retinal cell-type markers when compared with wild type. However, in RPTPbeta/zeta(-/-) retinas, immunoreactivity of vimentin, a marker of Müller glial cells, is selectively reduced and the morphology of vimentin-immunoreactive radial processes of Müller cells is considerably disturbed. Our results suggest distinct roles of RPTPs in cell proliferation and establishing phenotypes of different retinal cells during retinogenesis as well as later in the maintenance of mature retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Horvat-Bröcker
- Department of Cell Morphology and molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, Ruhr-University-Bochum, Universitaetsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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Hendriks WJAJ, Elson A, Harroch S, Stoker AW. Protein tyrosine phosphatases: functional inferences from mouse models and human diseases. FEBS J 2008; 275:816-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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38
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Kina SI, Tezuka T, Kusakawa S, Kishimoto Y, Kakizawa S, Hashimoto K, Ohsugi M, Kiyama Y, Horai R, Sudo K, Kakuta S, Iwakura Y, Iino M, Kano M, Manabe T, Yamamoto T. Involvement of protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTPMEG in motor learning and cerebellar long-term depression. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 26:2269-78. [PMID: 17953619 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although protein-tyrosine phosphorylation is important for hippocampus-dependent learning, its role in cerebellum-dependent learning remains unclear. We previously found that PTPMEG, a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine phosphatase expressed in Purkinje cells (PCs), bound to the carboxyl-terminus of the glutamate receptor delta2 via the postsynaptic density-95/discs-large/ZO-1 domain of PTPMEG. In the present study, we generated PTPMEG-knockout (KO) mice, and addressed whether PTPMEG is involved in cerebellar plasticity and cerebellum-dependent learning. The structure of the cerebellum in PTPMEG-KO mice appeared grossly normal. However, we found that PTPMEG-KO mice showed severe impairment in the accelerated rotarod test. These mice also exhibited impairment in rapid acquisition of the cerebellum-dependent delay eyeblink conditioning, in which conditioned stimulus (450-ms tone) and unconditioned stimulus (100-ms periorbital electrical shock) were co-terminated. Moreover, long-term depression at parallel fiber-PC synapses was significantly attenuated in these mice. Developmental elimination of surplus climbing fibers and the physiological properties of excitatory synaptic inputs to PCs appeared normal in PTPMEG-KO mice. These results suggest that tyrosine dephosphorylation events regulated by PTPMEG are important for both motor learning and cerebellar synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Kina
- Division of Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
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39
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Abstract
alpha-Latrotoxin (alpha-LTX) from black widow spider venom induces exhaustive release of neurotransmitters from vertebrate nerve terminals and endocrine cells. This 130-kDa protein has been employed for many years as a molecular tool to study exocytosis. However, its action is complex: in neurons, alpha-LTX induces massive secretion both in the presence of extracellular Ca(2+) (Ca(2+) (e)) and in its absence; in endocrine cells, it usually requires Ca(2+) (e). To use this toxin for further dissection of secretory mechanisms, one needs an in-depth understanding of its functions. One such function that explains some alpha-LTX effects is its ability to form cation-permeable channels in artificial lipid bilayers. The mechanism of alpha-LTX pore formation, revealed by cryo-electron microscopy, involves toxin assembly into homotetrameric complexes which harbor a central channel and can insert into lipid membranes. However, in biological membranes, alpha-LTX cannot exert its actions without binding to specific receptors of the plasma membrane. Three proteins with distinct structures have been found to bind alpha-LTX: neurexin Ialpha, latrophilin 1, and receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma. Upon binding a receptor, alpha-LTX forms channels permeable to cations and small molecules; the toxin may also activate the receptor. To distinguish between the pore- and receptor-mediated effects, and to study structure-function relationships in the toxin, alpha-LTX mutants have been used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A Ushkaryov
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AY, UK.
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40
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Faux C, Hawadle M, Nixon J, Wallace A, Lee S, Murray S, Stoker A. PTPσ binds and dephosphorylates neurotrophin receptors and can suppress NGF-dependent neurite outgrowth from sensory neurons. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2007; 1773:1689-700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Lee S, Faux C, Nixon J, Alete D, Chilton J, Hawadle M, Stoker AW. Dimerization of protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma governs both ligand binding and isoform specificity. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 27:1795-808. [PMID: 17178832 PMCID: PMC1820468 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00535-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) can influence diverse processes, including axon development, lymphocyte activation, and cell motility. The molecular regulation of these enzymes, however, is still poorly understood. In particular, it is not known if, or how, the dimerization state of RPTPs is related to the binding of extracellular ligands. Protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPsigma) is an RPTP with major isoforms that differ in their complements of fibronectin type III domains and in their ligand-binding specificities. In this study, we show that PTPsigma forms homodimers in the cell, interacting at least in part through the transmembrane region. Using this knowledge, we provide the first evidence that PTPsigma ectodomains must be presented as dimers in order to bind heterophilic ligands. We also provide evidence of how alternative use of fibronectin type III domain complements in two major isoforms of PTPsigma can alter the ligand binding specificities of PTPsigma ectodomains. The data suggest that the alternative domains function largely to change the rotational conformations of the amino-terminal ligand binding sites of the ectodomain dimers, thus imparting novel ligand binding properties. These findings have important implications for our understanding of how heterophilic ligands interact with, and potentially regulate, RPTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lee
- Neural Development Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
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42
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Siu R, Fladd C, Rotin D. N-cadherin is an in vivo substrate for protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPsigma) and participates in PTPsigma-mediated inhibition of axon growth. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 27:208-19. [PMID: 17060446 PMCID: PMC1800655 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00707-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPsigma) belongs to the LAR family of receptor tyrosine phosphatases and was previously shown to negatively regulate axon growth. The substrate for PTPsigma and the effector(s) mediating this inhibitory effect were unknown. Here we report the identification of N-cadherin as an in vivo substrate for PTPsigma. Using brain lysates from PTPsigma knockout mice, in combination with substrate trapping, we identified a hyper-tyrosine-phosphorylated protein of approximately 120 kDa in the knockout animals (relative to sibling controls), which was identified by mass spectrometry and immunoblotting as N-cadherin. beta-Catenin also precipitated in the complex and was also a substrate for PTPsigma. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, which highly express endogenous N-cadherin and PTPsigma, exhibited a faster growth rate in the knockout mice than in the sibling controls when grown on laminin or N-cadherin substrata. However, when N-cadherin function was disrupted by an inhibitory peptide or lowering calcium concentrations, the differential growth rate between the knockout and sibling control mice was greatly diminished. These results suggest that the elevated tyrosine phosphorylation of N-cadherin in the PTPsigma(-/-) mice likely disrupted N-cadherin function, resulting in accelerated DRG nerve growth. We conclude that N-cadherin is a physiological substrate for PTPsigma and that N-cadherin (and likely beta-catenin) participates in PTPsigma-mediated inhibition of axon growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Siu
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto M5G 1X8, Ontario, Canada
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43
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Kirkham DL, Pacey LKK, Axford MM, Siu R, Rotin D, Doering LC. Neural stem cells from protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma knockout mice generate an altered neuronal phenotype in culture. BMC Neurosci 2006; 7:50. [PMID: 16784531 PMCID: PMC1570144 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-7-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The LAR family Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase sigma (PTPσ) has been implicated in neuroendocrine and neuronal development, and shows strong expression in specific regions within the CNS, including the subventricular zone (SVZ). We established neural stem cell cultures, grown as neurospheres, from the SVZ of PTPσ knockout mice and sibling controls to determine if PTPσ influences the generation and the phenotype of the neuronal, astrocyte and oligodendrocyte cell lineages. Results The neurospheres from the knockout mice acquired heterogeneous developmental characteristics and they showed similar morphological characteristics to the age matched siblings. Although Ptprs expression decreases as a function of developmental age in vivo, it remains high with the continual renewal and passage of the neurospheres. Stem cells, progenitors and differentiated neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes all express the gene. While no apparent differences were observed in developing neurospheres or in the astrocytes and oligodendrocytes from the PTPσ knockout mice, the neuronal migration patterns and neurites were altered when studied in culture. In particular, neurons migrated farther from the neurosphere centers and the neurite outgrowth exceeded the length of the neuronal processes from age matched sibling controls. Conclusion Our results imply a specific role for PTPσ in the neuronal lineage, particularly in the form of inhibitory influences on neurite outgrowth, and demonstrate a role for tyrosine phosphatases in neuronal stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Kirkham
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Laura KK Pacey
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Michelle M Axford
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Roberta Siu
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Daniela Rotin
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Laurie C Doering
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
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Richards LJ, Plachez C, Ren T. Mechanisms regulating the development of the corpus callosum and its agenesis in mouse and human. Clin Genet 2005; 66:276-89. [PMID: 15355427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2004.00354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The development of the corpus callosum depends on a large number of different cellular and molecular mechanisms. These include the formation of midline glial populations, and the expression of specific molecules required to guide callosal axons as they cross the midline. An additional mechanism used by callosal axons from neurons in the neocortex is to grow within the pathway formed by pioneering axons derived from neurons in the cingulate cortex. Data in humans and in mice suggest the possibility that different mechanisms may regulate the development of the corpus callosum across its rostrocaudal and dorsoventral axes. The complex developmental processes required for formation of the corpus callosum may provide some insight into why such a large number of human congenital syndromes are associated with agenesis of this structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Richards
- The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Programs in Neuroscience and Membrane Biology, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Ensslen-Craig SE, Brady-Kalnay SM. Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases regulate neural development and axon guidance. Dev Biol 2004; 275:12-22. [PMID: 15464569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2004] [Revised: 08/05/2004] [Accepted: 08/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation is recognized as an important developmental mechanism. Both addition and removal of phosphate moieties on tyrosine residues are tightly regulated during development. Originally, most attention focused on the role of tyrosine kinases during development, but more recently, the developmental importance of tyrosine phosphatases has been gaining interest. Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) are of particular interest to developmental biologists because the extracellular domains of RPTPs are similar to those of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). This suggests that RPTPs may have functions in development similar to CAMs. This review focuses on the role of RPTPs in development of the nervous system in processes such as axon guidance, synapse formation, and neural tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya E Ensslen-Craig
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-4960, USA
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46
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Kolkman MJM, Streijger F, Linkels M, Bloemen M, Heeren DJ, Hendriks WJAJ, Van der Zee CEEM. Mice lacking leukocyte common antigen-related (LAR) protein tyrosine phosphatase domains demonstrate spatial learning impairment in the two-trial water maze and hyperactivity in multiple behavioural tests. Behav Brain Res 2004; 154:171-82. [PMID: 15302123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2004.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2003] [Revised: 02/05/2004] [Accepted: 02/06/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte common antigen-related (LAR) protein is a cell adhesion molecule-like receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase. We previously reported that in LAR tyrosine phosphatase-deficient (LAR-Delta P) mice the number and size of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons as well as their innervation of the hippocampal area was reduced. With the hippocampus being implicated in behavioural activity aspects, including learning and memory processes, we assessed possible phenotypic consequences of LAR phosphatase deficiency using a battery of rodent behaviour tests. Motor function and co-ordination tests as well as spatial learning ability assays did not reveal any performance differences between wildtype and LAR-Delta P mice. A spatial learning impairment was found in the difficult variant of the Morris water maze. Exploration, nestbuilding and activity tests indicated that LAR-Delta P mice were more active than wildtype littermates. The observed hyperactivity in LAR-Delta P mice could not be explained by altered anxiety or curiosity levels, and was found to be persistent throughout the nocturnal period. In conclusion, behavioural testing of the LAR-Delta P mice revealed a spatial learning impairment and a significant increase in activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes J M Kolkman
- Department of Cell Biology, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, UMC St. Radboud, University of Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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47
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Chagnon MJ, Uetani N, Tremblay ML. Functional significance of the LAR receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase family in development and diseases. Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 82:664-75. [PMID: 15674434 DOI: 10.1139/o04-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) have emerged as critical players in diverse cellular functions. The focus of this review is the leukocyte common antigen-related (LAR) subfamily of receptor PTPs (RPTPs). This subfamily is composed of three vertebrate homologs, LAR, RPTP-sigma, and RPTP-delta, as well as few invertebrates orthologs such as Dlar. LAR-RPTPs have a predominant function in nervous system development that is conserved throughout evolution. Proteolytic cleavage of LAR-RPTP proproteins results in the noncovalent association of an extracellular domain resembling cell adhesion molecules and intracellular tandem PTPs domains, which is likely regulated via dimerization. Their receptor-like structures allow them to sense the extracellular environment and transduce signals intracellularly via their cytosolic PTP domains. Although many interacting partners of the LAR-RPTPs have been identified and suggest a role for the LAR-RPTPs in actin remodeling, very little is known about the mechanisms of action of RPTPs. LAR-RPTPs recently raised a lot of interest when they were shown to regulate neurite growth and nerve regeneration in transgenic animal models. In addition, LAR-RPTPs have also been implicated in metabolic regulation and cancer. This RPTP subfamily is likely to become important as drug targets in these various human pathologies, but further understanding of their complex signal transduction cascades will be required.Key words: protein tyrosine phosphatase, LAR, signal transduction, nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie J Chagnon
- McGill Cancer Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Room 701, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
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Petrone A, Battaglia F, Wang C, Dusa A, Su J, Zagzag D, Bianchi R, Casaccia-Bonnefil P, Arancio O, Sap J. Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha is essential for hippocampal neuronal migration and long-term potentiation. EMBO J 2003; 22:4121-31. [PMID: 12912911 PMCID: PMC175789 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite clear indications of their importance in lower organisms, the contributions of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) to development or function of the mammalian nervous system have been poorly explored. In vitro studies have indicated that receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha (RPTPalpha) regulates SRC family kinases, potassium channels and NMDA receptors. Here, we report that absence of RPTPalpha compromises correct positioning of pyramidal neurons during development of mouse hippocampus. Thus, RPTPalpha is a novel member of the functional class of genes that control radial neuronal migration. The migratory abnormality likely results from a radial glial dysfunction rather than from a neuron-autonomous defect. In spite of this aberrant development, basic synaptic transmission from the Schaffer collateral pathway to CA1 pyramidal neurons remains intact in Ptpra(-/-) mice. However, these synapses are unable to undergo long-term potentiation. Mice lacking RPTPalpha also underperform in the radial-arm water-maze test. These studies identify RPTPalpha as a key mediator of neuronal migration and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angiola Petrone
- Department of Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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