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Fang J, Wang Z, Miao CY. Angiogenesis after ischemic stroke. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:1305-1321. [PMID: 36829053 PMCID: PMC10310733 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to its high disability and mortality rates, stroke has been the second leading cause of death worldwide. Since the pathological mechanisms of stroke are not fully understood, there are few clinical treatment strategies available with an exception of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), the only FDA-approved drug for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Angiogenesis is an important protective mechanism that promotes neural regeneration and functional recovery during the pathophysiological process of stroke. Thus, inducing angiogenesis in the peri-infarct area could effectively improve hemodynamics, and promote vascular remodeling and recovery of neurovascular function after ischemic stroke. In this review, we summarize the cellular and molecular mechanisms affecting angiogenesis after cerebral ischemia registered in PubMed, and provide pro-angiogenic strategies for exploring the treatment of ischemic stroke, including endothelial progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, growth factors, cytokines, non-coding RNAs, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University / Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University / Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chao-Yu Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University / Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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2
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Tang H, Zhang X, Hao X, Dou H, Zou C, Zhou Y, Li B, Yue H, Wang D, Wang Y, Yang C, Fu J. Hepatocyte growth factor-modified hair follicle stem cells ameliorate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:25. [PMID: 36782269 PMCID: PMC9926795 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03251-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) are considered as a promising cell type in the stem cell transplantation treatment of neurological diseases because of their rich sources, easy access, and the same ectoderm source as the nervous system. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that shows neuroprotective function in ischemic stroke. Here we assessed the therapeutic effects of HFSCs on ischemic stroke injury and the synthetic effect of HGF along with HFSCs. METHODS Rat HFSCs were intravenously transplanted into a middle cerebral artery ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) rat model. Neurological scoring and TTC staining were performed to assess the benefits of HFSC transplantation. Inflammatory cytokines, blood-brain barrier integrity and angiogenesis within penumbra were estimated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. The differentiation of HFSCs was detected by immunofluorescence method 2 weeks after transplantation. RESULTS HFSC transplantation could significantly inhibit the activation of microglia, improve the integrity of blood-brain barrier and reduce brain edema. Moreover, the number of surviving neurons and microvessels density in the penumbra were upregulated by HFSC transplantation, leading to better neurological score. The combination of HFSCs and HGF could significantly improve the therapeutic benefit. CONCLUSION Our results indicate for the first time that HGF modified HFSCs can reduce I/R injury and promote the neurological recovery by inhibiting inflammatory response, protecting blood-brain barrier and promoting angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- grid.412463.60000 0004 1762 6325Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No.246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086 Heilongjiang China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- grid.412463.60000 0004 1762 6325Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No.246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086 Heilongjiang China
| | - Xiaojun Hao
- grid.412463.60000 0004 1762 6325Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No.246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086 Heilongjiang China
| | - Haitong Dou
- grid.412463.60000 0004 1762 6325Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No.246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086 Heilongjiang China
| | - Chendan Zou
- grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, No.157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086 Heilongjiang China
| | - Yinglian Zhou
- grid.412463.60000 0004 1762 6325Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No.246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086 Heilongjiang China
| | - Bing Li
- grid.412463.60000 0004 1762 6325Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No.246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086 Heilongjiang China
| | - Hui Yue
- grid.412463.60000 0004 1762 6325Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No.246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086 Heilongjiang China
| | - Duo Wang
- grid.412463.60000 0004 1762 6325Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No.246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086 Heilongjiang China
| | - Yifei Wang
- grid.412463.60000 0004 1762 6325Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No.246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086 Heilongjiang China
| | - Chunxiao Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No.246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Jin Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No.246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China.
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3
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Xu J, Zhang Y, Liu Y, You Y, Li F, Chen Y, Xie L, Tong S, Zhou S, Liang K, Huang Y, Jiang G, Song Q, Mei N, Ma F, Gao X, Wang H, Chen J. Vitality-Enhanced Dual-Modal Tracking System Reveals the Dynamic Fate of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Stroke Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203431. [PMID: 36180405 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy via intravenous transplantation exhibits great potential for brain tissue regeneration, but still faces thorny clinical translation challenges as the unknown dynamic fate leads to the contentious therapeutic mechanism and the poor MSC viability in harsh lesions limits therapeutic efficiency. Here, a vitality-enhanced dual-modal tracking system is designed to improve engraftment efficiency and is utilized to noninvasively explore the fate of intravenous transplanted human umbilical cord-derived MSCs during long-term treatment of ischemic stroke. Such a system is obtained by bioorthogonally conjugating magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast and near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging nanoparticles to metabolic glycoengineered MSCs with a lipoic acid-containing extracellular antioxidative protective layer. The dynamic fates of MSCs in multi-dimensional space-time evolution are digitally detailed for up to 28 days using MRI and NIRF imaging equipment, and the protective layer greatly shields MSCs from reactive oxygen spices (ROS) degradation, enhances MSC survival, and engraftment efficiency. Additionally, it is observed that the bioengineered MSCs exhibit dynamic intelligent responses corresponding to microenvironment remodeling and exert enhanced therapeutic effects. This dual-modal tracking system enables long-term tracking of MSCs while improving their viability at the lesion sites, which may serve as a valuable tool for expediting the clinical translation of MSC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianpei Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yuwen Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence & Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yipu Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yang You
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Fengan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Laozhi Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Shiqiang Tong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Songlei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Kaifan Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yukun Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Gan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Qingxiang Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Ni Mei
- Shanghai Center for Drug Evaluation and Inspection, 781 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Fenfen Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - He Wang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence & Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
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Paro MR, Chakraborty AR, Angelo S, Nambiar S, Bulsara KR, Verma R. Molecular mediators of angiogenesis and neurogenesis after ischemic stroke. Rev Neurosci 2022; 34:425-442. [PMID: 36073599 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms governing neurological and functional recovery after ischemic stroke are incompletely understood. Recent advances in knowledge of intrinsic repair processes of the CNS have so far translated into minimal improvement in outcomes for stroke victims. Better understanding of the processes underlying neurological recovery after stroke is necessary for development of novel therapeutic approaches. Angiogenesis and neurogenesis have emerged as central mechanisms of post-stroke recovery and potential targets for therapeutics. Frameworks have been developed for conceptualizing cerebral angiogenesis and neurogenesis at the tissue and cellular levels. These models highlight that angiogenesis and neurogenesis are linked to each other and to functional recovery. However, knowledge of the molecular framework linking angiogenesis and neurogenesis after stroke is limited. Studies of potential therapeutics typically focus on one mediator or pathway with minimal discussion of its role within these multifaceted biochemical processes. In this article, we briefly review the current understanding of the coupled processes of angiogenesis and neurogenesis after stroke. We then identify the molecular mediators and signaling pathways found in pre-clinical studies to upregulate both processes after stroke and contextualizes them within the current framework. This report thus contributes to a more-unified understanding of the molecular mediators governing angiogenesis and neurogenesis after stroke, which we hope will help guide the development of novel therapeutic approaches for stroke survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitch R Paro
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 200 Academic Way, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Arijit R Chakraborty
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 200 Academic Way, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Sophia Angelo
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 200 Academic Way, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Shyam Nambiar
- University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Ketan R Bulsara
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 200 Academic Way, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.,Division of Neurosurgery, University of Connecticut Health, 135 Dowling Way, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Rajkumar Verma
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 200 Academic Way, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
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5
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Lee SL, Lee MHH, Wu KJ, Chiang CW, Chang YX, Fang JD, Tung HH, Kuo LW, Wang Y. Post-ischemic protection of hepatocyte growth factor requires the type II transmembrane serine protease matriptase-A reciprocal regulation of the two for neuroprotection in stroke brain. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22494. [PMID: 35976173 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200414r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MACo) model of ischemic stroke, intracerebroventricular administration of human recombinant hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) mitigated motor impairment and cortical infarction. Recombinant HGF reduced MCAo-induced TNFα and IL1β expression, and alleviated perilesional reactivation of microglia and astrocyte. All of the aforementioned beneficial effects of HGF were antagonized by an inhibitor to the type II transmembrane serine protease matriptase (MTP). MCAo upregulated MTP mRNA and protein in the lesioned cortex. MTP protein, not the mRNA, was increased further by recombinant HGF but reduced when MTP inhibitor (MTPi) was added to the treatment. Changes of the endogenous active HGF by MCAo, HGF or MTPi paralleled with the changes of MTP protein under the same conditions whilst neither HGF mRNA nor the total endogenous HGF protein were altered. These data showed that the therapeutic effects of HGF in stroke brain is attributed to its proteolytic activation and that MTP is a main protease of the event. MCAo enhanced MTP mRNA and thus protein expression; the initial use of the recombinant active HGF stabilized MCAo-induced MTP protein and subsequent activation of endogenous latent HGF which in turn stabilized further MTP protein. A reciprocal regulation between MTP and HGF appears to be present where MTP promotes HGF activation and the active HGF prevents MTP protein turnover. This study, for the first time, shows that MTP can participate in neural protection in stroke brain through activation of HGF. The cycles of HGF-MTP regulation achieved preservation of the neurological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheau-Ling Lee
- Institute of Cellular and Systems Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Michelle Hui-Hsin Lee
- Institute of Cellular and Systems Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kuo-Jen Wu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Wen Chiang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yun-Xuan Chang
- Institute of Cellular and Systems Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jung-Da Fang
- Institute of Cellular and Systems Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsiu-Hui Tung
- Institute of Cellular and Systems Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Li-Wei Kuo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yun Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, R.O.C
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6
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Zhang Y, Zhang T, Jia J, Jin C, Li Y. Analysis of differential gene expression profiles uncovers mechanisms of Xuesaitong injection against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. PHYTOMEDICINE 2022; 103:154224. [PMID: 35691081 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xuesaitong injection (XST), a well-known traditional Chinese patent medicine, has been widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The exact mechanisms of XST in ischemic stroke remain to be thoroughly elucidated. PURPOSE This study aims to characterize the candidate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways of XST in ischemic stroke by bioinformatics analysis, and to explore new clues for the underlying mechanisms of XST. METHODS A dataset (GSE61616) was performed to screen out DEGs for deep analysis. Series Test of Cluster analysis for DEGs was carried out. For all DEGs, Gene Ontology (GO) annotation analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed for visualization. The screened hub gene expression characteristics were verified in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats. In vivo studies have demonstrated the mechanisms of XST against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CIR) injury. RESULTS A total of 8066 DEGs were screened out and the expression of genes in profile 8 was suggested to have clinical significance. The MAPK signaling pathway was indicated as the most significantly enriched pathway in profile 8. Bdnf was identified as the most significant hub gene according to node degree. Animal experiments demonstrated that XST attenuated CIR injury. XST increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its high-affinity receptor tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) levels in MCAO. Furthermore, the knockdown of BDNF by siRNA abolished the in vivo effects of XST on brain injury, neurodegeneration and apoptosis after CIR. CONCLUSION The integrated strategy, based on bioinformatics analyses with experimental verification, provides a novel cellular mechanism by which XST alleviates CIR injury. The BDNF-TrkB pathway was highly thought to play a vital role in the neuroprotective effects of XST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Chaohui Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuwen Li
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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7
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El-Tahlawi SM, Fawzy MM, El-Madawy Z, Magdy S, Aboraia NM. Platelet rich plasma versus Carboxytherapy in the treatment of Periorbital dark circles: A split-face study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:4332-4338. [PMID: 35514239 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periorbital hyperpigmentation is a recurrent problem in dermatologic clinics that affect the patients' quality of life and their psychological status. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) may serve as a source of different growth factors which may reduce the pigmentation in this problem. Carboxytherapy is carbon dioxide infusion into human tissue for therapeutic purposes. OBJECTIVE to evaluate and compare the clinical efficacy of PRP and carboxytherapy in the treatment of periorbital dark circles (PODC). Histopathological evaluation was also done. PATIENTS AND METHODS Split-face study of 23 patients with PODC treated with PRP at the right side and carboxytherapy at the left side. Patients received four sessions; one session/week. Final follow-up evaluation was done 3 months after the last session by clinical and histopathological assessment. RESULTS PRP showed significant better response (p=0.002), shorter downtime and tolerable side effects than caboxytherapy. Reduction in area percent of melanin after PRP injections showed 46.6% improvement, while after carboxytherapy, it showed only 14.3% improvement. CONCLUSION The present study had showed that PRP is more effective and tolerable than caboxytherapy in the treatment of PODC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marwa M Fawzy
- Department of Dermatology, STDs& andrology, Faculty of medicine, Fayoum University
| | - Zeinab El-Madawy
- Department of Histology and cell biology Department, Faculty of medicine, Cairo University
| | - Sara Magdy
- Department of Dermatology, STDs& andrology, Faculty of medicine, Fayoum University
| | - Nesreen M Aboraia
- Department of Dermatology, STDs& andrology, Faculty of medicine, Fayoum University
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8
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Alterations of inflammatory cytokines in super-acute stroke patients and the potential pathogenesis. J Clin Neurosci 2022; 99:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2022.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Gabisonia K, Khan M, Recchia FA. Extracellular vesicle-mediated bidirectional communication between heart and other organs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 322:H769-H784. [PMID: 35179973 PMCID: PMC8993522 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00659.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a wealth of studies has identified various molecular species released by cardiac muscle under physiological and pathological conditions that exert local paracrine and/or remote endocrine effects. Conversely, humoral factors, principally produced by organs such as skeletal muscle, kidney, or adipose tissue, may affect the function and metabolism of normal and diseased hearts. Although this cross communication within cardiac tissue and between the heart and other organs is supported by mounting evidence, research on the role of molecular mediators carried by exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, collectively defined as extracellular vesicles (EVs), is at an early stage of investigation. Once released in the circulation, EVs can potentially reach any organ where they transfer their cargo of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that exert potent biological effects on recipient cells. Although there are a few cases where such signaling was clearly demonstrated, the results from many other studies can only be tentatively inferred based on indirect evidence obtained by infusing exogenous EVs in experimental animals or by adding them to cell cultures. This area of research is in rapid expansion and most mechanistic interpretations may change in the near future; hence, the present review on the role played by EV-carried mediators in the two-way communication between heart and skeletal muscle, kidneys, bone marrow, lungs, liver, adipose tissue, and brain is necessarily limited. Nonetheless, the available data are already unveiling new, intriguing, and ample scenarios in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khatia Gabisonia
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mohsin Khan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fabio A Recchia
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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10
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Hong J, Dragas R, Khazaei M, Ahuja CS, Fehlings MG. Hepatocyte Growth Factor-Preconditioned Neural Progenitor Cells Attenuate Astrocyte Reactivity and Promote Neurite Outgrowth. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:741681. [PMID: 34955750 PMCID: PMC8695970 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.741681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The astroglial scar is a defining hallmark of secondary pathology following central nervous system (CNS) injury that, despite its role in limiting tissue damage, presents a significant barrier to neuroregeneration. Neural progenitor cell (NPC) therapies for tissue repair and regeneration have demonstrated favorable outcomes, the effects of which are ascribed not only to direct cell replacement but trophic support. Cytokines and growth factors secreted by NPCs aid in modifying the inhibitory and cytotoxic post-injury microenvironment. In an effort to harness and enhance the reparative potential of NPC secretome, we utilized the multifunctional and pro-regenerative cytokine, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), as a cellular preconditioning agent. We first demonstrated the capacity of HGF to promote NPC survival in the presence of oxidative stress. We then assessed the capacity of this modified conditioned media (CM) to attenuate astrocyte reactivity and promote neurite outgrowth in vitro. HGF pre-conditioned NPCs demonstrated significantly increased levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 and reduced vascular endothelial growth factor compared to untreated NPCs. In reactive astrocytes, HGF-enhanced NPC-CM effectively reduced glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan deposition to a greater extent than either treatment alone, and enhanced neurite outgrowth of co-cultured neurons. in vivo, this combinatorial treatment strategy might enable tactical modification of the post-injury inhibitory astroglial environment to one that is more conducive to regeneration and functional recovery. These findings have important translational implications for the optimization of current cell-based therapies for CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hong
- Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel Dragas
- Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mohammad Khazaei
- Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher S Ahuja
- Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Spinal Program, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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11
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Desole C, Gallo S, Vitacolonna A, Montarolo F, Bertolotto A, Vivien D, Comoglio P, Crepaldi T. HGF and MET: From Brain Development to Neurological Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:683609. [PMID: 34179015 PMCID: PMC8220160 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.683609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its tyrosine kinase receptor, encoded by the MET cellular proto-oncogene, are expressed in the nervous system from pre-natal development to adult life, where they are involved in neuronal growth and survival. In this review, we highlight, beyond the neurotrophic action, novel roles of HGF-MET in synaptogenesis during post-natal brain development and the connection between deregulation of MET expression and developmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). On the pharmacology side, HGF-induced MET activation exerts beneficial neuroprotective effects also in adulthood, specifically in neurodegenerative disease, and in preclinical models of cerebral ischemia, spinal cord injuries, and neurological pathologies, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). HGF is a key factor preventing neuronal death and promoting survival through pro-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory mechanisms. Recent evidence suggests that HGF acts on neural stem cells to enhance neuroregeneration. The possible therapeutic application of HGF and HGF mimetics for the treatment of neurological disorders is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Desole
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Simona Gallo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Annapia Vitacolonna
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Francesca Montarolo
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Italy.,Neurobiology Unit, Neurology, CReSM (Regional Referring Center of Multiple Sclerosis), San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio Bertolotto
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Italy.,Neurobiology Unit, Neurology, CReSM (Regional Referring Center of Multiple Sclerosis), San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Denis Vivien
- INSERM U1237, University of Caen, Gyp Cyceron, Caen, France.,Department of Clinical Research, Caen-Normandie University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Paolo Comoglio
- IFOM, FIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Crepaldi
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
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12
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Zhu H, Zhang Y, Zhong Y, Ye Y, Hu X, Gu L, Xiong X. Inflammation-Mediated Angiogenesis in Ischemic Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:652647. [PMID: 33967696 PMCID: PMC8096981 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.652647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of disability and mortality in the world, but the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke (IS) is not completely clear and treatments are limited. Mounting evidence indicate that neovascularization is a critical defensive reaction to hypoxia that modulates the process of long-term neurologic recovery after IS. Angiogenesis is a complex process in which the original endothelial cells in blood vessels are differentiated, proliferated, migrated, and finally remolded into new blood vessels. Many immune cells and cytokines, as well as growth factors, are directly or indirectly involved in the regulation of angiogenesis. Inflammatory cells can affect endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and activation by secreting a variety of cytokines via various inflammation-relative signaling pathways and thus participate in the process of angiogenesis. However, the mechanism of inflammation-mediated angiogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Hence, this review aimed to discuss the mechanism of inflammation-mediated angiogenesis in IS and to provide new ideas for clinical treatment of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyao Hu
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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13
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Hepatocyte growth factor protects PC12 cells against OGD/R-induced injury by reducing iron. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:222408. [PMID: 32186328 PMCID: PMC7109004 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the light of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) the inhibiting role on the expression of hepcidin, we hypothesized that HGF might be able to reduce cell and tissue iron by increasing ferroportin 1 (Fpn1) content and Fpn1-mediated iron release from cells and tissues. The hypothesized ability of HGF to reduce iron might be one of the mechanisms associated with its neuroprotective action under the conditions of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Here, we investigated the effects of HGF on the expression of hepcidin as well as transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), Fpn1, ferritin and iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) in oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R)-treated PC12 cells by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. We demonstrated that HGF could completely reverse the OGD/R-induced reduction in Fpn1 and IRP1 expression and increase in ferritin light chain protein and hepcidin mRNA levels in PC12 cells. It was concluded that HGF protects PC12 cells against OGD/R-induced injury mainly by reducing cell iron contents via the up-regulation of Fpn1 and increased Fpn1-mediated iron export from cells. Our findings suggested that HGF may also be able to ameliorate OGD/R or I/R-induced overloading of brain iron by promoting Fpn1 expression.
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14
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Brain morphological and connectivity changes on MRI after stem cell therapy in a rat stroke model. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246817. [PMID: 33592008 PMCID: PMC7886198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In animal models of stroke, behavioral assessments could be complemented by a variety of neuroimaging studies to correlate them with recovery and better understand mechanisms of improvement after stem cell therapy. We evaluated morphological and connectivity changes after treatment with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in a rat stroke model, through quantitative measurement of T2-weighted images and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion rats randomly received PBS (PBS-only), FBS cultured hMSCs (FBS-hMSCs), or stroke patients’ serum cultured hMSCs (SS-hMSCs). Functional improvement was assessed using a modified neurological severity score (mNSS). Quantitative analyses of T2-weighted ischemic lesion and ventricular volume changes were performed. Brain microstructure/connectivity changes were evaluated in the ischemic recovery area by DTI-derived microstructural indices such as relative fractional anisotropy (rFA), relative axial diffusivity (rAD), and relative radial diffusivity (rRD), and relative fiber density (rFD) analyses. According to mNSS results, the SS-hMSCs group showed the most prominent functional improvement. Infarct lesion volume of the SS-hMSCs group was significantly decreased at 2 weeks when compared to the PBS-only groups, but there were no differences between the FBS-hMSCs and SS-hMSCs groups. Brain atrophy was significantly decreased in the SS-hMSCs group compared to the other groups. In DTI, rFA and rFD values were significantly higher and rRD value was significant lower in the SS-hMSCs group and these microstructure/connectivity changes were correlated with T2-weighted morphological changes. T2-weighted volume alterations (ischemic lesion and brain atrophy), and DTI microstructural indices and rFD changes, were well matched with the results of behavioral assessment. These quantitative MRI measurements could be potential outcome predictors of functional recovery after treatment with stem cells for stroke.
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15
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Zheng X, Hermann DM, Bähr M, Doeppner TR. The role of small extracellular vesicles in cerebral and myocardial ischemia-Molecular signals, treatment targets, and future clinical translation. Stem Cells 2021; 39:403-413. [PMID: 33432732 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The heart and the brain mutually interact with each other, forming a functional axis that is disturbed under conditions of ischemia. Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) show great potential for the treatment of ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction. Due to heart-brain interactions, therapeutic actions of EVs in the brain and the heart cannot be regarded in an isolated way. Effects in each of the two organs reciprocally influence the outcome of the other. Stem cell-derived EVs modulate a large number of signaling pathways in both tissues. Upon ischemia, EVs prevent delayed injury, promote angiogenesis, enhance parenchymal remodeling, and enable functional tissue recovery. The therapeutic effects greatly depend on EV cargos, among which are noncoding RNAs like microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins, which modulate cell signaling in a differential way that not always corresponds to each other in the two tissues. Interestingly, the same miRNA or protein localized in EVs can modulate different signaling pathways in the ischemic heart and brain, which may have diverse consequences for disease outcomes. Paying careful attention to unveiling these underlying mechanisms may provide new insights into tissue remodeling processes and identify targets for ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction therapies. Some of these mechanisms are discussed in this concise review, and consequences for the clinical translation of EVs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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16
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Feng Z, Liu S, Chen Q, Tan Q, Xian J, Feng H, Chen Z, Li G. uPA alleviates kaolin-induced hydrocephalus by promoting the release and activation of hepatocyte growth factor in rats. Neurosci Lett 2020; 731:135011. [PMID: 32497735 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) was demonstrated to alleviate kaolin-induced communicating hydrocephalus via inhibiting subarachnoid space fibrosis, but the exact mechanism remains elusive. Thus, this study was designed to investigate if hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which plays a vital role in uPA-triggered inhibiting of fibrosis in multiple systems, is involved in this process in hydrocephalus. There were 2 parts in this study. First, hydrocephalus was induced in rats by basal cistern injection of kaolin. Then rats were treated with saline or uPA and brain tissue and CSF were collected for Western blot and enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) four days later. Second, kaolin-induced hydrocephalus rats were treated with saline, uPA, uPA + PHA665752 (antagonist of HGF) or PHA665752. Some animals received MRI four weeks later and brains were used for immunofluorescence. The others were euthanized four days later for ELISA. Both levels of total and activated HGF in the CSF was increased after uPA injections, but related mRNA expression of HGF showed no statistical significance when compared with the control group. Further, the effects of uPA that alleviating ventricular enlargement, subarachnoid fibrosis and reactive astrocytosis were partially reversed by PHA665752. Moreover, PHA665752 partially abolished uPA-induced reduction of transforming growth factor- β1(TGF- β1) level in CSF. Our data suggest that uPA effectively inhibited subarachnoid fibrosis and restricted the development of communicating hydrocephalus in rats in part by promoting HGF release and activation, which may further regulate the TGF-β1 expression in CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Shengyan Liu
- Chongqing Mental Health Center, Chongqing, 4001147, PR China
| | - Qianwei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Qiang Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Jishu Xian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, 563003, PR China.
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17
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Lee SH, Lee N, Kim S, Lee J, Choi W, Yu SS, Kim JH, Kim S. Intramuscular delivery of HGF-expressing recombinant AAV improves muscle integrity and alleviates neurological symptoms in the nerve crush and SOD1-G93A transgenic mouse models. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 517:452-457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Lee SH, Kim S, Lee N, Lee J, Yu SS, Kim JH, Kim S. Intrathecal delivery of recombinant AAV1 encoding hepatocyte growth factor improves motor functions and protects neuromuscular system in the nerve crush and SOD1-G93A transgenic mouse models. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:96. [PMID: 31189468 PMCID: PMC6563368 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0737-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neuromuscular disease resulting from motor neuron degeneration that causes muscle weakness, paralysis, and eventually respiratory failure. We investigated whether recombinant adeno-associated virus encoding human hepatocyte growth factor (rAAV-HGF) could generate beneficial effects in two mouse models with neuromuscular problems when intrathecally delivered to the subarachnoid space. We chose AAV serotype 1 (rAAV1) based on the expression levels and distribution of HGF protein in the lumbar spinal cord (LSC). After a single intrathecal (IT) injection of rAAV1-HGF, the protein level of HGF in the LSC peaked on day 14 and thereafter gradually decreased over the next 14 weeks. rAAV1-HGF was initially tested in the mouse nerve crush model. IT injection of rAAV1-HGF improved mouse hindlimb strength and rotarod performance, while histological analyses showed that the length of regenerated axons was increased and the structure of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) was restored. rAAV1-HGF was also evaluated in the SOD1-G93A transgenic (TG) mouse model. Again, rAAV1-HGF not only improved motor performance but also increased the survival rate. Moreover, the number and diameter of spinal motor neurons (SMNs) were increased, and the shape of the NMJs restored. Data from in vitro motor cortical culture experiments indicated that treatment with recombinant HGF protein (rHGF) increased the axon length of corticospinal motor neurons (CSMNs). When cultures were treated with an ERK inhibitor, the effects of HGF on axon elongation, protein aggregation, and oxidative stress were suppressed, indicating that ERK phosphorylation played an important role(s). Taken together, our results suggested that HGF might play an important role(s) in delaying disease progression in the SOD1-G93A TG mouse model by reducing oxidative stress through the control of ERK phosphorylation.
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19
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Application of Hepatocyte Growth Factor for Acute Spinal Cord Injury: The Road from Basic Studies to Human Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051054. [PMID: 30823442 PMCID: PMC6429374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was first identified as a potent mitogen for mature hepatocytes, and has also gained attention as a strong neurotrophic factor in the central nervous system. We found that during the acute phase of spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats, c-Met, the specific receptor for HGF, increases sharply, while the endogenous HGF up-regulation is relatively weak. Introducing exogenous HGF into the spinal cord by injecting an HGF-expressing viral vector significantly increased the neuron and oligodendrocyte survival, angiogenesis, and axonal regeneration, to reduce the area of damage and to promote functional recovery in rats after SCI. Other recent studies in rodents have shown that exogenously administered HGF during the acute phase of SCI reduces astrocyte activation to decrease glial scar formation, and exerts anti-inflammatory effects to reduce leukocyte infiltration. We also reported that the intrathecal infusion of recombinant human HGF (intrathecal rhHGF) improves neurological hand function after cervical contusive SCI in the common marmoset, a non-human primate. Based on these collective results, we conducted a phase I/II clinical trial of intrathecal rhHGF for patients with acute cervical SCI who showed a modified Frankel grade of A/B1/B2 72 h after injury onset, from June 2014 to May 2018.
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20
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Warita H, Kato M, Asada R, Yamashita A, Hayata D, Adachi K, Aoki M. Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacodynamics of Intrathecal Injection of Recombinant Human HGF (KP-100) in Subjects With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Phase I Trial. J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 59:677-687. [PMID: 30536581 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor is an endogenous pleiotropic factor shown to act as a potent neuroprotectant against disease progression in animal models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which is a devastating, adult-onset motor neuron disease. To evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of recombinant 5-residue-deleted human hepatocyte growth factor (KP-100) injected intrathecally through an implantable catheter connected to a subcutaneous port, we conducted a first-in-human phase I trial of intrathecal KP-100 in 15 Japanese patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The regimen was a single injection of 3 escalating doses (0.2, 0.6, and 2.0 mg/body) in 9 subjects followed by 2 doses (0.6 and 2.0 mg/body) repeated 5 times at 1-week intervals in 6 subjects (3 subjects/group). With single-dose administration, the mean half-life of KP-100 in the cerebrospinal fluid was 1.2 to 1.4 days, with its maximum concentration increasing in a dose-dependent manner. With multiple-dose administration, the trough KP-100 concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid generally remained constant for any dose, despite multiple dosing. There were no deaths, serious adverse events, or device malfunctions leading to discontinuation. In all subjects, plasma KP-100 concentrations were <1 ng/mL, or below the lower limit of detection at all time points of measurement. Anti-KP-100 antibody was not detected in the cerebrospinal fluid or plasma specimens from any of the subjects throughout the KP-100 dosing period. These results suggest that KP-100, as well as the device used to administer it, is safe and tolerable. A phase II trial is warranted in patients with various central nervous system diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Warita
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kato
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryuta Asada
- Innovative and Clinical Research Promotion Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Masashi Aoki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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21
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Cichoń N, Bijak M, Czarny P, Miller E, Synowiec E, Sliwinski T, Saluk-Bijak J. Increase in Blood Levels of Growth Factors Involved in the Neuroplasticity Process by Using an Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field in Post-stroke Patients. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:294. [PMID: 30319398 PMCID: PMC6168626 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neuroplasticity ensures the improvement of functional status in patients after stroke. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field therapy (ELF-EMF) on brain plasticity in the rehabilitation of patients after stroke. Methods: Forty-eight patients were divided into two groups underwent the same rehabilitation program, but in the study group, the patients additionally were exposed to a standard series of 10 ELF-EMF treatments. To determine the level of neuroplasticity, we measured the plasma level of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the vascular-endothelial growth factor, as well as BDNF mRNA expression. Additionally, we determined the molecule levels for hepatocyte growth factor, stem cell factor, stromal cell-derived factor 1α, nerve growth factor β, and leukemia inhibitory factor, using 5plex cytokine panel in plasma. After 4 weeks, during which patients had undergone neurorehabilitation and neurological examinations, we assessed functional recovery using the Barthel Index, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Geriatric Depression Scale, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Results: We observed that ELF-EMF significantly increased growth factors and cytokine levels involved in neuroplasticity, as well as promoted an enhancement of functional recovery in post-stroke patients. Additionally, we presented evidence that these effects could be related to the increase of gene expression on the mRNA level. Moreover, a change of BDNF plasma level was positively correlated with the Barthel Index, MMSE, and negatively correlated with GDS. Conclusion: Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field therapy improves the effectiveness of rehabilitation of post-stroke patients by improving neuroplasticity processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Cichoń
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Michał Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Czarny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Miller
- Department of Physical Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland.,Neurorehabilitation Ward, III General Hospital in Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Ewelina Synowiec
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sliwinski
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Joanna Saluk-Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
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22
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Otsuka T, Imura T, Nakagawa K, Shrestha L, Takahashi S, Kawahara Y, Sueda T, Kurisu K, Yuge L. Simulated Microgravity Culture Enhances the Neuroprotective Effects of Human Cranial Bone-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Traumatic Brain Injury. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1287-1297. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Otsuka
- Division of Bio-Environmental Adaptation Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Imura
- Division of Bio-Environmental Adaptation Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kei Nakagawa
- Division of Bio-Environmental Adaptation Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Looniva Shrestha
- Division of Bio-Environmental Adaptation Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinya Takahashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Taijiro Sueda
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kurisu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Louis Yuge
- Division of Bio-Environmental Adaptation Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Space Bio-Laboratories Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
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23
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Mukai T, Tojo A, Nagamura-Inoue T. Mesenchymal stromal cells as a potential therapeutic for neurological disorders. Regen Ther 2018; 9:32-37. [PMID: 30525073 PMCID: PMC6222283 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported that mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) restore neurological damage through their secretion of paracrine factors or their differentiation to neuronal cells. Based on these studies, many clinical trials have been conducted using MSCs for neurological disorders, and their safety and efficacy have been reported. In this review, we provide a brief introduction to MSCs, especially umbilical cord derived-MSCs (UC-MSCs), in terms of characteristics, isolation, and cryopreservation, and discuss the recent progress in regenerative therapies using MSCs for various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Mukai
- Division of Molecular of Therapy, Center for Advanced Medical Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Cell Processing and Transfusion, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Arinobu Tojo
- Division of Molecular of Therapy, Center for Advanced Medical Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Cell Processing and Transfusion, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tokiko Nagamura-Inoue
- Department of Cell Processing and Transfusion, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
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24
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Wang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Yang H, Shen Z. RLIPostC protects against cerebral ischemia through improved synaptogenesis in rats. Brain Inj 2018; 32:1429-1436. [PMID: 30036110 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1483029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Remote limb ischemic post-conditioning (RLIPostC) has been shown to be neuroprotective in cerebral ischemia, whereas the effect of RLIPostC on synaptogenesis remains elusive. In the present study, we investigated the effects of RLIPostC on synaptogenesis in an experimental stroke rat model. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to left middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and were randomly divided into a control group, an RLIPostC group and a sham group. The RLIPostC group received three cycles of RLIPostC treatment immediately after reperfusion (ten minutes ischemia and ten minutes reperfusion in bilateral femoral artery). The neurological function was assessed by neurological deficit scores and the foot fault test at days 7 and 14 after MCAO. At day 14 after MCAO, the infarct volume and oedema were determined by cresyl violet (CV) staining and by measuring brain water content, respectively. Synaptogenesis was evaluated by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Our results showed that RLIPostC treatment significantly promoted the recovery of behavioural function, reduced infarct volume and brain oedema, and increased the expressions of SYN1, PSD95 and GAP43. CONCLUSIONS These results confirmed that RLIPostC treatment for cerebral ischemia was safe and effective. A possible molecular mechanism of the beneficial effects of RLIPostC treatment may be the promotion of synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Wang
- a School of Pharmacentical Sciences & Yunnan Provincal Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products , Kunming Medical University , Kunming , China.,b Department of Emergency and Critical Medicine , Yichang Central People's Hospital , Yichang , China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- b Department of Emergency and Critical Medicine , Yichang Central People's Hospital , Yichang , China
| | - Lei Zhang
- a School of Pharmacentical Sciences & Yunnan Provincal Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products , Kunming Medical University , Kunming , China.,b Department of Emergency and Critical Medicine , Yichang Central People's Hospital , Yichang , China
| | - Haoran Yang
- a School of Pharmacentical Sciences & Yunnan Provincal Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products , Kunming Medical University , Kunming , China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- a School of Pharmacentical Sciences & Yunnan Provincal Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products , Kunming Medical University , Kunming , China
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25
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Mu SW, Dang Y, Wang SS, Gu JJ. The role of high mobility group box 1 protein in acute cerebrovascular diseases. Biomed Rep 2018; 9:191-197. [PMID: 30271593 PMCID: PMC6158396 DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and development of acute cerebrovascular diseases involves an inflammatory response, and high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) is a pro-inflammatory factor that is expressed not only in the early-injury stage of disease, but also during the post-repair process. In the initial stage of disease, HMGB1 is released into the outside of the cell to participate in the cascade amplification reaction of inflammation, causing vasospasm, destruction of the blood-brain barrier and apoptosis of nerve cells. In the recovery stage of disease, HMGB1 can promote tissue repair and remodeling, which can aid in nerve function recovery. This review summarizes the biological characteristics of HMGB1, and the role of HMGB1 in ischemic and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease, and cerebral venous thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Wen Mu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongfang Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Dang
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Dongfang Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Shou-Sen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongfang Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Gu
- Department of Neuro-interventional Radiology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
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26
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Wu KJ, Yu S, Lee JY, Hoffer B, Wang Y. Improving Neurorepair in Stroke Brain Through Endogenous Neurogenesis-Enhancing Drugs. Cell Transplant 2018; 26:1596-1600. [PMID: 29113469 PMCID: PMC5680955 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717721230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke induces not only cell death but also neurorepair. De novo neurogenesis has been found in the subventricular zone of the adult mammalian brain days after stroke. Most of these newly generated cells die shortly after the insult. Recent studies have shown that pharmacological manipulation can improve the survival of endogenous neuroprogenitor cells and neural regeneration in stroke rats. As these drugs target the endogenous reparative processes that occur days after stroke, they may provide a prolonged window for stroke therapy. Here, we discuss endogenous neurogenesis-enhancing drugs and review the general status of stroke therapeutics in evaluating the field of pharmacotherapy for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Jen Wu
- 1 Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Seongjin Yu
- 1 Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jea-Young Lee
- 2 University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, FL, USA
| | - Barry Hoffer
- 3 Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yun Wang
- 1 Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
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27
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Mukai T, Tojo A, Nagamura-Inoue T. Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Contribute to Neuroprotection in Neonatal Cortical Neurons Damaged by Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation. Front Neurol 2018; 9:466. [PMID: 29963009 PMCID: PMC6013549 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported that human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (UC-MSCs) restore neurological damage in vivo through their secretion of paracrine factors. We previously found that UC-MSCs attenuate brain injury by secreting neurotrophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). However, how these factors contribute to neuroprotection remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate to what extent UC-MSC-derived HGF and BDNF contribute to neuroprotection using a Transwell co-culture system of neonatal cortical neurons damaged by oxygen-glucose deprivation. The influence of HGF and BDNF were determined by investigating neurons in both the presence and absence of UC-MSCs as these cells consistently secrete both factors and can be blocked by neutralizing antibodies. In the co-culture, UC-MSCs significantly improved neuronal injury, as indicated by an increase in immature neuron number, neurite outgrowth, and cell proliferation. Co-culture of damaged neurons with UC-MSCs also exhibited a reduction in the number of neurons displaying signs of apoptosis/necrosis. The neuroprotective actions of UC-MSCs were partially reverted by neutralizing antibodies. Together, our findings reveal that UC-MSC-secreted HGF and BDNF have neuroprotective effects on damaged neurons. Further studies should address the existence of other potential neurotrophic paracrine factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Mukai
- Division of Molecular of Therapy, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Cell Processing and Transfusion, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arinobu Tojo
- Division of Molecular of Therapy, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Cell Processing and Transfusion, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tokiko Nagamura-Inoue
- Department of Cell Processing and Transfusion, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Dewan SN, Wang Y, Yu S. Drug treatments that optimize endogenous neurogenesis as a therapeutic option for stroke. Brain Circ 2017; 3:152-155. [PMID: 30276317 PMCID: PMC6057687 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_20_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death and neurogenesis have been examined after stroke in the subventricular zone of the adult mammalian brain. New research focuses on the use of drugs to improve the viability of neural progenitor cells in rats after stroke. The aim of the drugs is to lengthen the timeframe for stroke therapy by targeting the endogenous repair mechanism that follows injury. In this paper, we look at the broad state of stroke therapy to assess the effectiveness of endogenous neurogenesis-enhancing drugs on stroke. This paper is a review article. Referred literature in this paper has been listed in the reference section. The data sets supporting the conclusions of this article are available online by searching various databases, including PubMed. Some original points in this article come from the laboratory practice in our research center and the authors’ experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam N Dewan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yun Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
| | - Seongjin Yu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
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29
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Sufit RL, Ajroud-Driss S, Casey P, Kessler JA. Open label study to assess the safety of VM202 in subjects with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2017; 18:269-278. [PMID: 28166654 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2016.1259334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess safety and define efficacy measures of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) DNA plasmid, VM202, administered by intramuscular injections in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). METHODS Eighteen participants were treated with VM202 administered in divided doses by injections alternating between the upper and lower limbs on d 0, 7, 14, and 21. Subjects were followed for nine months to evaluate possible adverse events. Functional outcome was assessed using the ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) as well as by serially measuring muscle strength, muscle circumference, and forced vital capacity. RESULTS Seventeen of 18 participants completed the study. All participants tolerated 64 mg of VM202 well with no serious adverse events (SAE) related to the drug. Twelve participants reported 26 mild or moderate injection site reactions. Three participants experienced five SAEs unrelated to VM202. One subject died from respiratory insufficiency secondary to ALS progression. CONCLUSIONS Multiple intramuscular injection of VM202 into the limbs appears safe in ALS subjects. Future trials with retreatment after three months will determine whether VM202 treatment alters the long-term course of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Sufit
- a Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology , Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Senda Ajroud-Driss
- a Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology , Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Patricia Casey
- a Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology , Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - John A Kessler
- a Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology , Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
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30
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Yu JH, Seo JH, Lee JY, Lee MY, Cho SR. Induction of Neurorestoration From Endogenous Stem Cells. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:863-82. [PMID: 26787093 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x690511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) persist in the subventricular zone lining the ventricles of the adult brain. The resident stem/progenitor cells can be stimulated in vivo by neurotrophic factors, hematopoietic growth factors, magnetic stimulation, and/or physical exercise. In both animals and humans, the differentiation and survival of neurons arising from the subventricular zone may also be regulated by the trophic factors. Since stem/progenitor cells present in the adult brain and the production of new neurons occurs at specific sites, there is a possibility for the treatment of incurable neurological diseases. It might be feasible to induce neurogenesis, which would be particularly efficacious in the treatment of striatal neurodegenerative conditions such as Huntington's disease, as well as cerebrovascular diseases such as ischemic stroke and cerebral palsy, conditions that are widely seen in the clinics. Understanding of the molecular control of endogenous NSC activation and progenitor cell mobilization will likely provide many new opportunities as therapeutic strategies. In this review, we focus on endogenous stem/progenitor cell activation that occurs in response to exogenous factors including neurotrophic factors, hematopoietic growth factors, magnetic stimulation, and an enriched environment. Taken together, these findings suggest the possibility that functional brain repair through induced neurorestoration from endogenous stem cells may soon be a clinical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hea Yu
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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31
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Lei C, Wu B, Cao T, Liu M, Hao Z. Brain recovery mediated by toll-like receptor 4 in rats after intracerebral hemorrhage. Brain Res 2015; 1632:1-8. [PMID: 26657742 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the immune system via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is implicated in both negative and positive processes in the central nervous system, including inflammation and angiogenesis. Whether TLR4 also participates in brain recovery following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has not been investigated. We used the rat model of collagenase-induced ICH to determine whether TLR4 acts as a key regulator of brain recovery in the late phase of injury. After ICH, TLR4 levels in the ipsilateral striatum were significantly higher in the ICH group than in the Sham group on days 1, 3, 7 and 14 after ICH induction. By 14 d, the ICH group showed significantly higher levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and MMP-9 than the Sham group, as well as greater numbers of vessels and BrdU- and DCX-positive cells. All these ICH-induced increases were significantly smaller in the TAK-242 group. The TLR4 antagonist also inhibited the recovery of neurological function after ICH. A TLR4 antagonist reduced ICH-induced neurogenesis and angiogenesis in a rat. These findings suggest that TLR4 may promote brain repair in the late phase of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Lei
- Stroke Clinical Research Unit, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, PR China
| | - Bo Wu
- Stroke Clinical Research Unit, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Human Disease Biotherapy and Ministry of Education, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, PR China.
| | - Tian Cao
- Stroke Clinical Research Unit, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, PR China
| | - Ming Liu
- Stroke Clinical Research Unit, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Human Disease Biotherapy and Ministry of Education, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, PR China
| | - Zilong Hao
- Stroke Clinical Research Unit, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, PR China
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32
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Tetramethylpyrazine Promotes Migration of Neural Precursor Cells via Activating the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6526-6539. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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33
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Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Neurogenesis following Stroke Affecting the Adult Brain. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:7/11/a019034. [PMID: 26525150 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a019034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A bulk of experimental evidence supports the idea that the stroke-damaged adult brain makes an attempt to repair itself by producing new neurons also in areas where neurogenesis does not normally occur (e.g., the striatum and cerebral cortex). Knowledge about mechanisms regulating the different steps of neurogenesis after stroke is rapidly increasing but still incomplete. The functional consequences of stroke-induced neurogenesis and the level of integration of the new neurons into existing neural circuitries are poorly understood. To have a substantial impact on the recovery after stroke, this potential mechanism for self-repair needs to be enhanced, primarily by increasing the survival and differentiation of the generated neuroblasts. Moreover, for efficient repair, optimization of neurogenesis most likely needs to be combined with promotion of other endogenous neuroregenerative responses (e.g., protection and sprouting of remaining mature neurons, transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells [NSPC]-derived neurons and glia cells, and modulation of inflammation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Lindvall
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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34
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Chaparro RE, Izutsu M, Sasaki T, Sheng H, Zheng Y, Sadeghian H, Qin T, von Bornstadt D, Herisson F, Duan B, Li JS, Jiang K, Pearlstein M, Pearlstein RD, Smith DE, Goldberg ID, Ayata C, Warner DS. Sustained functional improvement by hepatocyte growth factor-like small molecule BB3 after focal cerebral ischemia in rats and mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1044-53. [PMID: 25712497 PMCID: PMC4640251 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), efficacious in preclinical models of acute central nervous system injury, is burdened by administration of full-length proteins. A multiinstitutional consortium investigated the efficacy of BB3, a small molecule with HGF-like activity that crosses the blood-brain barrier in rodent focal ischemic stroke using Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) and Good Laboratory Practice guidelines. In rats, BB3, begun 6 hours after temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) reperfusion, or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) onset, and continued for 14 days consistently improved long-term neurologic function independent of sex, age, or laboratory. BB3 had little effect on cerebral infarct size and no effect on blood pressure. BB3 increased HGF receptor c-Met phosphorylation and synaptophysin expression in penumbral tissue consistent with a neurorestorative mechanism from HGF-like activity. In mouse tMCAO, BB3 starting 10 minutes after reperfusion and continued for 14 days improved neurologic function that persisted for 8 weeks in some, but not all measures. Study in animals with comorbidities and those exposed to common stroke drugs are the next steps to complete preclinical assessment. These data, generated in independent, masked, and rigorously controlled settings, are the first to suggest that the HGF pathway can potentially be harnessed by BB3 for neurologic benefit after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael E Chaparro
- Department of Anesthesiology, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Miwa Izutsu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Toshihiro Sasaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Huaxin Sheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Homa Sadeghian
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tao Qin
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel von Bornstadt
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fanny Herisson
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bin Duan
- Angion Biomedica Corporation, Uniondale, New York, USA
| | - Jing-Song Li
- Angion Biomedica Corporation, Uniondale, New York, USA
| | - Kai Jiang
- Angion Biomedica Corporation, Uniondale, New York, USA
| | - Molly Pearlstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert D Pearlstein
- Department of Surgery, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David E Smith
- Angion Biomedica Corporation, Uniondale, New York, USA
| | | | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David S Warner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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35
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Lei C, Zhang S, Cao T, Tao W, Liu M, Wu B. HMGB1 may act via RAGE to promote angiogenesis in the later phase after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neuroscience 2015; 295:39-47. [PMID: 25813710 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) may promote vascular remodeling. Whether HMGB1 supports angiogenesis after ICH is unclear, as are the receptors and downstream signaling pathway(s) involved. We used the rat model of collagenase-induced ICH to determine whether HMGB1 acts via the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) to upregulate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent mitogen of endothelial cells and key regulator of normal and abnormal angiogenesis in the late phase of injury. At 3d after ICH induction, rats were treated with saline, ethyl pyruvate (EP) or N-benzyl-4-chloro-N-cyclohexylbenzamide (FPS-ZM1). ICH induced the movement of HMGB1 from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Levels of HMGB1 and RAGE in the ipsilateral striatum increased within a few days of induction and continued to rise for 7-14d afterward. By 14d after induction, levels of VEGF and vessel density were higher than in the Sham group. Administering EP 3 days after ICH induction prevented much of the stroke-induced increases in vessel density and in expression of HMGB1, RAGE, and VEGF. Administering FPS-ZM1 after ICH blocked much of the stroke-induced increases in vessel density and VEGF expression. Our results suggest that after ICH, HMGB1 may upregulate VEGF in the ipsilateral striatum predominantly via RAGE. Hence, targeting the HMGB1/RAGE signaling pathway may help reduce inappropriate angiogenesis after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lei
- Stroke Clinical Research Unit, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, PR China
| | - S Zhang
- Stroke Clinical Research Unit, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, PR China.
| | - T Cao
- Stroke Clinical Research Unit, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, PR China
| | - W Tao
- Stroke Clinical Research Unit, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, PR China
| | - M Liu
- Stroke Clinical Research Unit, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, PR China
| | - B Wu
- Stroke Clinical Research Unit, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, PR China.
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36
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Lei C, Wu B, Cao T, Zhang S, Liu M. Activation of the High-Mobility Group Box 1 Protein-Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products Signaling Pathway in Rats During Neurogenesis After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2015; 46:500-6. [PMID: 25538203 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.006825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) may promote neurogenesis that supports functional recovery. How HMGB1 regulates or participates in this process is unclear, as are the pattern recognition receptors and signaling pathways involved.
Methods—
ICH was induced by injection of collagenase in Sprague–Dawley rats, which were treated 3 days later with saline, with the HMGB1 inhibitor ethyl pyruvate or with FPS-ZM1, an antagonist of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products. A Sham group was treated with saline solution instead of collagenase and then treated 3 days later with saline again or with ethyl pyruvate or N-benzyl-4-chloro-N-cyclohexylbenzamide (FPS-ZM1). Expression of the following proteins was measured by Western blot, immunohistochemistry, or immunofluorescence: HMGB1, receptor for advanced glycation end-products, toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR4, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and matrix metalloproteinase-9. The number of cells positive for 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine or doublecortin was determined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence.
Results—
Levels of HMGB1, receptor for advanced glycation end-products, TLR4, TLR2, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were significantly higher 14 days after ICH than at baseline, as were the numbers of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine- or doublecortin-positive cells. At the same time, HMGB1 moved from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Administering ethyl pyruvate significantly reduced all these ICH-induced increases, except the increase in TLR4 and TLR2. Administering FPS-ZM1 reduced the ICH-induced increases in the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and matrix metalloproteinase-9 and in the numbers of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine- or doublecortin-positive cells.
Conclusions—
These findings suggest that HMGB1 acts via the receptor for advanced glycation end-products signaling pathway to promote neurogenesis in later phases of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Lei
- From the Stroke Clinical Research Unit, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Wu
- From the Stroke Clinical Research Unit, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian Cao
- From the Stroke Clinical Research Unit, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- From the Stroke Clinical Research Unit, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Liu
- From the Stroke Clinical Research Unit, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
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Zeng W, Ju R, Mao M. Therapeutic potential of hepatocyte growth factor against cerebral ischemia (Review). Exp Ther Med 2014; 9:283-288. [PMID: 25574187 PMCID: PMC4280917 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.2133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective treatment for cerebral ischemia has not yet been established. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a potent pleiotropic cytokine that is involved in cell and tissue regeneration, including in the central nervous system. Studies have demonstrated that an exogenous administration of HGF protects brain tissue from ischemic damage. In response to binding to the receptor c-Met, HGF activates the downstream signaling pathways (including the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt, Ras/MAPK and signal transducer and activator of transcription pathways) which leads to various cellular responses involved in angiogenesis, glial scar formation, anti-apoptosis and neurogenesis. The purpose of this review is to summarize the present understanding of the therapeutic potential of HGF in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zeng
- Department of Neonatology, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P.R. China
| | - Rong Ju
- Department of Neonatology, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P.R. China
| | - Meng Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China ; Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Wright JW, Kawas LH, Harding JW. The development of small molecule angiotensin IV analogs to treat Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 125:26-46. [PMID: 25455861 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases are neurodegenerative diseases presently without effective drug treatments. AD is characterized by general cognitive impairment, difficulties with memory consolidation and retrieval, and with advanced stages episodes of agitation and anger. AD is increasing in frequency as life expectancy increases. Present FDA approved medications do little to slow disease progression and none address the underlying progressive loss of synaptic connections and neurons. New drug design approaches are needed beyond cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists. Patients with PD experience the symptomatic triad of bradykinesis, tremor-at-rest, and rigidity with the possibility of additional non-motor symptoms including sleep disturbances, depression, dementia, and autonomic nervous system failure. This review summarizes available information regarding the role of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in learning and memory and motor functions, with particular emphasis on research results suggesting a link between angiotensin IV (AngIV) interacting with the AT4 receptor subtype. Currently there is controversy over the identity of this AT4 receptor protein. Albiston and colleagues have offered convincing evidence that it is the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP). Recently members of our laboratory have presented evidence that the brain AngIV/AT4 receptor system coincides with the brain hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met receptor system. In an effort to resolve this issue we have synthesized a number of small molecule AngIV-based compounds that are metabolically stable, penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and facilitate compromised memory and motor systems. These research efforts are described along with details concerning a recently synthesized molecule, Dihexa that shows promise in overcoming memory and motor dysfunctions by augmenting synaptic connectivity via the formation of new functional synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Wright
- Departments of Psychology, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience and Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA; M3 Biotechnology, Inc., 4000 Mason Rd Suite 300, Box 352141, Seattle, WA 98195-2141, USA.
| | - Leen H Kawas
- Departments of Psychology, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience and Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA; M3 Biotechnology, Inc., 4000 Mason Rd Suite 300, Box 352141, Seattle, WA 98195-2141, USA
| | - Joseph W Harding
- Departments of Psychology, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience and Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA; M3 Biotechnology, Inc., 4000 Mason Rd Suite 300, Box 352141, Seattle, WA 98195-2141, USA
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Okazaki H, Beppu H, Mizutani K, Okamoto S, Sonoda S. Changes in serum growth factors in stroke rehabilitation patients and their relation to hemiparesis improvement. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014; 23:1703-8. [PMID: 24768137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting recovery from hemiparesis after stroke is important for rehabilitation. A few recent studies reported that the levels of some growth factors shortly after stroke were positively correlated with the clinical outcomes during the chronic phase. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between the serum levels of growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], insulin-like growth factor-I [IGF-I], and hepatocyte growth factor [HGF]) and improvement in hemiparesis in stroke patients who received rehabilitation in a postacute rehabilitation hospital. Subjects were 32 stroke patients (cerebral infarction: 21 and intracerebral hemorrhage [ICH]: 11). We measured serum levels of VEGF, IGF-I, and HGF and 5 items of the Stroke Impairment Assessment Set (SIAS) for hemiparesis on admission and at discharge. Age-matched healthy subjects (n=15) served as controls. Serum levels of VEGF and HGF in cerebral infarct patients on admission were higher than those in control subjects, and the serum levels of IGF-I in stroke patients were lower than those in controls. The level of HGF in ICH patients on admission was negatively correlated with gains in SIAS, and higher outliers in HGF concentration were correlated with lower gains in SIAS. Focusing on the extremely high levels of these factors may be a predictor of the low recovery from hemiparesis after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Okazaki
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine II, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Tsu Mie, Japan.
| | - Hidehiko Beppu
- Division of Biochemistry, Fujita Memorial Nanakuri Institute, Fujita Health University, Tsu Mie, Japan
| | - Kenmei Mizutani
- Division of Biochemistry, Fujita Memorial Nanakuri Institute, Fujita Health University, Tsu Mie, Japan
| | - Sayaka Okamoto
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine II, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Tsu Mie, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sonoda
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine II, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Tsu Mie, Japan
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Excessive collagen deposition causes hypertrophic scarring after dermal wound repair. It can be functionally and cosmetically debilitating to many patients. A direct approach to the control of scar tissue formation is pharmacological regulation of collagen synthesis and deposition. Some studies reported that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) plays an important role in scar formation. Hepatocyte growth factor can improve tissue fibrosis and reverse the imbalance of collagen metabolism. However, an in vivo study has not been reported concerning the use of HGF in controlling hypertrophy of skin scar until now. METHODS The authors tested the ability of HGF to reduce hypertrophic scar formation in a rabbit ear model. After the placement of three 5-mm dermal wounds on each ear, New Zealand white rabbits received HGF subcutaneously in the left ear at 4 time points on postwounding days 15, 30, 45, and 90. The left ear of each animal served as a control without HGF treatment. Scars were harvested at postoperative 6 months and scar hypertrophy quantified by measurement of the scar elevation index. RESULTS The experimental data showed that treatment of scars with HGF decreased scar formation. The HGF treatment resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the scar elevation index (P < .01). CONCLUSION The authors' results indicate the potential use of HGF to treat hypertrophic scarring, which shows important significance for antiscarring therapy.
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Adams JA, Uryash A, Bassuk J, Sackner MA, Kurlansky P. Biological basis of neuroprotection and neurotherapeutic effects of Whole Body Periodic Acceleration (pGz). Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:681-7. [PMID: 24661939 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is a well known neuroprotective and neurotherapeutic strategy in animal models and humans with brain injury and cognitive dysfunction. In part, exercise induced beneficial effects relate to endothelial derived nitric oxide (eNO) production and induction of the neurotrophins; Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Glial Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF). Whole Body Periodic Acceleration (WBPA (pGz), is the motion of the supine body headward to footward in a sinusoidal fashion, at frequencies of 100-160 cycles/min, inducing pulsatile shear stress to the vascular endothelium. WBPA (pGz) increases eNO in the cardiovascular system in animal models and humans. We hypothesized that WBPA (pGz) has neuroprotective and neurotherapeutic effects due to enhancement of biological pathways that include eNOS, BDNF and GDNF. We discuss protein expression analysis of these in brain of rodents. Animal and observational human data affirm a neuroprotective and neurotherapeutic role for WBPA (pGz). These findings suggest that WBPA (pGz) in addition to its well known beneficial cardiovascular effects can be a simple non-invasive neuroprotective and neurotherapeutic strategy with far reaching health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Adams
- Division of Neonatology and Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, United States.
| | - Arkady Uryash
- Division of Neonatology and Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, United States
| | - Jorge Bassuk
- Division of Neonatology and Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, United States
| | - Marvin A Sackner
- Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Paul Kurlansky
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, NY, United States
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Kalladka D, Muir KW. Brain repair: cell therapy in stroke. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2014; 7:31-44. [PMID: 24627643 PMCID: PMC3937183 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s38003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stroke affects one in every six people worldwide, and is the leading cause of adult disability. Some spontaneous recovery is usual but of limited extent, and the mechanisms of late recovery are not completely understood. Endogenous neurogenesis in humans is thought to contribute to repair, but its extent is unknown. Exogenous cell therapy is promising as a means of augmenting brain repair, with evidence in animal stroke models of cell migration, survival, and differentiation, enhanced endogenous angiogenesis and neurogenesis, immunomodulation, and the secretion of trophic factors by stem cells from a variety of sources, but the potential mechanisms of action are incompletely understood. In the animal models of stroke, both mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs) improve functional recovery, and MSCs reduce the infarct volume when administered acutely, but the heterogeneity in the choice of assessment scales, publication bias, and the possible confounding effects of immunosuppressants make the comparison of effects across cell types difficult. The use of adult-derived cells avoids the ethical issues around embryonic cells but may have more restricted differentiation potential. The use of autologous cells avoids rejection risk, but the sources are restricted, and culture expansion may be necessary, delaying treatment. Allogeneic cells offer controlled cell numbers and immediate availability, which may have advantages for acute treatment. Early clinical trials of both NSCs and MSCs are ongoing, and clinical safety data are emerging from limited numbers of selected patients. Ongoing research to identify prognostic imaging markers may help to improve patient selection, and the novel imaging techniques may identify biomarkers of recovery and the mechanism of action for cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Kalladka
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Keith W Muir
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Warrington JP, Ashpole N, Csiszar A, Lee YW, Ungvari Z, Sonntag WE. Whole brain radiation-induced vascular cognitive impairment: mechanisms and implications. J Vasc Res 2013; 50:445-57. [PMID: 24107797 PMCID: PMC4309372 DOI: 10.1159/000354227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment is a well-documented consequence of whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) that affects 40-50% of long-term brain tumor survivors. The exact mechanisms for the decline in cognitive function after WBRT remain elusive and no treatment or preventative measures are available for use in the clinic. Here, we review recent findings indicating how changes in the neurovascular unit may contribute to the impairments in learning and memory. In addition to affecting neuronal development, WBRT induces profound capillary rarefaction within the hippocampus - a region of the brain important for learning and memory. Therapeutic strategies such as hypoxia, which restore the capillary density, result in the rescue of cognitive function. In addition to decreasing vascular density, WBRT impairs vasculogenesis and/or angiogenesis, which may also contribute to radiation-induced cognitive decline. Further studies aimed at uncovering the specific mechanisms underlying these WBRT-induced changes in the cerebrovasculature are essential for developing therapies to mitigate the deleterious effects of WBRT on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junie P. Warrington
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Nicole Ashpole
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Yong Woo Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - William E. Sonntag
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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Chen CH, Huang SY, Chen NF, Feng CW, Hung HC, Sung CS, Jean YH, Wen ZH, Chen WF. Intrathecal granulocyte colony-stimulating factor modulate glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and vascular endothelial growth factor A expression in glial cells after experimental spinal cord ischemia. Neuroscience 2013; 242:39-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ström JO, Ingberg E, Theodorsson A, Theodorsson E. Method parameters' impact on mortality and variability in rat stroke experiments: a meta-analysis. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:41. [PMID: 23548160 PMCID: PMC3637133 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even though more than 600 stroke treatments have been shown effective in preclinical studies, clinically proven treatment alternatives for cerebral infarction remain scarce. Amongst the reasons for the discrepancy may be methodological shortcomings, such as high mortality and outcome variability, in the preclinical studies. A common approach in animal stroke experiments is that A) focal cerebral ischemia is inflicted, B) some type of treatment is administered and C) the infarct sizes are assessed. However, within this paradigm, the researcher has to make numerous methodological decisions, including choosing rat strain and type of surgical procedure. Even though a few studies have attempted to address the questions experimentally, a lack of consensus regarding the optimal methodology remains. Methods We therefore meta-analyzed data from 502 control groups described in 346 articles to find out how rat strain, procedure for causing focal cerebral ischemia and the type of filament coating affected mortality and infarct size variability. Results The Wistar strain and intraluminal filament procedure using a silicone coated filament was found optimal in lowering infarct size variability. The direct and endothelin methods rendered lower mortality rate, whereas the embolus method increased it compared to the filament method. Conclusions The current article provides means for researchers to adjust their middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) protocols to minimize infarct size variability and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob O Ström
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
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Establishment of a lentiviral vector encoding human HGF and the infection of human ADSCs. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:724896. [PMID: 23484149 PMCID: PMC3581132 DOI: 10.1155/2013/724896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) for promoting tissue repair has become a potential new therapy, while hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is an important growth factor with angiogenic, anti-fibrotic, and anti-inflammatory benefits. In this paper, hADSCs were separated, cultured and identified based on the expression of cell surface antigens and multiple differentiation potential. We successfully generated a lentiviral vector encoding human HGF, infected hADSCs with this vector and examined the protein expression pattern. Finally we found that the hHGF lentiviral vector was successfully generated, and the lentiviral vector was able to safely infect hADSCs with high infection efficiency, thereby producing cells that overexpressed hHGF, which may provide a new strategy for the treatment of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and other ischemic diseases.
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Wright JW, Harding JW. Importance of the brain Angiotensin system in Parkinson's disease. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2012; 2012:860923. [PMID: 23213621 PMCID: PMC3503402 DOI: 10.1155/2012/860923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) has become a major health problem affecting 1.5% of the world's population over 65 years of age. As life expectancy has increased so has the occurrence of PD. The primary direct consequence of this disease is the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra and striatum. As the intensity of motor dysfunction increases, the symptomatic triad of bradykinesia, tremors-at-rest, and rigidity occur. Progressive neurodegeneration may also impact non-DA neurotransmitter systems including cholinergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic, often leading to the development of depression, sleep disturbances, dementia, and autonomic nervous system failure. L-DOPA is the most efficacious oral delivery treatment for controlling motor symptoms; however, this approach is ineffective regarding nonmotor symptoms. New treatment strategies are needed designed to provide neuroprotection and encourage neurogenesis and synaptogenesis to slow or reverse this disease process. The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met receptor system is a member of the growth factor family and has been shown to protect against degeneration of DA neurons in animal models. Recently, small angiotensin-based blood-brain barrier penetrant mimetics have been developed that activate this HGF/c-Met system. These compounds may offer a new and novel approach to the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Wright
- Departments of Psychology, Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology and Programs in Neuroscience and Biotechnology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644820, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA
| | - Joseph W. Harding
- Departments of Psychology, Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology and Programs in Neuroscience and Biotechnology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644820, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA
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Effects of high-mobility group box1 on cerebral angiogenesis and neurogenesis after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neuroscience 2012; 229:12-9. [PMID: 23137544 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells, which reside mainly in the subventricular and subgranular zones of the hippocampus, can regenerate new neuroblasts after various brain insults. Aided by vascular remodeling, these new neuroblasts migrate long distances to injured brain regions. Studies have suggested that high-mobility group box1 (HMGB1), a nonhistone nuclear DNA-binding protein, may stimulate such remodeling in the late phase of some types of brain injury, but it is unclear whether this is true for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Here we used a rat model of collagenase-induced ICH to determine whether HMGB1 can promote neurogenesis and angiogenesis in the late phase of injury. Daily administration of ethyl pyruvate, which inhibited HMGB1 expression, reduced the recovery of neurological function, decreased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) levels in the ipsilateral striatum, and decreased the numbers of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU)- and doublecortin (DCX)-positive cells around the hematoma. These findings suggest that HMGB1 may promote angiogenesis and neurogenesis in the late phase of ICH.
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Growth factors released from gelatin hydrogel microspheres increase new neurons in the adult mouse brain. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:915160. [PMID: 23093979 PMCID: PMC3474987 DOI: 10.1155/2012/915160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that new neurons are continuously generated by endogenous neural stem cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult mammalian brain. Some of these new neurons migrate to injured brain tissues and differentiate into mature neurons, suggesting that such new neurons may be able to replace neurons lost to degenerative disease or injury and improve or repair neurological deficits. Here, we tested whether delivering growth factors via gelatin hydrogel microspheres would support neurogenesis in the SVZ. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)-containing microspheres increased the number of new neurons in the SVZ. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-containing microspheres increased the number of new neurons migrating from the SVZ towards the injured striatum in a stroke model in mouse. These results suggest that the strategy of using gelatin hydrogel microspheres to achieve the sustained release of growth factors holds promise for the clinical regeneration of damaged brain tissues from endogenous neural stem cells in the adult SVZ.
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Wright JW, Wilson WL, Wakeling V, Boydstun AS, Jensen A, Kawas L, Harding JW. The Hepatocyte Growth Factor/c-Met Antagonist, Divalinal-Angiotensin IV, Blocks the Acquisition of Methamphetamine Dependent Conditioned Place Preference in Rats. Brain Sci 2012; 2:298-318. [PMID: 24961196 PMCID: PMC4061800 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci2030298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of methamphetamine (MA) is increasing in the U.S. and elsewhere around the world. MA's capacity to cause addiction significantly exceeds other psychostimulant drugs, and its use negatively impacts learning and memory. Recently, attempts have been made to interfere with the presumed mechanism(s) underlying the establishment of drug-induced memory consolidation. The majority of these studies have employed matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors to disrupt MMP-induced extracellular matrix molecule dependent synaptic reconfiguration, or GABA receptor agonists. The present investigation utilized an angiotensin IV (AngIV) analogue, Divalinal-AngIV (divalinal), to disrupt acquisition of MA-induced dependence in rats as measured using the conditioned place preference paradigm. Results indicate that both acute and chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of divalinal prior to each daily subcutaneous injection of MA prevented acquisition. However, divalinal was unable to prevent MA-induced reinstatement after prior acquisition followed by extinction trials. These results indicate that prevention of MA dependence can be accomplished by blockade of the brain AT4 receptor subtype. On the other hand, once MA-induced memory consolidation is in place divalinal appears to be ineffective. Mechanistic studies indicated that divalinal is a potent inhibitor of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met receptor system, and thus it appears that a functional HGF/c-Met system is required for the acquisition of MA-mediated conditioned place preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Wright
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA.
| | - Wendy L Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Dickinson State University, Dickinson, ND 58601, USA.
| | - Vanessa Wakeling
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA.
| | - Alan S Boydstun
- L-3 Communications, Link Simulation and Training, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433-7955, USA.
| | - Audrey Jensen
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA.
| | - Leen Kawas
- Program in Pharmacology and Toxicology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6510, USA.
| | - Joseph W Harding
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA.
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