1
|
Bonello JP, Tse MY, Robinson TJG, Bardana DD, Waldman SD, Pang SC. Expression of Chondrogenic Potential Markers in Cultured Chondrocytes from the Human Knee Joint. Cartilage 2024:19476035241241930. [PMID: 38616342 DOI: 10.1177/19476035241241930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While substantial progress has been made in engineering cartilaginous constructs for animal models, further research is needed to translate these methodologies for human applications. Evidence suggests that cultured autologous chondrocytes undergo changes in phenotype and gene expression, thereby affecting their proliferation and differentiation capacity. This study was designed to evaluate the expression of chondrogenic markers in cultured human articular chondrocytes from passages 3 (P3) and 7 (P7), beyond the current clinical recommendation of P3. METHODS Cultured autologous chondrocytes were passaged from P3 up to P7, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to assess mRNA expression of chondrogenic markers, including collagen type I (COLI), collagen type II (COLII), aggrecan (AGG), bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), transcription factor SOX-9 (SOX9), proteoglycan 4 (PGR4), and transformation-related protein 53 (p53), between P3 and P7. RESULTS Except for AGG, no significant differences were found in the expression of markers between passages, suggesting the maintenance of chondrogenic potential in cultured chondrocytes. Differential expression identified between SOX9 and PGR4, as well as between COLI and SOX9, indicates that differences in chondrogenic markers are present between age groups and sexes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Overall, expression profiles of younger and male chondrocytes exhibit conversion of mature cartilage characteristics compared to their counterparts, with signs of dedifferentiation and loss of phenotype within-group passaging. These results may have implications in guiding the use of higher passaged chondrocytes for engineering constructs and provide a foundation for clinical recommendations surrounding the repair and treatment of articular cartilage pathology in both sexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John-Peter Bonello
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - M Yat Tse
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Trevor J G Robinson
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Davide D Bardana
- Division of Surgery, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen D Waldman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen C Pang
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang CH, Gao Y, Hung HH, Zhuo Z, Grodzinsky AJ, Lassar AB. Creb5 coordinates synovial joint formation with the genesis of articular cartilage. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7295. [PMID: 36435829 PMCID: PMC9701237 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
While prior work has established that articular cartilage arises from Prg4-expressing perichondrial cells, it is not clear how this process is specifically restricted to the perichondrium of synovial joints. We document that the transcription factor Creb5 is necessary to initiate the expression of signaling molecules that both direct the formation of synovial joints and guide perichondrial tissue to form articular cartilage instead of bone. Creb5 promotes the generation of articular chondrocytes from perichondrial precursors in part by inducing expression of signaling molecules that block a Wnt5a autoregulatory loop in the perichondrium. Postnatal deletion of Creb5 in the articular cartilage leads to loss of both flat superficial zone articular chondrocytes coupled with a loss of both Prg4 and Wif1 expression in the articular cartilage; and a non-cell autonomous up-regulation of Ctgf. Our findings indicate that Creb5 promotes joint formation and the subsequent development of articular chondrocytes by driving the expression of signaling molecules that both specify the joint interzone and simultaneously inhibit a Wnt5a positive-feedback loop in the perichondrium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hai Zhang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Yao Gao
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Han-Hwa Hung
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Zhu Zhuo
- Bioinformatics Core, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alan J Grodzinsky
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Andrew B Lassar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li K, Ji X, Seeley R, Lee WC, Shi Y, Song F, Liao X, Song C, Huang X, Rux D, Cao J, Luo X, Anderson SM, Huang W, Long F. Impaired glucose metabolism underlies articular cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22377. [PMID: 35608871 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200485r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading joint disease characterized by cartilage destruction and loss of mobility. Accumulating evidence indicates that the incidence and severity of OA increases with diabetes, implicating systemic glucose metabolism in joint health. However, a definitive link between cellular metabolism in articular cartilage and OA pathogenesis is not yet established. Here, we report that in mice surgically induced to develop knee OA through destabilization of medial meniscus (DMM), expression of the main glucose transporter Glut1 is notably reduced in joint cartilage. Inducible deletion of Glut1 specifically in the Prg4-expressing articular cartilage accelerates cartilage loss in DMM-induced OA. Conversely, forced expression of Glut1 protects against cartilage destruction following DMM. Moreover, in mice with type I diabetes, both Glut1 expression and the rate of glycolysis are diminished in the articular cartilage, and the diabetic mice exhibit more severe cartilage destruction than their nondiabetic counterparts following DMM. The results provide proof of concept that boosting glucose metabolism in articular chondrocytes may ameliorate cartilage degeneration in OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Translational Research Program of Pediatric Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xing Ji
- Translational Research Program of Pediatric Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rebecca Seeley
- Translational Research Program of Pediatric Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wen-Chih Lee
- Translational Research Program of Pediatric Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yu Shi
- Translational Research Program of Pediatric Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fangfang Song
- Translational Research Program of Pediatric Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xueyang Liao
- Translational Research Program of Pediatric Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chao Song
- Translational Research Program of Pediatric Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaobin Huang
- Translational Research Program of Pediatric Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Danielle Rux
- Translational Research Program of Pediatric Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ju Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoji Luo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Steven M Anderson
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fanxin Long
- Translational Research Program of Pediatric Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Application of Alginate Hydrogels for Next-Generation Articular Cartilage Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031147. [PMID: 35163071 PMCID: PMC8835677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The articular cartilage has insufficient intrinsic healing abilities, and articular cartilage injuries often progress to osteoarthritis. Alginate-based scaffolds are attractive biomaterials for cartilage repair and regeneration, allowing for the delivery of cells and therapeutic drugs and gene sequences. In light of the heterogeneity of findings reporting the benefits of using alginate for cartilage regeneration, a better understanding of alginate-based systems is needed in order to improve the approaches aiming to enhance cartilage regeneration with this compound. This review provides an in-depth evaluation of the literature, focusing on the manipulation of alginate as a tool to support the processes involved in cartilage healing in order to demonstrate how such a material, used as a direct compound or combined with cell and gene therapy and with scaffold-guided gene transfer procedures, may assist cartilage regeneration in an optimal manner for future applications in patients.
Collapse
|
5
|
Identifying Consensus and Open Questions around Assessing or Predicting the Quality and Success of Cartilage Repair: A Delphi Study. SURGERIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/surgeries2030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of surgical techniques have been developed for the repair or regeneration of lesioned cartilage in the human knee and a corresponding array of scoring systems have been created to assess their outcomes. The published literature displays a wide range of opinions regarding the factors that influence the success of surgical cartilage repair and which parameters are the most useful for measuring the quality of the repair at follow-up. Our objective was to provide some clarity to the field by collating items that were agreed upon by a panel of experts to be important in these areas. A modified, three-round Delphi consensus study was carried out consisting of one idea-generating focus-group and two subsequent, self-completed questionnaire rounds. In each round, items were assessed for their importance and level of consensus against pre-determined threshold levels. In total, 31 items reached consensus, including a hierarchy of tissues in the joint based on their importance in cartilage repair, markers of repair cartilage quality and the implications of environmental and patient-related factors. Items were stratified into those that can be employed for predicting the success of cartilage repair and those that could be used for assessing the structural quality of the resulting repair cartilage. Items that did not reach consensus represent areas where dissent remains and could, therefore, be used to guide future clinical and fundamental scientific research.
Collapse
|
6
|
Squeeze-film properties of synovial fluid and hyaluronate-based viscosupplements. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:1919-1940. [PMID: 34213668 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01485-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The rheological properties of synovial fluid and hyaluronate (HA) solutions have been studied using a variety of viscometers and rheometers. These devices measure the viscosity of the fluid's resistance to shearing forces, which is useful when studying the lubrication and frictional properties of movable joints. Less commonly used is a squeeze-film fluid test, mechanistically similar to when two joint surfaces squeeze interposed fluid. In our study, we used squeeze-film tests to determine the rheological response of normal bovine synovial fluid and 10 mg/ml HA-based solutions, Hyalgan/Hyalovet, commercially available 500-700 kDa HA viscosupplements, and a 1000 kDa sodium hyaluronate (NaHy) solution. We found similar rheological responses (fluid thickness, viscosity, viscosity-pressure relationship) for all three fluids, though synovial fluid's minimum squeeze-film thickness was slightly thicker. Squeeze-film loading speed did not affect these results. Different HA concentrations and molecular weights also did not have a significant or consistent effect on the squeeze-film responses. An unexpected result for the HA-solutions was a linear increase in minimum fluid-film thickness with increasing initial fluid-film thickness. This result was attributed to faster gelling of thicker HA-solutions, which formed at a lower squeeze-film strain and higher squeeze-film strain rate compared to thinner layers. Also included is a review of the literature on viscosity measurements of synovial fluid and HA solutions.
Collapse
|
7
|
Creb5 establishes the competence for Prg4 expression in articular cartilage. Commun Biol 2021; 4:332. [PMID: 33712729 PMCID: PMC7955038 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of cells comprising the superficial zone of articular cartilage is their expression of lubricin, encoded by the Prg4 gene, that lubricates the joint and protects against the development of arthritis. Here, we identify Creb5 as a transcription factor that is specifically expressed in superficial zone articular chondrocytes and is required for TGF-β and EGFR signaling to induce Prg4 expression. Notably, forced expression of Creb5 in chondrocytes derived from the deep zone of the articular cartilage confers the competence for TGF-β and EGFR signals to induce Prg4 expression. Chromatin-IP and ATAC-Seq analyses have revealed that Creb5 directly binds to two Prg4 promoter-proximal regulatory elements, that display an open chromatin conformation specifically in superficial zone articular chondrocytes; and which work in combination with a more distal regulatory element to drive induction of Prg4 by TGF-β. Our results indicate that Creb5 is a critical regulator of Prg4/lubricin expression in the articular cartilage.
Collapse
|
8
|
Watkins AR, Reesink HL. Lubricin in experimental and naturally occurring osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2020; 28:1303-1315. [PMID: 32504786 PMCID: PMC8043104 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lubricin is increasingly being evaluated as an outcome measure in studies investigating post-traumatic and naturally occurring osteoarthritis. However, there are discrepancies in results, making it unclear as to whether lubricin is increased, decreased or unchanged in osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to review all papers that measured lubricin in joint injury or osteoarthritis in order to draw conclusions about lubricin regulation in joint disease. DESIGN A systematic search of the Pubmed, Web of Knowledge, and EBSCOhost databases for papers was performed. Inclusion criteria were in vivo studies that measured lubricin in humans or animals with joint injury, that investigated lubricin supplementation in osteoarthritic joints, or that described the phenotype of a lubricin knock-out model. A methodological assessment was performed. RESULTS Sixty-two studies were included, of which thirty-eight measured endogenous lubricin in joint injury or osteoarthritis. Nineteen papers found an increase or no change in lubricin and nineteen reported a decrease. Papers that reported a decrease in lubricin were cited four times more often than those that reported an increase. Fifteen papers described lubricin supplementation, and all reported a beneficial effect. Eleven papers described lubricin knock-out models. CONCLUSIONS The human literature reveals similar distributions of papers reporting increased lubricin as compared to decreased lubricin in osteoarthritis. The animal literature is dominated by reports of decreased lubricin in the rat anterior cruciate ligament transection model, whereas studies in large animal models report increased lubricin. Intra-articular lubricin supplementation may be beneficial regardless of whether lubricin increases or decreases in OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Watkins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - H L Reesink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mouser VHM, Levato R, Mensinga A, Dhert WJA, Gawlitta D, Malda J. Bio-ink development for three-dimensional bioprinting of hetero-cellular cartilage constructs. Connect Tissue Res 2020; 61:137-151. [PMID: 30526130 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2018.1553960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bioprinting is a promising tool to fabricate organized cartilage. This study aimed to investigate the printability of gelatin-methacryloyl/gellan gum (gelMA/gellan) hydrogels with and without methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HAMA), and to explore (zone-specific) chondrogenesis of chondrocytes, articular cartilage progenitor cells (ACPCs), and multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) embedded in these bio-inks.The incorporating of HAMA in gelMA/gellan bio-ink increased filament stability, as measured using a filament collapse assay, but did not influence (zone-specific) chondrogenesis of any of the cell types. Highest chondrogenic potential was observed for MSCs, followed by ACPCs, which displayed relatively high proteoglycan IV mRNA levels. Therefore, two-zone constructs were printed with gelMA/gellan/HAMA containing ACPCs in the superficial region and MSCs in the middle/deep region. Chondrogenic differentiation was confirmed, however, printing influence cellular differentiation.ACPC- and MSC-laden gelMA/gellan/HAMA hydrogels are of interest for the fabrication of cartilage constructs. Nevertheless, this study underscores the need for careful evaluation of the effects of printing on cellular differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian H M Mouser
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Levato
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anneloes Mensinga
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J A Dhert
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Debby Gawlitta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery & Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Spatially patterned microribbon-based hydrogels induce zonally-organized cartilage regeneration by stem cells in 3D. Acta Biomater 2020; 101:196-205. [PMID: 31634627 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Regenerating cartilage with biomimetic zonal organization, which is critical for tissue function, remains a great challenge. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of spatially-patterned, multi-compositional, macroporous, extracellular matrix-based microribbon (µRB) µRB scaffolds to regenerate cartilage with biochemical, mechanical, and morphological zonal organization by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) compared to conventional multi-layer nanoporous hydrogels. MSCs were seeded in either trilayer microribbon (µRB) or hydrogel (HG) scaffolds that were composed of layered biomaterial compositions that had been chosen for their ability to differentiate MSCs into chondrocytes with zonal properties. To mimic the aligned collagen morphology in the superficial layer of native cartilage, an additional experimental group added MSC-laden aligned µRBs to the surface of the superficial layer of a µRB trilayer. Tuning µRB alignment and compositions in different zones led to zonal-specific responses of MSCs to create neocartilage with zonal biochemical, morphological, and mechanical properties, while trilayer HGs led to minimal cartilaginous deposition overall. Trilayer µRBs created neocartilage exhibiting significant increases in compressive modulus (up to 456 kPa) and > 4-fold increase in sGAG production from superficial to deep zones. Aligned gelatin µRBs in the superficial zone further enhanced biomimetic mimicry of the produced neocartilage by leading to robust collagen deposition and superficial zone protein production. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Regenerating cartilage with zonal organization using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) remains a great challenge. We developed a spatially-patterned, gradient, macroporous, trilayer microribbon (µRB) scaffold that we used to engineer MSC-based neocartilage with zonal trends that match native cartilage in many aspects, including collagen, sGAG, superficial zone protein, and compressive moduli. This is in direct contrast to conventional trilayer nanoporous hydrogels which led to minimal cartilage deposition and weak mechanical properties. It took only 21 days for MSC-seeded trilayer µRB scaffolds to reach cartilage-mimicking compressive moduli without requiring high cell seeding density, which has never been reported before. While this paper focuses on cartilage zonal organization, gradient µRB scaffolds can be used to repair other tissue interfaces such as osteochondral defects.
Collapse
|
11
|
Huynh RN, Pesante B, Nehmetallah G, Raub CB. Polarized reflectance from articular cartilage depends upon superficial zone collagen network microstructure. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:5518-5534. [PMID: 31799028 PMCID: PMC6865123 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.005518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Polarized reflectance from articular cartilage involves light scattering dependent on surface features, sub-surface optical properties, and collagen birefringence. To understand how surface roughness, zonal collagen microstructure, and chondrocyte organization contribute to polarized reflectance signals, experiments were conducted on bovine cartilage explants and osteochondral cores to compare polarized reflectance texture with split lines and relate these signals to cartilage zonal features and chondrocyte distribution. Texture parameter sensitivity to articular surface damage was determined from polarized reflectance maps and optimized to detect surface damage. Results indicate that polarized reflectance texture predominantly derives from the superficial zone collagen network, while the parameter average value also depends on surface roughness and total cartilage thickness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. N. Huynh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Ave NE., Washington, DC 20064, USA
| | - B. Pesante
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Ave NE., Washington, DC 20064, USA
| | - G. Nehmetallah
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Ave NE., Washington, DC 20064, USA
| | - C. B. Raub
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Ave NE., Washington, DC 20064, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chijimatsu R, Saito T. Mechanisms of synovial joint and articular cartilage development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3939-3952. [PMID: 31201464 PMCID: PMC11105481 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is formed at the end of epiphyses in the synovial joint cavity and permanently contributes to the smooth movement of synovial joints. Most skeletal elements develop from transient cartilage by a biological process known as endochondral ossification. Accumulating evidence indicates that articular and growth plate cartilage are derived from different cell sources and that different molecules and signaling pathways regulate these two kinds of cartilage. As the first sign of joint development, the interzone emerges at the presumptive joint site within a pre-cartilage tissue. After that, joint cavitation occurs in the center of the interzone, and the cells in the interzone and its surroundings gradually form articular cartilage and the synovial joint. During joint development, the interzone cells continuously migrate out to the epiphyseal cartilage and the surrounding cells influx into the joint region. These complicated phenomena are regulated by various molecules and signaling pathways, including GDF5, Wnt, IHH, PTHrP, BMP, TGF-β, and FGF. Here, we summarize current literature and discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying joint formation and articular development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Chijimatsu
- Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Taku Saito
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Matsuzaki T, Alvarez-Garcia O, Mokuda S, Nagira K, Olmer M, Gamini R, Miyata K, Akasaki Y, Su AI, Asahara H, Lotz MK. FoxO transcription factors modulate autophagy and proteoglycan 4 in cartilage homeostasis and osteoarthritis. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/428/eaan0746. [PMID: 29444976 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan0746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a main risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA). FoxO transcription factors protect against cellular and organismal aging, and FoxO expression in cartilage is reduced with aging and in OA. To investigate the role of FoxO in cartilage, Col2Cre-FoxO1, 3, and 4 single knockout (KO) and triple KO mice (Col2Cre-TKO) were analyzed. Articular cartilage in Col2Cre-TKO and Col2Cre-FoxO1 KO mice was thicker than in control mice at 1 or 2 months of age. This was associated with increased proliferation of chondrocytes of Col2Cre-TKO mice in vivo and in vitro. OA-like changes developed in cartilage, synovium, and subchondral bone between 4 and 6 months of age in Col2Cre-TKO and Col2Cre-FoxO1 KO mice. Col2Cre-FoxO3 and FoxO4 KO mice showed no cartilage abnormalities until 18 months of age when Col2Cre-FoxO3 KO mice had more severe OA than control mice. Autophagy and antioxidant defense genes were reduced in Col2Cre-TKO mice. Deletion of FoxO1/3/4 in mature mice using Aggrecan(Acan)-CreERT2 (AcanCreERT-TKO) also led to spontaneous cartilage degradation and increased OA severity in a surgical model or treadmill running. The superficial zone of knee articular cartilage of Col2Cre-TKO and AcanCreERT-TKO mice exhibited reduced cell density and markedly decreased Prg4 In vitro, ectopic FoxO1 expression increased Prg4 and synergized with transforming growth factor-β stimulation. In OA chondrocytes, overexpression of FoxO1 reduced inflammatory mediators and cartilage-degrading enzymes, increased protective genes, and antagonized interleukin-1β effects. Our observations suggest that FoxO play a key role in postnatal cartilage development, maturation, and homeostasis and protect against OA-associated cartilage damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tokio Matsuzaki
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Oscar Alvarez-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sho Mokuda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Keita Nagira
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Merissa Olmer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ramya Gamini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kohei Miyata
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yukio Akasaki
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew I Su
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hiroshi Asahara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Martin K Lotz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Thorson C, Galicia K, Burleson A, Bouchard O, Hoppensteadt D, Fareed J, Hopkinson W. Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors and Proteoglycan 4 in Patients Undergoing Total Joint Arthroplasty. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2019; 25:1076029619828113. [PMID: 30754994 PMCID: PMC6714937 DOI: 10.1177/1076029619828113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis, a degenerative disease of the joints, is the most common form of arthritis in the knee. Total joint arthoplasty is a commonly used treatment for joint degeneration and osteoarthritis, and due to these factors, TJA for hip and knee joints is projected to grow by 137% and 601% between 2005 and 2030. Matrix metalloproteases are enzymes found in the extracellular matrix that cleave matrix components. Normally MMPs are downregulated in tissues by Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteases, or TIMPs. The relative concentration of TIMPs also may denote some of the activity of the MMPs found in serum. Lubricin (proteoglycan 4) is a molecule found in the synovial fluid that protects joints by dissipating strain energy during locomotion. Lubricin synovial fluid concentration is also diminished in many patients with osteoarthritis, but not all. Given the importance of these three sets of molecules, our lab investigated the correlation between circulating lubricin, MMP levels and TIMPs levels. Blood plasma samples were obtained from de-identified subjects undergoing total joint arthroplasty at Loyola University Medical Center and the University of Utah. Normal blood plasma from pooled healthy individuals served as a control. We analyzed biomarker levels in plasma using ELISA. Our data show that MMP-1 and 9 were increased in TJA patients compared to normal controls, while MMP-2 and 13 were decreased. We also found decreased lubricin and tissue factor in surgical patients relative to controls. These data support the idea that lubricin is vital in protecting the synovial joint and that MMPs play a complex role in the destruction of the joint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chase Thorson
- 1 Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Kevin Galicia
- 1 Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Andrew Burleson
- 2 Department of Orthopedics, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Olivia Bouchard
- 1 Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Debra Hoppensteadt
- 1 Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Jawed Fareed
- 1 Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - William Hopkinson
- 2 Department of Orthopedics, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Iwasa K, Reddi AH. Optimization of Methods for Articular Cartilage Surface Tissue Engineering: Cell Density and Transforming Growth Factor Beta Are Critical for Self-Assembly and Lubricin Secretion. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2018; 23:389-395. [PMID: 28578597 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lubricin/superficial zone protein (SZP)/proteoglycan4 (PRG4) plays an important role in boundary lubrication in articular cartilage. Lubricin is secreted by superficial zone chondrocytes and synoviocytes of the synovium. The specific objective of this investigation is to optimize the methods for tissue engineering of articular cartilage surface. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of cell density on the self-assembly of superficial zone chondrocytes and lubricin secretion as a functional assessment. DESIGN Superficial zone chondrocytes were cultivated as a monolayer at low, medium, and high densities. Chondrocytes at the three different densities were treated with transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)1 twice a week or daily, and the accumulated lubricin in the culture medium was analyzed by immunoblots and quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Cell numbers in low and medium densities were increased by TGF-β1; whereas cell numbers in high-density cell cultures were decreased by twice-a-week treatment of TGF-β1. On the other hand, the cell numbers were maintained by daily TGF-β treatment. Immunoblots and quantitation of lubricin by ELISA analysis indicated that TGF-β1 stimulated lubricin secretion by superficial zone chondrocytes at all densities with twice-a-week TGF-β treatment. It is noteworthy that the daily treatment of TGF-β1 increased lubricin much higher compared with twice-a-week treatment. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that daily treatment is optimal for the TGF-β1 response in a higher density of monolayer cultures. These findings have implications for self-assembly of surface zone chondrocytes of articular cartilage for application in tissue engineering of articular cartilage surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Iwasa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, School of Medicine, University of California , Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - A Hari Reddi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, School of Medicine, University of California , Davis, Sacramento, California
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ondrésik M, Oliveira JM, Reis RL. Advances for Treatment of Knee OC Defects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1059:3-24. [PMID: 29736567 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-76735-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Osteochondral (OC) defects are prevalent among young adults and are notorious for being unable to heal. Although they are traumatic in nature, they often develop silently. Detection of many OC defects is challenging, despite the criticality of early care. Current repair approaches face limitations and cannot provide regenerative or long-standing solution. Clinicians and researchers are working together in order to develop approaches that can regenerate the damaged tissues and protect the joint from developing osteoarthritis. The current concepts of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, which have brought many promising applications to OC management, are overviewed herein. We will also review the types of stem cells that aim to provide sustainable cell sources overcoming the limitation of autologous chondrocyte-based applications. The various scaffolding materials that can be used as extracellular matrix mimetic and having functional properties similar to the OC unit are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ondrésik
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - J Miguel Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Paschos NK, Lim N, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Functional properties of native and tissue-engineered cartilage toward understanding the pathogenesis of chondral lesions at the knee: A bovine cadaveric study. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:2452-2464. [PMID: 28294398 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chondral lesions frequently occur in different topographic locations of the knee. This study evaluated the functional properties among the articulating surfaces of the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints, and whether neo-cartilage engineered using chondrocytes from different knee locations would reflect these differences. The biomechanical properties of bovine cartilage isolated from eight locations within the tibiofemoral (medial and lateral condyle, medial and lateral tibial plateau) and patellofemoral joints (medial and lateral trochlea, medial and lateral patella) were examined. Tensile Young's moduli (tensile moduli) and aggregate moduli of the medial condyle were lower than those of the medial tibial plateau (6.11 ± 0.89 MPa vs. 7.19 ± 1.05 MPa, p = 0.04 and 354.4 ± 38.3 kPa vs. 419.4 ± 31.3 kPa, p = 0.002, respectively). Patella tensile and compressive moduli were lower than the trochlea (4.79 ± 2.01 MPa vs. 6.91 ± 2.46 MPa, p = 0.01 and 337.4 ± 37.2 kPa vs. 389.1 ± 38.3 kPa, p = 0.0005, respectively). Furthermore, chondrocytes from the above locations were used to engineer neo-cartilage, and its respective properties were evaluated. In neo-cartilage, medial condyle tensile and aggregate moduli were lower than in the medial tibial plateau (0.96 ± 0.23 MPa vs. 1.31 ± 0.31 MPa, p = 0.02, and 115.8 ± 26.0 kPa vs. 160.8 ± 18.8 kPa, p = 0.001, respectively). Compared to trochlear chondrocytes, neo-cartilage formed from patellar chondrocytes exhibited lower tensile and compressive moduli (1.16 ± 0.27 MPa vs. 0.74 ± 0.25 MPa, p < 0.001, and 109.1 ± 24.0 kPa vs. 82.5 ± 18.1 kPa, p < 0.001). A significant degree of disparity in biomechanical properties of the opposing articular surfaces was detected; the medial condyle and patella exhibited inferior properties compared to the opposing medial tibial plateau and trochlea, respectively. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2452-2464, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos K Paschos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis 95616, California.,Department of Sports Medicine, Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nikita Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis 95616, California
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis 95616, California
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis 95616, California.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pei M. Environmental preconditioning rejuvenates adult stem cells' proliferation and chondrogenic potential. Biomaterials 2016; 117:10-23. [PMID: 27923196 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells are a promising cell source for cartilage regeneration. Unfortunately, due to donor age and ex vivo expansion, stem cell senescence becomes a huge hurdle for these cells to be used clinically. Increasing evidence indicates that environmental preconditioning is a powerful approach in promoting stem cells' ability to resist a harsh environment post-engraftment, such as hypoxia and inflammation. However, few reports organize and evaluate the literature regarding the rejuvenation effect of environmental preconditioning on stem cell proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation capacity, which are important variables for stem cell based tissue regeneration. This report aims to identify several critical environmental factors such as oxygen concentration, growth factors, and extracellular matrix and to discuss their preconditioning influence on stem cells' rejuvenation including proliferation and chondrogenic potential as well as underlying molecular mechanisms. We believe that environmental preconditioning based rejuvenation is a simpler and safer strategy to program pre-engraftment stem cells for better survival and enhanced proliferation and differentiation capacity without the undesired effects of some treatments, such as genetic manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Thorpe CT, Karunaseelan KJ, Ng Chieng Hin J, Riley GP, Birch HL, Clegg PD, Screen HRC. Distribution of proteins within different compartments of tendon varies according to tendon type. J Anat 2016; 229:450-8. [PMID: 27113131 PMCID: PMC4974547 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the predominant function of all tendons is to transfer force from muscle to bone and position the limbs, some tendons additionally function as energy stores, reducing the energetic cost of locomotion. To maximise energy storage and return, energy‐storing tendons need to be more extensible and elastic than tendons with a purely positional function. These properties are conferred in part by a specialisation of a specific compartment of the tendon, the interfascicular matrix, which enables sliding and recoil between adjacent fascicles. However, the composition of the interfascicular matrix is poorly characterised and we therefore tested the hypothesis that the distribution of elastin and proteoglycans differs between energy‐storing and positional tendons, and that protein distribution varies between the fascicular matrix and the interfascicular matrix, with localisation of elastin and lubricin to the interfascicular matrix. Protein distribution in the energy‐storing equine superficial digital flexor tendon and positional common digital extensor tendon was assessed using histology and immunohistochemistry. The results support the hypothesis, demonstrating enrichment of lubricin in the interfascicular matrix in both tendon types, where it is likely to facilitate interfascicular sliding. Elastin was also localised to the interfascicular matrix, specifically in the energy‐storing superficial digital flexor tendon, which may account for the greater elasticity of the interfascicular matrix in this tendon. A differential distribution of proteoglycans was identified between tendon types and regions, which may indicate a distinct role for each of these proteins in tendon. These data provide important advances into fully characterising structure–function relationships within tendon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chavaunne T Thorpe
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Kabelan J Karunaseelan
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jade Ng Chieng Hin
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Graham P Riley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Helen L Birch
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - Peter D Clegg
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Hazel R C Screen
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Szychlinska MA, Leonardi R, Al-Qahtani M, Mobasheri A, Musumeci G. Altered joint tribology in osteoarthritis: Reduced lubricin synthesis due to the inflammatory process. New horizons for therapeutic approaches. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2016; 59:149-156. [PMID: 27118399 DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of joint disease. This review aimed to consolidate the current evidence that implicates the inflammatory process in the attenuation of synovial lubrication and joint tissue homeostasis in OA. Moreover, with these findings, we propose some evidence for novel therapeutic strategies for preventing and/or treating this complex disorder. The studies reviewed support that inflammatory mediators participate in the onset and progression of OA after joint injury. The flow of pro-inflammatory cytokines following an acute injury seems to be directly associated with altered lubricating ability in the joint tissue. The latter is associated with reduced level of lubricin, one of the major joint lubricants. Future research should focus on the development of new therapies that attenuate the inflammatory process and restore lubricin synthesis and function. This approach could support joint tribology and synovial lubrication leading to improved joint function and pain relief.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Szychlinska
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - R Leonardi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Section of Dentistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - M Al-Qahtani
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Mobasheri
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, The APPROACH Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) Consortium, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Duke of Kent Building, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - G Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kwon H, Paschos NK, Hu JC, Athanasiou K. Articular cartilage tissue engineering: the role of signaling molecules. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1173-94. [PMID: 26811234 PMCID: PMC5435375 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Effective early disease modifying options for osteoarthritis remain lacking. Tissue engineering approach to generate cartilage in vitro has emerged as a promising option for articular cartilage repair and regeneration. Signaling molecules and matrix modifying agents, derived from knowledge of cartilage development and homeostasis, have been used as biochemical stimuli toward cartilage tissue engineering and have led to improvements in the functionality of engineered cartilage. Clinical translation of neocartilage faces challenges, such as phenotypic instability of the engineered cartilage, poor integration, inflammation, and catabolic factors in the arthritic environment; these can all contribute to failure of implanted neocartilage. A comprehensive understanding of signaling molecules involved in osteoarthritis pathogenesis and their actions on engineered cartilage will be crucial. Thus, while it is important to continue deriving inspiration from cartilage development and homeostasis, it has become increasingly necessary to incorporate knowledge from osteoarthritis pathogenesis into cartilage tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heenam Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Nikolaos K Paschos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kyriacos Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hill A, Waller KA, Cui Y, Allen JM, Smits P, Zhang LX, Ayturk UM, Hann S, Lessard SG, Zurakowski D, Warman ML, Jay GD. Lubricin restoration in a mouse model of congenital deficiency. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016. [PMID: 26216721 DOI: 10.1002/art.39276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Congenital deficiency of the principal boundary lubricant in cartilage (i.e., lubricin, encoded by the gene PRG4) increases joint friction and causes progressive joint failure. This study was undertaken to determine whether restoring lubricin expression in a mouse model would prevent, delay, or reverse the disease process caused by congenital deficiency. METHODS Using genetically engineered lubricin-deficient mice, we restored gene function before conception or at ages 3 weeks, 2 months, or 6 months after birth. The effect of restoring gene function (i.e., expression of lubricin) on the tibiofemoral patellar joints of mice was evaluated histologically and by ex vivo biomechanical testing. RESULTS Restoring gene function in mice prior to conception prevented joint disease. In 3-week-old mice, restoring gene function improved, but did not normalize, histologic features of the articular cartilage and whole-joint friction. In addition, cyclic loading of the joints produced fewer activated caspase 3-containing chondrocytes when lubricin expression was restored, as compared to that in littermate mice whose gene function was not restored (nonrestored controls). Restoration of lubricin expression in 2-month-old or 6-month-old mice had no beneficial effect on histopathologic cartilage damage, extent of whole-joint friction, or activation of caspase 3 when compared to nonrestored controls. CONCLUSION When boundary lubrication is congenitally deficient and cartilage becomes damaged, the window of opportunity for restoring lubrication and slowing disease progression is limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adele Hill
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kimberly A Waller
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence
| | - Yajun Cui
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Justin M Allen
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Ling X Zhang
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence
| | - Ugur M Ayturk
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven Hann
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Matthew L Warman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gregory D Jay
- Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and Brown University School of Engineering, Providence, Rhode Island
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ludwig TE, Hunter MM, Schmidt TA. Cartilage boundary lubrication synergism is mediated by hyaluronan concentration and PRG4 concentration and structure. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2015; 16:386. [PMID: 26666513 PMCID: PMC4678696 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-015-0842-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) and hyaluronan (HA) are key synovial fluid constituents that contribute synergistically to cartilage boundary lubrication; however, the effects of their concentrations as well as their structure, both of which can be altered in osteoarthritis, on this functional synergism are unknown. The objectives of this study were to evaluate cartilage boundary lubricating ability of 1) PRG4 + HA in solution at constant HA concentration in a range of PRG4 concentrations, 2) constant PRG4 concentration in a range of HA concentrations, 3) HA + reduced/alkylated (R/A) PRG4, and 4) hylan G-F 20 + PRG4. Methods Static and kinetic friction coefficients (μstatic,Neq, <μkinetic,Neq>) were measured using a previously characterized cartilage-cartilage boundary mode friction test for the following concentrations of purified PRG4 and HA: Test 1: HA (1.5 MDa, 3.3 mg/mL) + PRG4 from 4.5 – 1500 μg/mL; Test 2: PRG4 (450, 150, 45 μg/mL) + HA (1.5 MDa) from 0.3 – 3.3 mg/mL. Test 3: hylan G-F 20 (3. 3 mg/mL) + PRG4 (450 μg/mL). Test 4: HA (3.3 mg/mL) + R/A PRG4 (450 μg/mL). ANOVA was used to compare lubricants within (comparing 6 lubricants of interest) and between (comparing 3 lubricants of interest) test sequences, with Tukey and Fishers post-hoc testing respectively. Results This study demonstrates that both PRG4 and HA concentration, as well as PRG4 disulfide-bonded structure, can alter the cartilage boundary lubricating ability of PRG4 + HA solutions. The boundary lubricating ability of high MW HA + PRG4 solutions was limited by very low concentrations of PRG4. Decreased concentrations of high MW HA also limited the cartilage boundary lubricating ability of HA + PRG4 solutions, with the effect exacerbated by low PRG4 concentrations. The reduction of friction by addition of PRG4 to a cross-linked HA viscosupplement product, but not with addition of R/A PRG4 to HA, is consistent with a non-covalent mechanism of interaction where tertiary and quaternary PRG4 structure are important. Conclusions Collectively, these results demonstrate that deficiency of either or both PRG4 and HA, or alterations in PRG4 structure, may be detrimental to SF cartilage boundary lubricating function. This study provides further insight into the nature of cartilage boundary lubrication and advancement towards potential formulation of new intra-articular biotherapeutic treatments for osteoarthritis using PRG4 ± HA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taryn E Ludwig
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Miles M Hunter
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Tannin A Schmidt
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. .,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zone-specific integrated cartilage repair using a scaffold-free tissue engineered construct derived from allogenic synovial mesenchymal stem cells: Biomechanical and histological assessments. J Biomech 2015; 48:4101-4108. [PMID: 26549765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the zone-specific integration properties of articular cartilage defects treated in vivo with scaffold-free three-dimensional tissue-engineered constructs (TECs) derived from allogenic synovial mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a porcine model. The TEC derived from the synovial MSCs was implanted into chondral defects in the medial femoral condyle of the knee. The integration boundary of repair tissue with the adjacent host cartilage was morphologically and biomechanically evaluated at 6 months post-implantation. Histological assessments showed that the repair tissue in each zone was well integrated with the adjacent host cartilage, with an apparent secure continuity of the extracellular matrix. There were no significant differences in histological scores between the integration boundary and the center of the repair tissue at every zone. Nonetheless, in all the specimens subjected to mechanical testing, failure occurred at the integration boundary. The average tensile strength of the integration boundary vs normal cartilage was 0.6 vs 4.9, 3.0 vs 12.6, and 5.5 vs 12.8MPa at the superficial, middle, and deep layers, respectively. Thus, these results indicate the most fragile point in the repair tissue remained at the integration boundary in spite of the apparent secure tissue continuity and equivalent histological quality with the center of the repair tissue. Such tissue vulnerability at the surface integration boundary could affect the long-term durability of the tissue repair, and thus, special consideration will be needed in the post-operative rehabilitation programming to enhance the longevity of such repair tissues in response to normal knee loading.
Collapse
|
25
|
Rebelo MA, Alves TFR, de Lima R, Oliveira JM, Vila MMDC, Balcão VM, Severino P, Chaud MV. Scaffolds and tissue regeneration: An overview of the functional properties of selected organic tissues. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 104:1483-94. [PMID: 26148945 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering plays a significant role both in the re-establishment of functions and regeneration of organic tissues. Success in manufacturing projects for biological scaffolds, for the purpose of tissue regeneration, is conditioned by the selection of parameters such as the biomaterial, the device architecture, and the specificities of the cells making up the organic tissue to create, in vivo, a microenvironment that preserves and further enhances the proliferation of a specific cell phenotype. To support this approach, we have screened scientific publications that show biomedical applications of scaffolds, biomechanical, morphological, biochemical, and hemodynamic characteristics of the target organic tissues, and the possible interactions between different cell matrices and biological scaffolds. This review article provides an overview on the biomedical application of scaffolds and on the characteristics of the (bio)materials commonly used for manufacturing these biological devices used in tissue engineering, taking into consideration the cellular specificity of the target tissue. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1483-1494, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Márcia A Rebelo
- LaBNUS-Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais F R Alves
- LaBNUS-Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata de Lima
- LaBNUS-Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - José M Oliveira
- LaBNUS-Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marta M D C Vila
- LaBNUS-Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor M Balcão
- LaBNUS-Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.,i(bs)2-Intelligent Biosensing and Biomolecule Stabilization Research Group, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.,CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Severino
- Institute of Technology and Research, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Marco V Chaud
- LaBNUS-Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Peng G, McNary SM, Athanasiou KA, Reddi AH. The distribution of superficial zone protein (SZP)/lubricin/PRG4 and boundary mode frictional properties of the bovine diarthrodial joint. J Biomech 2015; 48:3406-12. [PMID: 26117076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The diarthrodial, knee joint is a remarkably efficient bearing system; articulating cartilage surfaces provide nearly frictionless performance with minimal wear. The low friction properties of the cartilage surfaces are due in part to the boundary lubricant, superficial zone protein (SZP); also known as lubricin or proteoglycan 4 (PRG4). In previous work, SZP localization and cartilage friction were examined across the femoral condyles. Studies in the literature have also individually investigated the other tissues that comprise the human knee and four-legged animal stifle joint, such as the meniscus or patella. However, comparisons between individual studies are limited due to the variable testing conditions employed. Friction is a system property that is dependent on the opposing articulating surface, entraining speed, and loading. A cross-comparison of the frictional properties and SZP localization across the knee/stifle joint tissues utilizing a common testing configuration is therefore needed. The objective of this investigation was to determine the friction coefficient and SZP localization of the tissues comprising the three compartments of the bovine stifle joint: patella, patellofemoral groove, femoral condyles, meniscus, tibial plateau, and anterior cruciate ligament. The boundary mode coefficient of friction was greater in tissues of the patellofemoral compartment than the lateral and medial tibiofemoral compartments. SZP immunolocalization followed this trend with reduced depth of staining and intensity in the patella and patellofemoral groove compared to the femoral condyles and tibial plateau. These results illustrate the important role of SZP in reducing friction in the tissues and compartments of the knee/stifle joint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Peng
- Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Sean M McNary
- Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - A Hari Reddi
- Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Von Keudell A, Syed HM, Canseco JA, Gomoll AH. Efficacy of common surgical compounds in preventing articular chondrocyte death from desiccation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2015; 23:1346-1350. [PMID: 24061713 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-013-2631-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Purpose of this study was to identify potential substances that prevent desiccation of chondrocytes. METHODS Macroscopically normal bovine cartilage explants (n = 80) were exposed to room air, or covered with surgical lubricant, Lactated ringer (LR) or Seprafilm (Genzyme Biosurgery, Cambridge, MA) for 0, 30, 60 or 120 min. The viability of superficial chondrocytes was measured after 48 h of incubation in tissue culture media at 37 °C by Live/Dead staining. Chondrotoxicity was measured as the extent of cell death below the articular surface. Statistical analysis was performed with a two-way analysis of variance on the data set and a subsequent Tukey's post hoc test. RESULTS Chondrocyte death correlated positively with the length of exposure, regardless of the treatment (p < 0.0001). The extent of superficial chondrocyte death was minimally lower in the LR (89.1 ± 2.6 %, 80.8 ± 1.2 %) and surgical lube (84.3 ± 1.8 %, 75.9 ± 2.7 %) groups than the control (82 ± 5.7 %, 65.6 ± 13.3 %) and Seprafilm group (77.6 ± 3.9 %, 63.3 ± 6.9 %) (p < 0.001) at the first two time points, with no significant difference between the latter groups. After 60 and 120 min, surgical lube resulted in less chondrocyte death than all other groups (70.4 ± 6.8 % and 60.9 ± 5.9 %, all p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION The data suggest that depending on the expected length of exposure of the articular cartilage surface, different compounds appear to be protective. For exposures exceeding 60 min, surgical lubricant demonstrated the highest protective potential. Results from this study indicate that protecting exposed articular surfaces with surgical lubricant for orthopaedic procedures lasting more than 1 h lead to decreased chondrocyte death and suggest improved cartilage functional outcomes postoperatively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Von Keudell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - H M Syed
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J A Canseco
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anesthesia, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A H Gomoll
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cui Z, Xu C, Li X, Song J, Yu B. Treatment with recombinant lubricin attenuates osteoarthritis by positive feedback loop between articular cartilage and subchondral bone in ovariectomized rats. Bone 2015; 74:37-47. [PMID: 25576671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a most commonly multifactorial degenerative joint disease along with the aging population, particularly in postmenopausal women. During the onset of OA, articular cartilage and subchondral bone act in concert as a functional unit. This present study is to investigate the effects of early or late treatment with recombinant lubricin on the onset of osteoarthritis (OA) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. We found that both early and late recombinant lubricin treatments attenuated the onset of OA by positive feedback loop between articular cartilage and subchondral bone, although late treatment contributed to a lesser effect compared with early treatment. Specifically, treatment with recombinant lubricin protected articular cartilage from degeneration, demonstrated by lower proteoglycan loss, lower OARSI scores, less calcification cartilage zone and reduced immunostaining for collagen X (Col X) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-13) but increased the expression of lubricin, in comparison with vehicle-treated OVX rat group. Further, chondroprotective effects of lubricin normalized bone remodeling in subchondral bone underneath. It's suggested that treatment with recombinant lubricin inhibited the elevation of TRAP and Osterix positive cells in OVX rats and led to the normalization of subchondral bone microarchitectures with the suppression of subsidence of bone volume ratio (BV/TV) and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) and the increase of trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) in vehicle-treated OVX rats. What's more, the normalization of subchondral bone in turn attenuated the articular cartilage erosion by inhibiting vascular invasion from subchondral bone to calcified cartilage zone, exemplified by inhibiting the elevation of CD31 positive cells in calcified cartilage and angiography in subchondral bone. Together, these results shed light that both early and late recombinant lubricin treatments attenuate the onset of OA by balancing the interplay between articular cartilage and subchondral bone in OVX rats, while also providing a further rationale for its therapeutic targeting to postmenopausal OA and suggesting that treatment timing is a pivotal factor for better effect acquisition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Cui
- Orthopedics and Traumatology, NanFang hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 Guangzhou Da Dao Bei, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China.
| | - Changpeng Xu
- Orthopedics and Traumatology, NanFang hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 Guangzhou Da Dao Bei, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China.
| | - Xue Li
- Orthopedics and Traumatology, NanFang hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 Guangzhou Da Dao Bei, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China.
| | - Jinqi Song
- Orthopedics and Traumatology, NanFang hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 Guangzhou Da Dao Bei, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China.
| | - Bin Yu
- Orthopedics and Traumatology, NanFang hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 Guangzhou Da Dao Bei, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Caldwell KL, Wang J. Cell-based articular cartilage repair: the link between development and regeneration. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:351-62. [PMID: 25450846 PMCID: PMC4339504 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Clinical efforts to repair damaged articular cartilage (AC) currently face major obstacles due to limited intrinsic repair capacity of the tissue and unsuccessful biological interventions. This highlights a need for better therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes the recent advances in the field of cell-based AC repair. In both animals and humans, AC defects that penetrate into the subchondral bone marrow are mainly filled with fibrocartilaginous tissue through the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), followed by degeneration of repaired cartilage and osteoarthritis (OA). Cell therapy and tissue engineering techniques using culture-expanded chondrocytes, bone marrow MSCs, or pluripotent stem cells with chondroinductive growth factors may generate cartilaginous tissue in AC defects but do not form hyaline cartilage-based articular surface because repair cells often lose chondrogenic activity or result in chondrocyte hypertrophy. The new evidence that AC and synovium develop from the same pool of precursors with similar gene profiles and that synovium-derived chondrocytes have stable chondrogenic activity has promoted use of synovium as a new cell source for AC repair. The recent finding that NFAT1 and NFAT2 transcription factors (TFs) inhibit chondrocyte hypertrophy and maintain metabolic balance in AC is a significant advance in the field of AC repair. The use of synovial MSCs and discovery of upstream transcriptional regulators that help maintain the AC phenotype have opened new avenues to improve the outcome of AC regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinxi Wang
- Corresponding Author: Jinxi Wang, Address: University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Mail Stop 3017, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, Phone: +1 913-588-0870, Fax: +1 913-945-7773,
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ai M, Cui Y, Sy MS, Lee DM, Zhang LX, Larson KM, Kurek KC, Jay GD, Warman ML. Anti-lubricin monoclonal antibodies created using lubricin-knockout mice immunodetect lubricin in several species and in patients with healthy and diseased joints. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116237. [PMID: 25642942 PMCID: PMC4314068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lubricin, encoded by the gene PRG4, is the principal lubricant in articulating joints. We immunized mice genetically deficient for lubricin (Prg4-/-) with purified human lubricin, and generated several mAbs. We determined each mAb’s binding epitope, sensitivity, and specificity using biologic samples and recombinant lubricin sub-domains, and we also developed a competition ELISA assay to measure lubricin in synovial fluid and blood. We found the mAbs all recognized epitopes containing O-linked oligosaccharides conjugated to the peptide motif KEPAPTTT. By western blot, the mAbs detected lubricin in 1 μl of synovial fluid from several animal species, including human. The mAbs were specific for lubricin since they did not cross-react with other synovial fluid constituents from patients with camptodactyly-arthropathy-coxa vara-pericarditis syndrome (CACP), who genetically lack this protein. The competition ELISA detected lubricin in blood samples from healthy individuals but not from patients with CACP, indicating blood can be used in a diagnostic test for patients suspected of having CACP. Lubricin epitopes in blood do not represent degradation fragments from synovial fluid. Therefore, although blood lubricin levels did not differentiate patients with inflammatory joint disease from healthy controls, epitope-specific anti-lubricin mAbs could be useful for monitoring disease activity in synovial fluid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minrong Ai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Yajun Cui
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - David M Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Ling Xiu Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Katherine M Larson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America; School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Kyle C Kurek
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Gregory D Jay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America; School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Matthew L Warman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Orthopaedics Research Laboratories, Boston Children's Hospital, and Departments of Genetics and Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Musumeci G, Trovato FM, Pichler K, Weinberg AM, Loreto C, Castrogiovanni P. Extra-virgin olive oil diet and mild physical activity prevent cartilage degeneration in an osteoarthritis model: an in vivo and in vitro study on lubricin expression. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 24:2064-75. [PMID: 24369033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mediterranean diet includes a relatively high fat consumption mostly from monounsaturated fatty acids mainly provided by olive oil, the principal source of culinary and dressing fat. The beneficial effects of olive oil have been widely studied and could be due to its phytochemicals, which have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Lubricin is a chondroprotective glycoprotein and it serves as a critical boundary lubricant between opposing cartilage surfaces. A joint injury causes an initial flare of cytokines, which decreases lubricin expression and predisposes to cartilage degeneration such as osteoarthritis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of extra-virgin olive oil diet and physical activity on inflammation and expression of lubricin in articular cartilage of rats after injury. In this study we used histomorphometric, histological, immunocytochemical, immunohistochemical, western blot and biochemical analysis for lubricin and interleukin-1 evaluations in the cartilage and in the synovial fluid. We report the beneficial effect of physical activity (treadmill training) and extra-virgin olive oil supplementation, on the articular cartilage. The effects of anterior cruciate ligament transection decrease drastically the expression of lubricin and increase the expression of interleukin-1 in rats, while after physical activity and extra-virgin olive oil supplemented diet, the values return to a normal level compared to the control group. With our results we can confirm the importance of the physical activity in conjunction with extra-virgin olive oil diet in medical therapy to prevent osteoarthritis disease in order to preserve the articular cartilage and then the entire joint.
Collapse
|
33
|
Coates EE, Fisher JP. Engineering superficial zone chondrocytes from mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 20:630-40. [PMID: 24279336 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent cartilage engineering efforts have focused on development of zonally organized tissue. However, there remains a need for protocols that differentiate progenitor populations into chondrocytes of zonal phenotype. Here, we evaluate the potential of coculture of bovine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and zonal explants of bovine cartilage tissue to drive MSC differentiation to chondrocytes with the superficial zone phenotype. Two coculture systems were set up: one between alginate encapsulated MSCs and superficial zone cartilage explants, and one between MSCs and middle/deep zone cartilage explants. Chondrogenic and superficial zone markers were monitored over a 21-day differentiation period via gene and protein expression. A control conditioned media study was used to determine the impact of communication via soluble factors between cell populations during differentiation. At day 21, results show superficial zone explant coculture without transforming-growth factor β3 supplementation induces upregulation of chondrogenic gene expression markers SOX9 and type II collagen 3.4-fold and 11.4-fold, respectively, over standard chondrogenic control media. Further, coculture of MSCs and superficial zone explants can be used to upregulate mRNA expression of the superficial zone marker proteoglycan-4 in MSCs (1.75-fold over chondrogenic control at day 21), indicating the superficial zone chondrocyte phenotype. Gene expression data show middle/deep zone explant and MSC coculture did not induce the chondrogenesis observed in superficial zone explant coculture. Likewise, poor chondrogenesis was observed in all conditioned media groups. Results highlight the importance of superficial zone cartilage and cells in guiding stem cell fate and regulating differentiation of MSCs to chondrocytes of the superficial zone type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Coates
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Rocha B, Calamia V, Casas V, Carrascal M, Blanco FJ, Ruiz-Romero C. Secretome Analysis of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Undergoing Chondrogenic Differentiation. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:1045-54. [DOI: 10.1021/pr401030n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rocha
- Rheumatology Division,
ProteoRed/ISCIII Proteomics Group, INIBIC—Hospital Universitario
de A Coruña, C/Xubias 84, 15006-A Coruña, Spain
| | - Valentina Calamia
- Rheumatology Division,
ProteoRed/ISCIII Proteomics Group, INIBIC—Hospital Universitario
de A Coruña, C/Xubias 84, 15006-A Coruña, Spain
| | - Vanessa Casas
- CSIC/UAB Proteomics
Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 08193-Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Montserrat Carrascal
- CSIC/UAB Proteomics
Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 08193-Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Blanco
- Rheumatology Division,
ProteoRed/ISCIII Proteomics Group, INIBIC—Hospital Universitario
de A Coruña, C/Xubias 84, 15006-A Coruña, Spain
- RIER-RED
de Inflamación
y Enfermedades Reumáticas, INIBIC−CHUAC, 15006-A Coruña, Spain
| | - Cristina Ruiz-Romero
- Rheumatology Division,
ProteoRed/ISCIII Proteomics Group, INIBIC—Hospital Universitario
de A Coruña, C/Xubias 84, 15006-A Coruña, Spain
- CIBER-BBN Instituto
de Salud Carlos III, INIBIC−CHUAC, 15006-A Coruña, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Santhagunam A, Dos Santos F, Madeira C, Salgueiro JB, Cabral JMS. Isolation and ex vivo expansion of synovial mesenchymal stromal cells for cartilage repair. Cytotherapy 2013; 16:440-53. [PMID: 24364906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Hyaline articular cartilage is a highly specialized tissue that offers a low-friction and wear-resistant interface for weight-bearing surface articulation in diarthrodial joints, but it lacks vascularity. It displays an inherent inability to heal when injured in a skeletally mature individual. Joint-preserving treatment procedures such as mosaicplasty, débridement, perichondrium transplantation and autologous chondrocyte implantation have shown variable results, and the average long-term result is sub-standard. Because of these limitations of the treatment methods and lack of intrinsic repair capacity of mature cartilage tissue, an alternative treatment approach is needed, and synovial mesenchymal stromal cells (SMSCs) represent an attractive therapeutic alternative because of their ex vivo proliferation capacity, multipotency and ability to undergo chondrogenesis. METHODS SMSCs were isolated from tissues obtained by arthroscopy using two types of biopsies. Ex vivo cell expansion was accomplished under static and dynamic culture followed by characterization of cells according to the International Society for Cellular Therapy guidelines. Kinetic growth models and metabolite analysis were used for understanding the growth profile of these cells. RESULTS For the first time, SMSCs were expanded in stirred bioreactors and achieved higher cell density in a shorter period of time compared with static culture or with other mesenchymal stromal cell sources. CONCLUSIONS In this study we were able to achieve (8.8 ± 0.2) × 10(5) cells within <2 weeks in dynamic culture under complete xeno-free conditions. Our results also provided evidence that after dynamic culture these cells had an up-regulation of chondrogenic genes, which can be a potential factor for articular cartilage regeneration in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Santhagunam
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco Dos Santos
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Madeira
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João B Salgueiro
- Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, E.P.E, Hospital São Francisco Xavier, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mhanna R, Öztürk E, Schlink P, Zenobi-Wong M. Probing the microenvironmental conditions for induction of superficial zone protein expression. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:1924-32. [PMID: 23978656 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the in vitro conditions which promote expression of superficial zone protein (SZP). METHODS Chondrocytes from 6-month-old calves were expanded in monolayer culture and the expression of SZP in alginate bead and monolayer culture was quantified with quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunostaining. The effect of oxygen tension on SZP expression was determined by qRT-PRC analysis of cells cultured in two dimension (2D) and three dimension (3D) under hypoxic (1% pO2) or normoxic (21% pO2) conditions. Finally, to examine the effect of cyclic tensile strain on expression of SZP in 2D and 3D cultures, chondrocytes encapsulated in alginate beams or seeded on type I collagen coated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chambers were subjected to 5% strain at 1 Hz, 2 h/day for 4 days or 2 h at the fourth day of culture and mRNA levels were quantified. RESULTS Bovine chondrocytes in monolayer showed a drastic decrease in SZP expression, similar in trend to the commonly reported downregulation of type II collagen (Col2). Chondrocytes embedded in alginate beads for 4 days re-expressed SZP but not Col2. SZP expression was higher under normoxic conditions whereas Col2 was upregulated only in alginate beads under hypoxic conditions. Cyclic mechanical strain showed a tendency to upregulate mRNA levels of SZP. CONCLUSIONS A microenvironment encompassing a soft encapsulation material and 21% oxygen is sufficient for fibroblastic chondrocytes to re-express SZP. These results serve as a guideline for the design of stratified engineered articular cartilage and suggest that microenvironmental cues (oxygen tension level) strongly influence the pattern of SZP expression in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Mhanna
- Cartilage Engineering + Regeneration Laboratory, ETHZ, Schafmattstrasse 22, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rawal B, Ribeiro R, Chouksey M, Tripathi K. Biomaterials for Cartilage Repair: A Review. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2013.615.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
38
|
Grogan SP, Chen X, Sovani S, Taniguchi N, Colwell CW, Lotz MK, D'Lima DD. Influence of cartilage extracellular matrix molecules on cell phenotype and neocartilage formation. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:264-74. [PMID: 23962090 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction between chondrocytes and the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for maintaining the cartilage's role as a low-friction and load-bearing tissue. In this study, we examined the influence of cartilage zone-specific ECM on human articular chondrocytes (HAC) in two-dimensional and three-dimensional (3D) environments. Two culture systems were used. SYSTEM 1: HAC were cultured on cell-culture plates that had been precoated with the following ECM molecules for 7 days: decorin, biglycan, tenascin C (superficial zone), collagen type II, hyaluronan (HA) (middle and deep zones), and osteopontin (deep zone). Uncoated standard culture plates were used as controls. Expanded cells were examined for phenotypic changes using real-time polymerase chain reaction. In addition, expanded cells were placed into high-density pellet cultures for 14 days. Neocartilage formation was assessed via gene expression and histology evaluations. SYSTEM 2: HAC that were cultured on untreated plates and encapsulated in a 3D alginate scaffold were mixed with one of the zone-specific ECM molecules. Cell viability, gene expression, and histology assessments were conducted on 14-day-old tissues. In HAC monolayer culture, exposure to decorin, HA, and osteopontin increased COL2A1 and aggrecan messenger RNA (mRNA) levels compared with controls. Biglycan up-regulated aggrecan without a significant impact on COL2A1 expression; Tenascin C reduced COL2A1 expression. Neocartilage formed after preculture on tenascin C and collagen type II expressed higher COL2A1 mRNA compared with control pellets. Preculture of HAC on HA decreased both COL2A1 and aggrecan expression levels compared with controls, which was consistent with histology. Reduced proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) mRNA levels were observed in HAC pellets that had been precultured with biglycan and collagen type II. Exposing HAC to HA directly in 3D-alginate culture most effectively induced neocartilage formation, showing increased COL2A1 and aggrecan, and reduced COL1A1 compared with controls. Decorin treatments increased HAC COL2A1 mRNA levels. These data indicate that an appropriate exposure to cartilage-specific ECM proteins could be used to enhance cartilage formation and to even induce the formation of zone-specific phenotypes to improve cartilage regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P Grogan
- 1 Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education , Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tamer TM. Hyaluronan and synovial joint: function, distribution and healing. Interdiscip Toxicol 2013; 6:111-25. [PMID: 24678248 PMCID: PMC3967437 DOI: 10.2478/intox-2013-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synovial fluid is a viscous solution found in the cavities of synovial joints. The principal role of synovial fluid is to reduce friction between the articular cartilages of synovial joints during movement. The presence of high molar mass hyaluronan (HA) in this fluid gives it the required viscosity for its function as lubricant solution. Inflammation oxidation stress enhances normal degradation of hyaluronan causing several diseases related to joints. This review describes hyaluronan properties and distribution, applications and its function in synovial joints, with short review for using thiol compounds as antioxidants preventing HA degradations under inflammation conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamer Mahmoud Tamer
- Polymer Materials Research Department, Advanced Technologies and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, Egypt
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry of Drugs, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Iwakura T, Sakata R, Reddi AH. Induction of chondrogenesis and expression of superficial zone protein in synovial explants with TGF-β1 and BMP-7. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:2638-44. [PMID: 23848497 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Superficial zone protein (SZP) functions as a boundary lubricant in articular cartilage and decreases the coefficient of friction. As lubrication of articular cartilage is critical for normal joint function, the ability to secrete SZP at the surface of tissue-engineered cartilage is a prerequisite for optimal lubrication. Synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are thought to be an attractive cell source for cartilage regeneration. However, optimization of a three-dimensional environment is necessary for tissue engineering. In this study, we investigated whether synovial explants, which would preserve the physiologic microenvironment for MSCs therein, have the potential of SZP secretion after chondrogenic differentiation by treatment with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7). Immunostaining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis demonstrated that synovial explants can synthesize and secrete SZP following chondrogenic differentiation in response to TGF-β1 and BMP-7. Interestingly, the combined treatment with TGF-β1 and BMP-7 or treatment first with TGF-β1 followed by BMP-7 was more effective than other treatment groups in both chondrogenic differentiation and SZP secretion. In conclusion, synovial explants represent not only a superb source of progenitors/stem cells for the regeneration of the surface zone of articular cartilage, but also a useful model system for the in vitro differentiation into mature articular cartilage phenotypes in response to morphogens for tissue engineering of articular cartilage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Iwakura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, University of California , Sacramento, California
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Inui A, Iwakura T, Hari Reddi A. Regulation of lubricin/superficial zone protein by Wnt signalling in bovine synoviocytes. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 10:172-7. [PMID: 23955850 DOI: 10.1002/term.1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lubricin, homologous to superficial zone protein (SZP), functions as a boundary lubricant in articular cartilage and plays an essential role in the maintenance of joint function and homeostasis. Wnt signalling plays a key role in joint development, including synovial joint formation, and several Wnt proteins are expressed in the synovium and articular cartilage in arthritis. The aim of this study was to determine the role of Wnt signalling on SZP accumulation in synoviocytes. Isolated synoviocytes from bovine knee joints were cultured with Wnt proteins (Wnt-3a and Wnt-5a) and antagonists or agonists of the Wnt-β-catenin pathway or Wnt-Ca(2+) pathway in serum-free chemically defined medium. SZP accumulation in the culture medium was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Wnt-3a suppressed SZP accumulation via a Wnt-β-catenin-dependent pathway. In contrast, Wnt-5a stimulated SZP accumulation via a β-catenin independent pathway. The present investigation provides novel insights into the role of the Wnt signalling pathways in SZP accumulation in synoviocytes and their roles in the homeostasis of normal joints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuyuki Inui
- Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Takashi Iwakura
- Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - A Hari Reddi
- Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Musumeci G, Loreto C, Leonardi R, Castorina S, Giunta S, Carnazza ML, Trovato FM, Pichler K, Weinberg AM. The effects of physical activity on apoptosis and lubricin expression in articular cartilage in rats with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Metab 2013; 31:274-84. [PMID: 23263781 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-012-0414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are considered the most powerful anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating drugs. However, a number of side-effects are well documented in different diseases, including articular cartilage, where increases or decreases in the synthesis of hormone-dependent extracellular matrix components are seen. The objective of this study has been to test the effects of procedures or drugs affecting bone metabolism on articular cartilage in rats with prednisolone-induced osteoporosis and to evaluate the outcomes of physical activity with treadmill and vibration platform training on articular cartilage. The animals were divided into 5 groups, and bone and cartilage evaluations were performed using whole-body scans and histomorphometric analysis. Lubricin and caspase-3 expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis and biochemical analysis. These results confirm the beneficial effect of physical activity on the articular cartilage. The effects of drug therapy with glucocorticoids decrease the expression of lubricin and increase the expression of caspase-3 in the rats, while after physical activity the values return to normal compared to the control group. Our findings suggest that it might be possible that mechanical stimulation in the articular cartilage could induce the expression of lubricin, which is capable of inhibiting caspase-3 activity, preventing chondrocyte death. We can assume that the physiologic balance between lubricin and caspase-3 could maintain the integrity of cartilage. Therefore, in certain diseases such as osteoporosis, mechanical stimulation could be a possible therapeutic treatment. With our results we can propose the hypothesis that physical activity could also be used as a therapeutic treatment for cartilage disease such as osteoarthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Schuurman W, Harimulyo EB, Gawlitta D, Woodfield TBF, Dhert WJA, van Weeren PR, Malda J. Three-dimensional assembly of tissue-engineered cartilage constructs results in cartilaginous tissue formation without retainment of zonal characteristics. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 10:315-24. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Schuurman
- Department of Orthopaedics; University Medical Centre Utrecht; The Netherlands
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
| | - E. B. Harimulyo
- Department of Orthopaedics; University Medical Centre Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - D. Gawlitta
- Department of Orthopaedics; University Medical Centre Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - T. B. F. Woodfield
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; University of Otago; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - W. J. A. Dhert
- Department of Orthopaedics; University Medical Centre Utrecht; The Netherlands
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences; University of Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - P. R. van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
| | - J. Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics; University Medical Centre Utrecht; The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Grogan SP, Duffy SF, Pauli C, Koziol JA, Su AI, D'Lima DD, Lotz MK. Zone-specific gene expression patterns in articular cartilage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:418-28. [PMID: 23124445 DOI: 10.1002/art.37760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify novel genes and pathways specific to the superficial zone (SZ), middle zone (MZ), and deep zone (DZ) of normal articular cartilage. METHODS Articular cartilage was obtained from the knees of 4 normal human donors. The cartilage zones were dissected on a microtome. RNA was analyzed on human genome arrays. The zone-specific DNA array data obtained from human tissue were compared to array data obtained from bovine cartilage. Genes differentially expressed between zones were evaluated using direct annotation for structural or functional features, and by enrichment analysis for integrated pathways or functions. RESULTS The greatest differences in genome-wide RNA expression data were between the SZ and DZ in both human and bovine cartilage. The MZ, being a transitional zone between the SZ and DZ, thereby shared some of the same pathways as well as structural/functional features of the adjacent zones. Cellular functions and biologic processes that were enriched in the SZ relative to the DZ included, most prominently, extracellular matrix-receptor interactions, cell adhesion molecule functions, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, ribosome-related functions, and signaling aspects such as the IFN, IL4, Cdc42/Rac, and JAK/STAT signaling pathways. Two pathways were enriched in the DZ relative to the SZ, including PPARG and EGFR/SMRTE. CONCLUSION These differences in cartilage zonal gene expression identify new markers and pathways that govern the unique differentiation status of chondrocyte subpopulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P Grogan
- The Scripps Research Institute and Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Iwakura T, Inui A, Reddi AH. Stimulation of superficial zone protein accumulation by hedgehog and Wnt signaling in surface zone bovine articular chondrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:408-17. [PMID: 23124712 DOI: 10.1002/art.37768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the roles of the hedgehog and Wnt signaling pathways in accumulation of superficial zone protein (SZP) in surface zone articular chondrocytes. METHODS Explant cultures of disks of surface zone cartilage or isolated chondrocytes from the surface zone of articular cartilage of bovine stifle joints were cultured in serum-free chemically defined medium. Accumulation of SZP in the culture medium, in response to hedgehog proteins (sonic hedgehog [SHH] and Indian hedgehog [IHH]), Wnt proteins (Wnt-3a, Wnt-5a, and Wnt-11), agonists of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway (glycogen synthase kinase 3β [GSK-3β] inhibitors), and antagonists of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, was investigated. The interaction between transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) and hedgehog proteins or antagonists of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was also investigated. RESULTS Hedgehog proteins stimulated SZP accumulation. Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by Wnt-3a and GSK-3β inhibitors led to inhibition of SZP accumulation; however, Wnt-5a and Wnt-11 had no influence on SZP accumulation. Conversely, antagonists of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway stimulated SZP accumulation. In addition, there were combinatorial effects of TGFβ1 and hedgehog proteins or antagonists of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway on SZP accumulation. CONCLUSION SHH and IHH signaling has a stimulatory effect on SZP accumulation in surface zone cartilage and isolated articular chondrocytes. These findings provide insight into the regulatory mechanisms of articular cartilage homeostasis and maintenance by morphogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Iwakura
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ludwig TE, McAllister JR, Lun V, Wiley JP, Schmidt TA. Diminished cartilage-lubricating ability of human osteoarthritic synovial fluid deficient in proteoglycan 4: Restoration through proteoglycan 4 supplementation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 64:3963-71. [PMID: 22933061 DOI: 10.1002/art.34674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purposes of this study were 1) to quantify the proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) and hyaluronan (HA) content in synovial fluid (SF) from normal donors and from patients with chronic osteoarthritis (OA) and 2) to assess the cartilage boundary-lubricating ability of PRG4-deficient OA SF as compared to that of normal SF, with and without supplementation with PRG4 and/or HA. METHODS OA SF was aspirated from the knee joints of patients with symptomatic chronic knee OA prior to therapeutic injection. PRG4 concentrations were measured using a custom sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and HA concentrations were measured using a commercially available ELISA. The molecular weight distribution of HA was measured by agarose gel electrophoresis. The cartilage boundary-lubricating ability of PRG4-deficient OA SF, PRG4-deficient OA SF supplemented with PRG4 and/or HA, and normal SF was assessed using a cartilage-on-cartilage friction test. Two friction coefficients (μ) were calculated: static (μ(static, Neq) ) and kinetic (<μ(kinetic, Neq) >) (where N(eq) represents equilibrium axial load and angle brackets indicate that the value is an average). RESULTS The mean ± SEM PRG4 concentration in normal SF was 287.1 ± 31.8 μg/ml. OA SF samples deficient in PRG4 (146.5 ± 28.2 μg/ml) as compared to normal were identified and selected for lubrication testing. The HA concentration in PRG4-deficient OA SF (mean ± SEM 0.73 ± 0.08 mg/ml) was not significantly different from that in normal SF (0.54 ± 0.09 mg/ml). In PRG4-deficient OA SF, the molecular weight distribution of HA was shifted toward the lower range. The cartilage boundary-lubricating ability of PRG4-deficient OA SF was significantly diminished as compared to normal (mean ± SEM <μ(kinetic, Neq) > = 0.043 ± 0.008 versus 0.025 ± 0.002; P < 0.05) and was restored when supplemented with PRG4 (<μ(kinetic, Neq) > = 0.023 ± 0.003; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results indicate that some OA SF may have decreased PRG4 levels and diminished cartilage boundary-lubricating ability as compared to normal SF and that PRG4 supplementation can restore normal cartilage boundary lubrication function to these OA SF.
Collapse
|
47
|
Steele BL, Alvarez-Veronesi MC, Schmidt TA. Molecular weight characterization of PRG4 proteins using multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS). Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:498-504. [PMID: 23257245 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alternative splicing and variable post-translational modifications result in proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) proteins with historically reported apparent molecular weights (Ma) ranging from 150 to 400 kDa. The objectives of this study were to (1) identify and determine the weight averaged molecular weights (M(W)'s) of PRG4 proteins purified from medium with transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) conditioned by mature bovine articular cartilage explants and (2) to examine the effect of reduction and alkylation (RA) on PRG4. METHODS Non-reduced (NR) and RA preparations of PRG4 were separated using high performance liquid chromatography-size-exclusion chromatography with an in-line multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS) detector, which was used for absolute determination of PRG4 M(W). Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), immunoblotting, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis were used to confirm the identity of separated proteins. RESULTS Three putative PRG4 monomers, one with previously uncharacterized M(W), were identified in NR and RA PRG4 preparations of 239 (223,255), 379 (369,389), and 467 (433,501) kDa. Additionally ∼1 MDa putative PRG4 dimer was identified. Release of a ∼90 kDa PRG4 fragment was also observed on SDS-PAGE after RA. Western Blotting with anti-PRG4 antibodies detected immunoreactive bands with Ma similar to M(W) for all species and excised bands were confirmed to be PRG4 by MS/MS. CONCLUSIONS A variety of monomeric PRG4 proteins and a disulfide-bonded dimer/multimer are secreted by chondrocytes in bovine cartilage explants. The observed decrease in M(W)'s of monomeric PRG4 species upon RA may be due to the release of post-translationally cleaved fragments. Further study of these species will provide insight into the PRG4 molecular structure and function relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B L Steele
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Antonacci JM, Schmidt TA, Serventi LA, Cai MZ, Shu YL, Schumacher BL, McIlwraith CW, Sah RL. Effects of equine joint injury on boundary lubrication of articular cartilage by synovial fluid: role of hyaluronan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:2917-26. [PMID: 22605527 DOI: 10.1002/art.34520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare equine synovial fluid (SF) from injured and control joints for cartilage boundary lubrication function; concentrations of the putative boundary lubricant molecules hyaluronan (HA), proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), and surface-active phospholipids (SAPLs); relationships between lubrication function and composition; and lubrication restoration by addition of HA. METHODS Equine SF from normal joints, joints with acute injury, and joints with chronic injury were analyzed for boundary lubrication of normal articular cartilage (kinetic friction coefficient [μ(kinetic) ]). Equine SF samples were analyzed for HA, PRG4, and SAPL concentrations and HA molecular weight distribution. The effect of the addition of HA, of different concentrations and molecular weight, on the μ(kinetic) of equine SF samples from normal joints and joints with acute injury was determined. RESULTS The μ(kinetic) of equine SF from joints with acute injury (0.036) was higher (+39%) than that of equine SF from normal joints (0.026). Compared to normal equine SF, SF from joints with acute injury had a lower HA concentration (-30%) of lower molecular weight forms, higher PRG4 concentration (+83%), and higher SAPL concentration (+144%). Equine SF from joints with chronic injury had μ(kinetic) , PRG4, and SAPL characteristics intermediate to those of equine SF from joints with acute injury and normal equine SF. Regression analysis revealed that the μ(kinetic) value decreased with increasing HA concentration in equine SF. The friction-reducing properties of HA alone improved with increasing concentration and molecular weight. The addition of high molecular weight HA (4,000 kd) to equine SF from joints with acute injury reduced the μ(kinetic) to a value near that of normal equine SF. CONCLUSION In the acute postinjury stage, equine SF exhibits poor boundary lubrication properties, as indicated by a high μ(kinetic) . HA of diminished concentration and molecular weight may be the basis for this, and adding HA to deficient equine SF restored lubrication function.
Collapse
|
49
|
Ni GX, Lei L, Zhou YZ. Intensity-dependent effect of treadmill running on lubricin metabolism of rat articular cartilage. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R256. [PMID: 23176120 PMCID: PMC3674602 DOI: 10.1186/ar4101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aimed to understand the changes in cartilage lubricin expression and immunolocalisation in responsed to treadmill running with different intensities in a rat model. METHODS A total of 24 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into groups of control (CON), low-intensity running (LIR), moderate-intensity running (MIR), and high-intensity running (HIR). Rats in LIR, MIR, and HIR groups were trained for 8 weeks on the treadmill with low, moderate, and high intensity, respectively. After sacrifice, femoral condyles were collected to take histological observation for cartilage characteristics, and immunohistochemistry for lubricin. In addition, cartilage samples were obtained to assess PRG4 and TGF-β mRNA expression by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Histological examination showed osteoarthritic changes in rats after eight weeks of high intensity running. In comparison to CON group, significantly lower Mankin score was found in LIR and MIR groups, whereas, HIR group had significantly higher Mankin score than either CON, LIR, or MIR group. On the other hand, both LIR and MIR groups have significantly higher lubricin content than CON group, whereas, significantly lower lubricin content was found in HIR group compared with CON, LIR or MIR group. A significant inverse correlation was detected between the lubricin content and Mankin score. In addition, considerably higher mRNA gene expression of PRG4 and TGF-β was found in LIR and MIR groups, compared with those in CON and HIR groups. CONCLUSIONS There is a marked intensity-specific effect of running on the immunolocalisation and gene expression of lubricin in cartilage, which is inversely correlated with Mankin score. Our findings provide evidences that mechanical factors are key determinants of lubricin metabolism in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xin Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue (N), Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Longyan People's Hospital, 31 Denggao Road (W), Longyan 364000, China
| | - Yue-Zhu Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou 350005, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Chan S, Neu C, DuRaine G, Komvopoulos K, Reddi A. Tribological altruism: A sacrificial layer mechanism of synovial joint lubrication in articular cartilage. J Biomech 2012; 45:2426-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|