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Bojarski KK, David A, Lecaille F, Samsonov SA. In silico approaches for better understanding cysteine cathepsin-glycosaminoglycan interactions. Carbohydr Res 2024; 543:109201. [PMID: 39013335 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins constitute the largest cathepsin family, with 11 proteases in human that are present primarily within acidic endosomal and lysosomal compartments. They are involved in the turnover of intracellular and extracellular proteins. They are synthesized as inactive procathepsins that are converted to mature active forms. Cathepsins play important roles in physiological and pathological processes and, therefore, receive increasing attention as potential therapeutic targets. Their maturation and activity can be regulated by glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), long linear negatively charged polysaccharides composed of recurring dimeric units. In this review, we summarize recent computational progress in the field of (pro)cathepsin-GAG complexes analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof K Bojarski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, Gdansk, 80-233, Poland.
| | - Alexis David
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation, Tours, France
| | - Fabien Lecaille
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation, Tours, France
| | - Sergey A Samsonov
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland
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2
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Hey JA, Yu JY, Abushakra S, Schaefer JF, Power A, Kesslak P, Tolar M. Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid, Plasma β-Amyloid Biomarkers, and Cognition from a 2-Year Phase 2 Trial Evaluating Oral ALZ-801/Valiltramiprosate in APOE4 Carriers with Early Alzheimer's Disease Using Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Model. Drugs 2024; 84:825-839. [PMID: 38902572 PMCID: PMC11289344 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-024-02068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION ALZ-801/valiltramiprosate is an oral, small-molecule inhibitor of beta-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation and oligomer formation in late-stage development as a disease-modifying therapy for early Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present investigation provides a quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) analysis of amyloid fluid biomarkers and cognitive results from a 2-year ALZ-801 Phase 2 trial in APOE4 carriers with early AD. METHODS The single-arm, open-label phase 2 study evaluated effects of ALZ-801 265 mg two times daily (BID) on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma amyloid fluid biomarkers over 104 weeks in APOE4 carriers with early AD [Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) ≥ 22]. Subjects with positive CSF biomarkers for amyloid (Aβ42/Aβ40) and tau pathology (p-tau181) were enrolled, with serial CSF and plasma levels of Aβ42 and Aβ40 measured over 104 weeks. Longitudinal changes of CSF Aβ42, plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, and cognitive Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) were compared with the established natural disease trajectories in AD using a QSP approach. The natural disease trajectory data for amyloid biomarkers and RAVLT were extracted from a QSP model and an Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative population model, respectively. Analyses were stratified by disease severity and sex. RESULTS A total of 84 subjects were enrolled. Excluding one subject who withdrew at the early stage of the trial, data from 83 subjects were used for this analysis. The ALZ-801 treatment arrested the progressive decline in CSF Aβ42 level and plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, and stabilized RAVLT over 104 weeks. Both sexes showed comparable responses to ALZ-801, whereas mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects (MMSE ≥ 27) exhibited a larger biomarker response compared with more advanced mild AD subjects (MMSE 22-26). CONCLUSIONS In this genetically defined and biomarker-enriched early AD population, the QSP analysis demonstrated a positive therapeutic effect of oral ALZ-801 265 mg BID by arresting the natural decline of monomeric CSF and plasma amyloid biomarkers, consistent with the target engagement to prevent their aggregation into soluble neurotoxic oligomers and subsequently into insoluble fibrils and plaques over 104 weeks. Accompanying the amyloid biomarker changes, ALZ-801 also stabilized the natural trajectory decline of the RAVLT memory test, suggesting that the clinical benefits are consistent with its mechanism of action. This sequential effect arresting the disease progression on biomarkers and cognitive decline was more pronounced in the earlier symptomatic stages of AD. The QSP analysis provides fluid biomarker and clinical evidence for ALZ-801 as a first-in-class, oral small-molecule anti-Aβ oligomer agent with disease modification potential in AD. TRIAL REGISTRY https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04693520.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Hey
- Alzheon, Inc., 111 Speen Street, Suite 306, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA.
| | - Jeremy Y Yu
- Alzheon, Inc., 111 Speen Street, Suite 306, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Susan Abushakra
- Alzheon, Inc., 111 Speen Street, Suite 306, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Jean F Schaefer
- Alzheon, Inc., 111 Speen Street, Suite 306, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Aidan Power
- Alzheon, Inc., 111 Speen Street, Suite 306, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Patrick Kesslak
- Alzheon, Inc., 111 Speen Street, Suite 306, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Martin Tolar
- Alzheon, Inc., 111 Speen Street, Suite 306, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
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Golzari-Sorkheh M, Liyanage I, Reed MA, Weaver DF. Alzheimer's Disease and COVID-19 Pathogenic Overlap: Implications for Drug Repurposing. Can J Neurol Sci 2024; 51:161-172. [PMID: 36991574 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2023.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
As COVID-19 continues, a safe, cost-effective treatment strategy demands continued inquiry. Chronic neuroinflammatory disorders may appear to be of little relevance in this regard; often indolent and progressive disorders characterized by neuroinflammation (such as Alzheimer's disease (AD)) are fundamentally dissimilar in etiology and symptomology to COVID-19's rapid infectivity and pathology. However, the two disorders share extensive pathognomonic features, including at membrane, cytoplasmic, and extracellular levels, culminating in analogous immunogenic destruction of their respective organ parenchyma. We hypothesize that these mechanistic similarities may extent to therapeutic targets, namely that it is conceivable an agent against AD's immunopathy may have efficacy against COVID-19 and vice versa. It is notable that while extensively investigated, no agent has yet demonstrated significant therapeutic efficacy against AD's cognitive and memory declines. Yet this very failure has driven the development of numerous agents with strong mechanistic potential and clinical characteristics. Having already approved for clinical trials, these agents may be an expedient starting point in the urgent search for an effective COVID-19 therapy. Herein, we review the overlapping Alzheimer's/ COVID-19 targets and theorize several initial platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Imindu Liyanage
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark A Reed
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Donald F Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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4
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Misra A, Chakrabarti SS, Gambhir IS, Baghel MS, Patil YR. Cerebrospinal Fluid Protein Profiles in Alzheimer's Dementia Patients: A Bioinformatic Approach. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2023; 26:611-613. [PMID: 37970293 PMCID: PMC10645275 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_206_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Misra
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sankha S. Chakrabarti
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Indrajeet S. Gambhir
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Meghraj S. Baghel
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yugendra R. Patil
- Biochemical Science Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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5
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Ozsan McMillan I, Li JP, Wang L. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan in Alzheimer's disease: aberrant expression and functions in molecular pathways related to amyloid-β metabolism. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C893-C909. [PMID: 36878848 PMCID: PMC10069967 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00247.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Currently, there is no effective treatment for AD, as its etiology remains poorly understood. Mounting evidence suggests that the accumulation and aggregation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ), which constitute amyloid plaques in the brain, is critical for initiating and accelerating AD pathogenesis. Considerable efforts have been dedicated to shedding light on the molecular basis and fundamental origins of the impaired Aβ metabolism in AD. Heparan sulfate (HS), a linear polysaccharide of the glycosaminoglycan family, co-deposits with Aβ in plaques in the AD brain, directly binds and accelerates Aβ aggregation, and mediates Aβ internalization and cytotoxicity. Mouse model studies demonstrate that HS regulates Aβ clearance and neuroinflammation in vivo. Previous reviews have extensively explored these discoveries. Here, this review focuses on the recent advancements in understanding abnormal HS expression in the AD brain, the structural aspects of HS-Aβ interaction, and the molecules involved in modulating Aβ metabolism through HS interaction. Furthermore, this review presents a perspective on the potential effects of abnormal HS expression on Aβ metabolism and AD pathogenesis. In addition, the review highlights the importance of conducting further research to differentiate the spatiotemporal components of HS structure and function in the brain and AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilayda Ozsan McMillan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
- Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology & The Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
- SciLifeLab Uppsala, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
- Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
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6
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Pągielska M, Samsonov SA. Molecular Dynamics-Based Comparative Analysis of Chondroitin and Dermatan Sulfates. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020247. [PMID: 36830616 PMCID: PMC9953526 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of linear anionic periodic polysaccharides containing disaccharide repetitive units. These molecules interact with a variety of proteins in the extracellular matrix and so participate in biochemically crucial processes such as cell signalling affecting tissue regeneration as well as the onset of cancer, Alzheimer's or Parkinson's diseases. Due to their flexibility, periodicity and chemical heterogeneity, often termed "sulfation code", GAGs are challenging molecules both for experiments and computation. One of the key questions in the GAG research is the specificity of their intermolecular interactions. In this study, we make a step forward to deciphering the "sulfation code" of chondroitin sulfates-4,6 (CS4, CS6, where the numbers correspond to the position of sulfation in NAcGal residue) and dermatan sulfate (DS), which is different from CSs by the presence of IdoA acid instead of GlcA. We rigorously investigate two sets of these GAGs in dimeric, tetrameric and hexameric forms with molecular dynamics-based descriptors. Our data clearly suggest that CS4, CS6 and DS are substantially different in terms of their structural, conformational and dynamic properties, which contributes to the understanding of how these molecules can be different when they bind proteins, which could have practical implications for the GAG-based drug design strategies in the regenerative medicine.
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Conjugates of Tacrine and Salicylic Acid Derivatives as New Promising Multitarget Agents for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032285. [PMID: 36768608 PMCID: PMC9916969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of previously synthesized conjugates of tacrine and salicylamide was extended by varying the structure of the salicylamide fragment and using salicylic aldehyde to synthesize salicylimine derivatives. The hybrids exhibited broad-spectrum biological activity. All new conjugates were potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with selectivity toward BChE. The structure of the salicylamide moiety exerted little effect on anticholinesterase activity, but AChE inhibition increased with spacer elongation. The most active conjugates were salicylimine derivatives: IC50 values of the lead compound 10c were 0.0826 µM (AChE) and 0.0156 µM (BChE), with weak inhibition of the off-target carboxylesterase. The hybrids were mixed-type reversible inhibitors of both cholinesterases and displayed dual binding to the catalytic and peripheral anionic sites of AChE in molecular docking, which, along with experimental results on propidium iodide displacement, suggested their potential to block AChE-induced β-amyloid aggregation. All conjugates inhibited Aβ42 self-aggregation in the thioflavin test, and inhibition increased with spacer elongation. Salicylimine 10c and salicylamide 5c with (CH2)8 spacers were the lead compounds for inhibiting Aβ42 self-aggregation, which was corroborated by molecular docking to Aβ42. ABTS•+-scavenging activity was highest for salicylamides 5a-c, intermediate for salicylimines 10a-c, low for F-containing salicylamides 7, and non-existent for methoxybenzoylamides 6 and difluoromethoxybenzoylamides 8. In the FRAP antioxidant (AO) assay, the test compounds displayed little or no activity. Quantum chemical analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with QM/MM potentials explained the AO structure-activity relationships. All conjugates were effective chelators of Cu2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+, with molar compound/metal (Cu2+) ratios of 2:1 (5b) and ~1:1 (10b). Conjugates exerted comparable or lower cytotoxicity than tacrine on mouse hepatocytes and had favorable predicted intestinal absorption and blood-brain barrier permeability. The overall results indicate that the synthesized conjugates are promising new multifunctional agents for the potential treatment of AD.
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8
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Itokazu Y, Fuchigami T, Yu RK. Functional Impairment of the Nervous System with Glycolipid Deficiencies. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:419-448. [PMID: 36255683 PMCID: PMC9793801 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Patients with nervous system disorders suffer from impaired cognitive, sensory and motor functions that greatly inconvenience their daily life and usually burdens their family and society. It is difficult to achieve functional recovery for the damaged central nervous system (CNS) because of its limited ability to regenerate. Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are abundant in the CNS and are known to play essential roles in cell-cell recognition, adhesion, signal transduction, and cellular migration, that are crucial in all phases of neurogenesis. Despite intense investigation of CNS regeneration, the roles of GSLs in neural regeneration remain unclear. Here we focus on the respective potentials of glycolipids to promote regeneration and repair of the CNS. Mice lacking glucosylceramide, lactosylceramide or gangliosides show lethal phenotypes. More importantly, patients with ganglioside deficiencies exhibit severe clinical phenotypes. Further, neurodegenerative diseases and mental health disorders are associated with altered GSL expression. Accumulating studies demonstrate that GSLs not only delimit physical regions but also play central roles in the maintenance of the biological functions of neurons and glia. We anticipate that the ability of GSLs to modulate behavior of a variety of molecules will enable them to ameliorate biochemical and neurobiological defects in patients. The use of GSLs to treat such defects in the human CNS will be a paradigm-shift in approach since GSL-replacement therapy has not yet been achieved in this manner clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Itokazu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Takahiro Fuchigami
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Robert K Yu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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9
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Chemistry and Function of Glycosaminoglycans in the Nervous System. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:117-162. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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10
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Scarlett JM, Hu SJ, Alonge KM. The "Loss" of Perineuronal Nets in Alzheimer's Disease: Missing or Hiding in Plain Sight? Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:896400. [PMID: 35694184 PMCID: PMC9174696 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.896400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are chondroitin-sulfate glycosaminoglycan (CS-GAG) containing extracellular matrix structures that assemble around neurons involved in learning, memory, and cognition. Owing to the unique patterning of negative charges stemming from sulfate modifications to the attached CS-GAGs, these matrices play key roles in mediating glycan-protein binding, signaling interactions, and charged ion buffering of the underlying circuitry. Histochemical loss of PNN matrices has been reported for a range of neurocognitive and neurodegenerative diseases, implying that PNNs might be a key player in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. In this hypothesis and theory article, we begin by highlighting PNN changes observed in human postmortem brain tissue associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and corresponding changes reported in rodent models of AD neuropathology. We then discuss the technical limitations surrounding traditional methods for PNN analyses and propose alternative explanations to these historical findings. Lastly, we embark on a global re-evaluation of the interpretations for PNN changes across brain regions, across species, and in relation to other neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrad M Scarlett
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Shannon J Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kimberly M Alonge
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
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Lio CT, Kacprowski T, Klaedtke M, Jensen LR, Bouter Y, Bayer TA, Kuss AW. Small RNA Sequencing in the Tg4–42 Mouse Model Suggests the Involvement of snoRNAs in the Etiology of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 87:1671-1681. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: The Tg4-42 mouse model for sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has unique features, as the neuronal expression of wild type N-truncated Aβ4–42 induces an AD-typical neurological phenotype in the absence of plaques. It is one of the few models developing neuron death in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. As such, it could serve as a powerful tool for preclinical drug testing and identification of the underlying molecular pathways that drive the pathology of AD. Objective: The aim of this study was to use a differential co-expression analysis approach for analyzing a small RNA sequencing dataset from a well-established murine model in order to identify potentially new players in the etiology of AD. Methods: To investigate small nucleolar RNAs in the hippocampus of Tg4-42 mice, we used RNA-Seq data from this particular tissue and, instead of analyzing the data at single gene level, employed differential co-expression analysis, which takes the comparison to gene pair level and thus affords a new angle to the interpretation of these data. Results: We identified two clusters of differentially correlated small RNAs, including Snord55, Snord57, Snord49a, Snord12, Snord38a, Snord99, Snord87, Mir1981, Mir106b, Mir30d, Mir598, and Mir99b. Interestingly, some of them have been reported to be functionally relevant in AD pathogenesis, as AD biomarkers, regulating tau phosphorylation, TGF-β receptor function or Aβ metabolism. Conclusion: The majority of snoRNAs for which our results suggest a potential role in the etiology of AD were so far not conspicuously implicated in the context of AD pathogenesis and could thus point towards interesting new avenues of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chit Tong Lio
- Chair of Experimental Bioinformatics, TechnicalUniversity of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Chair of Computational Systems Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Kacprowski
- Division Data Science in Biomedicine, Peter L. Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics of TU Braunschweig and Hannover Medical School, Braunschweig, Germany
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maik Klaedtke
- Department of Functional Genomics, Human Molecular Genetics Group, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lars R. Jensen
- Department of Functional Genomics, Human Molecular Genetics Group, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Yvonne Bouter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thomas A. Bayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Andreas W. Kuss
- Department of Functional Genomics, Human Molecular Genetics Group, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Kaczor-Kamińska M, Kamiński K, Wróbel M. Heparan Sulfate, Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB and Sulfur Metabolism Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040678. [PMID: 35453363 PMCID: PMC9026333 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis, type IIIB (MPS IIIB) is a rare disease caused by mutations in the N-alpha-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU) gene resulting in decreased or absent enzyme activity. On the cellular level, the disorder is characterized by the massive lysosomal storage of heparan sulfate (HS)—one species of glycosaminoglycans. HS is a sulfur-rich macromolecule, and its accumulation should affect the turnover of total sulfur in cells; according to the studies presented here, it, indeed, does. The lysosomal degradation of HS in cells produces monosaccharides and inorganic sulfate (SO42−). Sulfate is a product of L-cysteine metabolism, and any disruption of its levels affects the entire L-cysteine catabolism pathway, which was first reported in 2019. It is known that L-cysteine level is elevated in cells with the Naglu−/− gene mutation and in selected tissues of individuals with MPS IIIB. The level of glutathione and the Naglu−/− cells’ antioxidant potential are significantly reduced, as well as the activity of 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST, EC 2.8.1.2) and the level of sulfane sulfur-containing compounds. The direct reason is not yet known. This paper attempts to identify some of cause-and-effect correlations that may lead to this condition and identifies research directions that should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kaczor-Kamińska
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika St., 31-034 Krakow, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-422-7400
| | - Kamil Kamiński
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Maria Wróbel
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika St., 31-034 Krakow, Poland;
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Fisher RA, Miners JS, Love S. Pathological changes within the cerebral vasculature in Alzheimer's disease: New perspectives. Brain Pathol 2022; 32:e13061. [PMID: 35289012 PMCID: PMC9616094 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease underpins vascular dementia (VaD), but structural and functional changes to the cerebral vasculature contribute to disease pathology and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this review, we discuss the contribution of cerebral amyloid angiopathy and non‐amyloid small vessel disease in AD, and the accompanying changes to the density, maintenance and remodelling of vessels (including alterations to the composition and function of the cerebrovascular basement membrane). We consider how abnormalities of the constituent cells of the neurovascular unit – particularly of endothelial cells and pericytes – and impairment of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) impact on the pathogenesis of AD. We also discuss how changes to the cerebral vasculature are likely to impair Aβ clearance – both intra‐periarteriolar drainage (IPAD) and transport of Aβ peptides across the BBB, and how impaired neurovascular coupling and reduced blood flow in relation to metabolic demand increase amyloidogenic processing of APP and the production of Aβ. We review the vasoactive properties of Aβ peptides themselves, and the probable bi‐directional relationship between vascular dysfunction and Aβ accumulation in AD. Lastly, we discuss recent methodological advances in transcriptomics and imaging that have provided novel insights into vascular changes in AD, and recent advances in assessment of the retina that allow in vivo detection of vascular changes in the early stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Fisher
- Dementia Research Group, University of Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - J Scott Miners
- Dementia Research Group, University of Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Seth Love
- Dementia Research Group, University of Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
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14
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Zhou X, Wang Y, Zheng W, Deng G, Wang F, Jin L. Characterizing Heparin Tetrasaccharides Binding to Amyloid-Beta Peptide. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:824146. [PMID: 35281253 PMCID: PMC8906399 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.824146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) is one potential cause for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Heparin can either promote or inhibit Aβ aggregation. The sulfation pattern and chain size determine its binding affinity and its role. Using 2D-NMR analysis and molecular modelling, the binding motif of heparin oligoaccharides to Aβ was determined to be HexA-GlcNS-IdoA2S-GlcNS6S. Iduronic acid epimerization and 6-O-sulfation are key factors for the binding affinity, while 3-O-sulfation of Arixtra (heparin pentasaccharide) is not involved in the binding to Aβ. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) was used to study the glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-peptide complex and identified V12HHQKL17 as the binding site of GAG at Aβ. Furthermore, an MTT assay was applied to evaluate the anti-Aβ fibril formation function of heparin tetrasaccharide, and indicated that the heparin tetrasaccharide with the defined sequence represents a promising inhibitor of Aβ aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangxiu Deng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fuyi Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Fuyi Wang, ; Lan Jin,
| | - Lan Jin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Fuyi Wang, ; Lan Jin,
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15
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Clark GT, Yu Y, Urban CA, Fu G, Wang C, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Hurley JM. Circadian control of heparan sulfate levels times phagocytosis of amyloid beta aggregates. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1009994. [PMID: 35143487 PMCID: PMC8830681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neuroinflammatory disease characterized partly by the inability to clear, and subsequent build-up, of amyloid-beta (Aβ). AD has a bi-directional relationship with circadian disruption (CD) with sleep disturbances starting years before disease onset. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the relationship of CD and AD has not been elucidated. Myeloid-based phagocytosis, a key component in the metabolism of Aβ, is circadianly-regulated, presenting a potential link between CD and AD. In this work, we revealed that the phagocytosis of Aβ42 undergoes a daily circadian oscillation. We found the circadian timing of global heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) biosynthesis was the molecular timer for the clock-controlled phagocytosis of Aβ and that both HSPG binding and aggregation may play a role in this oscillation. These data highlight that circadian regulation in immune cells may play a role in the intricate relationship between the circadian clock and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen T. Clark
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biological Sciences, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Cooper A. Urban
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biological Sciences, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Guo Fu
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biological Sciences, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Now at the Innovation and Integration Center of New Laser Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biological Sciences, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biological Sciences, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Hurley
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biological Sciences, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
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16
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Chen X, Guo X, Hao S, Yang T, Wang J. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles-loaded Hyaluronic Acid Nanogels for MRI-aided Alzheimer's disease Theranostics. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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17
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The Influences of Sulphation, Salt Type, and Salt Concentration on the Structural Heterogeneity of Glycosaminoglycans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111529. [PMID: 34768961 PMCID: PMC8583755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing recognition of the biochemical importance of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) has in recent times made them the center of attention of recent research investigations. It became evident that subtle conformational factors play an important role in determining the relationship between the chemical composition of GAGs and their activity. Therefore, a thorough understanding of their structural flexibility is needed, which is addressed in this work by means of all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Four major GAGs with different substitution patterns, namely hyaluronic acid as unsulphated GAG, heparan-6-sulphate, chondroitin-4-sulphate, and chondroitin-6-sulphate, were investigated to elucidate the influence of sulphation on the dynamical features of GAGs. Moreover, the effects of increasing NaCl and KCl concentrations were studied as well. Different structural parameters were determined from the MD simulations, in combination with a presentation of the free energy landscape of the GAG conformations, which allowed us to unravel the conformational fingerprints unique to each GAG. The largest effects on the GAG structures were found for sulphation at position 6, as well as binding of the metal ions in the absence of chloride ions to the carboxylate and sulphate groups, which both increase the GAG conformational flexibility.
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18
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Sun Y, Xu S, Jiang M, Liu X, Yang L, Bai Z, Yang Q. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:707466. [PMID: 34512308 PMCID: PMC8430252 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.707466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with complex pathological characteristics, whose etiology and pathogenesis are still unclear. Over the past few decades, the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) has gained importance in neurodegenerative disease. In this review, we describe the role of the ECM in AD, focusing on the aspects of synaptic transmission, amyloid-β-plaque generation and degradation, Tau-protein production, oxidative-stress response, and inflammatory response. The function of ECM in the pathological process of AD will inform future research on the etiology and pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahan Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, China
| | - Sen Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- College of Life Sciences and Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, China
| | - Xia Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, China
| | - Liang Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, China
| | - Zhantao Bai
- College of Life Sciences and Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, China
| | - Qinghu Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, China
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19
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Freitas A, Aroso M, Rocha S, Ferreira R, Vitorino R, Gomez-Lazaro M. Bioinformatic analysis of the human brain extracellular matrix proteome in neurodegenerative disorders. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:4016-4033. [PMID: 34013613 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases are characterized by selective degeneration of specific brain areas. Although increasing number of studies report alteration of the extracellular matrix on these diseases, an exhaustive characterization at the brain's matrix level might contribute to the development of more efficient cell restoration therapies. In that regard, proteomics-based studies are a powerful approach to uncover matrix changes. However, to date, the majority of proteomics studies report no or only a few brain matrix proteins with altered expression. This study aims to reveal the changes in the brain extracellular matrix by integrating several proteomics-based studies performed with postmortem tissue. In total, 67 matrix proteins with altered expression were collected. By applying a bioinformatic approach, we were able to reveal the dysregulated biological processes. Among them are processes related to the organization of the extracellular matrix, glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans' metabolism, blood coagulation, and response to injury and oxidative stress. In addition, a protein was found altered in all three diseases-collagen type I alpha 2-and its binding partners further identified. A ClueGO network was created, depicting the GO groups associated with these binding partners, uncovering the processes that may consequently be affected. These include cellular adhesion, cell signaling through membrane receptors, inflammatory processes, and apoptotic cell death in response to oxidative stress. Overall, we were able to associate the contribution of the modification of extracellular matrix components to essential biological processes, highlighting the investment needed on proteomics studies with specific focus on the extracellular matrix in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Freitas
- i3S -Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INEB -Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Aroso
- i3S -Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INEB -Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Rocha
- i3S -Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INEB -Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- QOPNA &, LAQV, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Gomez-Lazaro
- i3S -Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INEB -Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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20
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Samantray S, Strodel B. The Effects of Different Glycosaminoglycans on the Structure and Aggregation of the Amyloid-β (16-22) Peptide. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:5511-5525. [PMID: 34027669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aggregates of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide are implicated as a causative substance in Alzheimer's disease. Molecular dynamics simulations provide valuable contributions for elucidating the conformational transitions of monomeric and aggregated forms of Aβ be it in solution or in the presence of other molecules. Here, we study the effects of four different glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), three sulfated ones and a nonsulfated one, on the aggregation of Aβ16-22. From experiments, it has been suggested that GAGs, which belong to the main components of the brain's extracellular space, favor amyloid fibril formation. Our simulation results reveal that the binding of Aβ16-22 to the GAGs is driven by electrostatic attraction between the negative GAG charges and the positively charged K16 of Aβ16-22. While these interactions have only minor effects on the GAG and Aβ16-22 conformations at the 1 Aβ16-22/1 GAG ratio, at the 2:2 stoichiometry the aggregation of Aβ16-22 is considerably changed. In solution, the aggregation of Aβ16-22 is strongly influenced by K16-E22 attraction, leading to antiparallel β-sheets. In the presence of GAGs, on the other hand, the interaction of K16 with the GAGs increases the importance of the hydrophobic interactions during Aβ16-22 aggregation, which in turn yields parallel alignments. A templating and ordering effect of the GAGs on the Aβ16-22 aggregates is observed. In summary, this study provides new insight at the atomic level on GAG-amyloid interactions, strengthening the view that sulfation of the GAGs plays a major role in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Samantray
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany.,AICES Graduate School, RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstraße 2, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Birgit Strodel
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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21
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Bok E, Leem E, Lee BR, Lee JM, Yoo CJ, Lee EM, Kim J. Role of the Lipid Membrane and Membrane Proteins in Tau Pathology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:653815. [PMID: 33996814 PMCID: PMC8119898 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.653815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal accumulation of misfolded tau aggregates is a pathological hallmark of various tauopathies including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although tau is a cytosolic microtubule-associated protein enriched in neurons, it is also found in extracellular milieu, such as interstitial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood. Accumulating evidence showed that pathological tau spreads along anatomically connected areas in the brain through intercellular transmission and templated misfolding, thereby inducing neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction. In line with this, the spatiotemporal spreading of tau pathology is closely correlated with cognitive decline in AD patients. Although the secretion and uptake of tau involve multiple different pathways depending on tau species and cell types, a growing body of evidence suggested that tau is largely secreted in a vesicle-free forms. In this regard, the interaction of vesicle-free tau with membrane is gaining growing attention due to its importance for both of tau secretion and uptake as well as aggregation. Here, we review the recent literature on the mechanisms of the tau-membrane interaction and highlights the roles of lipids and proteins at the membrane in the tau-membrane interaction as well as tau aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Bok
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Eunju Leem
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Bo-Ram Lee
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ji Min Lee
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea.,School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chang Jae Yoo
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Eun Mi Lee
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jaekwang Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
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22
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Song Y, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ. Glycosaminoglycans. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1325:103-116. [PMID: 34495531 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-70115-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are important constituents of human glycome. They are negatively charged unbranched polysaccharides that are usually covalently attached to proteins, forming glycan-protein conjugates, called proteoglycans. Glycosaminoglycans play critical roles in numerous biological processes throughout individual development and are also involved in the pathological processes of various diseases. Based on their remarkable bioactivities and their universal involvement in disease progression, GAGs are applied as therapeutics or are being targeted or used in treating diseases. In this chapter, we introduce the characteristics of the four classes of GAGs that constitute the glycosaminoglycan family. The pathological roles of glycosaminoglycans in major diseases including innate disease, infectious disease, and cancer are discussed. The application of GAGs and their mimetics as therapeutics is introduced, as well as those therapeutic methods developed based on GAGs' role in pathogenesis. In addition, we provide a brief and overall lookback at the history of GAG research and sort out some critical techniques that facilitated GAG and glycomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefan Song
- National R&D Branch Center for Seaweed Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, PR China. .,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
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23
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Jin W, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ. Glycosaminoglycans in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1325:189-204. [PMID: 34495536 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-70115-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear polysaccharides that consist of alternating disaccharides sequences of uronic acids and/or galactose hexamino sugars most of which are sulfated. GAGs are ubiquitously expressed on the cell surface, in the intracellular milieu and in the extracellular matrix of all animal cells. Thus, GAGs exhibit many essential roles in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. The targets of GAGs are GAG-binding proteins and related proteins that are of significant interest to both the academic community and in the pharmaceutical industry. In this review, the structures of GAGs, their binding proteins, and analogs are presented that further the development of GAGs and their analogs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA. .,Department of Biological Science, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
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24
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Hyaluronan-carnosine conjugates inhibit Aβ aggregation and toxicity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15998. [PMID: 32994475 PMCID: PMC7524733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72989-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder. Finding a pharmacological approach that cures and/or prevents the onset of this devastating disease represents an important challenge for researchers. According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, increases in extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) levels give rise to different aggregated species, such as protofibrils, fibrils and oligomers, with oligomers being the more toxic species for cells. Many efforts have recently been focused on multi-target ligands to address the multiple events that occur concurrently with toxic aggregation at the onset of the disease. Moreover, investigating the effect of endogenous compounds or a combination thereof is a promising approach to prevent the side effects of entirely synthetic drugs. In this work, we report the synthesis, structural characterization and Aβ antiaggregant ability of new derivatives of hyaluronic acid (Hy, 200 and 700 kDa) functionalized with carnosine (Car), a multi-functional natural dipeptide. The bioactive substances (HyCar) inhibit the formation of amyloid-type aggregates of Aβ42 more than the parent compounds; this effect is proportional to Car loading. Furthermore, the HyCar derivatives are able to dissolve the amyloid fibrils and to reduce Aβ-induced toxicity in vitro. The enzymatic degradation of Aβ is also affected by the interaction with HyCar.
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25
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Minta K, Portelius E, Janelidze S, Hansson O, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Andreasson U. Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentrations of Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 69:1213-1220. [PMID: 31156172 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brevican, neurocan, tenascin-C, and tenascin-R are extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that are mainly expressed in the brain. They play important roles in proliferation and migration of neurons and other cell types in the brain. These ECM proteins may also be involved in various pathologies, including reactive gliosis. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate if ECM protein concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are linked to the neurodegenerative process in Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Lumbar CSF samples from a non-AD control group (n = 50) and a clinically diagnosed AD group (n = 42), matched for age and gender, were analyzed using commercially available ELISAs detecting ECM proteins. Mann-Whitney U test was used to examine group differences, while Spearman's rho test was used for correlations. RESULTS Brevican, neurocan, tenascin-R, and tenascin-C concentrations in AD patients did not differ compared to healthy controls or when the groups were dichotomized based on the Aβ42/40 cut-off. CSF tenascin-C and tenascin-R concentrations were significantly higher in women than in men in the AD group (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION ECM proteins do not reflect AD-pathology in CSF. CSF tenascin-C and tenascin-R upregulation in women possibly reveal sexual dimorphism in the central nervous system immunity during AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Minta
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Portelius
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Shorena Janelidze
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, Sweden.,Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
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26
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Bhute S, Sarmah D, Datta A, Rane P, Shard A, Goswami A, Borah A, Kalia K, Dave KR, Bhattacharya P. Molecular Pathogenesis and Interventional Strategies for Alzheimer's Disease: Promises and Pitfalls. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:472-488. [PMID: 32566913 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating disorder characterized by age-related dementia, which has no effective treatment to date. β-Amyloid depositions and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins are the main pathological hallmarks, along with oxidative stress, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated excitotoxicity, and low levels of acetylcholine. Current pharmacotherapy for AD only provides symptomatic relief and limited improvement in cognitive functions. Many molecules have been explored that show promising outcomes in AD therapy and can regulate cellular survival through different pathways. To have a vivid approach to strategize the treatment regimen, AD physiopathology should be better explained considering diverse etiological factors in conjunction with biochemical disturbances. This Review attempts to discuss different disease modification approaches and address the novel therapeutic targets of AD that might pave the way for new drug discovery using the well-defined targets for therapy of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashikala Bhute
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Aishika Datta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Pallavi Rane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Shard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Avirag Goswami
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19141, United States
| | - Anupom Borah
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam-788011, India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Kunjan R Dave
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujarat, India
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27
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Piras IS, Bleul C, Talboom JS, De Both MD, Schrauwen I, Halliday G, Myers AJ, Serrano GE, Beach TG, Huentelman MJ. ESHRD: deconvolution of brain homogenate RNA expression data to identify cell-type-specific alterations in Alzheimer's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:4124-4162. [PMID: 32125278 PMCID: PMC7093163 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective: We describe herein a bioinformatics approach that leverages gene expression data from brain homogenates to derive cell-type specific differential expression results. Results: We found that differentially expressed (DE) cell-specific genes were mostly identified as neuronal, microglial, or endothelial in origin. However, a large proportion (75.7%) was not attributable to specific cells due to the heterogeneity in expression among brain cell types. Neuronal DE genes were consistently downregulated and associated with synaptic and neuronal processes as described previously in the field thereby validating this approach. We detected several DE genes related to angiogenesis (endothelial cells) and proteoglycans (oligodendrocytes). Conclusions: We present a cost- and time-effective method exploiting brain homogenate DE data to obtain insights about cell-specific expression. Using this approach we identify novel findings in AD in endothelial cells and oligodendrocytes that were previously not reported. Methods: We derived an enrichment score for each gene using a publicly available RNA profiling database generated from seven different cell types isolated from mouse cerebral cortex. We then classified the differential expression results from 3 publicly accessible Late-Onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD) studies including seven different brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio S Piras
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Christiane Bleul
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Joshua S Talboom
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Matthew D De Both
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Isabelle Schrauwen
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Neurology, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Glenda Halliday
- The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2050, Australia
| | | | - Geidy E Serrano
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Matthew J Huentelman
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
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28
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Radko SP, Khmeleva SA, Kiseleva YY, Kozin SA, Mitkevich VA, Makarov AA. Effects of the H6R and D7H Mutations on the Heparin-Dependent Modulation of Zinc-Induced Aggregation of Amyloid β. Mol Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893319060141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Owen MC, Gnutt D, Gao M, Wärmländer SKTS, Jarvet J, Gräslund A, Winter R, Ebbinghaus S, Strodel B. Effects of in vivo conditions on amyloid aggregation. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:3946-3996. [PMID: 31192324 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00034d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the grand challenges of biophysical chemistry is to understand the principles that govern protein misfolding and aggregation, which is a highly complex process that is sensitive to initial conditions, operates on a huge range of length- and timescales, and has products that range from protein dimers to macroscopic amyloid fibrils. Aberrant aggregation is associated with more than 25 diseases, which include Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and type II diabetes. Amyloid aggregation has been extensively studied in the test tube, therefore under conditions that are far from physiological relevance. Hence, there is dire need to extend these investigations to in vivo conditions where amyloid formation is affected by a myriad of biochemical interactions. As a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases, these interactions need to be understood in detail to develop novel therapeutic interventions, as millions of people globally suffer from neurodegenerative disorders and type II diabetes. The aim of this review is to document the progress in the research on amyloid formation from a physicochemical perspective with a special focus on the physiological factors influencing the aggregation of the amyloid-β peptide, the islet amyloid polypeptide, α-synuclein, and the hungingtin protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Owen
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - David Gnutt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany and Lead Discovery Wuppertal, Bayer AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Mimi Gao
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany and Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sebastian K T S Wärmländer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jüri Jarvet
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Astrid Gräslund
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roland Winter
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Simon Ebbinghaus
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Birgit Strodel
- Institute of Complex Systems: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 42525 Jülich, Germany. and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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30
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Radko SP, Khmeleva SA, Mantsyzov AB, Kiseleva YY, Mitkevich VA, Kozin SA, Makarov AA. Heparin Modulates the Kinetics of Zinc-Induced Aggregation of Amyloid-β Peptides. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 63:539-550. [PMID: 29630553 DOI: 10.3233/jad-171120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Zinc-induced aggregation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) is considered to contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. While glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that are commonly present in interneuronal space are known to enhance Aβ self-aggregation in vitro, the impact of GAGs on the formation of zinc-induced amorphous Aβ aggregates has not yet been thoroughly studied. Here, employing dynamic light scattering, bis-ANS fluorimetry, and sedimentation assays, we demonstrate that heparin serving as a representative GAG modulates the kinetics of zinc-induced Aβ42 aggregation in vitro by slowing the rate of aggregate formation and aggregate size growth. By using synthetic Aβ16 peptides to model the Aβ metal-binding domain (MBD), heparin was found to effectively interact with MBDs in complex with zinc ions. We suggest that heparin adsorbs to the surface of growing zinc-induced Aβ42 aggregates via electrostatic interactions, thus creating a steric hindrance that inhibits further inclusion of monomeric and/or oligomeric zinc-Aβ42 complexes. Furthermore, the adsorbed heparin can interfere with the zinc-bridging mechanism of Aβ42 aggregation, requiring the formation of two zinc-mediated interaction interfaces in the MBD. As revealed by computer simulations of the zinc-Aβ16 homodimer complexed with a heparin chain, heparin can interact with the MBD via polar contacts with residues Arg-5 and Tyr-10, resulting in a conformational rearrangement that hampers the formation of the second zinc-mediated interaction in the MBD interface. The findings of this study suggest that GAGs, which are common in the in vivo macromolecular environment, may have a substantial impact on the time course of zinc-induced Aβ aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey P Radko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alexey B Mantsyzov
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yana Y Kiseleva
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Mitkevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey A Kozin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A Makarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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31
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Balasubramaniam K, Sharma K, Goyal A. Structure and dynamics analysis of a new member heparinase II/III of family 12 polysaccharide lyase from Pseudopedobacter saltans by computational modeling and small-angle X-ray scattering. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:2007-2020. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1622453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karthika Balasubramaniam
- Carbohydrate Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Kedar Sharma
- Carbohydrate Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Arun Goyal
- Carbohydrate Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
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32
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Hof DJ, Versteeg EMM, van de Lest CHA, Daamen WF, van Kuppevelt TH. A versatile salt-based method to immobilize glycosaminoglycans and create growth factor gradients. Glycoconj J 2019; 36:227-236. [PMID: 31055697 PMCID: PMC6548755 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09872-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are known to play pivotal roles in physiological processes and pathological conditions. To study interactions of GAGs with proteins, immobilization of GAGs is often required. Current methodologies for immobilization involve modification of GAGs and/or surfaces, which can be time-consuming and may involve specialized equipment. Here, we use an efficient and low-cost method to immobilize GAGs without any (chemical) modification using highly concentrated salt solutions. A number of salts from the Hofmeister series were probed for their capacity to immobilize heparin and chondroitin-6-sulfate on microtiter plates applying single chain antibodies against GAGs for detection (ELISA). From all salts tested, the cosmotropic salt ammonium sulfate was most efficient, especially at high concentrations (80–100% (v/v) saturation). Immobilized GAGs were bioavailable as judged by their binding of FGF2 and VEGF, and by their susceptibility towards GAG lyases (heparinase I, II and III, chondroitinase ABC). Using 80% (v/v) saturated ammonium sulfate, block and continuous gradients of heparin were established and a gradient of FGF2 was created using a heparin block gradient as a template. In conclusion, high concentrations of ammonium sulfate are effective for immobilization of GAGs and for the establishment of gradients of both GAGs and GAG-binding molecules, which enables the study to the biological roles of GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danique J Hof
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M M Versteeg
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Chris H A van de Lest
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Equine Sciences and Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willeke F Daamen
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Toin H van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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33
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Fang Y, Yang S, Fu X, Xie W, Li L, Liu Z, Mou H, Zhu C. Expression, Purification and Characterization of Chondroitinase AC II from Marine Bacterium Arthrobacter sp. CS01. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17030185. [PMID: 30897810 PMCID: PMC6471956 DOI: 10.3390/md17030185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitinase (ChSase), a type of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) lyase, can degrade chondroitin sulfate (CS) to unsaturate oligosaccharides, with various functional activities. In this study, ChSase AC II from a newly isolated marine bacterium Arthrobacter sp. CS01 was cloned, expressed in Pichia pastoris X33, purified, and characterized. ChSase AC II, with a molecular weight of approximately 100 kDa and a specific activity of 18.7 U/mg, showed the highest activity at 37 °C and pH 6.5 and maintained stability at a broad range of pH (5–7.5) and temperature (below 35 °C). The enzyme activity was increased in the presence of Mn2+ and was strongly inhibited by Hg2+. Moreover, the kinetic parameters of ChSase AC II against CS-A, CS-C, and HA were determined. TLC and ESI-MS analysis of the degradation products indicated that ChSase AC II displayed an exolytic action mode and completely hydrolyzed three substrates into oligosaccharides with low degrees of polymerization (DPs). All these features make ChSase AC II a promising candidate for the full use of GAG to produce oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangtao Fang
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Suxiao Yang
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xiaodan Fu
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Wancui Xie
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Li Li
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Zhemin Liu
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Haijin Mou
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Changliang Zhu
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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34
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Ismail T, Kanapathipillai M. Effect of cellular polyanion mimetics on tau peptide aggregation. J Pept Sci 2018; 24:e3125. [PMID: 30251388 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Tau protein aggregation is believed to be one of the key drivers of Alzheimer's disease. The two hexapeptide amino acid sequences 306 VQIVYK311 and 275 VQIINK280 of the tau protein are responsible for aggregation, and subsequent functional loss leading to Alzheimer's progression. Hence, it is important to understand the factors that promote the self-aggregation of this tau peptide fragments. Cellular microenvironmental polyanions are known to play a major role in tau protein aggregation and loss of function. Previous studies mainly focused on the effect of heparin and heparan sulfate solution on the full tau protein aggregation. Here, we study the effect of cellular polyanion mimetics, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in solution and on surface to mimic intracellular and extracellular conditions, and cellular RNA on the aggregation of tau hexapeptide 306 VQIVYK311 , and mutant tau peptide 273 GKVQIIN_KLDL284 found frequently in taupathy. Characterization techniques used for the study include biochemical assays, electron microscopy, and spectroscopy techniques to investigate the aggregation vitro. Results show while all the GAGs in solution form play a role in tau peptides aggregation, heparin, chondroitin sulfate, and dermatan sulfate in particular significantly promote the tau peptides aggregation formation. On the other hand, surface-coated GAGs did not promote significant tau aggregation. As far as cellular RNA is concerned, results show significant increase in tau peptides aggregation and toxicity in neuroblastoma cells. The study on the tau peptides fragments aggregation in the presence of GAGs and cellular RNA could provide novel information on the tau aggregation mechanism and could open ways for developing cellular polyanions modulating therapeutics for treating Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Ismail
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, 48128, USA
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35
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Bejoy J, Song L, Wang Z, Sang QX, Zhou Y, Li Y. Neuroprotective Activities of Heparin, Heparinase III, and Hyaluronic Acid on the A β42-Treated Forebrain Spheroids Derived from Human Stem Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:2922-2933. [PMID: 30533518 PMCID: PMC6286050 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) components of the brain play complex roles in neurodegenerative diseases. The study of microenvironment of brain tissues with Alzheimer's disease revealed colocalized expression of different ECM molecules such as heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), matrix metal-loproteinases (MMPs), and hyaluronic acid. In this study, both cortical and hippocampal populations were generated from human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural spheroids. The cultures were then treated with heparin (competes for Aβ affinity with HSPG), heparinase III (digests HSPGs), chondroitinase (digests CSPGs), hyaluronic acid, and an MMP-2/9 inhibitor (SB-3CT) together with amyloid β (Aβ42) oligomers. The results indicate that inhibition of HSPG binding to Aβ42 using either heparinase III or heparin reduces Aβ42 expression and increases the population of β-tubulin III+ neurons, whereas the inhibition of MMP2/9 induces more neurotoxicity. The results should enhance our understanding of the contribution of ECMs to the Aβ-related neural cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bejoy
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; FAMU-FSU College of Engineering
| | - Liqing Song
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; FAMU-FSU College of Engineering
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | - Qing-Xiang Sang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; FAMU-FSU College of Engineering
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
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36
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Ryan P, Patel B, Makwana V, Jadhav HR, Kiefel M, Davey A, Reekie TA, Rudrawar S, Kassiou M. Peptides, Peptidomimetics, and Carbohydrate-Peptide Conjugates as Amyloidogenic Aggregation Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1530-1551. [PMID: 29782794 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder accounting for 60-80% of dementia cases. For many years, AD causality was attributed to amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregated species. Recently, multiple therapies that target Aβ aggregation have failed in clinical trials, since Aβ aggregation is found in AD and healthy patients. Attention has therefore shifted toward the aggregation of the tau protein as a major driver of AD. Numerous inhibitors of tau-based pathology have recently been developed. Diagnosis of AD has shifted from measuring late stage senile plaques to early stage biomarkers, amyloid-β and tau monomers and oligomeric assemblies. Synthetic peptides and some derivative structures are being explored for use as theranostic tools as they possess the capacity both to bind the biomarkers and to inhibit their pathological self-assembly. Several studies have demonstrated that O-linked glycoside addition can significantly alter amyloid aggregation kinetics. Furthermore, natural O-glycosylation of amyloid-forming proteins, including amyloid precursor protein (APP), tau, and α-synuclein, promotes alternative nonamyloidogenic processing pathways. As such, glycopeptides and related peptidomimetics are being investigated within the AD field. Here we review advancements made in the last 5 years, as well as the arrival of sugar-based derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Ryan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
| | - Bhautikkumar Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
| | - Vivek Makwana
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
| | - Hemant R. Jadhav
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani-333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Milton Kiefel
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
| | - Andrew Davey
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
| | | | - Santosh Rudrawar
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Abstract
Proteoglycans are diverse, complex extracellular/cell surface macromolecules composed of a central core protein with covalently linked glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains; both of these components contribute to the growing list of important bio-active functions attributed to proteoglycans. Increasingly, attention has been paid to the roles of proteoglycans in nervous tissue development due to their highly regulated spatio/temporal expression patterns, whereby they promote/inhibit neurite outgrowth, participate in specification and maturation of various precursor cell types, and regulate cell behaviors like migration, axonal pathfinding, synaptogenesis and plasticity. These functions emanate from both the environments proteoglycans create around cells by retaining ions and water or serving as scaffolds for cell shaping or motility, and from dynamic interactions that modulate signaling fields for cytokines, growth factors and morphogens, which may bind to either the protein or GAG portions. Also, genetic abnormalities impacting proteoglycan synthesis during critical steps of brain development and response to environmental insults and injuries, as well as changes in microenvironment interactions leading to tumors in the central nervous system, all suggest roles for proteoglycans in behavioral and intellectual disorders and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Miriam S Domowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, IL, USA
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38
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Li Y, Li ZX, Jin T, Wang ZY, Zhao P. Tau Pathology Promotes the Reorganization of the Extracellular Matrix and Inhibits the Formation of Perineuronal Nets by Regulating the Expression and the Distribution of Hyaluronic Acid Synthases. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 57:395-409. [PMID: 28234253 PMCID: PMC5366250 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is the backbone of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and provides biochemical and physical support to aggrecan-based perineuronal nets (PNNs), which are associated with the selective vulnerability of neurons in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we showed that HA synthases (HASs), including Has1, Has2, and Has3, were widely expressed in murine central nervous system. All types of HASs were localized to cell bodies of neurons; only Has1 existed in the membranes of neural axons. By using TauP301S transgenic (Tg) mouse model, we found that the axonal-localization of Has1 was abolished in TauP301S overexpressed mouse brain, and the redistribution of Has1 was also observed in human AD brains, suggesting that the localization of Has1 is dependent on intact microtubules which are regulated partially by the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation cycles of tau proteins. Furthermore, Has1 was reduced and Has3 was increased in TauP301S Tg mouse brain, resulting in the upregulation of shorter-chain HA in the ECM. These findings suggest that by abolishing the axonal-localization of Has1 and promoting the expression of Has3 and the synthesis of shorter-chain HA, the tau pathology breaks the balance of ECM components, promotes the reorganization of the ECM, and inhibits the formation of PNNs in the hippocampus, and then regulates neuronal plasticity during the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhan-You Wang
- Correspondence to: Zhan-You Wang and Pu Zhao, M.D., Ph.D., College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 3-11 Wen Hua Road, Shenyang 110819, China. Tel.: +86 13352453082; E-mails: (P. Zhao); (Z.-Y Wang)
| | - Pu Zhao
- Correspondence to: Zhan-You Wang and Pu Zhao, M.D., Ph.D., College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 3-11 Wen Hua Road, Shenyang 110819, China. Tel.: +86 13352453082; E-mails: (P. Zhao); (Z.-Y Wang)
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39
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Sensitive method for glycosaminoglycan analysis of tissue sections. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1544:41-48. [PMID: 29506752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple, isocratic HPLC method based on HILIC-WAX separation, has been developed for analyzing sulfated disaccharides of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). To our best knowledge, this is the first successful attempt using this special phase in nano-HPLC-MS analysis. Mass spectrometry was based on negative ionization, improving both sensitivity and specificity. Detection limit for most sulfated disaccharides were approximately 1 fmol; quantitation limits 10 fmol. The method was applied for glycosaminoglycan profiling of tissue samples, using surface digestion protocols. This novel combination provides sufficient sensitivity for GAG disaccharide analysis, which was first performed using prostate cancer tissue microarrays. Preliminary results show that GAG analysis may be useful for identifying cancer related changes in small amounts of tissue samples (ca. 10 μg).
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40
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Salza R, Lethias C, Ricard-Blum S. The Multimerization State of the Amyloid-β42 Amyloid Peptide Governs its Interaction Network with the Extracellular Matrix. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 56:991-1005. [PMID: 28106549 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The goals of this work were i) to identify the interactions of amyloid-β (Aβ)42 under monomeric, oligomeric, and fibrillar forms with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and receptors, ii) to determine the influence of Aβ42 supramolecular organization on these interactions, and iii) to identify the molecular functions, biological processes, and pathways targeted by Aβ42 in the ECM. The ECM and cell surface partners of Aβ42 and its supramolecular forms were identified with protein and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) arrays (81 molecules in triplicate) probed by surface plasmon resonance imaging. The number of partners of Aβ42 increased upon its multimerization, ranging from 4 for the peptide up to 53 for the fibrillar aggregates. The peptide interacted only with ECM proteins but their percentage among Aβ42 partners decreased upon multimerization. Aβ42 and its supramolecular forms recognized different molecular features on their partners, and the partners of Aβ42 fibrillar forms were enriched in laminin IV-A, N-terminal, and EGF-like domains. Aβ42 oligomerization triggered interactions with receptors, whereas Aβ42 fibrillogenesis promoted binding to GAGs, proteoglycans, enzymes, and growth factors and the ability to interact with perineuronal nets. Fibril aggregation bind to further membrane proteins including tumor endothelial marker-8, syndecan-4, and discoidin-domain receptor-2. The partners of the Aβ42 supramolecular forms are enriched in proteins contributing to cell growth and/or maintenance, involved in integrin cell surface interactions and expressed in kidney cancer, preadipocytes, and dentin. In conclusion, the supramolecular assembly of Aβ42 governs its ability to interact in vitro with ECM proteins, remodeling and crosslinking ECM enzymes, proteoglycans, and receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Salza
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), UMR 5246 CNRS - Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Claire Lethias
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR 5305 CNRS - Université Lyon 1, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), UMR 5246 CNRS - Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne cedex, France
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41
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Risør MW, Juhl DW, Bjerring M, Mathiesen J, Enghild JJ, Nielsen NC, Otzen DE. Critical Influence of Cosolutes and Surfaces on the Assembly of Serpin-Derived Amyloid Fibrils. Biophys J 2017; 113:580-596. [PMID: 28793213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many proteins and peptides self-associate into highly ordered and structurally similar amyloid cross-β aggregates. This fibrillation is critically dependent on properties of the protein and the surrounding environment that alter kinetic and thermodynamic equilibria. Here, we report on dominating surface and solution effects on the fibrillogenic behavior and amyloid assembly of the C-36 peptide, a circulating bioactive peptide from the α1-antitrypsin serine protease inhibitor. C-36 converts from an unstructured peptide to mature amyloid twisted-ribbon fibrils over a few hours when incubated on polystyrene plates under physiological conditions through a pathway dominated by surface-enhanced nucleation. In contrast, in plates with nonbinding surfaces, slow bulk nucleation takes precedence over surface catalysis and leads to fibrillar polymorphism. Fibrillation is strongly ion-sensitive, underlining the interplay between hydrophilic and hydrophobic forces in molecular self-assembly. The addition of exogenous surfaces in the form of silica glass beads and polyanionic heparin molecules potently seeds the amyloid conversion process. In particular, heparin acts as an interacting template that rapidly forces β-sheet aggregation of C-36 to distinct amyloid species within minutes and leads to a more homogeneous fibril population according to solid-state NMR analysis. Heparin's template effect highlights its role in amyloid seeding and homogeneous self-assembly, which applies both in vitro and in vivo, where glycosaminoglycans are strongly associated with amyloid deposits. Our study illustrates the versatile thermodynamic landscape of amyloid formation and highlights how different experimental conditions direct C-36 into distinct macromolecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Risør
- Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Dennis W Juhl
- Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten Bjerring
- Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jan J Enghild
- Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels C Nielsen
- Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniel E Otzen
- Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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42
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Rosú SA, Toledo L, Urbano BF, Sanchez SA, Calabrese GC, Tricerri MA. Learning from Synthetic Models of Extracellular Matrix; Differential Binding of Wild Type and Amyloidogenic Human Apolipoprotein A-I to Hydrogels Formed from Molecules Having Charges Similar to Those Found in Natural GAGs. Protein J 2017. [PMID: 28634774 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-017-9728-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Among other components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have been strongly associated to the retention or misfolding of different proteins inducing the formation of deposits in amyloid diseases. The composition of these molecules is highly diverse and a key issue seems to be the equilibrium between physiological and pathological events. In order to have a model in which the composition of the matrix could be finely controlled, we designed and synthesized crosslinked hydrophilic polymers, the so-called hydrogels varying the amounts of negative charges and hydroxyl groups that are prevalent in GAGs. We checked and compared by fluorescence techniques the binding of human apolipoprotein A-I and a natural mutant involved in amyloidosis to the hydrogel scaffolds. Our results indicate that both proteins are highly retained as long as the negative charge increases, and in addition it was shown that the mutant is more retained than the Wt, indicating that the retention of specific proteins in the ECM could be part of the pathogenicity. These results show the importance of the use of these polymers as a model to get deep insight into the studies of proteins within macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana A Rosú
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 120 S/N La Plata, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leandro Toledo
- Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Bruno F Urbano
- Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Susana A Sanchez
- Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Graciela C Calabrese
- Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 954, Primer Piso, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Alejandra Tricerri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 120 S/N La Plata, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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43
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Li H, Ding F, Xiao L, Shi R, Wang H, Han W, Huang Z. Food-Derived Antioxidant Polysaccharides and Their Pharmacological Potential in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Nutrients 2017; 9:E778. [PMID: 28753972 PMCID: PMC5537892 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is known to impair architecture and function of cells, which may lead to various chronic diseases, and therefore therapeutic and nutritional interventions to reduce oxidative damages represent a viable strategy in the amelioration of oxidative stress-related disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. Over the past decade, a variety of natural polysaccharides from functional and medicinal foods have attracted great interest due to their antioxidant functions such as scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative damages. Interestingly, these antioxidant polysaccharides are also found to attenuate neuronal damages and alleviate cognitive and motor decline in a range of neurodegenerative models. It has recently been established that the neuroprotective mechanisms of polysaccharides are related to oxidative stress-related pathways, including mitochondrial function, antioxidant defense system and pathogenic protein aggregation. Here, we first summarize the current status of antioxidant function of food-derived polysaccharides and then attempt to appraise their anti-neurodegeneration activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Li
- Center for Bioresources & Drug Discovery and School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Fei Ding
- Center for Bioresources & Drug Discovery and School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Lingyun Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Ruona Shi
- Center for Bioresources & Drug Discovery and School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Center for Bioresources & Drug Discovery and School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Wenjing Han
- Center for Bioresources & Drug Discovery and School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zebo Huang
- Center for Bioresources & Drug Discovery and School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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44
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Stewart KL, Hughes E, Yates EA, Middleton DA, Radford SE. Molecular Origins of the Compatibility between Glycosaminoglycans and Aβ40 Amyloid Fibrils. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2449-2462. [PMID: 28697887 PMCID: PMC5548265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Aβ peptide forms extracellular plaques associated with Alzheimer's disease. In addition to protein fibrils, amyloid plaques also contain non-proteinaceous components, including glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). We have shown previously that the GAG low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) binds to Aβ40 fibrils with a three-fold-symmetric (3Q) morphology with higher affinity than Aβ40 fibrils in alternative structures, Aβ42 fibrils, or amyloid fibrils formed from other sequences. Solid-state NMR analysis of the GAG-3Q fibril complex revealed an interaction site at the corners of the 3Q fibril structure, but the origin of the binding specificity remained obscure. Here, using a library of short heparin polysaccharides modified at specific sites, we show that the N-sulfate or 6-O-sulfate of glucosamine, but not the 2-O-sulfate of iduronate within heparin is required for 3Q binding, indicating selectivity in the interactions of the GAG with the fibril that extends beyond general electrostatic complementarity. By creating 3Q fibrils containing point substitutions in the amino acid sequence, we also show that charged residues at the fibril three-fold apices provide the majority of the binding free energy, while charged residues elsewhere are less critical for binding. The results indicate, therefore, that LMWH binding to 3Q fibrils requires a precise molecular complementarity of the sulfate moieties on the GAG and charged residues displayed on the fibril surface. Differences in GAG binding to fibrils with distinct sequence and/or structure may thus contribute to the diverse etiology and progression of amyloid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Stewart
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Eleri Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - David A Middleton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK.
| | - Sheena E Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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45
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Zhang ZX, Hu ZW, Zhao DS, Chen YX, Li YM. Helices with Rational Residues Conduct Different Modulations towards Aβ Aggregation. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.170229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Wen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - De-Sheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Parkinson’s Disease, P. R. China
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46
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Altered protein glycosylation predicts Alzheimer's disease and modulates its pathology in disease model Drosophila. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 56:159-171. [PMID: 28552182 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are pathogenic oligomers and fibrils of misfolded amyloidogenic proteins (e.g., β-amyloid and hyper-phosphorylated tau in AD), which cause progressive loss of neurons in the brain and nervous system. Although deviations from normal protein glycosylation have been documented in AD, their role in disease pathology has been barely explored. Here our analysis of available expression data sets indicates that many glycosylation-related genes are differentially expressed in brains of AD patients compared with healthy controls. The robust differences found enabled us to predict the occurrence of AD with remarkable accuracy in a test cohort and identify a set of key genes whose expression determines this classification. We then studied in vivo the effect of reducing expression of homologs of 6 of these genes in transgenic Drosophila overexpressing human tau, a well-established invertebrate AD model. These experiments have led to the identification of glycosylation genes that may augment or ameliorate tauopathy phenotypes. Our results indicate that OstDelta, l(2)not and beta4GalT7 are tauopathy suppressors, whereas pgnat5 and CG33303 are enhancers, of tauopathy. These results suggest that specific alterations in protein glycosylation may play a causal role in AD etiology.
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47
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Soares da Costa D, Reis RL, Pashkuleva I. Sulfation of Glycosaminoglycans and Its Implications in Human Health and Disorders. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2017; 19:1-26. [PMID: 28226217 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071516-044610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sulfation is a dynamic and complex posttranslational modification process. It can occur at various positions within the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) backbone and modulates extracellular signals such as cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions; different sulfation patterns have been identified for the same organs and cells during their development. Because of their high specificity in relation to function, GAG sulfation patterns are referred to as the sulfation code. This review explores the role of GAG sulfation in different biological processes at the cell, tissue, and organism levels. We address the connection between the sulfation patterns of GAGs and several physiological processes and discuss the misregulation of GAG sulfation and its involvement in several genetic and metabolic disorders. Finally, we present the therapeutic potential of GAGs and their synthetic mimics in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Soares da Costa
- 3B's Research Group: Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho and Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; , , .,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group: Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho and Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; , , .,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Iva Pashkuleva
- 3B's Research Group: Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho and Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; , , .,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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48
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Salahuddin P, Siddiqi MK, Khan S, Abdelhameed AS, Khan RH. Mechanisms of protein misfolding: Novel therapeutic approaches to protein-misfolding diseases. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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49
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Manousopoulou A, Gatherer M, Smith C, Nicoll JAR, Woelk CH, Johnson M, Kalaria R, Attems J, Garbis SD, Carare RO. Systems proteomic analysis reveals that clusterin and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 increase in leptomeningeal arteries affected by cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2016; 43:492-504. [PMID: 27543695 PMCID: PMC5638106 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aims Amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation in the walls of leptomeningeal arteries as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a major feature of Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we used global quantitative proteomic analysis to examine the hypothesis that the leptomeningeal arteries derived from patients with CAA have a distinct endophenotypic profile compared to those from young and elderly controls. Methods Freshly dissected leptomeningeal arteries from the Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource and Edinburgh Sudden Death Brain Bank from seven elderly (82.9 ± 7.5 years) females with severe capillary and arterial CAA, as well as seven elderly (88.3 ± 8.6 years) and five young (45.4 ± 3.9 years) females without CAA were used in this study. Arteries from four patients with CAA, two young and two elderly controls were individually analysed using quantitative proteomics. Key proteomic findings were then validated using immunohistochemistry. Results Bioinformatics interpretation of the results showed a significant enrichment of the immune response/classical complement and extracellular matrix remodelling pathways (P < 0.05) in arteries affected by CAA vs. those from young and elderly controls. Clusterin (apolipoprotein J) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases‐3 (TIMP3), validated using immunohistochemistry, were shown to co‐localize with Aβ and to be up‐regulated in leptomeningeal arteries from CAA patients compared to young and elderly controls. Conclusions Global proteomic profiling of brain leptomeningeal arteries revealed that clusterin and TIMP3 increase in leptomeningeal arteries affected by CAA. We propose that clusterin and TIMP3 could facilitate perivascular clearance and may serve as novel candidate therapeutic targets for CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Manousopoulou
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - M Gatherer
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - C Smith
- Pathology Department, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J A R Nicoll
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - C H Woelk
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - M Johnson
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - R Kalaria
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J Attems
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - S D Garbis
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - R O Carare
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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50
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Mulloy B, Hogwood J, Gray E, Lever R, Page CP. Pharmacology of Heparin and Related Drugs. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:76-141. [PMID: 26672027 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been recognized as a valuable anticoagulant and antithrombotic for several decades and is still widely used in clinical practice for a variety of indications. The anticoagulant activity of heparin is mainly attributable to the action of a specific pentasaccharide sequence that acts in concert with antithrombin, a plasma coagulation factor inhibitor. This observation has led to the development of synthetic heparin mimetics for clinical use. However, it is increasingly recognized that heparin has many other pharmacological properties, including but not limited to antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antimetastatic actions. Many of these activities are independent of its anticoagulant activity, although the mechanisms of these other activities are currently less well defined. Nonetheless, heparin is being exploited for clinical uses beyond anticoagulation and developed for a wide range of clinical disorders. This article provides a "state of the art" review of our current understanding of the pharmacology of heparin and related drugs and an overview of the status of development of such drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - John Hogwood
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Elaine Gray
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Rebecca Lever
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
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