1
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Stone TW, Williams RO. Tryptophan metabolism as a 'reflex' feature of neuroimmune communication: Sensor and effector functions for the indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase kynurenine pathway. J Neurochem 2024; 168:3333-3357. [PMID: 38102897 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Although the central nervous system (CNS) and immune system were regarded as independent entities, it is now clear that immune system cells can influence the CNS, and neuroglial activity influences the immune system. Despite the many clinical implications for this 'neuroimmune interface', its detailed operation at the molecular level remains unclear. This narrative review focuses on the metabolism of tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway, since its products have critical actions in both the nervous and immune systems, placing it in a unique position to influence neuroimmune communication. In particular, since the kynurenine pathway is activated by pro-inflammatory mediators, it is proposed that physical and psychological stressors are the stimuli of an organismal protective reflex, with kynurenine metabolites as the effector arm co-ordinating protective neural and immune system responses. After a brief review of the neuroimmune interface, the general perception of tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway is expanded to emphasize this environmentally driven perspective. The initial enzymes in the kynurenine pathway include indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), which is induced by tissue damage, inflammatory mediators or microbial products, and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), which is induced by stress-induced glucocorticoids. In the immune system, kynurenic acid modulates leucocyte differentiation, inflammatory balance and immune tolerance by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptors and modulates pain via the GPR35 protein. In the CNS, quinolinic acid activates N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-sensitive glutamate receptors, whereas kynurenic acid is an antagonist: the balance between glutamate, quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid is a significant regulator of CNS function and plasticity. The concept of kynurenine and its metabolites as mediators of a reflex coordinated protection against stress helps to understand the variety and breadth of their activity. It should also help to understand the pathological origin of some psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases involving the immune system and CNS, facilitating the development of new pharmacological strategies for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard O Williams
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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2
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Stone TW, Clanchy FIL, Huang YS, Chiang NY, Darlington LG, Williams RO. An integrated cytokine and kynurenine network as the basis of neuroimmune communication. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1002004. [PMID: 36507331 PMCID: PMC9729788 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1002004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the molecular families closely associated with mediating communication between the brain and immune system are cytokines and the kynurenine metabolites of tryptophan. Both groups regulate neuron and glial activity in the central nervous system (CNS) and leukocyte function in the immune system, although neither group alone completely explains neuroimmune function, disease occurrence or severity. This essay suggests that the two families perform complementary functions generating an integrated network. The kynurenine pathway determines overall neuronal excitability and plasticity by modulating glutamate receptors and GPR35 activity across the CNS, and regulates general features of immune cell status, surveillance and tolerance which often involves the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR). Equally, cytokines and chemokines define and regulate specific populations of neurons, glia or immune system leukocytes, generating more specific responses within restricted CNS regions or leukocyte populations. In addition, as there is a much larger variety of these compounds, their homing properties enable the superimposition of dynamic variations of cell activity upon local, spatially limited, cell populations. This would in principle allow the targeting of potential treatments to restricted regions of the CNS. The proposed synergistic interface of 'tonic' kynurenine pathway affecting baseline activity and the superimposed 'phasic' cytokine system would constitute an integrated network explaining some features of neuroimmune communication. The concept would broaden the scope for the development of new treatments for disorders involving both the CNS and immune systems, with safer and more effective agents targeted to specific CNS regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W. Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Trevor W. Stone,
| | - Felix I. L. Clanchy
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yi-Shu Huang
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nien-Yi Chiang
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - L. Gail Darlington
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ashtead Hospital, Ashtead, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O. Williams
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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3
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Proinflammatory cytokines and their receptors as druggable targets to alleviate pathological pain. Pain 2022; 163:S79-S98. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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4
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Maixner D, Christy D, Kong L, Viatchenko-Karpinski V, Horner A, Hooks S, Weng HR. Phytohormone abscisic acid ameliorates neuropathic pain via regulating LANCL2 protein abundance and glial activation at the spinal cord. Mol Pain 2022; 18:17448069221107781. [PMID: 35647699 PMCID: PMC9248043 DOI: 10.1177/17448069221107781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the genesis of neuropathic
pain. Accumulating data suggest that abscisic acid (ABA), a phytohormone,
regulates inflammatory processes in mammals. In this study, we found that
reduction of the LANCL2 receptor protein but not the agonist ABA in the spinal
cord is associated with the genesis of neuropathic pain. Systemic or intrathecal
administration of ABA ameliorates the development and pre-existence of
mechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesia in animals with partial sciatic nerve
ligation (pSNL). LANCL2 is expressed only in microglia in the spinal dorsal
horn. Pre-emptive treatment with ABA attenuates activation of microglia and
astrocytes, ERK activity, and TNFα protein abundance in the dorsal horn in rats
with pSNL. These are accompanied by restoration of spinal LANCL2 protein
abundance. Spinal knockdown of LANCL2 gene with siRNA recapitulates the
behavioral and spinal molecular changes induced by pSNL. Activation of spinal
toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) with lipopolysaccharide leads to activation of
microglia, and over production of TNFα, which are concurrently accompanied by
suppression of protein levels of LANCL2 and peroxisome proliferator
activated-receptor γ. These changes are ameliorated when ABA is added with LPS.
The anti-inflammatory effects induced by ABA do not requires Gi
protein activity. Our study reveals that the ABA/LANCL2 system is a powerful
endogenous system regulating spinal neuroinflammation and nociceptive
processing, suggesting the potential utility of ABA as the management of
neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Maixner
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences15506University of Georgia College of Pharmacy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Han-Rong Weng
- Basic Sciences436933California Northstate University
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Iwamoto S, Itokazu T, Sasaki A, Kataoka H, Tanaka S, Hirata T, Miwa K, Suenaga T, Takai Y, Misu T, Fujihara K, Yamashita T. RGMa signal in Macrophages Induces Neutrophil-related Astrocytopathy in NMO. Ann Neurol 2022; 91:532-547. [PMID: 35167145 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Repulsive guidance molecule-a (RGMa) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked glycoprotein which has multiple functions including axon growth inhibition and immune regulation. However, its role in the pathophysiology of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is poorly understood. Perivascular astrocytopathy, which is induced by the leakage of aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-specific IgG into the central nervous system parenchyma, is a key feature of NMO pathology. We investigated the RGMa involvement in the pathology of NMO astrocytopathy, and tested a therapeutic potential of humanized anti-RGMa monoclonal antibody (RGMa-mAb). METHODS Using a clinically relevant NMO rat model, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of a RGMa-mAb by behavioral testing, immunohistochemistry, and gene expression assay. We further performed in vitro experiments to address the RGMa-signaling in macrophages. RESULTS In both NMO rats and an NMO-autopsied sample, RGMa was expressed by the spared neurons and astrocytes, whereas its receptor neogenin was expressed by infiltrating macrophages. AQP4-IgG-induced astrocytopathy and clinical exacerbation in NMO rats were ameliorated by RGMa-mAb treatment. RGMa-mAb treatment significantly suppressed neutrophil infiltration, and decreased the expression of neutrophil chemoattractants. Interestingly, neogenin-expressing macrophages accumulated in the lesion expressed CXCL2, a strong neutrophil chemoattractant, and further analysis revealed that RGMa directly regulated CXCL2 expression in macrophages. Finally, we found that our NMO rats developed neuropathic pain, and RGMa-mAb treatment effectively ameliorated the severity of neuropathic pain. INTERPRETATION RGMa signaling in infiltrated macrophages is a critical driver of neutrophil-related astrocytopathy in NMO lesions, and RGMa-mAb may provide an efficient therapeutic strategy for NMO-associated neuropathic pain and motor deficits in patients with NMO. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shosuke Iwamoto
- Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takahide Itokazu
- Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sasaki
- Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Kataoka
- Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shinji Tanaka
- Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hirata
- Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keiko Miwa
- Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiki Takai
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Misu
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuo Fujihara
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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6
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Thalidomide alleviates neuropathic pain through microglial IL-10/β-endorphin signaling pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114727. [PMID: 34390739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Thalidomide is an antiinflammatory, antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory agent which has been used for the treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum and multiple myeloma. It has also been employed in treating complex regional pain syndromes. The current study aimed to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying thalidomide-induced pain antihypersensitive effects in neuropathic pain. Thalidomide gavage, but not its more potent analogs lenalidomide and pomalidomide, inhibited mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in neuropathic pain rats induced by tight ligation of spinal nerves, with ED50 values of 44.9 and 23.5 mg/kg, and Emax values of 74% and 84% MPE respectively. Intrathecal injection of thalidomide also inhibited mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in neuropathic pain. Treatment with thalidomide, lenalidomide and pomalidomide reduced peripheral nerve injury-induced proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6) in the ipsilateral spinal cords of neuropathic rats and LPS-treated primary microglial cells. In contrast, treatment with thalidomide, but not lenalidomide or pomalidomide, stimulated spinal expressions of IL-10 and β-endorphin in neuropathic rats. Particularly, thalidomide specifically stimulated IL-10 and β-endorphin expressions in microglia but not astrocytes or neurons. Furthermore, pretreatment with the IL-10 antibody blocked upregulation of β-endorphin in neuropathic rats and cultured microglial cells, whereas it did not restore thalidomide-induced downregulation of proinflammatory cytokine expression. Importantly, pretreatment with intrathecal injection of the microglial metabolic inhibitor minocycline, IL-10 antibody, β-endorphin antiserum, and preferred or selective μ-opioid receptor antagonist naloxone or CTAP entirely blocked thalidomide gavage-induced mechanical antiallodynia. Our results demonstrate that thalidomide, but not lenalidomide or pomalidomide, alleviates neuropathic pain, which is mediated by upregulation of spinal microglial IL-10/β-endorphin expression, rather than downregulation of TNFα expression.
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7
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Andrade P, van Aalst J, Bauwens M, Vogg A, van Kroonenburgh MJ, Mottaghy FM, Teernstra OP, Hoogland G. Radionuclide tumor necrosis factor-alpha activity in herniated lumbar disc correlates with severe leg pain. Surg Neurol Int 2020; 11:344. [PMID: 33194278 PMCID: PMC7656018 DOI: 10.25259/sni_609_2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lumbar disc herniation is often associated with an inflammatory process. In this context, inflammation has been considered a key factor in the modulation of pain. Here, we present a case of inflammatory activity directly documented in a patient with a lumbar disc herniation. Case Description A 49-year-old male presented with progressive low back pain and left-sided S1 radiculopathy, without a focal neurological deficit. The lumbar MR revealed a prominent herniated disc at the L5-S1 level, with compression of the left S1 root. The patient underwent a L5-S1 discectomy using a standard interlaminar approach. Although initially he was pain free, he required three additional operations to address recurrent pain complaints. As research indicates that local inflammation contributes to neuropathic pain, we had the patient undergoes single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging using technetium-99m-labeled-infliximab (an anti-tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha monoclonal antibody) before a proposed fourth operation. The SPECT study documented a strong signal at the site of the herniated disc, thus confirming the diagnosis of a pro-inflammatory process involving the S1 nerve root. Nine months after the fourth operation, the patient was pain free. Of interest, the second SPECT study in the now asymptomatic patient demonstrated no detectable/ residual signal at the operative/disc site. Conclusion Absence of a SPECT TNF-alpha signal in a pain-free patient following a lumbar discectomy correlates with the reduction/resolution of the local preoperative inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Andrade
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jasper van Aalst
- Department of Neurosurgery Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands
| | - Matthias Bauwens
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands
| | - Andreas Vogg
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marinus J van Kroonenburgh
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands
| | - Felix M Mottaghy
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Onno P Teernstra
- Department of Neurosurgery Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands
| | - Govert Hoogland
- Department of Neurosurgery Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands.,Schoool for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands
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8
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Tobinick E. Immediate Resolution of Hemispatial Neglect and Central Post-Stroke Pain After Perispinal Etanercept: Case Report. Clin Drug Investig 2020; 40:93-97. [PMID: 31642048 PMCID: PMC6962280 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-019-00864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Tobinick
- Institute of Neurological Recovery, 1877 S. Federal Highway, Suite 110, Boca Raton, FL, 33432, USA.
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9
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Zhang S, Zhao J, Meng Q. AAV-mediated siRNA against TRPV1 reduces nociception in a rat model of bone cancer pain. Neurol Res 2019; 41:972-979. [PMID: 31296147 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2019.1639317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangli Zhang
- Department of Orthpedics, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Qinggang Meng
- Department of Orthpedics, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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10
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Zhang LY, Liu ZH, Zhu Q, Wen S, Yang CX, Fu ZJ, Sun T. Resolvin D2 Relieving Radicular Pain is Associated with Regulation of Inflammatory Mediators, Akt/GSK-3β Signal Pathway and GPR18. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:2384-2392. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Huang X, Wang W, Liu X, Xi Y, Yu J, Yang X, Ye X. Bone mesenchymal stem cells attenuate radicular pain by inhibiting microglial activation in a rat noncompressive disk herniation model. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 374:99-110. [PMID: 29858667 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2855-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Spinal disk herniation can induce radicular pain through chemical irritation caused by proinflammatory and immune responses. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are a unique type of adult stem cell with the functions of suppressing inflammation and modulating immune responses. This study was undertaken to observe the effect of intrathecal BMSCs on the treatment of mechanical allodynia and the suppression of microglial activation in a rat noncompressive disk herniation model. The model was induced by the application of nucleus pulposus (NP) to the L5 dorsal root ganglion (DRG). The study found that the use of NP in the DRG can induce abnormal mechanical pain, increase the contents of the proinflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β, decrease the content of the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β1 and activate microglia in the spinal dorsal horns (L5) (P < 0.05). BMSC administration could increase the mechanical withdrawal thresholds dramatically, decrease the contents of IL-1β and TNF-α, increase the content of TGF-β1 significantly (P < 0.05) and inhibit microglial activation in the bilateral spinal dorsal horn. Our results indicate that BMSC administration can reduce mechanical allodynia and downregulate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines by inhibiting microglial activation in the spinal dorsal horn in a rat noncompressive disk herniation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Weiheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Xilin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chengdu General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command Region, Chengdu, 610083, China
| | - Yanhai Xi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Jiangming Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Xiangqun Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Xiaojian Ye
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
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12
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Medelin M, Giacco V, Aldinucci A, Castronovo G, Bonechi E, Sibilla A, Tanturli M, Torcia M, Ballerini L, Cozzolino F, Ballerini C. Bridging pro-inflammatory signals, synaptic transmission and protection in spinal explants in vitro. Mol Brain 2018; 11:3. [PMID: 29334986 PMCID: PMC5769440 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is characterized by tissue atrophy involving the brain and the spinal cord, where reactive inflammation contributes to the neurodegenerative processes. Recently, the presence of synapse alterations induced by the inflammatory responses was suggested by experimental and clinical observations, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model and in patients, respectively. Further knowledge on the interplay between pro-inflammatory agents, neuroglia and synaptic dysfunction is crucial to the design of unconventional protective molecules. Here we report the effects, on spinal cord circuits, of a cytokine cocktail that partly mimics the signature of T lymphocytes sub population Th1. In embryonic mouse spinal organ-cultures, containing neuronal cells and neuroglia, cytokines induced inflammatory responses accompanied by a significant increase in spontaneous synaptic activity. We suggest that cytokines specifically altered signal integration in spinal networks by speeding the decay of GABAA responses. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that synapse protection by a non-peptidic NGF mimetic molecule prevented both the changes in the time course of GABA events and in network activity that were left unchanged by the cytokine production from astrocytes and microglia present in the cultured tissue. In conclusion, we developed an important tool for the study of synaptic alterations induced by inflammation, that takes into account the role of neuronal and not neuronal resident cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Medelin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - V Giacco
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - A Aldinucci
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - G Castronovo
- Department of DSBSC, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - E Bonechi
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - A Sibilla
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - M Tanturli
- Department of DSBSC, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - M Torcia
- Department of DMSC, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - L Ballerini
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), 34136, Trieste, Italy.
| | - F Cozzolino
- Department of DSBSC, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - C Ballerini
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy.
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13
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Intrathecal Resiniferatoxin Modulates TRPV1 in DRG Neurons and Reduces TNF-Induced Pain-Related Behavior. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:2786427. [PMID: 28831207 PMCID: PMC5558708 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2786427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) is a nonselective cation channel, predominantly expressed in sensory neurons. TRPV1 is known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and neuropathic pain states. Previous studies suggest interactions between tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) alpha and TRPV1, resulting in a modulation of ion channel function and protein expression in sensory neurons. We examined the effect of intrathecal administration of the ultrapotent TRPV1 agonist resiniferatoxin (RTX) on TNF-induced pain-associated behavior of rats using von Frey and hot plate behavioral testing. Intrathecal injection of TNF induces mechanical allodynia (2 and 20 ng/kg) and thermal hyperalgesia (200 ng) 24 h after administration. The additional intrathecal administration of RTX (1.9 μg/kg) alleviates TNF-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia 24 h after injection. In addition, TNF increases the TRPV1 protein level and number of TRPV1-expressing neurons. Both effects could be abolished by the administration of RTX. These results suggest that the involvement of TRPV1 in TNF-induced pain offers new TRPV1-based experimental therapeutic approaches and demonstrates the analgesic potential of RTX in inflammatory pain diseases.
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14
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Bilateral tactile hypersensitivity and neuroimmune responses after spared nerve injury in mice lacking vasoactive intestinal peptide. Exp Neurol 2017; 293:62-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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15
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Zhao H, Alam A, Chen Q, Eusman M, Pal A, Eguchi S, Wu L, Ma D. The role of microglia in the pathobiology of neuropathic pain development: what do we know? Br J Anaesth 2017; 118:504-516. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aex006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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16
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Jung Y, Lee JH, Kim W, Yoon SH, Kim SK. Anti-allodynic effect of Buja in a rat model of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy via spinal astrocytes and pro-inflammatory cytokines suppression. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:48. [PMID: 28088201 PMCID: PMC5237549 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1556-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxaliplatin, a widely used anticancer drug against metastatic colorectal cancer, can induce acute peripheral neuropathy, which is characterized by cold and mechanical allodynia. Activation of glial cells (e.g. astrocytes and microglia) and increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-1β and TNF-α) in the spinal cord play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Our previous study demonstrated that Gyejigachulbu-Tang (GBT), a herbal complex formula, alleviates oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain in rats by suppressing spinal glial activation. However, it remains to be elucidated whether and how Buja (Aconiti Tuber), a major ingredient of GBT, is involved in the efficacy of GBT. METHODS Cold and mechanical allodynia induced by an oxaliplatin injection (6 mg/kg, i.p.) in Sprauge-Dawley rats were evaluated by a tail immersion test in cold water (4 °C) and a von Frey hair test, respectively. Buja (300 mg/kg) was orally administrated for five consecutive days after the oxaliplatin injection. Glial activation in the spinal cord was quantified by immunohistochemical staining using GFAP (for astrocytes) and Iba-1 (for microglia) antibodies. The amount of spinal pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and TNF-α, were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Significant behavioral signs of cold and mechanical allodynia were observed 3 days after an oxaliplatin injection. Oral administration of Buja significantly alleviated oxaliplatin-induced cold and mechanical allodynia by increasing the tail withdrawal latency to cold stimuli and mechanical threshold. Immunohistochemical analysis showed the activation of astrocytes and microglia and the increase of the IL-1β and TNF-α levels in the spinal cord after an oxaliplatin injection. Administration of Buja suppressed the activation of spinal astrocytes without affecting microglial activation and down-regulated both IL-1β and TNF-α levels in the spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that Buja has a potent anti-allodynic effect in a rat model of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain, which is associated with the inhibition of activation of astrocytes and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the spinal cord. Thus, our findings suggest that administration of Buja could be an alternative therapeutic option for the management of peripheral neuropathy, a common side-effect of oxaliplatin.
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Chen NF, Chen WF, Sung CS, Lu CH, Chen CL, Hung HC, Feng CW, Chen CH, Tsui KH, Kuo HM, Wang HMD, Wen ZH, Huang SY. Contributions of p38 and ERK to the antinociceptive effects of TGF-β1 in chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic rats. J Headache Pain 2016; 17:72. [PMID: 27541934 PMCID: PMC4991976 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-016-0665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) are a group of multifunctional proteins that have neuroprotective roles in various experimental models. We previously reported that intrathecal (i.t.) injections of TGF-β1 significantly inhibit neuropathy-induced thermal hyperalgesia, spinal microglia and astrocyte activation, as well as upregulation of tumor necrosis factor-α. However, additional cellular mechanisms for the antinociceptive effects of TGF-β1, such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, have not been elucidated. During persistent pain, activation of MAPKs, especially p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), have crucial roles in the induction and maintenance of pain hypersensitivity, via both nontranscriptional and transcriptional regulation. In the present study, we used a chronic constriction injury (CCI) rat model to explore the role of spinal p38 and ERK in the analgesic effects of TGF-β1. Methods We investigated the cellular mechanisms of the antinociceptive effects of i.t. injections of TGF-β1 in CCI induced neuropathic rats by spinal immunohistofluorescence analyses. Results The results demonstrated that the antinociceptive effects of TGF-β1 (5 ng) were maintained at greater than 50 % of the maximum possible effect in rats with CCI for at least 6 h after a single i.t. administration. Thus, we further examined these alterations in spinal p38 and ERK from 0.5 to 6 h after i.t. administration of TGF-β1. TGF-β1 significantly attenuated CCI-induced upregulation of phosphorylated p38 (phospho-p38) and phosphorylated ERK (phospho-ERK) expression in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord. Double immunofluorescence staining illustrated that upregulation of spinal phospho-p38 was localized to neurons, activated microglial cells, and activated astrocytes in rats with CCI. Additionally, increased phospho-ERK occurred in activated microglial cells and activated astrocytes. Furthermore, i.t. administration of TGF-β1 markedly inhibited phospho-p38 upregulation in neurons, microglial cells, and astrocytes. However, i.t. injection of TGF-β1 also reduced phospho-ERK upregulation in microglial cells and astrocytes. Conclusions The present results demonstrate that suppressing p38 and ERK activity affects TGF-β1-induced analgesia during neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Fu Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, #70 Lien-Hai Rd, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80284, Taiwan.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Fu Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, #70 Lien-Hai Rd, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Sung Sung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiang Lu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80284, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Lin Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80284, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chun Hung
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, #70 Lien-Hai Rd, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wei Feng
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, #70 Lien-Hai Rd, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, #70 Lien-Hai Rd, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hao Tsui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, 81362, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy and Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Tajen University, Pingtung, 90741, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Mei Kuo
- Center for Neuroscience, National Sun Yat-sen University, #70 Lien-Hai Rd, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min David Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.,Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.,College of Oceanology and Food Scienece, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, #70 Lien-Hai Rd, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan. .,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan. .,Marine Biomedical Laboratory and Center for Translational Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Shi-Ying Huang
- Center for Neuroscience, National Sun Yat-sen University, #70 Lien-Hai Rd, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan. .,College of Oceanology and Food Scienece, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, China.
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Andrade P, Hoogland G, Teernstra OP, van Aalst J, van Maren E, Daemen MA, Visser-Vandewalle V. Elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and TNFR1 in recurrent herniated lumbar discs correlate with chronicity of postoperative sciatic pain. Spine J 2016; 16:243-51. [PMID: 26523959 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2015.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Sciatica is a condition characterized by radicular pain that can be secondary to a lumbar disc herniation (LDH). More than 10% of patients report persistent pain after surgery. The underlying mechanisms of postoperative sciatica remain unclear. There is evidence demonstrating that inflammation plays a role in the pathophysiology of sciatica. PURPOSE The study aimed to assess if the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and its receptors (TNFR) was correlated with the severity of pre- and postoperative leg pain in LDH patients who underwent single or multiple decompressive discectomies. SETTING This is an experimental prospective human study of intraoperative intervertebral disc (IVD) samples, as well as a clinical scores evaluation. METHODS We analyzed the mRNA and protein levels of TNF-α, TNFR1, and TNFR2 in IVD biopsies, and correlated them with visual analogue scale (VAS) scores 1 day before surgery to 6 weeks and 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS We evaluated the correlation between the inflammation in IVD with pre- and postoperative pain scores after discectomy in LDH patients operated for the first time (fLDH, N=12) and for recurrent cases (rLDH, N=8). This analysis showed that TNF-α and TNFR1 mRNA levels were significantly greater in rLDH patients; there was a twofold increase for TNF-α and a 50% increase for TNFR1. Similarly, protein levels in IVD samples positively correlated with postoperative VAS scores, whereas TNFR2 protein levels negatively correlated with postoperative VAS scores. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that rLDH patients present higher postoperative VAS scores compared with fLDH patients, and also that these scores are correlated with increased inflammation and may contribute to pain chronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Andrade
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Govert Hoogland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Onno P Teernstra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper van Aalst
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel van Maren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc A Daemen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kliniek Klein Rosendael, Rosendaalselaan 30, 6891 DG, Rozendaal, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle Visser-Vandewalle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
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19
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Guedon JMG, Wu S, Zheng X, Churchill CC, Glorioso JC, Liu CH, Liu S, Vulchanova L, Bekker A, Tao YX, Kinchington PR, Goins WF, Fairbanks CA, Hao S. Current gene therapy using viral vectors for chronic pain. Mol Pain 2015; 11:27. [PMID: 25962909 PMCID: PMC4446851 DOI: 10.1186/s12990-015-0018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of chronic pain and the challenges of pharmacotherapy highlight the importance of development of new approaches to pain management. Gene therapy approaches may be complementary to pharmacotherapy for several advantages. Gene therapy strategies may target specific chronic pain mechanisms in a tissue-specific manner. The present collection of articles features distinct gene therapy approaches targeting specific mechanisms identified as important in the specific pain conditions. Dr. Fairbanks group describes commonly used gene therapeutics (herpes simplex viral vector (HSV) and adeno-associated viral vector (AAV)), and addresses biodistribution and potential neurotoxicity in pre-clinical models of vector delivery. Dr. Tao group addresses that downregulation of a voltage-gated potassium channel (Kv1.2) contributes to the maintenance of neuropathic pain. Alleviation of chronic pain through restoring Kv1.2 expression in sensory neurons is presented in this review. Drs Goins and Kinchington group describes a strategy to use the replication defective HSV vector to deliver two different gene products (enkephalin and TNF soluble receptor) for the treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia. Dr. Hao group addresses the observation that the pro-inflammatory cytokines are an important shared mechanism underlying both neuropathic pain and the development of opioid analgesic tolerance and withdrawal. The use of gene therapy strategies to enhance expression of the anti-pro-inflammatory cytokines is summarized. Development of multiple gene therapy strategies may have the benefit of targeting specific pathologies associated with distinct chronic pain conditions (by Guest Editors, Drs. C. Fairbanks and S. Hao).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc G Guedon
- Graduate Program in Molecular Virology and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Room 1020 EEI, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Shaogen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, 185 S. Orange Ave., MSB, F-548, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | | | - Joseph C Glorioso
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 424 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
| | - Ching-Hang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Shue Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Alex Bekker
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, 185 S. Orange Ave., MSB, F-548, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Yuan-Xiang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, 185 S. Orange Ave., MSB, F-548, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA. .,Department of Neurology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA. .,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Paul R Kinchington
- Graduate Program in Molecular Virology and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Room 1020 EEI, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - William F Goins
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 424 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Shuanglin Hao
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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20
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Zhang Q, Yu J, Wang J, Ding CP, Han SP, Zeng XY, Wang JY. The Red Nucleus TNF-α Participates in the Initiation and Maintenance of Neuropathic Pain Through Different Signaling Pathways. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1360-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1599-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Miao GS, Liu ZH, Wei SX, Luo JG, Fu ZJ, Sun T. Lipoxin A4 attenuates radicular pain possibly by inhibiting spinal ERK, JNK and NF-κB/p65 and cytokine signals, but not p38, in a rat model of non-compressive lumbar disc herniation. Neuroscience 2015; 300:10-8. [PMID: 25943485 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory response induced by protrused nucleus pulposus (NP) has been shown to play a crucial role in the process of radicular pain. Lipoxins represent a unique class of lipid mediators that have anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving action. The present study was undertaken to investigate if intrathecal lipoxin A4 (LXA4) could alleviate mechanical allodynia in the rat models of application of NP to the L5 dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Non-compressive models of application of NP to L5 DRG were established and intrathecal catheterization for drug administration was performed in rats. Daily intrathecal injection of vehicle or LXA4 (10ng or 100ng) was performed for three successive days post-operation. Mechanical thresholds were tested and the ipsilateral lumbar (L4-L6) segment of spinal dorsal horns were removed for the determination of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1β, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and IL-10 expression and NF-κB/p65, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and P38 expression. Application of NP to DRG in rats induced mechanical allodynia, increased the expression of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-1β), NF-κB/p65, the phosphorylated-ERK (p-ERK), -JNK (p-JNK) and -P38 (p-p38) and decreased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β1 and IL-10) in the ipsilateral lumbar (L4-L6) segment of spinal dorsal horns. Intrathecal injection of LXA4 alleviated the development of neuropathic pain, inhibited the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β), upregulated the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β1 and IL-10) and attenuated the activation of NF-κB/p65, p-ERK, p-JNK, but not p-p38, in a dose-dependent manner. In this study, we have demonstrated that LXA4 potently alleviate radicular pain in a rat model of non-compressive lumbar disc herniation. The anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution properties of LXA4 have shown a great promise for the management of radicular pain caused by intervertebral disc herniation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-S Miao
- Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Z-H Liu
- Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - S-X Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Sixth People's Hospital of Jinan, Zhangqiu, Shandong, PR China
| | - J-G Luo
- Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Z-J Fu
- Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - T Sun
- Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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22
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Huang SY, Sung CS, Chen WF, Chen CH, Feng CW, Yang SN, Hung HC, Chen NF, Lin PR, Chen SC, Wang HMD, Chu TH, Tai MH, Wen ZH. Involvement of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10 in rodent model of neuropathic pain. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:59. [PMID: 25889774 PMCID: PMC4386079 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many cancer research studies have extensively examined the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10 (PTEN) pathway. There are only few reports that suggest that PTEN might affect pain; however, there is still a lack of evidence to show the role of PTEN for modulating pain. Here, we report a role for PTEN in a rodent model of neuropathic pain. Results We found that chronic constriction injury (CCI) surgery in rats could elicit downregulation of spinal PTEN as well as upregulation of phosphorylated PTEN (phospho-PTEN) and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (phospho-mTOR). After examining such changes in endogenous PTEN in neuropathic rats, we explored the effects of modulating the spinal PTEN pathway on nociceptive behaviors. The normal rats exhibited mechanical allodynia after intrathecal (i.t.) injection of adenovirus-mediated PTEN antisense oligonucleotide (Ad-antisense PTEN). These data indicate the importance of downregulation of spinal PTEN for nociception. Moreover, upregulation of spinal PTEN by i.t. adenovirus-mediated PTEN (Ad-PTEN) significantly prevented CCI-induced development of nociceptive sensitization, thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia, and weight-bearing deficits in neuropathic rats. Furthermore, upregulation of spinal PTEN by i.t. Ad-PTEN significantly attenuated CCI-induced microglia and astrocyte activation, upregulation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and phospho-mTOR, and downregulation of PTEN in neuropathic rats 14 days post injury. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that PTEN plays a key, beneficial role in a rodent model of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ying Huang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70, Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan. .,Center for Neuroscience, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70, Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Sung Sung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Section 2, Shipai Road, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan. .,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Wu-Fu Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70, Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, DAPI Road, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Xiamen Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 123, Xiafei Road, Fujian, 361026, China.
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70, Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan. .,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, No. 70, Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Wei Feng
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70, Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan. .,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, No. 70, Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.
| | - San-Nan Yang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, No. 1, Yida Road, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan.
| | - Han-Chun Hung
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70, Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan. .,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, No. 70, Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Nan-Fu Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70, Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan. .,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, No. 2, Zhongzheng 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80284, Taiwan.
| | - Pey-Ru Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, #70 Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.
| | - San-Cher Chen
- Center for Neuroscience, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70, Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, #70 Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Min David Wang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70, Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan. .,Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shiquan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shiquan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan. .,Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shiquan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Tian-Huei Chu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, #70 Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Hong Tai
- Center for Neuroscience, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70, Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, #70 Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan. .,Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70, Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70, Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan. .,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, No. 70, Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan. .,Marine Biomedical Laboratory and Center for Translational Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70, Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.
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23
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Old EA, Clark AK, Malcangio M. The role of glia in the spinal cord in neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 227:145-170. [PMID: 25846618 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-46450-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain, both inflammatory and neuropathic, is a debilitating condition in which the pain experience persists after the painful stimulus has resolved. The efficacy of current treatment strategies using opioids, NSAIDS and anticonvulsants is limited by the extensive side effects observed in patients, underlining the necessity for novel therapeutic targets. Preclinical models of chronic pain have recently provided evidence for a critical role played by glial cells in the mechanisms underlying the chronicity of pain, both at the site of damage in the periphery and in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Here microglia and astrocytes respond to the increased input from the periphery and change morphology, increase in number and release pro-nociceptive mediators such as ATP, cytokines and chemokines. These gliotransmitters can sensitise neurons by activation of their cognate receptors thereby contributing to central sensitization which is fundamental for the generation of allodynia, hyperalgesia and spontaneous pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Amy Old
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
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Xu YQ, Jin SJ, Liu N, Li YX, Zheng J, Ma L, Du J, Zhou R, Zhao CJ, Niu Y, Sun T, Yu JQ. Aloperine attenuated neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury via anti-oxidation activity and suppression of the nuclear factor kappa B pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 451:568-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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25
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Hou L, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Xiang K, Tan Q, Guo Q. Intrathecal siRNA Against GPNMB Attenuates Nociception in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:533-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0379-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Andrade P, Hoogland G, Del Rosario JS, Steinbusch HW, Visser-Vandewalle V, Daemen MA. Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors alleviation of experimentally induced neuropathic pain is associated with modulation of TNF receptor expression. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1490-8. [PMID: 24964368 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a key role in the development of sensitization after peripheral nerve damage. We recently demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-α receptor (TNFR) levels in the spinal cord correlate with pain sensation in herniated disc patients in a rat chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. By using the sciatic nerve CCI model, we studied the effect of anti-TNF-α treatment on recovery from hypersensitivity and TNFR expression in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and dorsal horn (DH). Experimental groups consisted of sham-operated and CCI-operated rats that received two s.c. injections (one immediately after surgery, the other 5 days later), both containing saline, etanercept (3 mg/kg body weight), or infliximab (10 mg/kg body weight). Mechanical allodynia (with von Frey filaments) and thermal hyperalgesia (Hargreaves test) were assessed preoperatively and weekly during the first 4 postoperative weeks. DRG and DH samples were collected 2 and 4 weeks after surgery and analyzed for TNFR1 and TNFR2 protein levels by Western blotting and analyzed for mRNA levels by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Anti-TNF-α treatment resulted in a significant alleviation of pain. TNFR levels were increased five- to sixfold in CCI rats compared with sham controls. Both treatments significantly diminished these increased levels. Treated animals that showed a ≥50% alleviation of pain exhibited a significantly reduced TNF R1/R2 mRNA ratio compared with treated animals that recovered less well. These results demonstrate that attenuation of TNFR expression is associated with recovery from nerve injury and suggest that this may be one of the working mechanisms of anti-TNF therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Andrade
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Bas DB, Abdelmoaty S, Sandor K, Codeluppi S, Fitzsimmons B, Steinauer J, Hua XY, Yaksh TL, Svensson CI. Spinal release of tumour necrosis factor activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase and mediates inflammation-induced hypersensitivity. Eur J Pain 2014; 19:260-70. [PMID: 24942612 PMCID: PMC4270961 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Mounting evidence points to individual contributions of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway to the induction and maintenance of various pain states. Here we explore the role of spinal TNF and JNK in carrageenan-induced hypersensitivity. As links between TNF and JNK have been demonstrated in vitro, we investigated if TNF regulates spinal JNK activity in vivo. Methods TNF levels in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, spinal TNF gene expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction and TNF protein expression, JNK and c-Jun phosphorylation by western blotting. The role of spinal TNF and JNK in inflammation-induced mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity was assessed by injecting the TNF inhibitor etanercept and the JNK inhibitors SP600125 and JIP-1 intrathecally (i.t.). TNF-mediated regulation of JNK activity was examined by assessing the effect of i.t. etanercept on inflammation-induced spinal JNK activity. Results TNF levels were increased in CSF and spinal cord following carrageenan-induced inflammation. While JNK phosphorylation followed the same temporal pattern as TNF, c-jun was only activated at later time points. Intrathecal injection of TNF and JNK inhibitors attenuated carrageenan-induced mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. TNF stimulation induced JNK phosphorylation in cultured spinal astrocytes and blocking the spinal actions of TNF in vivo by i.t. injection of etanercept reduced inflammation-induced spinal JNK activity. Conclusions Here we show that spinal JNK activity is dependent on TNF and that both TNF and the JNK signalling pathways modulate pain-like behaviour induced by peripheral inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Bas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Zeng XY, Zhang Q, Wang J, Yu J, Han SP, Wang JY. Distinct role of tumor necrosis factor receptor subtypes 1 and 2 in the red nucleus in the development of neuropathic pain. Neurosci Lett 2014; 569:43-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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29
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Song DD, Li Y, Tang D, Huang LY, Yuan YZ. Neuron-glial communication mediated by TNF-α and glial activation in dorsal root ganglia in visceral inflammatory hypersensitivity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G788-95. [PMID: 24627565 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00318.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Communication between neurons and glia in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and the central nervous system is critical for nociception. Both glial activation and proinflammatory cytokine induction underlie this communication. We investigated whether satellite glial cell (SGC) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) activation in DRG participates in a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced rat model of visceral hyperalgesia. In TNBS-treated rats, TNF-α expression increased in DRG and was colocalized to SGCs enveloping a given neuron. These SGCs were activated as visualized under electron microscopy: they had more elongated processes projecting into the connective tissue space and more gap junctions. When nerves attached to DRG (L6-S1) were stimulated with a series of electrical stimulations, TNF-α were released from DRG in TNBS-treated animals compared with controls. Using a current clamp, we noted that exogenous TNF-α (2.5 ng/ml) increased DRG neuron activity, and visceral pain behavioral responses were reversed by intrathecal administration of anti-TNF-α (10 μg·kg(-1)·day(-1)). Based on our findings, TNF-α and SGC activation in neuron-glial communication are critical in inflammatory visceral hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-dan Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and
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Tobinick E. Perispinal etanercept: a new therapeutic paradigm in neurology. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 10:985-1002. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Neuropathic pain represents a major problem in clinical medicine because it causes debilitating suffering and is largely resistant to currently available analgesics. A characteristic of neuropathic pain is abnormal response to somatic sensory stimulation. Thus, patients suffering peripheral neuropathies may experience pain caused by stimuli which are normally nonpainful, such as simple touching of the skin or by changes in temperature, as well as exaggerated responses to noxious stimuli. Convincing evidence suggests that this hypersensitivity is the result of pain remaining centralized. In particular, at the first pain synapse in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, the gain of neurons is increased and neurons begin to be activated by innocuous inputs. In recent years, it has become appreciated that a remote damage in the peripheral nervous system results in neuronal plasticity and changes in microglial and astrocyte activity, as well as infiltration of macrophages and T cells, which all contribute to central sensitization. Specifically, the release of pronociceptive factors such as cytokines and chemokines from neurons and non-neuronal cells can sensitize neurons of the first pain synapse. In this article we review the current evidence for the role of cytokines in mediating spinal neuron–non-neuronal cell communication in neuropathic pain mechanisms following peripheral nerve injury. Specific and selective control of cytokine-mediated neuronal–glia interactions results in attenuation of the hypersensitivity to both noxious and innocuous stimuli observed in neuropathic pain models, and may represent an avenue for future therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Clark
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
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Zhang Q, Wang J, Duan MT, Han SP, Zeng XY, Wang JY. NF-κB, ERK, p38 MAPK and JNK contribute to the initiation and/or maintenance of mechanical allodynia induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the red nucleus. Brain Res Bull 2013; 99:132-9. [PMID: 24161765 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the red nucleus (RN) plays facilitated roles in the development of abnormal pain. Here, the roles of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in TNF-α-evoked mechanical allodynia were investigated. Repeated microinjection of recombinant rat TNF-α (20 ng daily for 3 days) into the unilateral RN of normal rats induced a significant mechanical allodynia in the contralateral but not ipsilateral hind paw at the fifth day and disappeared 24h later. Re-injection of a single bolus of 20 ng TNF-α into the same RN reproduced this mechanical allodynia within 30 min, which was used as a pain model for further experiments. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that NF-κB, phospho-ERK (p-ERK) and p-p38 MAPK in the RN were significantly up-regulated at 1h after TNF-α microinjection, the up-regulations of NF-κB and p-ERK but not p-p38 MAPK remained at high levels till 4h later. A significant up-regulation of p-JNK occurred at 4h (but not 1h) after TNF-α microinjection, which was later than those of NF-κB, p-ERK and p-p38 MAPK. Pre-treatment with NF-κB inhibitor PDTC, ERK inhibitor PD98059 or p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 at 30 min before TNF-α microinjected into the RN completely prevented TNF-α-evoked mechanical allodynia. Pre-treatment with JNK inhibitor SP600125 did not prevent but reversed TNF-α-evoked mechanical allodynia during the subsequent detection time. Post-treatment with PDTC, PD98059 or SP600125 (but not SB203580) at 4h after TNF-α microinjected into the RN significantly reversed TNF-α-evoked mechanical allodynia. These results further prove that TNF-α in the RN plays a crucial role in the development of abnormal pain, and the algesic effect of TNF-α is initiated through activating NF-κB, ERK and p38 MAPK. The later maintenance of TNF-α-evoked mechanical allodynia mainly relies on the activation of NF-κB, ERK and JNK, but not p38 MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Qinghai University College of Medicine, Xining, Qinghai 810016, China
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Xu D, Dong YX, Feng W, Ge HY, Li YT, Jiang Y, Wang LJ, Song DQ. Extraction of geniposide and its application in anesthesiology. Chem Res Chin Univ 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-013-3078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hutchinson MR, Watkins LR. Why is neuroimmunopharmacology crucial for the future of addiction research? Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt B:218-27. [PMID: 23764149 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A major development in drug addiction research in recent years has been the discovery that immune signaling within the central nervous system contributes significantly to mesolimbic dopamine reward signaling induced by drugs of abuse, and hence is involved in the presentation of reward behaviors. Additionally, in the case of opioids, these hypotheses have advanced through to the discovery of the novel site of opioid action at the innate immune pattern recognition receptor Toll-like receptor 4 as the necessary triggering event that engages this reward facilitating central immune signaling. Thus, the hypothesis of major proinflammatory contributions to drug abuse was born. This review will examine these key discoveries, but also address several key lingering questions of how central immune signaling is able to contribute in this fashion to the pharmacodynamics of drugs of abuse. It is hoped that by combining the collective wisdom of neuroscience, immunology and pharmacology, into Neuroimmunopharmacology, we may more fully understanding the neuronal and immune complexities of how drugs of abuse, such as opioids, create their rewarding and addiction states. Such discoveries will point us in the direction such that one day soon we might successfully intervene to successfully treat drug addiction. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Hutchinson
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Level 5, Medical School South, Frome Rd, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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35
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Induction of thermal hyperalgesia and synaptic long-term potentiation in the spinal cord lamina I by TNF-α and IL-1β is mediated by glial cells. J Neurosci 2013; 33:6540-51. [PMID: 23575851 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5087-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic strength in nociceptive pathways is a cellular model of hyperalgesia. The emerging literature suggests a role for cytokines released by spinal glial cells for both LTP and hyperalgesia. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. In rat lumbar spinal cord slices, we now demonstrate that conditioning high-frequency stimulation of primary afferents activated spinal microglia within <30 min and spinal astrocytes within ~2 s. Activation of spinal glia was indispensible for LTP induction at C-fiber synapses with spinal lamina I neurons. The cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which are both released by activated glial cells, were individually sufficient and necessary for LTP induction via redundant pathways. They differentially amplified 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl)-propanoic acid receptor-mediated and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor-mediated synaptic currents in lamina I neurons. Unexpectedly, the synaptic effects by IL-1β and TNF-α were not mediated directly via activation of neuronal cytokine receptors, but rather, indirectly via IL-1 receptors and TNF receptors being expressed on glial cells in superficial spinal dorsal horn. Bath application of IL-1β or TNF-α led to the release profiles of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, which overlapped only partially. Heat hyperalgesia induced by spinal application of either IL-1β or TNF-α in naive animals also required activation of spinal glial cells. These results reveal a novel, decisive role of spinal glial cells for the synaptic effects of IL-1β and TNF-α and for some forms of hyperalgesia.
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36
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Santello M, Volterra A. TNFα in synaptic function: switching gears. Trends Neurosci 2012; 35:638-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Hutchinson MR, Northcutt AL, Hiranita T, Wang X, Lewis SS, Thomas J, van Steeg K, Kopajtic TA, Loram LC, Sfregola C, Galer E, Miles NE, Bland ST, Amat J, Rozeske RR, Maslanik T, Chapman TR, Strand KA, Fleshner M, Bachtell RK, Somogyi AA, Yin H, Katz JL, Rice KC, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Opioid activation of toll-like receptor 4 contributes to drug reinforcement. J Neurosci 2012; 32:11187-200. [PMID: 22895704 PMCID: PMC3454463 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0684-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid action was thought to exert reinforcing effects solely via the initial agonism of opioid receptors. Here, we present evidence for an additional novel contributor to opioid reward: the innate immune pattern-recognition receptor, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and its MyD88-dependent signaling. Blockade of TLR4/MD2 by administration of the nonopioid, unnatural isomer of naloxone, (+)-naloxone (rats), or two independent genetic knock-outs of MyD88-TLR4-dependent signaling (mice), suppressed opioid-induced conditioned place preference. (+)-Naloxone also reduced opioid (remifentanil) self-administration (rats), another commonly used behavioral measure of drug reward. Moreover, pharmacological blockade of morphine-TLR4/MD2 activity potently reduced morphine-induced elevations of extracellular dopamine in rat nucleus accumbens, a region critical for opioid reinforcement. Importantly, opioid-TLR4 actions are not a unidirectional influence on opioid pharmacodynamics, since TLR4(-/-) mice had reduced oxycodone-induced p38 and JNK phosphorylation, while displaying potentiated analgesia. Similar to our recent reports of morphine-TLR4/MD2 binding, here we provide a combination of in silico and biophysical data to support (+)-naloxone and remifentanil binding to TLR4/MD2. Collectively, these data indicate that the actions of opioids at classical opioid receptors, together with their newly identified TLR4/MD2 actions, affect the mesolimbic dopamine system that amplifies opioid-induced elevations in extracellular dopamine levels, therefore possibly explaining altered opioid reward behaviors. Thus, the discovery of TLR4/MD2 recognition of opioids as foreign xenobiotic substances adds to the existing hypothesized neuronal reinforcement mechanisms, identifies a new drug target in TLR4/MD2 for the treatment of addictions, and provides further evidence supporting a role for central proinflammatory immune signaling in drug reward.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage
- Analgesics, Opioid/blood
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Conditioning, Operant/drug effects
- Conditioning, Operant/physiology
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Administration Routes
- Hyperalgesia/drug therapy
- Hyperalgesia/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microdialysis
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/deficiency
- Naloxone/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Nucleus Accumbens/drug effects
- Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism
- Pain Threshold/drug effects
- Pain Threshold/physiology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reaction Time/drug effects
- Reinforcement, Psychology
- Self Administration
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Time Factors
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/agonists
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/deficiency
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hutchinson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Tumor necrosis factor activation of vagal afferent terminal calcium is blocked by cannabinoids. J Neurosci 2012; 32:5237-41. [PMID: 22496569 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6220-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The early proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is released in significant quantities by the activated immune system in response to infection, leukemia, autoimmune disorders, and radiation sickness. Nausea, emesis, and anorexia are common features of these disorders. TNF action on vagal afferent terminals in the brainstem is a likely cause of the malaise associated with these disorders. Our previous work has shown that TNF action to excite vagal afferents occurs as a result of sensitization of ryanodine channels in afferent nerve terminals. For millennia, cannabinoids (CB) have been used to combat the visceral malaise associated with chronic disease, although the mechanism of action has not been clear. Previous work in culture systems suggests that CB1 agonists can suppress neurotransmission by downregulating ryanodine channels through a protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent mechanism. Laser confocal calcium imaging methods were used to directly examine effects of CB1 cannabinoid agonists and TNF on visceral afferent signaling in the rat hindbrain. CB1 agonists blocked the effects of TNF to amplify vagal afferent responsiveness; blockade of PKA with H89 also eliminated the TNF amplification effect. These results help to explain the effectiveness of cannabinoids in blocking the malaise generated by TNF-releasing disease processes by opposing effects on ryanodine channels.
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LipoxinA(4) induced antinociception and decreased expression of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokines after chronic dorsal root ganglia compression in rats. Eur J Pain 2012; 16:18-27. [PMID: 21658981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory and immune responses following nerve injury have been shown to play an important role in neuropathic pain. Lipoxins are endogenous lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoids performing protective roles in a range of pathophysiologic processes. Here, we examined the effects of intrathecal lipoxinA4 (LXA4) on NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) expression in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) following chronic compression of DRG (CCD), a model of neuropathic pain. Daily intrathecal injection of vehicle or LXA4 (10 ng or 100 ng) was performed for three successive days post-CCD. CCD induced both mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, and increased the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and NF-κB. Intrathecal injection of LXA4 prevented the development of neuropathic pain and inhibited NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine upregulation in a dose-dependent manner. In this study, we have shown the strong protective effect of intrathecal LXA4 on the development of nociceptive behaviors induced by CCD and that these effects might be associated with its anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution properties.
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Jin H, Li YH, Xu JS, Guo GQ, Chen DL, Bo Y. Lipoxin A4 analog attenuates morphine antinociceptive tolerance, withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia, and glial reaction and cytokine expression in the spinal cord of rat. Neuroscience 2012; 208:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Andrade P, Visser-Vandewalle V, Del Rosario JS, Daemen MA, Buurman WA, Steinbusch HW, Hoogland G. The thalidomide analgesic effect is associated with differential TNF-α receptor expression in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord as studied in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Brain Res 2012; 1450:24-32. [PMID: 22425187 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is well recognized as a key player in nociceptive signaling. Yet, therapeutic capitalization of this knowledge requires a better understanding of how TNF receptors (TNFR) contribute to pain. To address this question, we studied TNFR expression in the chronic sciatic nerve constriction (CCI) model of neuropathic pain. CCI and sham operated rats received two subcutaneous injections (one immediately after surgery, the other on postoperative day 5) containing either saline, GABA-reuptake inhibitor (NO-711), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), ZVAD or thalidomide. Mechanical (using von Frey filaments) and thermal hypersensitivity (Hargreaves test) were assessed preoperatively and weekly during the first four postoperative weeks. Spinal cord dorsal horn samples were collected from animals that were sacrificed at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after surgery, and analyzed for TNFR1 and TNFR2 mRNA levels by qPCR and protein levels by Western blot. Compared to saline, all applied drug treatments resulted in a faster recovery from mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, yet in a potency order of thalidomide>ZVAD=IGF-1>NO-711. CCI resulted in increased TNFR1 and TNFR2 mRNA and protein levels in the ipsilateral dorsal horn. Thalidomide was the only treatment that attenuated these increases. Finally, animals that showed a poor behavioral recovery were characterized by a significantly higher TNFR1/TNFR2 mRNA ratio. These data show that differential expression of TNFR in the dorsal horn is associated with recovery from pain in this model and suggest that the analgesic effects of thalidomide may act via this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Andrade
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of NF-κBp65 attenuates neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 682:79-85. [PMID: 22381070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports show that the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) can control numerous genes encoding inflammatory and nociceptive mediators and play an important role in the development of central pain sensitization. The aim of the present study is to assess the role of NF-κB signal pathway and its downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines in the modulation of neuropathic pain, by using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) technique, which has been shown to result in potent, long-lasting post-transcriptional silencing of specific genes. We developed a highly efficient method of lentivirus-mediated delivery of short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting NF-κBp65 for gene silencing. This method successfully transduced LV-shNF-κBp65 into cultured spinal cord neurons in vitro and spinal cord cells in vivo, inhibited the expression of NF-κBp65 and pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) and alleviated mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia for more than 4weeks in chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of rats. Taken together, our results suggest that siRNA against NF-κBp65 is a potential strategy for analgesia. Furthermore, the lentiviral vector derived shRNA approach shows a great promise for the management of neuropathic pain and the study of functional NF-κBp65 gene expression.
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Spicarova D, Nerandzic V, Palecek J. Modulation of spinal cord synaptic activity by tumor necrosis factor α in a model of peripheral neuropathy. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:177. [PMID: 22189061 PMCID: PMC3264538 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is an established pain modulator in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. Modulation of nociceptive synaptic transmission in the spinal cord dorsal horn (DH) is thought to be involved in the development and maintenance of several pathological pain states. Increased levels of TNFα and its receptors (TNFR) in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells and in the spinal cord DH have been shown to play an essential role in neuropathic pain processing. In the present experiments the effect of TNFα incubation on modulation of primary afferent synaptic activity was investigated in a model of peripheral neuropathy. METHODS Spontaneous and miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSC and mEPSCs) were recorded in superficial DH neurons in acute spinal cord slices prepared from animals 5 days after sciatic nerve transection and in controls. RESULTS In slices after axotomy the sEPSC frequency was 2.8 ± 0.8 Hz, while neurons recorded from slices after TNFα incubation had significantly higher sEPSC frequency (7.9 ± 2.2 Hz). The effect of TNFα treatment was smaller in the slices from the control animals, where sEPSC frequency was 1.2 ± 0.2 Hz in slices without and 2.0 ± 0.5 Hz with TNFα incubation. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) application in slices from axotomized animals and after TNFα incubation decreased the mEPSC frequency to only 37.4 ± 6.9% of the sEPSC frequency. This decrease was significantly higher than in the slices without the TNFα treatment (64.4 ± 6.4%). TTX application in the control slices reduced the sEPSC frequency to about 80% in both TNFα untreated and treated slices. Application of low concentration TRPV1 receptors endogenous agonist N-oleoyldopamine (OLDA, 0.2 μM) in slices after axotomy induced a significant increase in mEPSC frequency (175.9 ± 17.3%), similar to the group with TNFα pretreatment (158.1 ± 19.5%). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that TNFα may enhance spontaneous transmitter release from primary afferent fibres in the spinal cord DH by modulation of TTX-sensitive sodium channels following sciatic nerve transection. This nerve injury also leads to enhanced sensitivity of presynaptic TRPV1 receptors to endogenous agonist. Modulation of presynaptic receptor activity on primary sensory terminals by TNFα may play an important role in neuropathic pain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Spicarova
- Department of Functional Morphology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Spinal matrix metalloproteinase 3 mediates inflammatory hyperalgesia via a tumor necrosis factor-dependent mechanism. Neuroscience 2011; 200:199-210. [PMID: 22056600 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in the modulation of synaptic plasticity, glial activation, and long-term potentiation in the CNS. Here we demonstrate for the first time a mechanism for the regulation of nociceptive processing by spinal MMP-3 during peripheral inflammation. We first determined by western blotting that the catalytic (active) form of MMP-3 (cMMP-3) is increased in lumbar spinal cord following peripheral inflammation in rats. The peripheral inflammation-induced thermal hyperalgesia and tactile hypersensitivity was transiently (2-3 h) attenuated by intrathecal (IT) pretreatment with either an MMP-3 inhibitor (NNGH), or a broad spectrum MMP inhibitor (GM6001). In addition, IT delivery of cMMP-3 evoked hypersensitivity, whereas the pro (enzymatically inactive) form of MMP-3 did not. This suggests a pro-algesic effect of spinal MMP-3 mediated by an enzymatic mechanism. This cMMP-3-induced hypersensitivity is concurrent with increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the spinal cord. The hypersensitivity behavior is prevented by intrathecal etanercept (TNF blockade). Treatment with cMMP-3 resulted in an increase in TNF release from spinal primary microglial, but not astrocyte cultures. These findings thus present direct evidence implicating MMP-3 in the coordination of spinal nociceptive processing via a spinal TNF-dependent mechanism.
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He P, Liu Q, Wu J, Shen Y. Genetic deletion of TNF receptor suppresses excitatory synaptic transmission via reducing AMPA receptor synaptic localization in cortical neurons. FASEB J 2011; 26:334-45. [PMID: 21982949 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-192716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of postsynaptic glutamate receptors has been shown to be regulated by proimmunocytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) signaling. The role of TNF-α receptor subtypes in mediating glutamate receptor expression, trafficking, and function still remains unclear. Here, we report that TNF receptor subtypes (TNFR1 and TNFR2) differentially modulate α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) clustering and function in cultured cortical neurons. We find that genetic deletion of TNFR1 decreases surface expression and synaptic localization of the AMPAR GluA1 subunit, reduces the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC), and reduces AMPA-induced maximal whole-cell current. In addition, these results are not observed in TNFR2-deleted neurons. The decreased AMPAR expression and function in TNFR1-deleted cells are not significantly restored by short (2 h) or long (24 h) term exposure to TNF-α. In TNFR2-deleted cells, TNF-α promotes AMPAR trafficking to the synapse and increases mEPSC frequency. In the present study, we find no significant change in the GluN1 subunit of NMDAR clusters, location, and mEPSC. This includes applying or withholding the TNF-α treatment in both TNFR1- and TNFR2-deleted neurons. Our results indicate that TNF receptor subtype 1 but not 2 plays a critical role in modulating AMPAR clustering, suggesting that targeting TNFR1 gene might be a novel approach to preventing neuronal AMPAR-mediated excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping He
- Center for Advanced Therapeutic Strategies for Brain Disorders, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA
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Dogrul A, Gul H, Yesilyurt O, Ulas UH, Yildiz O. Systemic and spinal administration of etanercept, a tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor, blocks tactile allodynia in diabetic mice. Acta Diabetol 2011; 48:135-42. [PMID: 21104419 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-010-0237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Painful diabetic neuropathy is one of the most common forms of neuropathic pain syndromes. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is a proinflammatory cytokine that has been implicated as a key pain mediator in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain conditions. Recent studies showed that endogenous TNF-alpha production was also accelerated in neural tissues and spinal cord under chronic hyperglycemia. Thus, in this study, we investigated whether pharmacological inhibition of TNF-alpha by etanercept, a TNF-alpha antagonist, could block behavioral sign of diabetic neuropathic pain. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) (200 mg/kg, i.p.) in Balb-c mice and behavioral tests were performed between 45 and 60 days after STZ administration. Mechanical and thermal sensitivities were measured by a series of calibrated Von Frey filaments and hot plate test, respectively. Etanercept was given by either intravenous (i.v.), intrathecal (i.th.) or intraplantar (i.pl.) routes to the diabetic mice. Tactile allodynia, but not thermal hyperalgesia, developed in diabetic mice. Both i.v. (1, 10 and 20 mg/kg) or i.th. (1, 5 and 10 μg/mouse) treatments with etanercept produced dose dependent reversal of tactile allodynia in diabetic mice. However, etanercept was found to be inactive against allodynia when given i.pl. (1, 5 and 10 μg/mouse). Our results suggest that etanercept has promising effects on diabetic neuropathic pain with antiallodynic effects when given systemically or intrathecally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Dogrul
- Department of Pharmacology, Gulhane Military Academy of Medicine, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey.
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Andrade P, Visser-Vandewalle V, Hoffmann C, Steinbusch HWM, Daemen MA, Hoogland G. Role of TNF-alpha during central sensitization in preclinical studies. Neurol Sci 2011; 32:757-71. [PMID: 21559854 PMCID: PMC3171667 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-011-0599-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a principal mediator in pro-inflammatory processes that involve necrosis, apoptosis and proliferation. Experimental and clinical evidence demonstrate that peripheral nerve injury results in activation and morphological changes of microglial cells in the spinal cord. These adjustments occur in order to initiate an inflammatory cascade in response to the damage. Between the agents involved in this reaction, TNF-α is recognized as a key player in this process as it not only modulates lesion formation, but also because it is suggested to induce nociceptive signals. Nowadays, even though the function of TNF-α in inflammation and pain production seems to be generally accepted, diverse sources of literature point to different pathways and outcomes. In this review, we systematically searched and reviewed original articles from the past 10 years on animal models of peripheral nervous injury describing TNF-α expression in neural tissue and pain behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Andrade
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, Box 38, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Berger JV, Knaepen L, Janssen SPM, Jaken RJP, Marcus MAE, Joosten EAJ, Deumens R. Cellular and molecular insights into neuropathy-induced pain hypersensitivity for mechanism-based treatment approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 67:282-310. [PMID: 21440003 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is currently being treated by a range of therapeutic interventions that above all act to lower neuronal activity in the somatosensory system (e.g. using local anesthetics, calcium channel blockers, and opioids). The present review highlights novel and often still largely experimental treatment approaches based on insights into pathological mechanisms, which impact on the spinal nociceptive network, thereby opening the 'gate' to higher brain centers involved in the perception of pain. Cellular and molecular mechanisms such as ectopia, sensitization of nociceptors, phenotypic switching, structural plasticity, disinhibition, and neuroinflammation are discussed in relation to their involvement in pain hypersensitivity following either peripheral neuropathies or spinal cord injury. A mechanism-based treatment approach may prove to be successful in effective treatment of neuropathic pain, but requires more detailed insights into the persistence of cellular and molecular pain mechanisms which renders neuropathic pain unremitting. Subsequently, identification of the therapeutic window-of-opportunities for each specific intervention in the particular peripheral and/or central neuropathy is essential for successful clinical trials. Most of the cellular and molecular pain mechanisms described in the present review suggest pharmacological interference for neuropathic pain management. However, also more invasive treatment approaches belong to current and/or future options such as neuromodulatory interventions (including spinal cord stimulation) and cell or gene therapies, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie V Berger
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Fan W, Huang F, Wu Z, Zhu X, Li D, He H. Carbon monoxide: A gas that modulates nociception. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:802-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 12/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hakim AW, Dong X, Cairns BE. TNFα Mechanically Sensitizes Masseter Muscle Nociceptors by Increasing Prostaglandin E2 Levels. J Neurophysiol 2011; 105:154-61. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00730.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TNFα induces mechanical sensitization of rat masseter muscle nociceptors, which takes 2–3 h to manifest and is mediated through activation of P55 and P75 receptors. This study was undertaken to determine whether TNFα induces nociceptor mechanical sensitization through the release of other algogenic substances such as glutamate, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and/or nerve growth factor (NGF), which have been shown to induce mechanical sensitization of muscle nociceptors. Masseter muscle homogenate levels of PGE2 and NGF were measured 3 h after injection of TNFα (1 μg) or vehicle control using commercially available kits. Interstitial glutamate concentration was measured after injection of TNFα or vehicle control using a glutamate-selective biosensor probe. Diclofenac, a cycloxygenase inhibitor that blocks the synthesis of PGE2, d-2-amino-5-phophonovaleric acid (APV), a competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, and a tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) receptor antibody, which blocks NGF-induced masseter muscle nociceptor sensitization, were used to assess the contribution of PGE2, glutamate, and NGF to TNFα-induced nociceptor sensitization. PGE2 and glutamate concentrations were significantly elevated 3 h after TNFα injection into the masseter muscle. Injection of diclofenac partially reversed the TNFα-induced decreases in the mechanical threshold (MT) of masseter muscle nociceptors, whereas vehicle control, APV, and TrkA antibody did not significantly alter nociceptor MT. These results suggest that TNFα-induced mechanical sensitization of masseter muscle nociceptors is mediated in part by increased PGE2 levels. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that TNFα induces a delayed mechanical sensitization of masseter muscle nociceptors indirectly by the release of PGE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlaq W. Hakim
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xudong Dong
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian E. Cairns
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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