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Thangavel R, Kaur H, Dubova I, Selvakumar GP, Ahmed ME, Raikwar SP, Govindarajan R, Kempuraj D. Parkinson's Disease Dementia Patients: Expression of Glia Maturation Factor in the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1182. [PMID: 38256254 PMCID: PMC11154259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the presence of dopaminergic neuronal loss and motor disorders. PD dementia (PDD) is a cognitive disorder that affects many PD patients. We have previously demonstrated the proinflammatory role of the glia maturation factor (GMF) in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in AD, PD, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in human brains and animal models. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of the GMF in the human PDD brain. We analyzed the expression pattern of the GMF protein in conjunction with amyloid plaques (APs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum of PDD brains using immunostaining. We detected a large number of GMF-positive glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) reactive astrocytes, especially abundant in areas with degenerating dopaminergic neurons within the SN and striatum in PDD. Additionally, we observed excess levels of GMF in glial cells in the vicinity of APs, and NFTs in the SN and striatum of PDD and non-PDD patients. We found that the majority of GMF-positive immunoreactive glial cells were co-localized with GFAP-reactive astrocytes. Our findings suggest that the GMF may be involved in the pathogenesis of PDD.
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Son Y, Yeo IJ, Hong JT, Eo SK, Lee D, Kim K. Side-Chain Immune Oxysterols Induce Neuroinflammation by Activating Microglia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15288. [PMID: 37894967 PMCID: PMC10607006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In individuals with Alzheimer's disease, the brain exhibits elevated levels of IL-1β and oxygenated cholesterol molecules (oxysterols). This study aimed to investigate the effects of side-chain oxysterols on IL-1β expression using HMC3 microglial cells and ApoE-deficient mice. Treatment of HMC3 cells with 25-hydroxycholesterol (25OHChol) and 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHChol) led to increased IL-1β expression at the transcript and protein levels. Additionally, these oxysterols upregulated the surface expression of MHC II, a marker of activated microglia. Immunohistochemistry performed on the mice showed increased microglial expression of IL-1β and MHC II when fed a high-cholesterol diet. However, cholesterol and 24s-hydroxycholesterol did not increase IL-1β transcript levels or MHC II expression. The extent of IL-1β increase induced by 25OHChol and 27OHChol was comparable to that caused by oligomeric β-amyloid, and the IL-1β expression induced by the oxysterols was not impaired by polymyxin B, which inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-1β expression. Both oxysterols enhanced the phosphorylation of Akt, ERK, and Src, and inhibition of these kinase pathways with pharmacological inhibitors suppressed the expression of IL-1β and MHC II. The pharmacological agents chlorpromazine and cyclosporin A also impaired the oxysterol-induced expression of IL-1β and upregulation of MHC II. Overall, these findings suggest that dysregulated cholesterol metabolism leading to elevated levels of side-chain oxysterols, such as 25OHChol and 27OHChol, can activate microglia to secrete IL-1β through a mechanism amenable to pharmacologic intervention. The activation of microglia and subsequent neuroinflammation elicited by the immune oxysterols can contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghae Son
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea;
| | - In-Jun Yeo
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea;
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju 28160, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jin-Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju 28160, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seong-Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dongjun Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea;
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Kaniowska D, Wenk K, Rademacher P, Weiss R, Fabian C, Schulz I, Guthardt M, Lange F, Greiser S, Schmidt M, Braumann UD, Emmrich F, Koehl U, Jaimes Y. Extracellular Vesicles of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Can be Taken Up by Microglial Cells and Partially Prevent the Stimulation Induced by β-amyloid. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:1113-1126. [PMID: 35080744 PMCID: PMC8942956 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) have great capacity for immune regulation. MSCs provide protective paracrine effects, which are partially exerted by extracellular vesicles (EVs). It has been reported that MSCs-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) contain soluble factors, such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and even microRNAs, which confer them similar anti-inflammatory and regenerative effects to MSCs. Moreover, MSCs modulate microglia activation through a dual mechanism of action that relies both on cell contact and secreted factors. Microglia cells are the central nervous system immune cells and the main mediators of the inflammation leading to neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we investigated whether MSC-EVs affect the activation of microglia cells by β-amyloid aggregates. We show that the presence of MSC-EVs can prevent the upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and nitric oxide (NO). Both are up-regulated in neurodegenerative diseases representing chronic inflammation, as in Alzheimer’s disease. We demonstrate that MSC-EVs are internalized by the microglia cells. Further, our study supports the use of MSC-EVs as a promising therapeutic tool to treat neuroinflammatory diseases. Significance Statement It has been reported that mesenchymal stromal/stem cells and MSC-derived small extracellular vesicles have therapeutic effects in the treatment of various degenerative and inflammatory diseases. Extracellular vesicles are loaded with proteins, lipids and RNA and act as intercellular communication mediators. Here we show that extracellular vesicles can be taken up by murine microglial cells. In addition, they partially reduce the activation of microglial cells against β-amyloid aggregates. This inhibition of microglia activation may present an effective strategy for the control/therapy of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kaniowska
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Perlickstrasse 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. .,Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Wenk
- Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Phil Rademacher
- Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronald Weiss
- Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claire Fabian
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Perlickstrasse 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Isabell Schulz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Perlickstrasse 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Max Guthardt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Perlickstrasse 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Lange
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Perlickstrasse 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Greiser
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Perlickstrasse 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmidt
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulf-Dietrich Braumann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Perlickstrasse 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Faculty of Engineering, Leipzig University of Applied Sciences (HTWK), Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Emmrich
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Perlickstrasse 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Perlickstrasse 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yarúa Jaimes
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Perlickstrasse 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-mediated Diseases CIMD, Frankfurt, Germany
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Study on the Mechanism of Liuwei Dihuang Pills in Treating Parkinson's Disease Based on Network Pharmacology. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:4490081. [PMID: 34746302 PMCID: PMC8568527 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4490081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease in middle-aged and elderly people. Liuwei Dihuang (LWDH) pills have a good effect on PD, but its mechanism remains unclear. Network pharmacology is the result of integrating basic theories and research methods of medicine, biology, computer science, bioinformatics, and other disciplines, which can systematically and comprehensively reflect the mechanism of drug intervention in disease networks. Methods The main components and targets of herbs in LWDH pills were obtained through Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). Its active components were screened based on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME); the PD-related targets were obtained from the Genecards, OMIM, TTD, and DRUGBANK databases. We used R to take the intersection of LWDH- and PD-related targets and Cytoscape software to construct the drug-component-target network. Moreover, STRING and Cytoscape software was used to analyze protein-protein interactions (PPI), construct a PPI network, and explore potential protein functional modules in the network. The Metascape platform was used to perform KEGG pathway and GO function enrichment analyses. Finally, molecular docking was performed to verify whether the compound and target have good binding activity. Results After screening and deduplication, 210 effective active ingredients, 204 drug targets, 4333 disease targets, and 162 drug-disease targets were obtained. We consequently constructed a drug-component-targets network and a PPI-drug-disease-targets network. The results showed that the hub components of LWDH pills were quercetin, stigmasterol, kaempferol, and beta-sitosterol; the hub targets were AKT1, VEGFA, and IL6. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that these targets are involved in neuronal death, G protein-coupled amine receptor activity, reactive oxygen species metabolic processes, membrane rafts, MAPK signaling pathways, cellular senescence, and other biological processes. Molecular docking showed that the hub components were in good agreement with the hub targets. Conclusion LWDH pills have implications for the treatment of PD since they contain several active components, target multiple ligands, and activate various pathways. The hub components possibly include quercetin, stigmasterol, kaempferol, and beta-sitosterol and act through pairing with hub targets, such as AKT1, VEGFA, and IL6, to regulate neuronal death, G protein-coupled amine receptor activity, reactive oxygen species metabolic process, membrane raft, MAPK signaling pathway, and cellular senescence for the treatment of PD.
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Prowse N, Hayley S. Microglia and BDNF at the crossroads of stressor related disorders: Towards a unique trophic phenotype. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:135-163. [PMID: 34537262 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stressors ranging from psychogenic/social to neurogenic/injury to systemic/microbial can impact microglial inflammatory processes, but less is known regarding their effects on trophic properties of microglia. Recent studies do suggest that microglia can modulate neuronal plasticity, possibly through brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This is particularly important given the link between BDNF and neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative pathology. We posit that certain activated states of microglia play a role in maintaining the delicate balance of BDNF release onto neuronal synapses. This focused review will address how different "activators" influence the expression and release of microglial BDNF and address the question of tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) expression on microglia. We will then assess sex-based differences in microglial function and BDNF expression, and how microglia are involved in the stress response and related disorders such as depression. Drawing on research from a variety of other disorders, we will highlight challenges and opportunities for modulators that can shift microglia to a "trophic" phenotype with a view to potential therapeutics relevant for stressor-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Prowse
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Shawn Hayley
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Preclinical Marmoset Model for Targeting Chronic Inflammation as a Strategy to Prevent Alzheimer's Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040388. [PMID: 33920929 PMCID: PMC8071309 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the aging population, modern society is facing an increasing prevalence of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is an age-related chronic neurodegenerative disorder for which no satisfying therapy exists. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the onset of AD is necessary to find targets for protective treatment. There is growing awareness of the essential role of the immune system in the early AD pathology. Amyloidopathy, the main feature of early-stage AD, has a deregulating effect on the immune function. This is reciprocal as the immune system also affects amyloidopathy. It seems that the inflammatory reaction shows a heterogeneous pattern depending on the stage of the disease and the variation between individuals, making not only the target but also the timing of treatment important. The lack of relevant translational animal models that faithfully reproduce clinical and pathogenic features of AD is a major cause of the delay in developing new disease-modifying therapies and their optimal timing of administration. This review describes the communication between amyloidopathy and inflammation and the possibility of using nonhuman primates as a relevant animal model for preclinical AD research.
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Sugama S, Kakinuma Y. Noradrenaline as a key neurotransmitter in modulating microglial activation in stress response. Neurochem Int 2020; 143:104943. [PMID: 33340593 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
State of mind can influence susceptibility and progression of diseases and disorders not only in peripheral organs, but also in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the underlying mechanism how state of mind can affect susceptibility to various illnesses in the CNS is not fully understood. Among a number of candidates responsible for stress-induced neuroimmunomodulation, noradrenaline has recently been shown to play crucial roles in the major immune cells of the brain, microglia. In particular, recent studies have demonstrated that noradrenaline may be a key neurotransmitter in modulating microglial cells, thereby determining different cell conditions and responses ranging from resting to activation state depending on host stress level or whether the host is awake or asleep. For instance, microglia under resting conditions may have constructive roles in surveillance, such as debris clearance, synaptic monitoring, pruning, and remodeling. In contrast, once activated, microglia may become less efficient in surveillance activities, and instead implicated in detrimental roles such as cytokine or superoxide release. It is also likely that glial activation, both astrocytes and microglia, are negatively associated with the clearance of brain waste via the glymphatic system. In this review, we discuss the possible underlying mechanism as well as the roles of stress-induced microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuei Sugama
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
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8
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Hui B, Yao X, Zhang L, Zhou Q. Dexamethasone sodium phosphate attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation in microglia BV2 cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 393:1761-1768. [PMID: 31915845 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01775-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal neuroinflammation ignited by overproduction of chemokines and cytokines via microglial cells can induce the occurrence and development of neurodegenerative disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (Dex-SP) on chemokine and cytokine secretion in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglial cells. LPS markedly enhanced the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors such as regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), transforming growth factor beta-β1 (TGF-β1) and nitric oxide (NO), but decreased the production of macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) in BV-2 microglial cells. Furthermore, LPS increased BV-2 microglial cell migration. However, Dex-SP treatment had the opposite effect, dampening the secretion of RANTES, TGF-β1, and NO, while increasing the production of MIP-1α and IL-10 and blocking migration of LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells. Furthermore, Dex-SP markedly suppressed the LPS-induced degradation of IRAK-1 and IRAK-4, and blocked the activation in TRAF6, p-TAK1, and p-JNK in BV-2 microglial cells. These results showed that Dex-SP inhibited the neuroinflammatory response and migration in LPS-activated BV-2 microglia by inhibiting the secretion of RANTES, TGF-β1, and NO and increasing the production of MIP-1α and IL-10. The molecular mechanism of Dex-SP may be associated with inhibition of TRAF6/TAK-1/JNK signaling pathways mediated by IRAK-1 and IRAK-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hui
- College of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medical & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Health School attached to Shanghai University of Medical & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Yao
- Jiyuan Shi People's Hospital, Jiyuan, Henan, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qinhua Zhou
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China.
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Long H, Zhong G, Wang C, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Luo J, Shi S. TREM2 Attenuates Aβ1-42-Mediated Neuroinflammation in BV-2 Cells by Downregulating TLR Signaling. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1830-1839. [PMID: 31134514 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02817-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) mainly involves abnormal accumulation of extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) and the consequent neurotoxic effects. The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) gene is associated with the pathogenesis of LOAD and plays important roles in mediating the phagocytosis of Aβ by microglia and regulating inflammation in central nervous system. However, the exact mechanisms of these processes have not yet been clarified. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which TREM2 regulates neuroinflammation and promotes Aβ1-42 clearance by BV-2 cells and further elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms. We either silenced or overexpressed TREM2 in BV-2 cells and evaluated the cell viability, Aβ1-42 content, and expression of inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). TREM2 overexpression up-regulated cell activity, promoted clearance of Aβ1-42 by BV-2 cells, and down-regulated expression of the inflammatory factors. In addition, TREM2 overexpression downregulation the expression of the TLR family (TLR2, TLR4 and TLR6) in BV-2 cells. Moreover, LPS, as an agonist of the TLR family, up-regulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) in BV-2 cells overexpressing TREM2. In conclusion, TREM2 promoted clearance of Aβ1-42 by BV-2 cells and restored BV-2 cell viability from Aβ1-42-mediated neuroinflammation by downregulating TLRs. These findings suggest that TREM2 may be a target for LOAD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Long
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Gang Zhong
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Chengzhi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jinglian Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shengliang Shi
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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Lee J, Bayarsaikhan D, Arivazhagan R, Park H, Lim B, Gwak P, Jeong GB, Lee J, Byun K, Lee B. CRISPR/Cas9 Edited sRAGE-MSCs Protect Neuronal Death in Parkinsons Disease Model. Int J Stem Cells 2019; 12:114-124. [PMID: 30836725 PMCID: PMC6457706 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc18110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Parkinsons disease (PD) is a fatal and progressive degenerative disease of the nervous system. Until recently, its promising treatment and underlying mechanisms for neuronal death are poorly understood. This study was investigated to identify the molecular mechanism of neuronal death in the substantia nigra and corpus striatum of PD. Methods The soluble RAGE (sRAGE) secreting Umbilical Cord Blood-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell (UCB-MSC) was generated by gene editing method using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9). These cells were transplanted into Corpus Striatum of rotenone-induced PD animal models then behavioral test, morphological analysis, and immunohistochemical experiments were performed to determine the neuronal cell death and recovery of movement. Results The neuronal cell death in Corpus Striatum and Substantia Nigra was dramatically reduced and the movement was improved after sRAGE secreting UCB-MSC treatment in PD mice by inhibition of RAGE in neuronal cells. Conclusions We suggest that sRAGE secreting UCB-MSC based therapeutic approach could be a potential treatment strategy for neurodegenerative disease including PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesuk Lee
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics & Stem Cell Core Facility, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Delger Bayarsaikhan
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics & Stem Cell Core Facility, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Roshini Arivazhagan
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics & Stem Cell Core Facility, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyejung Park
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics & Stem Cell Core Facility, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Byungyoon Lim
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics & Stem Cell Core Facility, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Peter Gwak
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics & Stem Cell Core Facility, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Goo-Bo Jeong
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics & Stem Cell Core Facility, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Kyunghee Byun
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics & Stem Cell Core Facility, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Bonghee Lee
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics & Stem Cell Core Facility, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
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Chen Y, Wang T, Rogers KA, Rutt BK, Ronald JA. Close Association of Myeloperoxidase-Producing Activated Microglia with Amyloid Plaques in Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 67:1221-1234. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxin Chen
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Tianduo Wang
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Kem A. Rogers
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Brian K. Rutt
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John A. Ronald
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
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12
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Yang W, Zhou K, Zhou Y, An Y, Hu T, Lu J, Huang S, Pei G. Naringin Dihydrochalcone Ameliorates Cognitive Deficits and Neuropathology in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:169. [PMID: 29922152 PMCID: PMC5996202 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multi-factorial neurodegenerative disorder with abnormal accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, neuroinflammation and impaired neurogenesis. Mounting evidences suggest that single-target drugs have limited effects on clinical treatment and alternative or multiple targets are required. In recent decades, natural compounds and their derivatives have gained increasing attention in AD drug discovery due to their inherently enormous chemical and structural diversity. In this study, we demonstrated that naringin dihydrochalcone (NDC), a widely used dietary sweetener with strong antioxidant activity, improved the cognitive function of transgenic AD mice. Pathologically, NDC attenuated Aβ deposition in AD mouse brain. Furthermore, NDC reduced periplaque activated microglia and astrocytes, indicating the inhibition of neuroinflammation. It also enhanced neurogenesis as investigated by BrdU/NeuN double labeling. Additionally, the inhibition of Aβ level and neuroinflammation by NDC treatment was also observed in an AD cell model or a microglia cell line. Taken together, our study indicated that NDC might be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of AD against multiple targets that include Aβ pathology, neuroinflammation and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Keyan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqian An
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shichao Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Kwak KA, Lee SP, Yang JY, Park YS. Current Perspectives regarding Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:6392986. [PMID: 29686714 PMCID: PMC5852851 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6392986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder featuring memory loss and cognitive impairment, is caused by synaptic failure and the excessive accumulation of misfolded proteins. Many unsuccessful attempts have been made to develop new small molecules or antibodies to intervene in the disease's pathogenesis. Stem cell-based therapies cast a new hope for AD treatment as a replacement or regeneration strategy. The results from recent preclinical studies regarding stem cell-based therapies are promising. Human clinical trials are now underway. However, a number of questions remain to be answered prior to safe and effective clinical translation. This review explores the pathophysiology of AD and summarizes the relevant stem cell research according to cell type. We also briefly summarize related clinical trials. Finally, future perspectives are discussed with regard to their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Ah Kwak
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Pyo Lee
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Yang
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Daejeon Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seok Park
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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14
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Rajmohan R, Reddy PH. Amyloid-Beta and Phosphorylated Tau Accumulations Cause Abnormalities at Synapses of Alzheimer's disease Neurons. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 57:975-999. [PMID: 27567878 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau are hallmark lesions of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the loss of synapses and dysfunctions of neurotransmission are more directly tied to disease severity. The role of these lesions in the pathoetiological progression of the disease remains contested. Biochemical, cellular, molecular, and pathological studies provided several lines of evidence and improved our understanding of how Aβ and hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation may directly harm synapses and alter neurotransmission. In vitro evidence suggests that Aβ and hyperphosphorylated tau have both direct and indirect cytotoxic effects that affect neurotransmission, axonal transport, signaling cascades, organelle function, and immune response in ways that lead to synaptic loss and dysfunctions in neurotransmitter release. Observations in preclinical models and autopsy studies support these findings, suggesting that while the pathoetiology of positive lesions remains elusive, their removal may reduce disease severity and progression. The purpose of this article is to highlight the need for further investigation of the role of tau in disease progression and its interactions with Aβ and neurotransmitters alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Rajmohan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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15
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Kang JM, Yeon BK, Cho SJ, Suh YH. Stem Cell Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of Recent Clinical Trials. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 54:879-889. [PMID: 27567851 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy has been noted to be a disease-modifying treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD). After the failure to develop new drugs for AD, the number of studies on stem cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs), has increased from the early 2000 s. Issues pertaining to stem cells have been investigated in many animal studies in terms of stem cell origin, differentiation potency, method of culture, tumor formation, injection route, and mobility. Since 2010, mainly in East Asia, researchers began clinical trials investigating the use of stem cells for AD. Two phase I trials on moderate AD have been completed; though they revealed no severe acute or long-term side effects, no significant clinical efficacy was observed. Several studies, which involve more sophisticated study designs using different injection routes, well-established scales, and biomarkers such as amyloid positron emission tomography, are planned for mild to moderate AD patients. Here, we review the concept of stem cell therapy for AD and the progress of recent clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Myeong Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Byeong Kil Yeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.,Incheon Metropolitan Dementia Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yoo-Hun Suh
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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16
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Cătălin B, Stopper L, Bălşeanu TA, Scheller A. The in situ morphology of microglia is highly sensitive to the mode of tissue fixation. J Chem Neuroanat 2017; 86:59-66. [PMID: 28866082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are known as the most motile cells in the central nervous system (CNS). It was shown in vivo that they permanently scan their direct microenvironment and react to pathological conditions within minutes. Many studies of brain pathologies use fixed brain tissue to investigate cellular changes. Unfortunately, due to technical reasons, the time span between the induction of the fixation procedure (start of the perfusion) and the finally-fixed tissue lasts several minutes, giving time to microglia to start reacting to the ischemic conditions due to perfusion start. Here, we investigated the microglial changes generated by the fixation itself in TgH(CX3CR1-EGFP) mice with fluorescent labelled microglia using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of fixed brain tissue as well as two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2P-LSM) during the perfusion of a living animal. We revealed the impact of fixation and buffer parameters on cell morphology. The largest morphological differences compared to physiological in vivo branch arborization were observed when the directly dissected brain was immersed in paraformaldehyde fixation solution overnight, without prior fixative perfusion of the animal. But even perfusion with a fixative, followed by post-fixation leads to small changes in microglial process length and number and could not be prevented when compared to physiological in vivo microglia morphology acquired using in vivo 2P-LSM. Interestingly, perfusion with different buffers either oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid or phosphate buffered saline prior to perfusion-fixation showed minor microglia changes in arborization and/or number of processes. Fixation methods influence microglia morphology. Therefore, to define microglia activation states immunohistochemical stainings or genetic labelling of the cells have to be included in addition to morphological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Cătălin
- Department of Molecular Physiology, CIPMM (Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine), Building 48, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany; Department of Functional Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania.
| | - Laura Stopper
- Department of Molecular Physiology, CIPMM (Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine), Building 48, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Tudor-Adrian Bălşeanu
- Department of Functional Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania; Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - Anja Scheller
- Department of Molecular Physiology, CIPMM (Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine), Building 48, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) represents arguably the most significant social, economic, and medical crisis of our time. Characterized by progressive neurodegenerative pathology, AD is first and foremost a condition of neuronal and synaptic loss. Repopulation and regeneration of depleted neuronal circuitry by exogenous stem cells is therefore a rational therapeutic strategy. This review will focus on recent advances in stem cell therapies utilizing animal models of AD, as well as detailing the human clinical trials of stem cell therapies for AD that are currently undergoing development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Duncan
- Regenerative Neuroscience Group, Brain and Mind Centre & Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Michael Valenzuela
- Regenerative Neuroscience Group, Brain and Mind Centre & Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia.
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18
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Marins FR, Iddings JA, Fontes MAP, Filosa JA. Evidence that remodeling of insular cortex neurovascular unit contributes to hypertension-related sympathoexcitation. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:e13156. [PMID: 28270592 PMCID: PMC5350170 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The intermediate region of the posterior insular cortex (intermediate IC) mediates sympathoexcitatory responses to the heart and kidneys. Previous studies support hypertension-evoked changes to the structure and function of neurons, blood vessels, astrocytes and microglia, disrupting the organization of the neurovascular unit (NVU). In this study, we evaluated the functional and anatomical integrity of the NVU at the intermediate IC in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and its control the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY). Under urethane anesthesia, NMDA microinjection (0.2 mmol/L/100 nL) was performed at the intermediate IC with simultaneous recording of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). Alterations in NVU structure were investigated by immunofluorescence for NMDA receptors (NR1), blood vessels (70 kDa FITC-dextran), astrocytes (GFAP), and microglia (Iba1). Injections of NMDA into intermediate IC of SHR evoked higher amplitude responses of RSNA, MAP, and HR On the other hand, NMDA receptor blockade decreased baseline RSNA, MAP and HR in SHR, with no changes in WKY Immunofluorescence data from SHR intermediate IC showed increased NMDA receptor density, contributing to the SHR enhanced sympathetic responses, and increased in vascular density (increased number of branches and endpoints, reduced average branch length), suggesting angiogenesis. Additionally, IC from SHR presented increased GFAP immunoreactivity and contact between astrocyte processes and blood vessels. In SHR, IC microglia skeleton analysis supports their activation (reduced number of branches, junctions, endpoints and process length), suggesting an inflammatory process in this region. These findings indicate that neurogenic hypertension in SHR is accompanied by marked alterations to the NVU within the IC and enhanced NMDA-mediated sympathoexcitatory responses likely contributors of the maintenance of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda R Marins
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, INCT, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Marco A P Fontes
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, INCT, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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19
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Bayarsaikhan E, Bayarsaikhan D, Lee J, Son M, Oh S, Moon J, Park HJ, Roshini A, Kim SU, Song BJ, Jo SM, Byun K, Lee B. Microglial AGE-albumin is critical for neuronal death in Parkinson's disease: a possible implication for theranostics. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 10 Spec Iss:281-92. [PMID: 27601894 PMCID: PMC5003553 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s95077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), by inducing protein aggregation and cross-link, formation of Lewy body, and neuronal death. In this study, we observed that AGE-albumin, the most abundant AGE product in the human PD brain, is synthesized in activated microglial cells and accumulates in the extracellular space. AGE-albumin synthesis in human-activated microglial cells is distinctly inhibited by ascorbic acid and cytochalasin treatment. Accumulated AGE-albumin upregulates the receptor to AGE, leading to apoptosis of human primary dopamine (DA) neurons. In animal experiments, we observed reduced DA neuronal cell death by treatment with soluble receptor to AGE. Our study provides evidence that activated microglial cells are one of the main contributors in AGE-albumin accumulation, deleterious to DA neurons in human and animal PD brains. Finally, activated microglial AGE-albumin could be used as a diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker with high sensitivity for neurodegenerative disorders, including PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enkhjargal Bayarsaikhan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Department of General Laboratory, National Cancer Center of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Delger Bayarsaikhan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesuk Lee
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongjoo Son
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyeon Oh
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsik Moon
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jeong Park
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Arivazhagan Roshini
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung U Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Seung-Mook Jo
- Department of Emergency Medical Services, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Byun
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonghee Lee
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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20
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Han SH, Park JC, Mook-Jung I. Amyloid β-interacting partners in Alzheimer's disease: From accomplices to possible therapeutic targets. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 137:17-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Pistollato F, Cavanaugh SE, Chandrasekera PC. A Human-Based Integrated Framework forAlzheimer’s Disease Research. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 47:857-68. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a critical unsolved question; and although recent studies have demonstrated a strong association between altered brain immune responses and disease progression, the mechanistic cause of neuronal dysfunction and death is unknown. We have previously described the unique CVN-AD mouse model of AD, in which immune-mediated nitric oxide is lowered to mimic human levels, resulting in a mouse model that demonstrates the cardinal features of AD, including amyloid deposition, hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau, behavioral changes, and age-dependent hippocampal neuronal loss. Using this mouse model, we studied longitudinal changes in brain immunity in relation to neuronal loss and, contrary to the predominant view that AD pathology is driven by proinflammatory factors, we find that the pathology in CVN-AD mice is driven by local immune suppression. Areas of hippocampal neuronal death are associated with the presence of immunosuppressive CD11c(+) microglia and extracellular arginase, resulting in arginine catabolism and reduced levels of total brain arginine. Pharmacologic disruption of the arginine utilization pathway by an inhibitor of arginase and ornithine decarboxylase protected the mice from AD-like pathology and significantly decreased CD11c expression. Our findings strongly implicate local immune-mediated amino acid catabolism as a novel and potentially critical mechanism mediating the age-dependent and regional loss of neurons in humans with AD.
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23
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Beach TG, Adler CH, Sue LI, Serrano G, Shill HA, Walker DG, Lue L, Roher AE, Dugger BN, Maarouf C, Birdsill AC, Intorcia A, Saxon-Labelle M, Pullen J, Scroggins A, Filon J, Scott S, Hoffman B, Garcia A, Caviness JN, Hentz JG, Driver-Dunckley E, Jacobson SA, Davis KJ, Belden CM, Long KE, Malek-Ahmadi M, Powell JJ, Gale LD, Nicholson LR, Caselli RJ, Woodruff BK, Rapscak SZ, Ahern GL, Shi J, Burke AD, Reiman EM, Sabbagh MN. Arizona Study of Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders and Brain and Body Donation Program. Neuropathology 2015; 35:354-89. [PMID: 25619230 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Brain and Body Donation Program (BBDP) at Banner Sun Health Research Institute (http://www.brainandbodydonationprogram.org) started in 1987 with brain-only donations and currently has banked more than 1600 brains. More than 430 whole-body donations have been received since this service was commenced in 2005. The collective academic output of the BBDP is now described as the Arizona Study of Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders (AZSAND). Most BBDP subjects are enrolled as cognitively normal volunteers residing in the retirement communities of metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona. Specific recruitment efforts are also directed at subjects with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and cancer. The median age at death is 82. Subjects receive standardized general medical, neurological, neuropsychological and movement disorders assessments during life and more than 90% receive full pathological examinations by medically licensed pathologists after death. The Program has been funded through a combination of internal, federal and state of Arizona grants as well as user fees and pharmaceutical industry collaborations. Subsets of the Program are utilized by the US National Institute on Aging Arizona Alzheimer's Disease Core Center and the US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Brain and Tissue Resource for Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders. Substantial funding has also been received from the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research. The Program has made rapid autopsy a priority, with a 3.0-hour median post-mortem interval for the entire collection. The median RNA Integrity Number (RIN) for frozen brain and body tissue is 8.9 and 7.4, respectively. More than 2500 tissue requests have been served and currently about 200 are served annually. These requests have been made by more than 400 investigators located in 32 US states and 15 countries. Tissue from the BBDP has contributed to more than 350 publications and more than 200 grant-funded projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Beach
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Lucia I Sue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Geidy Serrano
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Holly A Shill
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | - LihFen Lue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Alex E Roher
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Chera Maarouf
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Alex C Birdsill
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | | | - Joel Pullen
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Jessica Filon
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Sarah Scott
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Angelica Garcia
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kathryn J Davis
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Kathy E Long
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | | | - Lisa D Gale
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiong Shi
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Anna D Burke
- Banner Alzheimer Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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24
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Potential therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease targeting or beyond β-amyloid: insights from clinical trials. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:837157. [PMID: 25136630 PMCID: PMC4124758 DOI: 10.1155/2014/837157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with two hallmarks: β-amyloid plagues and neurofibrillary tangles. It is one of the most alarming illnesses to elderly people. No effective drugs and therapies have been developed, while mechanism-based explorations of therapeutic approaches have been intensively investigated. Outcomes of clinical trials suggested several pitfalls in the choice of biomarkers, development of drug candidates, and interaction of drug-targeted molecules; however, they also aroused concerns on the potential deficiency in our understanding of pathogenesis of AD, and ultimately stimulated the advent of novel drug targets tests. The anticipated increase of AD patients in next few decades makes development of better therapy an urgent issue. Here we attempt to summarize and compare putative therapeutic strategies that have completed clinical trials or are currently being tested from various perspectives to provide insights for treatments of Alzheimer's disease.
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25
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Santiago AR, Baptista FI, Santos PF, Cristóvão G, Ambrósio AF, Cunha RA, Gomes CA. Role of microglia adenosine A(2A) receptors in retinal and brain neurodegenerative diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:465694. [PMID: 25132733 PMCID: PMC4124703 DOI: 10.1155/2014/465694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation mediated by microglial cells in the brain has been commonly associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Whether this microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is cause or consequence of neurodegeneration is still a matter of controversy. However, it is unequivocal that chronic neuroinflammation plays a role in disease progression and halting that process represents a potential therapeutic strategy. The neuromodulator adenosine emerges as a promising targeting candidate based on its ability to regulate microglial proliferation, chemotaxis, and reactivity through the activation of its G protein coupled A2A receptor (A2AR). This is in striking agreement with the ability of A2AR blockade to control several brain diseases. Retinal degenerative diseases have been also associated with microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, but the role of A2AR has been scarcely explored. This review aims to compare inflammatory features of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases with glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, discussing the therapeutic potential of A2AR in these degenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R. Santiago
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- AIBILI, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa I. Baptista
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo F. Santos
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Cristóvão
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António F. Ambrósio
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- AIBILI, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A. Cunha
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina A. Gomes
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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26
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Meraz-Ríos MA, Toral-Rios D, Franco-Bocanegra D, Villeda-Hernández J, Campos-Peña V. Inflammatory process in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7:59. [PMID: 23964211 PMCID: PMC3741576 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the most common form of dementia. Histopathologically is characterized by the presence of two major hallmarks, the intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and extracellular neuritic plaques (NPs) surrounded by activated astrocytes and microglia. NFTs consist of paired helical filaments of truncated tau protein that is abnormally hyperphosphorylated. The main component in the NP is the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), a small fragment of 40–42 amino acids with a molecular weight of 4 kD. It has been proposed that the amyloid aggregates and microglia activation are able to favor the neurodegenerative process observed in AD patients. However, the role of inflammation in AD is controversial, because in early stages the inflammation could have a beneficial role in the pathology, since it has been thought that the microglia and astrocytes activated could be involved in Aβ clearance. Nevertheless the chronic activation of the microglia has been related with an increase of Aβ and possibly with tau phosphorylation. Studies in AD brains have shown an upregulation of complement molecules, pro-inflammatory cytokines, acute phase reactants and other inflammatory mediators that could contribute with the neurodegenerative process. Clinical trials and animal models with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) indicate that these drugs may decrease the risk of developing AD and apparently reduce Aβ deposition. Finally, further studies are needed to determine whether treatment with anti-inflammatory strategies, may decrease the neurodegenerative process that affects these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Meraz-Ríos
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Mexico City, Mexico
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Wyss-Coray T, Rogers J. Inflammation in Alzheimer disease-a brief review of the basic science and clinical literature. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 2:a006346. [PMID: 22315714 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 667] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical and neuropathological studies of brains from individuals with Alzheimer disease (AD) provide clear evidence for an activation of inflammatory pathways, and long-term use of anti-inflammatory drugs is linked with reduced risk to develop the disease. As cause and effect relationships between inflammation and AD are being worked out, there is a realization that some components of this complex molecular and cellular machinery are most likely promoting pathological processes leading to AD, whereas other components serve to do the opposite. The challenge will be to find ways of fine tuning inflammation to delay, prevent, or treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5235, USA; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
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Hellwig S, Heinrich A, Biber K. The brain's best friend: microglial neurotoxicity revisited. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:71. [PMID: 23734099 PMCID: PMC3655268 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
One long standing aspect of microglia biology was never questioned; their involvement in brain disease. Based on morphological changes (retracted processes and amoeboid shape) that inevitably occur in these cells in case of damage in the central nervous system, microglia in the diseased brain were called “activated.” Because “activated” microglia were always found in direct neighborhood to dead or dying neuron, and since it is known now for more than 20 years that cultured microglia release numerous factors that are able to kill neurons, microglia “activation” was often seen as a neurotoxic process. From an evolutionary point of view, however, it is difficult to understand why an important, mostly post-mitotic and highly vulnerable organ like the brain would host numerous potential killers. This review is aimed to critically reconsider the term microglia neurotoxicity and to discuss experimental problems around microglia biology, that often have led to the conclusion that microglia are neurotoxic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hellwig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
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Lazzarini M, Martin S, Mitkovski M, Vozari RR, Stühmer W, Bel ED. Doxycycline restrains glia and confers neuroprotection in a 6-OHDA Parkinson model. Glia 2013; 61:1084-100. [PMID: 23595698 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuron-glia interactions play a key role in maintaining and regulating the central nervous system. Glial cells are implicated in the function of dopamine neurons and regulate their survival and resistance to injury. Parkinson's disease is characterized by the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, decreased striatal dopamine levels and consequent onset of extrapyramidal motor dysfunction. Parkinson's disease is a common chronic, neurodegenerative disorder with no effective protective treatment. In the 6-OHDA mouse model of Parkinson's disease, doxycycline administered at a dose that both induces/represses conditional transgene expression in the tetracycline system, mitigates the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta and nerve terminals in the striatum. This protective effect was associated with: (1) a reduction of microglia in normal mice as a result of doxycycline administration per se; (2) a decrease in the astrocyte and microglia response to the neurotoxin 6-OHDA in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra compacta, and (3) the astrocyte reaction in the striatum. Our results suggest that doxycycline blocks 6-OHDA neurotoxicity in vivo by inhibiting microglial and astrocyte expression. This action of doxycycline in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron protection is consistent with a role of glial cells in Parkinson's disease neurodegeneration. The neuroprotective effect of doxycycline may be useful in preventing or slowing the progression of Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases linked to glia function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio Lazzarini
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Pathology, School of Odontology of Ribeirão Preto (FORP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Boche D, Perry VH, Nicoll JAR. Review: Activation patterns of microglia and their identification in the human brain. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2013; 39:3-18. [PMID: 23252647 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 703] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Boche
- Clinical Neurosciences; Clinical and Experimental Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton; UK
| | - V. H. Perry
- Centre for Biological Sciences; Faculty of Natural and Environmental Science; University of Southampton; Southampton; UK
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Wang Q, Xu Y, Chen JC, Qin YY, Liu M, Liu Y, Xie MJ, Yu ZY, Zhu Z, Wang W. Stromal cell-derived factor 1α decreases β-amyloid deposition in Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Brain Res 2012; 1459:15-26. [PMID: 22560596 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregates are known to induce neuronal and synaptic dysfunction, and thus are involved in learning and memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD), making Aβ deposits a potential target for prevention or treatment. Microglia, especially bone marrow-derived microglia (BMDM), has been recently thought to play important roles in internalizing and phagocytozing Aβ. BMDM originate in the bone marrow, migrate into the blood as hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and enter the brain in a chemokine-dependent manner. An effective chemoattractant for HPCs is stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), which is also involved in regulating HPCs differentiation. Therefore, we hypothesize that SDF-1 might have influence on the migration of BMDM from peripheral cycle to brain. To explore whether treatment with SDF-1α can decrease Aβ burden, APP/PS1 double transgenic mice were given intracerebroventricular injection of SDF-1α weekly from the age of 28 to 32 weeks (4 weeks of injections) or from 28 to 36 weeks (8 weeks of injections). The results of our study showed that SDF-1α treatment decreased the area and the number of Aβ deposits, increased the level of Iba-1, a marker of microglia, and increased the number of plaque associated microglia in the parenchyma of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. These results suggest that SDF-1 could provide a novel and promising target for the purpose of lowering Aβ pathology in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, China
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Scuderi C, Esposito G, Blasio A, Valenza M, Arietti P, Steardo L, Carnuccio R, De Filippis D, Petrosino S, Iuvone T, Di Marzo V, Steardo L. Palmitoylethanolamide counteracts reactive astrogliosis induced by β-amyloid peptide. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 15:2664-74. [PMID: 21255263 PMCID: PMC4373435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that astrogliosis is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Our previous findings suggested cannabinoids and Autacoid Local Injury Antagonism Amides (ALIAmides) attenuate glial response in models of neurodegeneration. The present study was aimed at exploring palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) ability to mitigate β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced astrogliosis. Experiments were carried out to investigate PEA’s (10−7M) effects upon the expression and release of pro-inflammatory molecules in rat primary astrocytes activated by soluble Aβ1–42 (1 μg/ml) as well as to identify mechanisms responsible for such actions. The effects of Aβ and exogenous PEA on the astrocyte levels of the endocannabinoidsand of endogenous ALIAmides were also studied. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α (MK886, 3 μM) or PPAR-γ (GW9662, 9 nM) antagonists were co-administered with PEA. Aβ elevated endogenous PEA and d5–2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) levels. Exogenous PEA blunted the Aβ-induced expression of pro-inflammatory molecules. This effect was reduced by PPAR-α antagonist. Moreover, this ALIAmide, like Aβ, increased 2-AG levels. These results indicate that PEA exhibits anti-inflammatory properties able to counteract Aβ-induced astrogliosis, and suggest novel treatment for neuroinflammatory/ neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Scuderi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Park SE, Sapkota K, Kim S, Kim H, Kim SJ. Kaempferol acts through mitogen-activated protein kinases and protein kinase B/AKT to elicit protection in a model of neuroinflammation in BV2 microglial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1008-25. [PMID: 21449918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Kaempferol, a dietary flavonoid and phyto-oestrogen, is known to have anti-inflammatory properties. Microglial activation has been implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases. Anti-inflammatory effects of kaempferol and the underlying mechanisms were investigated by using LPS-stimulated microglial BV2 cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cell viability was measured using MTT and neutral red assays. elisa, Western blot, immunocytochemistry and electrophoretic mobility-shift assay were used to analyse NO, PGE(2) , TNF-α and IL-1β production, inducible NOS (iNOS), COX-2 expression and the involvement of signalling pathways such as toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), MAPK cascades, PKB (AKT) and NF-κB. Accumulation of reaction oxygen species (ROS) was measured by nitroblue tetrazolium and 2'7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay. Matrix metalloproteinase activity was investigated by zymography and immunoblot assay. Phagocytotic activity was assessed by use of latex beads. KEY RESULTS Kaempferol significantly attenuated LPS-induced NO, PGE(2) , TNF-α, IL-1β and ROS production and phagocytosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Kaempferol suppressed the expression of iNOS, COX-2, MMP-3 and blocked the TLR4 activation. Moreover, kaempferol inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB activation and p38 MAPK, JNK and AKT phosphorylation. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Kaempferol was able to reduce LPS-induced inflammatory mediators through the down-regulation of TLR4, NF-κB, p38 MAPK, JNK and AKT suggesting that kaempferol has therapeutic potential for the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
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Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease: Utilization of Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Models in Studies of Amyloid Beta Clearance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 1:11-20. [PMID: 23440676 PMCID: PMC3575554 DOI: 10.1007/s13670-011-0004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been shown to be capable of clearing or at least restricting the accumulation of toxic amyloid beta (Aβ) deposits. Recently, bone marrow (BM)–derived monocytic cells have been recognized in experimental studies to be superior in their phagocytic properties when compared to their brain endogenous counterparts. In human AD, BM-derived monocytic cells may have deficiencies in their capacity to restrict plaque growth. Therefore, enhancement of phagocytic properties of cells of monocyte origin, both brain endogenous microglia and BM-derived monocytic cells, offers an attractive therapeutic approach to fight off AD. Transgenic mouse models with aberrant Aβ deposition offer a valuable tool for discovery of novel pathways to facilitate cell-mediated Aβ uptake. This article reviews the most recent findings on the phagocytic capacity of cells with monocytic origin in various transgenic AD models and describes the methods to study phagocytic activity of these cells.
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Yan SS, Chen D, Yan S, Guo L, Du H, Chen JX. RAGE is a key cellular target for Abeta-induced perturbation in Alzheimer's disease. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2012. [PMID: 22202057 DOI: 10.2741/265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RAGE, a receptor for advanced glycation endproducts, is an immunoglobulin-like cell surface receptor that is often described as a pattern recognition receptor due to the structural heterogeneity of its ligand. RAGE is an important cellular cofactor for amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta)-mediated cellular perturbation relevant to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The interaction of RAGE with Abeta in neurons, microglia, and vascular cells accelerates and amplifies deleterious effects on neuronal and synaptic function. RAGE-dependent signaling contributes to Abeta-mediated amyloid pathology and cognitive dysfunction observed in the AD mouse model. Blockade of RAGE significantly attenuates neuronal and synaptic injury. In this review, we summarize the role of RAGE in the pathogenesis of AD, specifically in Abeta-induced cellular perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley ShiDu Yan
- Department of Surgery, Physicians and Surgeons College of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Prat A, Behrendt M, Marcinkiewicz E, Boridy S, Sairam RM, Seidah NG, Maysinger D. A novel mouse model of Alzheimer's disease with chronic estrogen deficiency leads to glial cell activation and hypertrophy. J Aging Res 2011; 2011:251517. [PMID: 21969914 PMCID: PMC3182380 DOI: 10.4061/2011/251517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of estrogens in Alzheimer's disease (AD) involving β-amyloid (Aβ) generation and plaque formation was mostly tested in ovariectomized mice with or without APP mutations. The aim of the present study was to explore the abnormalities of neural cells in a novel mouse model of AD with chronic estrogen deficiency. These chimeric mice exhibit a total FSH-R knockout (FORKO) and carry two transgenes, one expressing the β-amyloid precursor protein (APPsw, Swedish mutation) and the other expressing presenilin-1 lacking exon 9 (PS1Δ9). The most prominent changes in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of these hypoestrogenic mice were marked hypertrophy of both cortical neurons and astrocytes and an increased number of activated microglia. There were no significant differences in the number of Aβ plaques although they appeared less compacted and larger than those in APPsw/PS1Δ9 control mice. Similar glia abnormalities were obtained in wild-type primary cortical neural cultures treated with letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor. The concordance of results from APPsw/PS1Δ9 mice with or without FSH-R deletion and those with letrozole treatment in vitro (with and without Aβ treatment) of primary cortical/hippocampal cultures suggests the usefulness of these models to explore molecular mechanisms involved in microglia and astrocyte activation in hypoestrogenic states in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annik Prat
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Maik Behrendt
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Room 1314, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Edwige Marcinkiewicz
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Sebastien Boridy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Room 1314, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ram M. Sairam
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nabil G. Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Room 1314, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
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Bruban J, Maoui A, Chalour N, An N, Jonet L, Feumi C, Tréton J, Sennlaub F, Behar-Cohen F, Mascarelli F, Dinet V. CCR2/CCL2-mediated inflammation protects photoreceptor cells from amyloid-β-induced apoptosis. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 42:55-72. [PMID: 21220018 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration is characterized by the formation of drusen containing amyloid-β (Aβ) and the degeneration of photoreceptors. To explore the largely unknown role of Aβ in the retina, we investigated the effects on photoreceptors of the oligomeric form of Aβ(1-42). Subretinal injection of the Aβ peptide induced misplaced expression of recoverin and synaptophysin in the photoreceptors, oxidative stress in their inner and outer segments, and finally apoptosis. Aβ did not induce cell death in purified photoreceptor cell cultures, but did so in retinal cell cultures, thereby suggesting that the cellular environment plays a role in Aβ-induced photoreceptor apoptosis. Subretinal injection of Aβ was followed by activation and migration of microglial cells and then by photoreceptor apoptosis. Microglial cells phagocytosed rhodopsin-containing debris and Aβ in the subretinal space. Quantitative RT-PCR allowed us to identify a specific gene expression profile associated with the Aβ-induced progression of retinal degeneration and consistent with oxidative stress, inflammation, and an apoptotic program. The gene most highly upregulated in Aβ-injected retinas was that for the chemokine CCL2, and its absence or that of its cognate receptor CCR2 greatly reduced migration of activated microglial cells to the site of retinal injury and profoundly worsened photoreceptor degeneration and disorganization of the retinal pigment epithelium in Aβ-injected retinas. Our study pinpoints the roles of Aβ and of CCL2/CCR2 axis-dependent inflammation in photoreceptor apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bruban
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, UMRS 872, F-75006 Paris, France
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Dibaj P, Steffens H, Nadrigny F, Neusch C, Kirchhoff F, Schomburg ED. Long-lasting post-mortem activity of spinal microglia in situ in mice. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:2431-40. [PMID: 20623536 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
As CNS macrophages, microglia show a high spontaneous motility of their processes, continuously surveying their microenvironment. Upon CNS injury, microglia react by immediate cellular polarization and process extension toward the lesion site as well as by subsequent amoeboid lesion-directed migration and phagocytosis. To determine the ability of microglia to fulfill their role within distinctively lesioned tissue in the absence of life support, we investigated microglial activity and responsiveness to laser-induced axonal injuries in the spinal dorsal columns in situ after cardiac and respiratory arrest, i.e., post-mortem, in the progressively degrading nervous tissue. For this purpose, we used time-lapse two-photon laser scanning microscopy in double transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein in microglia and enhanced yellow fluorescent protein in projection neurons. Depending on the premortal condition of the animal, microglial activity and responsiveness remain for up to5-10 hr post-mortem. Thereby, the continuously decreasing glial reaction is independent of oxygen and glucose supply but requires residual ATP, suggesting a parasitic form of energy, such as a transmembrane uptake of ATP released from injured nervous tissue. Even though initially microglia are able to detect axonal injury after disruption of the blood supply, the later aspects of glial reaction, for example amoeboid conversion and migration, are absent post- mortem, corresponding to the failure of microglia to prevent secondary damage after injury of nervous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Dibaj
- Department of Neurology, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Malm T, Koistinaho M, Muona A, Magga J, Koistinaho J. The role and therapeutic potential of monocytic cells in Alzheimer's disease. Glia 2010; 58:889-900. [PMID: 20155817 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a dementing neurodegenerative disorder without a cure. The abnormal parenchymal accumulation of beta-amyloid (Abeta) is associated with inflammatory reactions involving microglia and astrocytes. Increased levels of Abeta and Abeta deposition in the brain are thought to cause neuronal dysfunction and underlie dementia. Microglia, the brain resident cells of monocytic origin, have a potential ability to phagocytose Abeta but they also react to Abeta by increased production of proinflammatory toxic agents. Microglia originate from hemangioblastic mesoderm during early embryonic stages and from bone marrow (BM)-derived monocytic cells that home the brain throughout the neonatal stage of development. Recent studies indicate that BM or blood-derived monocytes are recruited to the diseased AD brain, associate with the Abeta depositions, and are more efficient phagocytes of Abeta compared with resident microglia. The clearance of Abeta deposition by these cells has been recently under intensive investigation and can occur through several different mechanisms. Importantly, peripheral monocytic cells of patients with AD appear to be deficient in clearing Abeta. This review will summarize the findings on the role of blood-derived cells in AD and discuss their therapeutic potential for treating patients suffering from this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarja Malm
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland
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Fang F, Lue LF, Yan S, Xu H, Luddy JS, Chen D, Walker DG, Stern DM, Yan S, Schmidt AM, Chen JX, Yan SS. RAGE-dependent signaling in microglia contributes to neuroinflammation, Abeta accumulation, and impaired learning/memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2009; 24:1043-55. [PMID: 19906677 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-139634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are critical for amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta)-mediated neuronal perturbation relevant to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. We demonstrate that overexpression of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in imbroglio exaggerates neuroinflammation, as evidenced by increased proinflammatory mediator production, Abeta accumulation, impaired learning/memory, and neurotoxicity in an Abeta-rich environment. Transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human mutant APP (mAPP) in neurons and RAGE in microglia displayed enhanced IL-1beta and TNF-alpha production, increased infiltration of microglia and astrocytes, accumulation of Abeta, reduced acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity, and accelerated deterioration of spatial learning/memory. Notably, introduction of a signal transduction-defective mutant RAGE (DN-RAGE) to microglia attenuates deterioration induced by Abeta. These findings indicate that RAGE signaling in microglia contributes to the pathogenesis of an inflammatory response that ultimately impairs neuronal function and directly affects amyloid accumulation. We conclude that blockade of microglial RAGE may have a beneficial effect on Abeta-mediated neuronal perturbation relevant to AD pathogenesis.-Fang, F., Lue, L.-F., Yan, S., Xu, H., Luddy, J. S., Chen, D., Walker, D. G., Stern, D. M., Yan, S., Schmidt, A. M., Chen, J. X., Yan, S. S. RAGE-dependent signaling in microglia contributes to neuroinflammation, Abeta accumulation, and impaired learning/memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- P&S 17-410, Department Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA
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Amelioration of cognitive ability in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) by intra-bone marrow-bone marrow transplantation. Neurosci Lett 2009; 465:36-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Mastroeni D, Grover A, Leonard B, Joyce JN, Coleman PD, Kozik B, Bellinger DL, Rogers J. Microglial responses to dopamine in a cell culture model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 30:1805-17. [PMID: 18325635 PMCID: PMC2762863 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activated microglia appear to selectively attack dopamine (DA) neurons in the Parkinson's disease (PD) substantia nigra. We investigated potential mechanisms using culture models. As targets, human SH-SY5Y cells were left undifferentiated (UNDIFF) or were differentiated with retinoic acid (RA) or RA plus brain-derived neurotrophic factor (RA/BDNF). RA/BDNF-treated cells were immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase and the DA transporter, took up exogenous DA, and released DA after K(+) stimulation. Undifferentiated and RA-treated cells lacked these characteristics of a DA phenotype. Co-culture of target cells with human elderly microglia resulted in elevated toxicity in DA phenotype (RA/BDNF) cells. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus K(+)-stimulated DA release enhanced toxicity by 500-fold. DA induced microglial chemotaxis in Boyden chambers. Spiperone inhibited this effect. Cultured human elderly microglia expressed mRNAs for D1-D4 but not D5 DA receptors. The microglia, as well as PD microglia in situ, were also immunoreactive for D1-D4 but not D5 DA receptors. These findings demonstrate that activated microglia express DA receptors, and suggest that this mechanism may play a role in the selective vulnerability of DA neurons in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Mastroeni
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85372
| | - Andrew Grover
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85372
| | - Brian Leonard
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85372
| | - Jeffrey N. Joyce
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85372
| | - Paul D. Coleman
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85372
| | - Brooke Kozik
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350
| | - Denise L. Bellinger
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350
| | - Joseph Rogers
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85372
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Cho Y, Son HJ, Kim EM, Choi JH, Kim ST, Ji IJ, Choi DH, Joh TH, Kim YS, Hwang O. Doxycycline is neuroprotective against nigral dopaminergic degeneration by a dual mechanism involving MMP-3. Neurotox Res 2009; 16:361-71. [PMID: 19582534 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In Parkinson disease (PD), the dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra undergo degeneration. While the exact mechanism for the degeneration is still not completely understood, neuronal apoptosis and inflammation are thought to play roles. We have recently obtained evidence that matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 plays a crucial role in the apoptotic signal in DAergic cells as well as activation of microglia. The present study tested whether doxycycline might modulate MMP-3 and provide neuroprotection of DAergic neurons. Doxycycline effectively suppressed the expression of MMP-3 induced in response to cellular stress in the DAergic CATH.a cells. This was accompanied by protection of CATH.a cells as well as primary cultured mesencephalic DAergic neurons via attenuation of apoptosis. The active form of MMP-3, released under the cell stress condition, was also decreased in the presence of doxycycline. In addition, doxycycline led to downregulation of MMP-3 in microglial BV-2 cells exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This was accompanied by suppression of production of nitric oxide and TNF-alpha, as well as gene expression of iNOS, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and COX-2. In vivo, doxycycline provided neuroprotection of the nigral DAergic neurons following MPTP treatment, as assessed by tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry and silver staining, and suppressed microglial activation and astrogliosis as assessed by Iba-1 and GFAP immunochemistry, respectively. Taken together, doxycycline showed neuroprotective effect on DAergic system both in vitro and in vivo and this appeared to derive from anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms involving downregulation of MMP-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 388-1 Pungnap-dong, Songpa-ku, Seoul 138-736, Korea
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Huang X, Reynolds AD, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. CD 4+ T cells in the pathobiology of neurodegenerative disorders. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 211:3-15. [PMID: 19439368 PMCID: PMC2696588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells orchestrate innate and adaptive immunity. In the central nervous system they modulate immune responses including cell trafficking and glial neuroregulatory functions through an array of soluble molecules cell-cell interactions affecting tissue homeostasis. During disease their roles evolve to an auto-aggressive or, alternatively, protective phenotype. How such a balance is struck in the setting of neurodegenerative disorders may reflect a dichotomy between regulatory T cell, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities versus effector T cell inflammation and neurodegeneration. Interestingly, such roles may show commonalities amongst neurodegenerative diseases. Herein we focus on strategies to modulate such CD4+ T cell responses for therapeutic gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyan Huang
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, 68198-5880, USA
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45
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ABCG2 is upregulated in Alzheimer's brain with cerebral amyloid angiopathy and may act as a gatekeeper at the blood-brain barrier for Abeta(1-40) peptides. J Neurosci 2009; 29:5463-75. [PMID: 19403814 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5103-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by accumulation and deposition of Abeta peptides in the brain. Abeta deposition in cerebrovessels occurs in many AD patients and results in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (AD/CAA). Since Abeta can be transported across blood-brain barrier (BBB), aberrant Abeta trafficking across BBB may contribute to Abeta accumulation in the brain and CAA development. Expression analyses of 273 BBB-related genes performed in this study showed that the drug transporter, ABCG2, was significantly upregulated in the brains of AD/CAA compared with age-matched controls. Increased ABCG2 expression was confirmed by Q-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Abcg2 was also increased in mouse AD models, Tg-SwDI and 3XTg. Abeta alone or in combination with hypoxia/ischemia failed to stimulate ABCG2 expression in BBB endothelial cells; however, conditioned media from Abeta-activated microglia strongly induced ABCG2 expression. ABCG2 protein in AD/CAA brains interacted and coimmunoprecipitated with Abeta. Overexpression of hABCG2 reduced drug uptake in cells; however, interaction of Abeta(1-40) with ABCG2 impaired ABCG2-mediated drug efflux. The role of Abcg2 in Abeta transport at the BBB was investigated in Abcg2-null and wild-type mice after intravenous injection of Cy5.5-labeled Abeta(1-40) or scrambled Abeta(40-1). Optical imaging analyses of live animals and their brains showed that Abcg2-null mice accumulated significantly more Abeta in their brains than wild-type mice. The finding was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. These results suggest that ABCG2 may act as a gatekeeper at the BBB to prevent blood Abeta from entering into brain. ABCG2 upregulation may serve as a biomarker of CAA vascular pathology in AD patients.
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Vukic V, Callaghan D, Walker D, Lue LF, Liu QY, Couraud PO, Romero IA, Weksler B, Stanimirovic DB, Zhang W. Expression of inflammatory genes induced by beta-amyloid peptides in human brain endothelial cells and in Alzheimer's brain is mediated by the JNK-AP1 signaling pathway. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 34:95-106. [PMID: 19162185 PMCID: PMC2720310 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by accumulation and deposition of Abeta peptides in the brain. Abeta deposition in cerebral vessels occurs in many AD patients and results in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (AD/CAA). Abeta deposits evoke neuro- and neurovascular inflammation contributing to neurodegeneration. In this study, we found that exposure of cultured human brain endothelial cells (HBEC) to Abeta(1-40) elicited expression of inflammatory genes MCP-1, GRO, IL-1beta and IL-6. Up-regulation of these genes was confirmed in AD and AD/CAA brains by qRT-PCR. Profiling of 54 transcription factors indicated that AP-1 was strongly activated not only in Abeta-treated HBEC but also in AD and AD/CAA brains. AP-1 complex in nuclear extracts from Abeta-treated HBEC bound to AP-1 DNA-binding sequence and activated the reporter gene of a luciferase vector carrying AP-1-binding site from human MCP-1 gene. AP-1 is a dimeric protein complex and supershift assay identified c-Jun as a component of the activated AP-1 complex. Western blot analyses showed that c-Jun was activated via JNK-mediated phosphorylation, suggesting that as a result of c-Jun phosphorylation, AP-1 was activated and thus up-regulated MCP-1 expression. A JNK inhibitor SP600125 strongly inhibited Abeta-induced c-Jun phosphorylation, AP-1 activation, AP-1 reporter gene activity and MCP-1 expression in cells stimulated with Abeta peptides. The results suggested that JNK-AP1 signaling pathway is responsible for Abeta-induced neuroinflammation in HBEC and Alzheimer's brain and that this signaling pathway may serve as a therapeutic target for relieving Abeta-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Vukic
- Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Debbie Callaghan
- Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | | | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Qing Yan Liu
- Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Pierre-Oliver Couraud
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- INSERM, U567, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Danica B. Stanimirovic
- Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Wandong Zhang
- Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Boissonneault V, Filali M, Lessard M, Relton J, Wong G, Rivest S. Powerful beneficial effects of macrophage colony-stimulating factor on beta-amyloid deposition and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2009; 132:1078-92. [PMID: 19151372 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a major cause of dementia in humans. The appearance of cognitive decline is linked to the overproduction of a short peptide called beta-amyloid (Abeta) in both soluble and aggregate forms. Here, we show that injecting macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) to Swedish beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP(Swe))/PS1 transgenic mice, a well-documented model for Alzheimer's disease, on a weekly basis prior to the appearance of learning and memory deficits prevented cognitive loss. M-CSF also increased the number of microglia in the parenchyma and decreased the number of Abeta deposits. Senile plaques were smaller and less dense in the brain of M-CSF-treated mice compared to littermate controls treated with vehicle solution. Interestingly, a higher ratio of microglia internalized Abeta in the brain of M-CSF-treated animals and the phagocytosed peptides were located in the late endosomes and lysosomes. Less Abeta(40) and Abeta(42) monomers were also detected in the extracellular protein enriched fractions of M-CSF-treated transgenic mice when compared with vehicle controls. Finally, treating APP(Swe)/PS1 mice that were already demonstrating installed Abeta pathology stabilized the cognitive decline. Together these results provide compelling evidence that systemic M-CSF administration is a powerful treatment to stimulate bone marrow-derived microglia, degrade Abeta and prevent or improve the cognitive decline associated with Abeta burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Boissonneault
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, CHUL Research Center, CHUQ, 2705 Blvd Laurier, Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada
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Lee JK, Jin HK, Bae JS. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells reduce brain amyloid-beta deposition and accelerate the activation of microglia in an acutely induced Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Neurosci Lett 2008; 450:136-41. [PMID: 19084047 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) has recently been explored in various pathological conditions of the central nervous system (CNS). However, the application of BM-MSCs in acutely induced Alzheimer's disease (AD) has not yet been reported. Herein the feasibility of using the BM-MSCs, as a therapeutic agent for AD has been tested. To assess this possibility, an acutely induced AD model induced by injecting amyloid-beta (Abeta) into the dentate gyrus (DG) of hippocampus of C57BL/6 mice was used. Intracerebral transplantation of BM-MSCs into the brain of an induced AD model reduced their Abeta levels when compared to sham-transplanted animals. The diminution of Abeta deposits was accompanied by the activation of microglia. In addition, the activated microglia was located near the Abeta deposits, and their morphology was changed from ramified to ameboid as a sign of microglial phagocytosis. This study provides evidence that BM-MSCs can promote the reduction of Abeta through the microglial activation in this acutely induced AD brain, suggesting a potential therapeutic agent against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Kil Lee
- Stem Cell Neuroplasticity Research Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Pan XD, Chen XC, Zhu YG, Zhang J, Huang TW, Chen LM, Ye QY, Huang HP. Neuroprotective role of tripchlorolide on inflammatory neurotoxicity induced by lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:362-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2008] [Revised: 05/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Beach TG, Sue LI, Walker DG, Roher AE, Lue L, Vedders L, Connor DJ, Sabbagh MN, Rogers J. The Sun Health Research Institute Brain Donation Program: description and experience, 1987-2007. Cell Tissue Bank 2008; 9:229-45. [PMID: 18347928 PMCID: PMC2493521 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-008-9067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Brain Donation Program at Sun Health Research Institute has been in continual operation since 1987, with over 1000 brains banked. The population studied primarily resides in the retirement communities of northwest metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona. The Institute is affiliated with Sun Health, a nonprofit community-owned and operated health care provider. Subjects are enrolled prospectively to allow standardized clinical assessments during life. Funding comes primarily from competitive grants. The Program has made short postmortem brain retrieval a priority, with a 2.75-h median postmortem interval for the entire collection. This maximizes the utility of the resource for molecular studies; frozen tissue from approximately 82% of all cases is suitable for RNA studies. Studies performed in-house have shown that, even with very short postmortem intervals, increasing delays in brain retrieval adversely affect RNA integrity and that cerebrospinal fluid pH increases with postmortem interval but does not predict tissue viability.
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