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Castro-Núñez J, Sifuentes-Cervantes JS, Alemán BO, Rivera I, Bustillo J, Guerrero LM. Histologic features of bone regenerated by means of negative pressure in the context of odontogenic keratocyst. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2023; 27:421-426. [PMID: 35643989 DOI: 10.1007/s10006-022-01080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of the present research is to describe the histologic features of the bone regenerated by means of negative pressure (sugosteogenesis) in a group of patients diagnosed with odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) who underwent active decompression and distraction sugosteogenesis (ADDS) at our institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS The authors designed a retrospective case series study. The population included patients with a histologic diagnosis of odontogenic keratocyst in whom active decompression and distraction sugosteogenesis followed by enucleation was performed. All patients were seen and followed from July 2019 to January 2021. The investigation was approved by the Institutional Review Board, and it observed the Declaration of Helsinki on medical protocol. Variables of this study included age, gender, anatomic location (mandible or maxilla), and histologic characteristics of the bone regenerated by means of negative pressure. Histologic features were defined as being consistent or inconsistent with viable mature bone. RESULTS Bone biopsies of 6 patients were considered. In total, 83.33% of patients were males and 16.66% females. One hundred percent of the bone samples subjected to negative pressure showed features of viable mature bone. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the histological features of the bone subjected to negative pressure demonstrated the normal characteristics of the mature, normal bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Castro-Núñez
- PGY 3Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Residency ProgramSchool of Dental MedicineMedical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, Paseo Dr. José Celso Barbosa, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00921.
| | - José S Sifuentes-Cervantes
- PGY 1, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Residency Program, School of Dental Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Brayann O Alemán
- PGY 4, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Residency Program, School of Dental Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Irelsy Rivera
- PGY 4, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Residency Program, School of Dental Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Jairo Bustillo
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Department, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lidia M Guerrero
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Residency Program, School of Dental Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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2
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Irandoust S, Müftü S. On computational predictions of fluid flow and its effects on bone healing in dental implant treatments: an investigation of spatiotemporal fluid flow in cyclic loading. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:85-104. [PMID: 36329356 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01633-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fluid flow in (porous) bone plays an important role in its maintenance, adaptation, and healing after an injury. Experimental and computational studies apply mechanical loading on bone to predict fluid flow development and/or to find its material properties. In most cases, mechanical loading is applied as a linear function in time. Multiple loading functions-with identical peak load and loading frequency-were used to investigate load-induced fluid flow and predict bone healing surrounding a dental implant. Implementing an instantaneous healing stimulus led to major differences in healing predictions for slightly different loading functions. Load-induced fluid flow was found to be displacement-rate dependent with complex spatial-temporal variations and not necessarily symmetrical during loading and unloading phases. Haversine loading resulted in more numerical stability compared to ramped/triangular loading, providing the opportunity for further investigation of the effects of various physiological masticatory loadings. It was concluded that using the average healing stimulus during cyclic loading gives the most robust bone healing predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Irandoust
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Sinan Müftü
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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3
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Lv X, Gao F, Cao X. Skeletal interoception in bone homeostasis and pain. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1914-1931. [PMID: 36257317 PMCID: PMC9742337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that interoception maintains proper physiological status and orchestrates metabolic homeostasis by regulating feeding behaviors, glucose balance, and lipid metabolism. Continuous skeletal remodeling consumes a tremendous amount of energy to provide skeletal scaffolding, support muscle movement, store vital minerals, and maintain a niche for hematopoiesis, which are processes that also contribute to overall metabolic balance. Although skeletal innervation has been described for centuries, recent work has shown that skeletal metabolism is tightly regulated by the nervous system and that skeletal interoception regulates bone homeostasis. Here, we provide a general discussion of interoception and its effects on the skeleton and whole-body metabolism. We also discuss skeletal interoception-mediated regulation in the context of pathological conditions and skeletal pain as well as future challenges to our understanding of these process and how they can be leveraged for more effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lv
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xu Cao
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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4
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Peng Z, Mai Z, Xiao F, Liu G, Wang Y, Xie S, Ai H. MiR-20a: a mechanosensitive microRNA that regulates fluid shear stress-mediated osteogenic differentiation via the BMP2 signaling pathway by targeting BAMBI and SMAD6. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:683. [PMID: 35845505 PMCID: PMC9279817 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-2753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial regulators of diverse biological and pathological processes. This study aimed to investigate the role of microRNA 20a (miR-20a) in fluid shear stress (FSS)-mediated osteogenic differentiation. Methods In the present study, we subjected osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells or mouse bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) to single bout short duration FSS (12 dyn/cm2 for 1 hour) using a parallel plate flow system. The expression of miR-20a was quantified by miRNA array profiling and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) during FSS-mediated osteogenic differentiation. The expression of osteogenic differentiation markers such as Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and SP7 transcription factor (SP7) was detected. Bioinformatics analysis and a luciferase assay were performed to confirm the potential targets of miR-20a. Results Osteoblast-expressed miR-20a is sensitive to the mechanical environments of FSS, which are differentially up-regulated during steady FSS-mediated osteogenic differentiation. MiR-20a enhances FSS-induced osteoblast differentiation by activating the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) signaling pathway. Both BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI) and mothers against decapentaplegic family member 6 (SMAD6) are targets of miR-20a that negatively regulate the BMP2 signaling pathway. Conclusions MiR-20a is a novel mechanosensitive miRNA that can enhance osteoblast differentiation in FSS mechanical environments, implying that this miRNA might be a target for bone tissue engineering and orthodontic bone remodeling for regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuli Peng
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Mai
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanqi Liu
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Xie
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Ai
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Branecka N, Yildizdag ME, Ciallella A, Giorgio I. Bone Remodeling Process Based on Hydrostatic and Deviatoric Strain Mechano-Sensing. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7020059. [PMID: 35645186 PMCID: PMC9149865 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A macroscopic continuum model intended to provide predictions for the remodeling process occurring in bone tissue is proposed. Specifically, we consider a formulation in which two characteristic stiffnesses, namely the bulk and shear moduli, evolve independently to adapt the hydrostatic and deviatoric response of the bone tissue to environmental changes. The formulation is deliberately simplified, aiming at constituting a preliminary step toward a more comprehensive modeling approach. The evolutive process for describing the functional adaptation of the two stiffnesses is proposed based on an energetic argument. Numerical experiments reveal that it is possible to model the bone remodeling process with a different evolution for more than one material parameter, as usually done. Moreover, the results motivate further investigations into the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Branecka
- Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Mustafa Erden Yildizdag
- International Research Center for the Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.E.Y.); (A.C.)
- Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Alessandro Ciallella
- International Research Center for the Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.E.Y.); (A.C.)
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile-Architettura e Ambientale (DICEAA), University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Ivan Giorgio
- International Research Center for the Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.E.Y.); (A.C.)
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile-Architettura e Ambientale (DICEAA), University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
- Correspondence:
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6
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García-Aznar JM, Nasello G, Hervas-Raluy S, Pérez MÁ, Gómez-Benito MJ. Multiscale modeling of bone tissue mechanobiology. Bone 2021; 151:116032. [PMID: 34118446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical environment has a crucial role in our organism at the different levels, ranging from cells to tissues and our own organs. This regulatory role is especially relevant for bones, given their importance as load-transmitting elements that allow the movement of our body as well as the protection of vital organs from load impacts. Therefore bone, as living tissue, is continuously adapting its properties, shape and repairing itself, being the mechanical loads one of the main regulatory stimuli that modulate this adaptive behavior. Here we review some key results of bone mechanobiology from computational models, describing the effect that changes associated to the mechanical environment induce in bone response, implant design and scaffold-driven bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel García-Aznar
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Gabriele Nasello
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Silvia Hervas-Raluy
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Pérez
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María José Gómez-Benito
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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7
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Daegling DJ, Bhramdat HD, Toro-Ibacache V. Efficacy of shear strain gradients as an osteogenic stimulus. J Theor Biol 2021; 524:110730. [PMID: 33894230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The question of which mechanical variables are responsible for inducing osteogenic activity is unresolved despite extensive experimental and theoretical investigation. Candidate variables include strain magnitude, loading frequency, the interaction of magnitude and frequency (strain rate), and strain gradients. An additional challenge is discerning the coordination of periosteal and endosteal expansion during growth, and whether this coordination (or lack thereof) is fully dependent or partially independent of the local mechanical environment. In this study, under the assumption that calculated stresses correspond to relative strain magnitudes, we specify alternative growth algorithms of bone cross-sectional size and geometry to explore skeletal growth under alternative scenarios of osteogenic activity that are tracking 1) an attractor stress, 2) local stress magnitude or 3) steepness of stress gradients. These developmental simulations are initiated from two initial geometries (symmetrical and asymmetrical ellipses) under a time-varying torsional load whose magnitude is proportional to body size growth in a model primate. In addition, we model endosteal expansion under three conditions hypothesized in the literature, in which endosteal expansion is 1) independent of the mechanical milieu, 2) completely dependent on the mechanical milieu, and 3) a "hybrid" model in which intrinsic biological (independent) growth is operative early but gives way to mechanically-sensitive (dependent) growth at later ages. Three variables were recorded over each growth simulation: the safety factor (ratio of yield stress to actual stress), an efficiency ratio (invested bone area per unit of stress), and proximity to an isostress condition (an optimal design criterion in which stress is invariant throughout the structure). The attractor stress algorithm produces the most "adapted" bones in terms of mechanical competence and economy of material. Localized osteogenic activity that is guided in direct proportion to stress magnitude produces competent bones but with variable adult geometries depending on conditions of endosteal expansion. Stress gradients also produce functional but relatively inefficient bones, with widely variable safety factors during growth and heterogeneous stress fields. If, in fact, the osteocyte network monitors strain gradients to generate osteogenic signals, the resulting morphology is competent but falls well short of an optimal mechanical solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Daegling
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7305, USA.
| | - Henna D Bhramdat
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7305, USA
| | - Viviana Toro-Ibacache
- Craniofacial Translational Research Lab|Center of Quantitative Analysis in Dental Anthropology, Facultad de Odontología Universidad de Chile, Olivos 943, Independencia, Región Metropolitana, Chile
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8
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Thompson M, Woods K, Newberg J, Oxford JT, Uzer G. Low-intensity vibration restores nuclear YAP levels and acute YAP nuclear shuttling in mesenchymal stem cells subjected to simulated microgravity. NPJ Microgravity 2020; 6:35. [PMID: 33298964 PMCID: PMC7708987 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-020-00125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing the musculoskeletal deterioration that astronauts experience in microgravity requires countermeasures that can improve the effectiveness of otherwise rigorous and time-expensive exercise regimens in space. The ability of low-intensity vibrations (LIV) to activate force-responsive signaling pathways in cells suggests LIV as a potential countermeasure to improve cell responsiveness to subsequent mechanical challenge. Mechanoresponse of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), which maintain bone-making osteoblasts, is in part controlled by the "mechanotransducer" protein YAP (Yes-associated protein), which is shuttled into the nucleus in response to cyto-mechanical forces. Here, using YAP nuclear shuttling as a measurement outcome, we tested the effect of 72 h of clinostat-induced simulated microgravity (SMG) and daily LIV application (LIVDT) on the YAP nuclear entry driven by either acute LIV (LIVAT) or Lysophosphohaditic acid (LPA), applied after the 72 h period. We hypothesized that SMG-induced impairment of acute YAP nuclear entry would be alleviated by the daily application of LIVDT. Results showed that while both acute LIVAT and LPA treatments increased nuclear YAP entry by 50 and 87% over the basal levels in SMG-treated MSCs, nuclear YAP levels of all SMG groups were significantly lower than non-SMG controls. LIVDT, applied in parallel to SMG, restored the SMG-driven decrease in basal nuclear YAP to control levels as well as increased the LPA-induced but not LIVAT-induced YAP nuclear entry over SMG only, counterparts. These cell-level observations suggest that daily LIV treatments are a feasible countermeasure for restoring basal nuclear YAP levels and increasing the YAP nuclear shuttling in MSCs under SMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Thompson
- Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Kali Woods
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Joshua Newberg
- Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Julia Thom Oxford
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Gunes Uzer
- Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA.
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9
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Hayes AJ, Melrose J. Electro‐Stimulation, a Promising Therapeutic Treatment Modality for Tissue Repair: Emerging Roles of Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans as Electro‐Regulatory Mediators of Intrinsic Repair Processes. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Hayes
- Bioimaging Research Hub Cardiff School of Biosciences Cardiff University Cardiff Wales CF10 3AX UK
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory Kolling Institute Northern Sydney Local Health District Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney Royal North Shore Hospital St. Leonards NSW 2065 Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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10
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Abstract
The skeleton is highly vascularized due to the various roles blood vessels play in the homeostasis of bone and marrow. For example, blood vessels provide nutrients, remove metabolic by-products, deliver systemic hormones, and circulate precursor cells to bone and marrow. In addition to these roles, bone blood vessels participate in a variety of other functions. This article provides an overview of the afferent, exchange and efferent vessels in bone and marrow and presents the morphological layout of these blood vessels regarding blood flow dynamics. In addition, this article discusses how bone blood vessels participate in bone development, maintenance, and repair. Further, mechanical loading-induced bone adaptation is presented regarding interstitial fluid flow and pressure, as regulated by the vascular system. The role of the sympathetic nervous system is discussed in relation to blood vessels and bone. Finally, vascular participation in bone accrual with intermittent parathyroid hormone administration, a medication prescribed to combat age-related bone loss, is described and age- and disease-related impairments in blood vessels are discussed in relation to bone and marrow dysfunction. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:1009-1046, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda D Prisby
- Bone Vascular and Microcirculation Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
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11
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Prakash K, K V S D, Kumar Kannam S, Sathian SP. Non-isothermal flow of an electrolyte in a charged nanochannel. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:425403. [PMID: 32365344 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab8fe4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrokinetic flows are generally analyzed, assuming isothermal conditions even though such situations are hard to be achieved in practice. In this paper, the flow of a symmetric electrolyte in a charged nanochannel subjected to an axial temperature gradient is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. We analyze the relative contribution of the Soret effect, the thermoelectric effect, and the double layer potential in the electrical double layer for various surface charges and temperature gradients. We find the flow driven by thermal gradient is analogous to electroosmotic flow. The thermophoretic motion of the electrolyte is significant for negative surface charge than the positive surface charge. The vibrational spectrum of graphene is calculated to delineate the effect of the surface charge polarity on the observed thermophoretic motion of the electrolyte. A unique structure of interfacial water layer is observed for the positive and negative surface charges. We attribute the presence of these structures to the differences in water-carbon interactions existing for various surface charge polarity. For an applied thermal gradient in the range 2.6 K nm-1 to 8 K nm-1, we observe a continuous net flow with average velocities reaching up to 9.4 m s-1 inside the channel for a negative surface charge of -0.101 C m-2. The results indicate that in a charged graphene-based nanochannel, temperature gradients can be employed to induce streaming current, depending on the relative influence of the Soret effect and the double layer potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Prakash
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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12
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Mohammadkhah M, Marinkovic D, Zehn M, Checa S. A review on computer modeling of bone piezoelectricity and its application to bone adaptation and regeneration. Bone 2019; 127:544-555. [PMID: 31356890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a hierarchical, multiphasic and anisotropic structure which in addition possess piezoelectric properties. The generation of piezoelectricity in bone is a complex process which has been shown to play a key role both in bone adaptation and regeneration. In order to understand the complex biological, mechanical and electrical interactions that take place during these processes, several computer models have been developed and used to test hypothesis on potential mechanisms behind experimental observations. This paper aims to review the available literature on computer modeling of bone piezoelectricity and its application to bone adaptation and healing. We first provide a brief overview of the fundamentals of piezoelectricity and bone piezoelectric effects. We then review how these properties have been used in computational models of bone adaptation and electromechanical behaviour of bone. In addition, in the last section, we summarize current limitations and potential directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Mohammadkhah
- Department of Structural Mechanics, Berlin Institute of Technology, Fakultät V - Institut für Mechanik, FG Strukturmechanik und Strukturberechnung, Sekr. C 8-3, Geb. M Str. des 17, Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dragan Marinkovic
- Department of Structural Mechanics, Berlin Institute of Technology, Fakultät V - Institut für Mechanik, FG Strukturmechanik und Strukturberechnung, Sekr. C 8-3, Geb. M Str. des 17, Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nis, Aleksandra Medvedeva 14, 18000 Nis, Serbia.
| | - Manfred Zehn
- Department of Structural Mechanics, Berlin Institute of Technology, Fakultät V - Institut für Mechanik, FG Strukturmechanik und Strukturberechnung, Sekr. C 8-3, Geb. M Str. des 17, Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sara Checa
- Department of Structural Mechanics, Berlin Institute of Technology, Fakultät V - Institut für Mechanik, FG Strukturmechanik und Strukturberechnung, Sekr. C 8-3, Geb. M Str. des 17, Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany; Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Föhrer Str. 15, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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13
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Poon KK, Wurm MC, Evans DM, Einarsrud MA, Lutz R, Glaum J. Biocompatibility of (Ba,Ca)(Zr,Ti)O 3 piezoelectric ceramics for bone replacement materials. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:1295-1303. [PMID: 31444960 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Total joint replacement implants are generally designed to physically mimic the biological environment to ensure compatibility with the host tissue. However, implant instability exposes patients to long recovery periods, high risk for revision surgeries, and high expenses. Introducing electrical stimulation to the implant site to accelerate healing is promising, but the cumbersome nature of wired devices is detrimental to the implant design. We propose a novel strategy to stimulate cells at the implant site by utilizing piezoelectric ceramics as electrical stimulation sources. The inherent ability of these materials to form electric surface potentials under mechanical load allows them to act as internal power sources. This characteristic is commonly exploited in non-biomedical applications such as transducers or sensors. We investigate calcium/zirconium-doped barium titanate (BCZT) ceramics in an in vitro environment to determine their potential as implant materials. BCZT exhibits low cytotoxicity with human osteoblast and endothelial cells as well as high piezoelectric responses. Microstructural adaptation was identified as a route for optimizing piezoelectric behavior. Our results show that BCZT is a promising system for biomedical applications. Its characteristic ability to autonomously generate electric surface potentials opens the possibility to functionalize existing bone replacement implant designs to improve implant ingrowth and long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara K Poon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Matthias C Wurm
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Donald M Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mari-Ann Einarsrud
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rainer Lutz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Glaum
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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14
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Establishment of a Numerical Model to Design an Electro-Stimulating System for a Porcine Mandibular Critical Size Defect. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9102160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation is a promising therapeutic approach for the regeneration of large bone defects. Innovative electrically stimulating implants for critical size defects in the lower jaw are under development and need to be optimized in silico and tested in vivo prior to application. In this context, numerical modelling and simulation are useful tools in the design process. In this study, a numerical model of an electrically stimulated minipig mandible was established to find optimal stimulation parameters that allow for a maximum area of beneficially stimulated tissue. Finite-element simulations were performed to determine the stimulation impact of the proposed implant design and to optimize the electric field distribution resulting from sinusoidal low-frequency ( f = 20 Hz ) electric stimulation. Optimal stimulation parameters of the electrode length h el = 25 m m and the stimulation potential φ stim = 0.5 V were determined. These parameter sets shall be applied in future in vivo validation studies. Furthermore, our results suggest that changing tissue properties during the course of the healing process might make a feedback-controlled stimulation system necessary.
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE Recently, the terms sugosteogenesis and distraction sugosteogenesis have been introduced to the scientific literature. While the former describes a biologic phenomenon, the latter refers to the clinical technique which relies on the accelerated normal bone healing process that takes place at the osseous walls surrounding a cystic cavity when active negative pressure is applied. The purpose of this study is to provide the biologic bases and the therapeutic principles of this emerging technique. Employing well-stablished biologic principles, clinical evidence from analogous techniques, emerging experimental data, and circumstantial evidence, this study presents the possible mechanism of action of the evacuator for odontogenic cysts (Evocyst), a closed, vacuum-like drain system intended to treat cystic conditions using negative pressure. METHODS A review of the literature was done. Keywords for the Medline search were: marsupialization, decompression, odontogenic cysts, effects of negative pressure on bone, and negative pressure wound therapy. In addition, relevant publications from the reference list of the retrieved studies were considered. The matches were evaluated for relevance and analyzed accordingly. Clinical reports used to illustrate the concept of distraction sugosteogenesis were performed following the Declaration of Helsinki on medical protocol and ethics. RESULTS Currently, the standard of care to manage odontogenic cystic lesions includes marsupialization, enucleation and curettage, decompression, and surgical resection. However, there is a need for an alternative option in which the entity could be treated while promoting bone formation. With large odontogenic cystic conditions treated in a short period of time, distraction sugosteogenesis appears to be a choice. CONCLUSION The application of negative pressure to osseous cells produces a stretching that creates mechanical cues that trigger signaling pathways, promotes fluid flow, and enhances angiogenesis. All of them, combined, may explain sugosteogenesis. The clinical application of such parameters may explain the good clinical results obtained with the Evocyst.
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16
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Kao FC, Chiu PY, Tsai TT, Lin ZH. The application of nanogenerators and piezoelectricity in osteogenesis. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2019; 20:1103-1117. [PMID: 32002085 PMCID: PMC6968561 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1693880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a complex organ possessing both physicomechanical and bioelectrochemical properties. In the view of Wolff's Law, bone can respond to mechanical loading and is subsequently reinforced in the areas of stress. Piezoelectricity is one of several mechanical responses of the bone matrix that allows osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteoprogenitors to react to changes in their environment. The present review details how osteocytes convert external mechanical stimuli into internal bioelectrical signals and the induction of intercellular cytokines from the standpoint of piezoelectricity. In addition, this review introduces piezoelectric and triboelectric materials used as self-powered electrical generators to promote osteogenic proliferation and differentiation due to their electromechanical properties, which could promote the development of promising applications in tissue engineering and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Cheng Kao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spine Section, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Yeh Chiu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spine Section, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ting Tsai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spine Section, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Zong-Hong Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- CONTACT Zong-Hong Lin Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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17
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Stavenschi E, Corrigan MA, Johnson GP, Riffault M, Hoey DA. Physiological cyclic hydrostatic pressure induces osteogenic lineage commitment of human bone marrow stem cells: a systematic study. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:276. [PMID: 30359324 PMCID: PMC6203194 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Physical loading is necessary to maintain bone tissue integrity. Loading-induced fluid shear is recognised as one of the most potent bone micromechanical cues and has been shown to direct stem cell osteogenesis. However, the effect of pressure transients, which drive fluid flow, on human bone marrow stem cell (hBMSC) osteogenesis is undetermined. Therefore, the objective of the study is to employ a systematic analysis of cyclic hydrostatic pressure (CHP) parameters predicted to occur in vivo on early hBMSC osteogenic responses and late-stage osteogenic lineage commitment. Methods hBMSC were exposed to CHP of 10 kPa, 100 kPa and 300 kPa magnitudes at frequencies of 0.5 Hz, 1 Hz and 2 Hz for 1 h, 2 h and 4 h of stimulation, and the effect on early osteogenic gene expression of COX2, RUNX2 and OPN was determined. Moreover, to decipher whether CHP can induce stem cell lineage commitment, hBMSCs were stimulated for 4 days for 2 h/day using 10 kPa, 100 kPa and 300 kPa pressures at 2 Hz frequency and cultured statically for an additional 1–2 weeks. Pressure-induced osteogenesis was quantified based on ATP release, collagen synthesis and mineral deposition. Results CHP elicited a positive, but variable, early osteogenic response in hBMSCs in a magnitude- and frequency-dependent manner, that is gene specific. COX2 expression elicited magnitude-dependent effects which were not present for RUNX2 or OPN mRNA expression. However, the most robust pro-osteogenic response was found at the highest magnitude (300 kPa) and frequency regimes (2 Hz). Interestingly, long-term mechanical stimulation utilising 2 Hz frequency elicited a magnitude-dependent release of ATP; however, all magnitudes promoted similar levels of collagen synthesis and significant mineral deposition, demonstrating that lineage commitment is magnitude independent. This therefore demonstrates that physiological levels of pressures, as low as 10 kPa, within the bone can drive hBMSC osteogenic lineage commitment. Conclusion Overall, these findings demonstrate an important role for cyclic hydrostatic pressure in hBMSCs and bone mechanobiology, which should be considered when studying pressure-driven fluid shear effects in hBMSCs mechanobiology. Moreover, these findings may have clinical implication in terms of bioreactor-based bone tissue engineering strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-1025-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stavenschi
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michele A Corrigan
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gillian P Johnson
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Mathieu Riffault
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Trinity College Dublin and RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - David A Hoey
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland. .,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Trinity College Dublin and RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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18
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Xu H, Duan J, Ren L, Yang P, Yang R, Li W, Zhao D, Shang P, Jiang JX. Impact of flow shear stress on morphology of osteoblast-like IDG-SW3 cells. J Bone Miner Metab 2018; 36:529-536. [PMID: 29027016 PMCID: PMC6282752 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-017-0870-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study constructed an in situ cell culture, real-time observation system based originally on a microfluidic channel, and reported the morphological changes of late osteoblast-like IDG-SW3 cells in response to flow shear stress (FSS). The effects of high (1.2 Pa) and low (0.3 Pa) magnitudes of unidirectional FSS and three concentrations of extracellular Type I collagen (0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL) coating on cell morphology were investigated. IDG-SW3 cells were cultured in polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic channels. Cell images were recorded real-time under microscope at intervals of 1 min. Cell morphology was characterized by five parameters: cellular area, cell elongation index, cellular alignment, cellular process length, and number of cellular process per cell. Immunofluorescence assay was used to detect stress fiber distribution and vinculin expression. The results showed that 1.2 Pa, but not 0.3 Pa of FSS induced a significant morphological change in late osteoblast-like IDG-SW3 cells, which may be caused by the alteration of cellular adhesion with matrix in response to FSS. Moreover, the amount of collagen matrix, alignment of fiber stress and expression of vinculin were closely correlated with the morphological changes of IDG-SW3 cells. This study suggests that osteoblasts are very responsive to the magnitudes of FSS, and extracellular collagen matrix and focal adhesion are directly involved in the morphological changes adaptive to FSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Xu
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jing Duan
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Ren
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengfei Yang
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruixin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongdong Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Shang
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jean X Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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19
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Meng G, Li C, Sun H, Lee I. Multiple calcium patterns of rat osteoblasts under fluidic shear stress. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:2039-2051. [PMID: 29266507 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular calcium ([Ca2+ ]i ) response induced by external forces can be diverse and complex. Using primary osteoblasts from Wistar rats, we found multiple patterns of [Ca2+ ]i responses induced by fluidic shear stress (Fss), including homogeneous non-oscillation and heterogeneous oscillations. These multiple-patterned [Ca2+ ]i responses could be influenced by Fss intensity, cell density, and cell differentiation. Our real-time measurements with free calcium, ATP, ATP without calcium, suramin, apyrase, and thapsigargin confirmed homogeneous [Ca2+ ]i patterns and/or heterogeneous [Ca2+ ]i oscillations with respect to the combined degree of external Ca2+ influx, and intracellular Ca2+ release. Our theoretical model supported diverse Fss-induced calcium activities as well. We concluded that a singular factor of Ca2+ influx or release dominated to produce smooth homogeneous patterns, but combined factors produced oscillatory heterogeneous patterns. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2039-2051, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixian Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Academy of Laboratory, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Cunbo Li
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haiying Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Imshik Lee
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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20
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Kalyanaraman H, Schall N, Pilz RB. Nitric oxide and cyclic GMP functions in bone. Nitric Oxide 2018; 76:62-70. [PMID: 29550520 PMCID: PMC9990405 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide plays a central role in the regulation of skeletal homeostasis. In cells of the osteoblastic lineage, NO is generated in response to mechanical stimulation and estrogen exposure. Via activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs), NO enhances proliferation, differentiation, and survival of bone-forming cells in the osteoblastic lineage. NO also regulates the differentiation and activity of bone-resorbing osteoclasts; here the effects are largely inhibitory and partly cGMP-independent. We review the skeletal phenotypes of mice deficient in NO synthases and PKGs, and the effects of NO and cGMP on bone formation and resorption. We examine the roles of NO and cGMP in bone adaptation to mechanical stimulation. Finally, we discuss preclinical and clinical data showing that NO donors and NO-independent sGC activators may protect against estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss. sGC represents an attractive target for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Kalyanaraman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652, USA
| | - Nadine Schall
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652, USA
| | - Renate B Pilz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652, USA.
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21
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Preliminary Numerical Study on Electrical Stimulation at Alloplastic Reconstruction Plates of the Mandible. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75538-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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22
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Bleedorn JA, Hornberger TA, Goodman CA, Hao Z, Sample SJ, Amene E, Markel MD, Behan M, Muir P. Temporal mechanically-induced signaling events in bone and dorsal root ganglion neurons after in vivo bone loading. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192760. [PMID: 29486004 PMCID: PMC5828357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical signals play an integral role in the regulation of bone mass and functional adaptation to bone loading. The osteocyte has long been considered the principle mechanosensory cell type in bone, although recent evidence suggests the sensory nervous system may play a role in mechanosensing. The specific signaling pathways responsible for functional adaptation of the skeleton through modeling and remodeling are not clearly defined. In vitro studies suggest involvement of intracellular signaling through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). However, anabolic signaling responses to bone loading using a whole animal in vivo model have not been studied in detail. Therefore, we examined mechanically-induced signaling events at five time points from 0 to 24 hours after loading using the rat in vivo ulna end-loading model. Western blot analysis of bone for MAPK's, PI3K/Akt, and mTOR signaling, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to estimate gene expression of calcitonin gene-related protein alpha (CGRP-α), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), c-jun, and c-fos in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of the brachial intumescence were performed. There was a significant increase in signaling through MAPK's including extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in loaded limbs at 15 minutes after mechanical loading. Ulna loading did not significantly influence expression of the genes of interest in DRG neurons. Bone signaling and DRG gene expression from the loaded and contralateral limbs was correlated (SR>0.40, P<0.05). However, bone signaling did not correlate with expression of the genes of interest in DRG neurons. These results suggest that signaling through the MAPK pathway may be involved in load-induced bone formation in vivo. Further characterization of the molecular events involved in regulation of bone adaptation is needed to understand the timing and impact of loading events, and the contribution of the neuronal signaling to functional adaptation of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A. Bleedorn
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Troy A. Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Craig A. Goodman
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhengling Hao
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Susannah J. Sample
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ermias Amene
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Markel
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mary Behan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Peter Muir
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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23
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Jacob J, More N, Kalia K, Kapusetti G. Piezoelectric smart biomaterials for bone and cartilage tissue engineering. Inflamm Regen 2018; 38:2. [PMID: 29497465 PMCID: PMC5828134 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-018-0059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissues like bone and cartilage are remodeled dynamically for their functional requirements by signaling pathways. The signals are controlled by the cells and extracellular matrix and transmitted through an electrical and chemical synapse. Scaffold-based tissue engineering therapies largely disturb the natural signaling pathways, due to their rigidity towards signal conduction, despite their therapeutic advantages. Thus, there is a high need of smart biomaterials, which can conveniently generate and transfer the bioelectric signals analogous to native tissues for appropriate physiological functions. Piezoelectric materials can generate electrical signals in response to the applied stress. Furthermore, they can stimulate the signaling pathways and thereby enhance the tissue regeneration at the impaired site. The piezoelectric scaffolds can act as sensitive mechanoelectrical transduction systems. Hence, it is applicable to the regions, where mechanical loads are predominant. The present review is mainly concentrated on the mechanism related to the electrical stimulation in a biological system and the different piezoelectric materials suitable for bone and cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaicy Jacob
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, 380054 India
| | - Namdev More
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, 380054 India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, 380054 India
| | - Govinda Kapusetti
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, 380054 India
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24
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Middleton K, Kondiboyina A, Borrett M, Cui Y, Mei X, You L. Microfluidics approach to investigate the role of dynamic similitude in osteocyte mechanobiology. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:663-671. [PMID: 29027748 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluid flow is an important regulator of cell function and metabolism in many tissues. Fluid shear stresses have been used to level the mechanical stimuli applied in vitro with what occurs in vivo. However, these experiments often lack dynamic similarity, which is necessary to ensure the validity of the model. For interstitial fluid flow, the major requirement for dynamic similarity is the Reynolds number (Re), the ratio of inertial to viscous forces, is the same between the system and model. To study the necessity of dynamic similarity for cell mechanotransduction studies, we investigated the response of osteocyte-like MLO-Y4 cells to different Re flows at the same level of fluid shear stress. Osteocytes were chosen for this study as flows applied in vitro and in vivo have Re that are orders of magnitude different. We hypothesize that osteocytes' response to fluid flow is Re dependent. We observed that cells exposed to lower and higher Re flows developed rounded and triangular morphologies, respectively. Lower Re flows also reduced apoptosis rates compared to higher Re flows. Furthermore, MLO-Y4 cells exposed to higher Re flows had stronger calcium responses compared to lower Re flows. However, by also controlling for flow rate, the lower Re flows induced a stronger calcium response; while degradation of components of the osteocyte glycocalyx reversed this effect. This work suggests that osteocytes are highly sensitive to differences in Re, independent of just shear stresses, supporting the need for improved in vitro flow platforms that better recapitulate the physiological environment. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:663-671, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Middleton
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Room 407, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Avinash Kondiboyina
- Division of Engineering Science, University of Toronto, 40 Saint George Street, Room 2110, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - Michael Borrett
- Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Room 4N59, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Room 105, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Xueting Mei
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Room 105, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Lidan You
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Room 407, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada.,Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Room 105, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
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25
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Mechanical characterization via nanoindentation of the woven bone developed during bone transport. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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26
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Damaraju SM, Shen Y, Elele E, Khusid B, Eshghinejad A, Li J, Jaffe M, Arinzeh TL. Three-dimensional piezoelectric fibrous scaffolds selectively promote mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Biomaterials 2017; 149:51-62. [PMID: 28992510 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of electric fields in biological tissues has led to efforts in developing technologies utilizing electrical stimulation for therapeutic applications. Native tissues, such as cartilage and bone, exhibit piezoelectric behavior, wherein electrical activity can be generated due to mechanical deformation. Yet, the use of piezoelectric materials have largely been unexplored as a potential strategy in tissue engineering, wherein a piezoelectric biomaterial acts as a scaffold to promote cell behavior and the formation of large tissues. Here we show, for the first time, that piezoelectric materials can be fabricated into flexible, three-dimensional fibrous scaffolds and can be used to stimulate human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and corresponding extracellular matrix/tissue formation in physiological loading conditions. Piezoelectric scaffolds that exhibit low voltage output, or streaming potential, promoted chondrogenic differentiation and piezoelectric scaffolds with a high voltage output promoted osteogenic differentiation. Electromechanical stimulus promoted greater differentiation than mechanical loading alone. Results demonstrate the additive effect of electromechanical stimulus on stem cell differentiation, which is an important design consideration for tissue engineering scaffolds. Piezoelectric, smart materials are attractive as scaffolds for regenerative medicine strategies due to their inherent electrical properties without the need for external power sources for electrical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita M Damaraju
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA
| | - Yueyang Shen
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA
| | - Ezinwa Elele
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA
| | - Boris Khusid
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA
| | - Ahmad Eshghinejad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jiangyu Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Michael Jaffe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA
| | - Treena Livingston Arinzeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA.
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27
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Villette CC, Phillips ATM. Microscale poroelastic metamodel for efficient mesoscale bone remodelling simulations. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2017; 16:2077-2091. [PMID: 28795282 PMCID: PMC5671577 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-017-0939-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bone functional tissue adaptation is a multiaspect physiological process driven by interrelated mechanical and biological stimuli which requires the combined activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. In previous work, the authors developed a phenomenological mesoscale structural modelling approach capable of predicting internal structure of the femur based on daily activity loading, which relied on the iterative update of the cross-sectional areas of truss and shell elements representative of trabecular and cortical bones, respectively. The objective of this study was to introduce trabecular reorientation in the phenomenological model at limited computational cost. To this aim, a metamodel derived from poroelastic microscale continuum simulations was used to predict the functional adaptation of a simplified proximal structural femur model. Clear smooth trabecular tracts are predicted to form in the regions corresponding to the main trabecular groups identified in literature, at minimal computational cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Villette
- Structural Biomechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - A T M Phillips
- Structural Biomechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Osteoinductive composite coatings for flexible intramedullary nails. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 75:207-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Stavenschi E, Labour MN, Hoey DA. Oscillatory fluid flow induces the osteogenic lineage commitment of mesenchymal stem cells: The effect of shear stress magnitude, frequency, and duration. J Biomech 2017; 55:99-106. [PMID: 28256244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A potent regulator of bone anabolism is physical loading. However, it is currently unclear whether physical stimuli such as fluid shear within the marrow cavity is sufficient to directly drive the osteogenic lineage commitment of resident mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Therefore, the objective of the study is to employ a systematic analysis of oscillatory fluid flow (OFF) parameters predicted to occur in vivo on early MSC osteogenic responses and late stage lineage commitment. MSCs were exposed to OFF of 1Pa, 2Pa and 5Pa magnitudes at frequencies of 0.5Hz, 1Hz and 2Hz for 1h, 2h and 4h of stimulation. Our findings demonstrate that OFF elicits a positive osteogenic response in MSCs in a shear stress magnitude, frequency, and duration dependent manner that is gene specific. Based on the mRNA expression of osteogenic markers Cox2, Runx2 and Opn after short-term fluid flow stimulation, we identified that a regime of 2Pa shear magnitude and 2Hz frequency induces the most robust and reliable upregulation in osteogenic gene expression. Furthermore, long-term mechanical stimulation utilising this regime, elicits a significant increase in collagen and mineral deposition when compared to static control demonstrating that mechanical stimuli predicted within the marrow is sufficient to directly drive osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stavenschi
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Dept. of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marie-Noelle Labour
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Dept. of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - David A Hoey
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Dept. of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Dept. of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Limerick, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Trinity College Dublin & RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Najrana T, Sanchez-Esteban J. Mechanotransduction as an Adaptation to Gravity. Front Pediatr 2016; 4:140. [PMID: 28083527 PMCID: PMC5183626 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2016.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gravity has played a critical role in the development of terrestrial life. A key event in evolution has been the development of mechanisms to sense and transduce gravitational force into biological signals. The objective of this manuscript is to review how living organisms on Earth use mechanotransduction as an adaptation to gravity. Certain cells have evolved specialized structures, such as otoliths in hair cells of the inner ear and statoliths in plants, to respond directly to the force of gravity. By conducting studies in the reduced gravity of spaceflight (microgravity) or simulating microgravity in the laboratory, we have gained insights into how gravity might have changed life on Earth. We review how microgravity affects prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells at the cellular and molecular levels. Genomic studies in yeast have identified changes in genes involved in budding, cell polarity, and cell separation regulated by Ras, PI3K, and TOR signaling pathways. Moreover, transcriptomic analysis of late pregnant rats have revealed that microgravity affects genes that regulate circadian clocks, activate mechanotransduction pathways, and induce changes in immune response, metabolism, and cells proliferation. Importantly, these studies identified genes that modify chromatin structure and methylation, suggesting that long-term adaptation to gravity may be mediated by epigenetic modifications. Given that gravity represents a modification in mechanical stresses encounter by the cells, the tensegrity model of cytoskeletal architecture provides an excellent paradigm to explain how changes in the balance of forces, which are transmitted across transmembrane receptors and cytoskeleton, can influence intracellular signaling pathways and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanbir Najrana
- Department of Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island , Providence, RI , USA
| | - Juan Sanchez-Esteban
- Department of Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island , Providence, RI , USA
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Fitzpatrick N, Garcia TC, Daryani A, Bertran J, Watari S, Hayashi K. Micro-CT Structural Analysis of the Canine Medial Coronoid Disease. Vet Surg 2016; 45:336-46. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanya C. Garcia
- JD Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory; University of California, Davis; Davis California
| | - Anjolie Daryani
- JD Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory; University of California, Davis; Davis California
| | - Judith Bertran
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center; Columbus Ohio
| | - Shinya Watari
- JD Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory; University of California, Davis; Davis California
| | - Kei Hayashi
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine; Ithaca New York
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Brown GN, Sattler RL, Guo XE. Experimental studies of bone mechanoadaptation: bridging in vitro and in vivo studies with multiscale systems. Interface Focus 2016; 6:20150071. [PMID: 26855756 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2015.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advancements in technology and science over the last century, the mechanisms underlying Wolff's law-bone structure adaptation in response to physical stimuli-remain poorly understood, limiting the ability to effectively treat and prevent skeletal diseases. A challenge to overcome in the study of the underlying mechanisms of this principle is the multiscale nature of mechanoadaptation. While there exist in silico systems that are capable of studying across these scales, experimental studies are typically limited to interpretation at a single dimension or time point. For instance, studies of single-cell responses to defined physical stimuli offer only a limited prediction of the whole bone response, while overlapping pathways or compensatory mechanisms complicate the ability to isolate critical targets in a whole animal model. Thus, there exists a need to develop experimental systems capable of bridging traditional experimental approaches and informing existing multiscale theoretical models. The purpose of this article is to review the process of mechanoadaptation and inherent challenges in studying its underlying mechanisms, discuss the limitations of traditional experimental systems in capturing the many facets of this process and highlight three multiscale experimental systems which bridge traditional approaches and cover relatively understudied time and length scales in bone adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve N Brown
- Bone Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Columbia University , New York, NY 10027 , USA
| | - Rachel L Sattler
- Bone Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Columbia University , New York, NY 10027 , USA
| | - X Edward Guo
- Bone Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Columbia University , New York, NY 10027 , USA
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Neßler KHL, Henstock JR, El Haj AJ, Waters SL, Whiteley JP, Osborne JM. The influence of hydrostatic pressure on tissue engineered bone development. J Theor Biol 2016; 394:149-159. [PMID: 26796221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hydrostatic pressure stimulation of an appropriately cell-seeded porous scaffold within a bioreactor is a promising method for engineering bone tissue external to the body. We propose a mathematical model, and employ a suite of candidate constitutive laws, to qualitatively describe the effect of applied hydrostatic pressure on the quantity of minerals deposited in such an experimental setup. By comparing data from numerical simulations with experimental observations under a number of stimulation protocols, we suggest that the response of bone cells to an applied pressure requires consideration of two components; (i) a component describing the cell memory of the applied stimulation, and (ii) a recovery component, capturing the time cells require to recover from high rates of mineralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H L Neßler
- Department of Mathematics, University of Kaiserslautern, Postfach 3049, 67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany; Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QD, UK.
| | - J R Henstock
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Apex Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK.
| | - A J El Haj
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK.
| | - S L Waters
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK.
| | - J P Whiteley
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QD, UK.
| | - J M Osborne
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QD, UK; School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Abstract
Influenced by gravidity, bone tissue experiences stronger or lighter deformation according to the strength of the activities of daily life. Activities resulting in impact are particularly known to stimulate osteogenesis, thus reducing bone mass loss. Knowing how bone cells recognize the mechanical deformation imposed to the bone and trigger a series of biochemical chain reactions is of crucial importance for the development of therapeutic and preventive practices in orthopaedic activity. There is still a long way to run until we can understand the whole process, but current knowledge has shown a strong progression, with researches being conducted focused on therapies. For a mechanical sign to be transformed into a biological one (mechanotransduction), it must be amplified at cell level by the histological structure of bone tissue, producing tensions in cell membrane proteins (integrins) and changing their spatial structure. Such change activates bindings between these and the cytoskeleton, producing focal adhesions, where cytoplasmatic proteins are recruited to enable easier biochemical reactions. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is the most important one being self-activated when its structure is changed by integrins. Activated FAK triggers a cascade of reactions, resulting in the activation of ERK-1/2 and Akt, which are proteins that, together with FAK, regulate the production of bone mass. Osteocytes are believed to be the mechanosensor cells of the bone and to transmit the mechanical deformation to osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Ionic channels and gap junctions are considered as intercellular communication means for biochemical transmission of a mechanical stimulus. These events occur continuously on bone tissue and regulate bone remodeling.
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Liu C, Zhang X, Wu M, You L. Mechanical loading up-regulates early remodeling signals from osteocytes subjected to physical damage. J Biomech 2015; 48:4221-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Villette CC, Phillips ATM. Informing phenomenological structural bone remodelling with a mechanistic poroelastic model. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2015; 15:69-82. [PMID: 26534771 PMCID: PMC4779463 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-015-0735-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Studies suggest that fluid motion in the extracellular space may be involved in the cellular mechanosensitivity at play in the bone tissue adaptation process. Previously, the authors developed a mesoscale predictive structural model of the femur using truss elements to represent trabecular bone, relying on a phenomenological strain-based bone adaptation algorithm. In order to introduce a response to bending and shear, the authors considered the use of beam elements, requiring a new formulation of the bone adaptation drivers. The primary goal of the study presented here was to isolate phenomenological drivers based on the results of a mechanistic approach to be used with a beam element representation of trabecular bone in mesoscale structural modelling. A single-beam model and a microscale poroelastic model of a single trabecula were developed. A mechanistic iterative adaptation algorithm was implemented based on fluid motion velocity through the bone matrix pores to predict the remodelled geometries of the poroelastic trabecula under 42 different loading scenarios. Regression analyses were used to correlate the changes in poroelastic trabecula thickness and orientation to the initial strain outputs of the beam model. Linear (R(2) > 0.998) and third-order polynomial (R(2) > 0.98) relationships were found between change in cross section and axial strain at the central axis, and between beam reorientation and ratio of bending strain to axial strain, respectively. Implementing these relationships into the phenomenological predictive algorithm for the mesoscale structural femur has the potential to produce a model combining biofidelic structure and mechanical behaviour with computational efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C Villette
- Structural Biomechanics, Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. .,The Royal British Legion Centre for Blast Injury Studies at Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Andrew T M Phillips
- Structural Biomechanics, Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,The Royal British Legion Centre for Blast Injury Studies at Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Piezoelectric materials for tissue regeneration: A review. Acta Biomater 2015; 24:12-23. [PMID: 26162587 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of piezoelectricity, endogenous electric fields and transmembrane potentials in biological tissues raised the question whether or not electric fields play an important role in cell function. It has kindled research and the development of technologies in emulating biological electricity for tissue regeneration. Promising effects of electrical stimulation on cell growth and differentiation and tissue growth has led to interest in using piezoelectric scaffolds for tissue repair. Piezoelectric materials can generate electrical activity when deformed. Hence, an external source to apply electrical stimulation or implantation of electrodes is not needed. Various piezoelectric materials have been employed for different tissue repair applications, particularly in bone repair, where charges induced by mechanical stress can enhance bone formation; and in neural tissue engineering, in which electric pulses can stimulate neurite directional outgrowth to fill gaps in nervous tissue injuries. In this review, a summary of piezoelectricity in different biological tissues, mechanisms through which electrical stimulation may affect cellular response, and recent advances in the fabrication and application of piezoelectric scaffolds will be discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The discovery of piezoelectricity, endogenous electric fields and transmembrane potentials in biological tissues has kindled research and the development of technologies using electrical stimulation for tissue regeneration. Piezoelectric materials generate electrical activity in response to deformations and allow for the delivery of an electrical stimulus without the need for an external power source. As a scaffold for tissue engineering, growing interest exists due to its potential of providing electrical stimulation to cells to promote tissue formation. In this review, we cover the discovery of piezoelectricity in biological tissues, its connection to streaming potentials, biological response to electrical stimulation and commonly used piezoelectric materials for tissue regeneration. This review summarizes their potential as a promising scaffold in the tissue engineering field.
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Chen Y, Mohammed A, Oubaidin M, Evans CA, Zhou X, Luan X, Diekwisch TG, Atsawasuwan P. Cyclic stretch and compression forces alter microRNA-29 expression of human periodontal ligament cells. Gene 2015; 566:13-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Stabley JN, Prisby RD, Behnke BJ, Delp MD. Type 2 diabetes alters bone and marrow blood flow and vascular control mechanisms in the ZDF rat. J Endocrinol 2015; 225:47-58. [PMID: 25817711 PMCID: PMC4379453 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bone health and cardiovascular function are compromised in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The purpose of this study was to determine whether skeletal vascular control mechanisms are altered during the progression of T2DM in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Responses of the principal nutrient artery (PNA) of the femur from obese ZDF rats with prediabetes, short-term diabetes, and long-term diabetes to endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine) and -independent (sodium nitroprusside) vasodilation and potassium chloride, norepinephrine (NE), and a myogenic vasoconstrictor were determined in vitro. Few changes in the PNA vasomotor responses occurred for the prediabetic and short-term diabetic conditions. Endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation were reduced, and NE and myogenic vasoconstriction were increased in obese ZDF rats with long-term diabetes relative to lean age-matched controls. Differences in endothelium-dependent vasodilation of the femoral PNA between ZDF rats and controls were abolished by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. The passive pressure-diameter response of the femoral PNA was also lower across a range of intraluminal pressures with long-term T2DM. Regional bone and marrow perfusion and vascular conductance, measured in vivo using radiolabeled microspheres, were lower in obese ZDF rats with long-term diabetes. These findings indicate that the profound impairment of the bone circulation may contribute to the osteopenia found to occur in long bones during chronic T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Stabley
- Department of Applied Physiology and KinesiologyUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USADepartment of Kinesiology and Applied PhysiologyUniversity of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19713, USADepartment of KinesiologyKansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USADepartment of NutritionFood and Exercise Science, College of Human Sciences, Florida State University, 242 Sandels Building, 120 Convocation Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Rhonda D Prisby
- Department of Applied Physiology and KinesiologyUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USADepartment of Kinesiology and Applied PhysiologyUniversity of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19713, USADepartment of KinesiologyKansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USADepartment of NutritionFood and Exercise Science, College of Human Sciences, Florida State University, 242 Sandels Building, 120 Convocation Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Bradley J Behnke
- Department of Applied Physiology and KinesiologyUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USADepartment of Kinesiology and Applied PhysiologyUniversity of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19713, USADepartment of KinesiologyKansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USADepartment of NutritionFood and Exercise Science, College of Human Sciences, Florida State University, 242 Sandels Building, 120 Convocation Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA Department of Applied Physiology and KinesiologyUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USADepartment of Kinesiology and Applied PhysiologyUniversity of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19713, USADepartment of KinesiologyKansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USADepartment of NutritionFood and Exercise Science, College of Human Sciences, Florida State University, 242 Sandels Building, 120 Convocation Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Michael D Delp
- Department of Applied Physiology and KinesiologyUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USADepartment of Kinesiology and Applied PhysiologyUniversity of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19713, USADepartment of KinesiologyKansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USADepartment of NutritionFood and Exercise Science, College of Human Sciences, Florida State University, 242 Sandels Building, 120 Convocation Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA Department of Applied Physiology and KinesiologyUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USADepartment of Kinesiology and Applied PhysiologyUniversity of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19713, USADepartment of KinesiologyKansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USADepartment of NutritionFood and Exercise Science, College of Human Sciences, Florida State University, 242 Sandels Building, 120 Convocation Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
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Abstract
There is growing interest in the interaction between skeletal muscle and bone, particularly at the genetic and molecular levels. However, the genetic and molecular linkages between muscle and bone are achieved only within the context of the essential mechanical coupling of the tissues. This biomechanical and physiological linkage is readily evident as muscles attach to bone and induce exposure to varied mechanical stimuli via functional activity. The responsiveness of bone cells to mechanical stimuli, or their absence, is well established. However, questions remain regarding how muscle forces applied to bone serve to modulate bone homeostasis and adaptation. Similarly, the contributions of varied, but unique, stimuli generated by muscle to bone (such as low-magnitude, high-frequency stimuli) remains to be established. The current article focuses upon the mechanical relationship between muscle and bone. In doing so, we explore the stimuli that muscle imparts upon bone, models that enable investigation of this relationship, and recent data generated by these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith G. Avin
- Center for Translational Musculoskeletal Research and Department of Physical Therapy, School of the Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Indiana University, 1140 W. Michigan St., CF-120, Indianapolis, IN, USA,
| | - Susan A. Bloomfield
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA,
| | - Ted S. Gross
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,
| | - Stuart J. Warden
- Center for Translational Musculoskeletal Research and Department of Physical Therapy, School of the Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Indiana University, 1140 W. Michigan St., CF-120, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Arfat Y, Xiao WZ, Iftikhar S, Zhao F, Li DJ, Sun YL, Zhang G, Shang P, Qian AR. Physiological effects of microgravity on bone cells. Calcif Tissue Int 2014; 94:569-79. [PMID: 24687524 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-014-9851-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Life on Earth developed under the influence of normal gravity (1g). With evidence from previous studies, scientists have suggested that normal physiological processes, such as the functional integrity of muscles and bone mass, can be affected by microgravity during spaceflight. During the life span, bone not only develops as a structure designed specifically for mechanical tasks but also adapts for efficiency. The lack of weight-bearing forces makes microgravity an ideal physical stimulus to evaluate bone cell responses. One of the most serious problems induced by long-term weightlessness is bone mineral loss. Results from in vitro studies that entailed the use of bone cells in spaceflights showed modification in cell attachment structures and cytoskeletal reorganization, which may be involved in bone loss. Humans exposed to microgravity conditions experience various physiological changes, including loss of bone mass, muscle deterioration, and immunodeficiency. In vitro models can be used to extract valuable information about changes in mechanical stress to ultimately identify the different pathways of mechanotransduction in bone cells. Despite many in vivo and in vitro studies under both real microgravity and simulated conditions, the mechanism of bone loss is still not well defined. The objective of this review is to summarize the recent research on bone cells under microgravity conditions based on advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Arfat
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
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Bradamante S, Barenghi L, Maier JAM. Stem Cells toward the Future: The Space Challenge. Life (Basel) 2014; 4:267-80. [PMID: 25370198 PMCID: PMC4187162 DOI: 10.3390/life4020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astronauts experience weightlessness-induced bone loss due to an unbalanced process of bone remodeling that involves bone mesenchymal stem cells (bMSCs), as well as osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. The effects of microgravity on osteo-cells have been extensively studied, but it is only recently that consideration has been given to the role of bone MSCs. These live in adult bone marrow niches, are characterized by their self-renewal and multipotent differentiation capacities, and the published data indicate that they may lead to interesting returns in the biomedical/bioengineering fields. This review describes the published findings concerning bMSCs exposed to simulated/real microgravity, mainly concentrating on how mechanosignaling, mechanotransduction and oxygen influence their proliferation, senescence and differentiation. A comprehensive understanding of bMSC behavior in microgravity and their role in preventing bone loss will be essential for entering the future age of long-lasting, manned space exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bradamante
- CNR-ISTM, Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Livia Barenghi
- CNR-ISTM, Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Jeanette A M Maier
- Department Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy.
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Wang B, Lai X, Price C, Thompson WR, Li W, Quabili TR, Tseng WJ, Liu XS, Zhang H, Pan J, Kirn-Safran CB, Farach-Carson MC, Wang L. Perlecan-containing pericellular matrix regulates solute transport and mechanosensing within the osteocyte lacunar-canalicular system. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:878-91. [PMID: 24115222 PMCID: PMC3962519 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pericellular matrix (PCM), a thin coating surrounding nearly all mammalian cells, plays a critical role in many cell-surface phenomena. In osteocytes, the PCM is believed to control both "outside-in" (mechanosensing) and "inside-out" (signaling molecule transport) processes. However, the osteocytic PCM is challenging to study in situ because it is thin (∼100 nm) and enclosed in mineralized matrix. To this end, we recently developed a novel tracer velocimetry approach that combined fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) imaging with hydrodynamic modeling to quantify the osteocytic PCM in young murine bone. In this study, we applied the technique to older mice expressing or deficient for perlecan/HSPG2, a large heparan-sulfate proteoglycan normally secreted in osteocytic PCM. The objectives were (1) to characterize transport within an altered PCM; (2) to test the sensitivity of our approach in detecting the PCM alterations; and (3) to dissect the roles of the PCM in osteocyte mechanosensing. We found that: (1) solute transport increases in the perlecan-deficient (hypomorphic [Hypo]) mice compared with control mice; (2) PCM fiber density decreases with aging and perlecan deficiency; (3) osteocytes in the Hypo bones are predicted to experience higher shear stress (+34%), but decreased fluid drag force (-35%) under 3-N peak tibial loading; and (4) when subjected to tibial loading in a preliminary in vivo experiment, the Hypo mice did not respond to the anabolic stimuli as the CTL mice did. These findings support the hypothesis that the PCM fibers act as osteocyte's sensing antennae, regulating load-induced cellular stimulations and thus bone's sensitivity and in vivo bone adaptation. If this hypothesis is further confirmed, osteocytic PCM could be new targets to develop osteoporosis treatments by modulating bone's intrinsic sensitivity to mechanical loading and be used to design patient-specific exercise regimens to promote bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
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Uzer G, Pongkitwitoon S, Ian C, Thompson WR, Rubin J, Chan ME, Judex S. Gap junctional communication in osteocytes is amplified by low intensity vibrations in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90840. [PMID: 24614887 PMCID: PMC3948700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical mechanism by which cells sense high-frequency mechanical signals of small magnitude is unknown. During exposure to vibrations, cell populations within a bone are subjected not only to acceleratory motions but also to fluid shear as a result of fluid-cell interactions. We explored displacements of the cell nucleus during exposure to vibrations with a finite element (FE) model and tested in vitro whether vibrations can affect osteocyte communication independent of fluid shear. Osteocyte like MLO-Y4 cells were subjected to vibrations at acceleration magnitudes of 0.15 g and 1 g and frequencies of 30 Hz and 100 Hz. Gap junctional intracellular communication (GJIC) in response to these four individual vibration regimes was investigated. The FE model demonstrated that vibration induced dynamic accelerations caused larger relative nuclear displacement than fluid shear. Across the four regimes, vibrations significantly increased GJIC between osteocytes by 25%. Enhanced GJIC was independent of vibration induced fluid shear; there were no differences in GJIC between the four different vibration regimes even though differences in fluid shear generated by the four regimes varied 23-fold. Vibration induced increases in GJIC were not associated with altered connexin 43 (Cx43) mRNA or protein levels, but were dependent on Akt activation. Combined, the in silico and in vitro experiments suggest that externally applied vibrations caused nuclear motions and that large differences in fluid shear did not influence nuclear motion (<1%) or GJIC, perhaps indicating that vibration induced nuclear motions may directly increase GJIC. Whether the increase in GJIC is instrumental in modulating anabolic and anti-catabolic processes associated with the application of vibrations remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunes Uzer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Suphannee Pongkitwitoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Cheng Ian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - William R. Thompson
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Janet Rubin
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Meilin E. Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Stefan Judex
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ma HT, Griffith JF, Xu L, Leung PC. The functional muscle-bone unit in subjects of varying BMD. Osteoporos Int 2014; 25:999-1004. [PMID: 24030288 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-013-2482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY This study used the "functional muscle-bone unit" concept to investigate muscle-bone interaction of the lumbar spine in subjects of varying bone mineral density. It was found that unit bone mass corresponded to a relatively more muscle mass in subjects with reduced bone mineral density, indicating a relatively higher mechanical load from muscles exerted on trabecular bone. INTRODUCTION Bone is an architecturally adaptive tissue which responds to mechanical loading. This study is proposed to use "functional muscle-bone unit" to reflect this muscle-bone interaction at spine in subjects with different bone mineral density. METHODS The study was carried out in young normal subjects (21 females; age, 29 ± 3) and elderly subjects (155 females; age, 73 ± 3.9) with varying bone mineral density. Cross-sectional area of paravertebral muscle groups was measured in MR images to indicate the muscle mass, while the bone mineral content by dual X-ray absorptiometry was used to represent the bone mass. The functional muscle-bone unit was calculated as the ratio between the bone mass to muscle mass. RESULTS It showed that with aging, the muscle mass decreased with the bone mass losing. However, more pronounced reduction was found in bone mass than in muscle mass in the subjects with lower bone mineral density. CONCLUSIONS Muscle-bone interaction was changed in elderly, especially in those with osteoporosis. Unit bone mass corresponded to a higher muscle mass in subjects with reduced bone mineral density than those normal subjects. This may be contributory to the occurrence of nontraumatic vertebral fractures in elderly subjects with reduced bone mineral density.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Ma
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Rm 205C, C Building, HIT Campus, University Town, Xili, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China, 518055,
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The effects of static magnetic fields on bone. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 114:146-52. [PMID: 24556024 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
All the living beings live and evolve under geomagnetic field (25-65 μT). Besides, opportunities for human exposed to different intensities of static magnetic fields (SMF) in the workplace have increased progressively, such SMF range from weak magnetic field (<1 mT), moderate SMF (1 mT-1 T) to high SMF (>1 T). Given this, numerous scientific studies focus on the health effects and have demonstrated that certain magnetic fields have positive influence on our skeleton systems. Therefore, SMF is considered as a potential physical therapy to improve bone healing and keep bones healthy nowadays. Here, we review the mechanisms of effects of SMF on bone tissue, ranging from physical interactions, animal studies to cellular studies.
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Lloyd SA, Loiselle AE, Zhang Y, Donahue HJ. Shifting paradigms on the role of connexin43 in the skeletal response to mechanical load. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:275-86. [PMID: 24588015 PMCID: PMC5949871 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJs) are membrane-spanning channels that allow for the movement of small molecules across cell membranes. Connexin43 (Cx43) is the predominant GJ protein in bone. In vitro studies suggest that gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) sensitizes bone cells to mechanical signals. Additionally, mechanical signals detected by osteocytes are communicated to osteoblasts via GJIC, and osteocytic Cx43 hemichannels release anabolic factors, such as PGE2 and ATP, in response to mechanical load. These findings and others have led to near consensus among researchers in the field that GJIC, hemichannels or connexins facilitate the anabolic response of bone to mechanical load and, in their absence, bone would be less sensitive to load. However, recent in vivo evidence suggests the opposite is true. Studies from our laboratory and others demonstrate that Cx43-deficient mice have an increased anabolic response to mechanical load and are protected against the catabolic effects of mechanical unloading. These developments suggest a paradigm shift in our understanding of connexins, GJIC, and mechanotransduction in bone. That is, inhibiting bone cell Cx43 expression or GJIC has a beneficial effect on bone's response to its mechanical environment, preserving bone during unloading and enhancing its formation during loading. Here, we review literature in support of this hypothesis and suggest a mechanism by which Cx43, through interaction with WNT/β-catenin signaling, moderates both arms of bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A Lloyd
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation; Penn State College of Medicine; Hershey PA USA
| | - Alayna E Loiselle
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation; Penn State College of Medicine; Hershey PA USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation; Penn State College of Medicine; Hershey PA USA
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation; Penn State College of Medicine; Hershey PA USA
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Dhar J, Ghosh U, Chakraborty S. Alterations in streaming potential in presence of time periodic pressure-driven flow of a power law fluid in narrow confinements with nonelectrostatic ion-ion interactions. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:662-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayabrata Dhar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur India
| | - Uddipta Ghosh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur India
| | - Suman Chakraborty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur India
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Booth FW, Roberts CK, Laye MJ. Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:1143-211. [PMID: 23798298 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1197] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic diseases are major killers in the modern era. Physical inactivity is a primary cause of most chronic diseases. The initial third of the article considers: activity and prevention definitions; historical evidence showing physical inactivity is detrimental to health and normal organ functional capacities; cause versus treatment; physical activity and inactivity mechanisms differ; gene-environment interaction (including aerobic training adaptations, personalized medicine, and co-twin physical activity); and specificity of adaptations to type of training. Next, physical activity/exercise is examined as primary prevention against 35 chronic conditions [accelerated biological aging/premature death, low cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), sarcopenia, metabolic syndrome, obesity, insulin resistance, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, coronary heart disease, peripheral artery disease, hypertension, stroke, congestive heart failure, endothelial dysfunction, arterial dyslipidemia, hemostasis, deep vein thrombosis, cognitive dysfunction, depression and anxiety, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, balance, bone fracture/falls, rheumatoid arthritis, colon cancer, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, polycystic ovary syndrome, erectile dysfunction, pain, diverticulitis, constipation, and gallbladder diseases]. The article ends with consideration of deterioration of risk factors in longer-term sedentary groups; clinical consequences of inactive childhood/adolescence; and public policy. In summary, the body rapidly maladapts to insufficient physical activity, and if continued, results in substantial decreases in both total and quality years of life. Taken together, conclusive evidence exists that physical inactivity is one important cause of most chronic diseases. In addition, physical activity primarily prevents, or delays, chronic diseases, implying that chronic disease need not be an inevitable outcome during life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Booth
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, and Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
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Ghonge T, Chakraborty J, Dey R, Chakraborty S. Electrohydrodynamics within the electrical double layer in the presence of finite temperature gradients. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 88:053020. [PMID: 24329364 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.88.053020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A wide spectrum of electrokinetic studies is modeled as isothermal ones to expedite analysis even when such conditions may be extremely difficult to realize in practice. Going beyond the isothermal paradigm, we address here the case of flow induced electrohydrodynamics, commonly streaming potential flows, in a situation where finite temperature gradients do exist. By way of analyzing a model problem of flow through a narrow parallel-plate channel, we show that the temperature gradients applied at the channel walls may have a significant effect on the streaming potential, and, consequently, on the flow itself. Our model takes into consideration all the pertinent phenomenological aspects stemming from the imposed thermal gradients, such as the Soret effect, the thermoelectric effect, and the electrothermal effect, by a full-fledged coupling among the electric potential, the ionic species distribution, the fluid velocity and the local fluid temperature fields, without resorting to ad hoc simplifications. We expect this expository study to contribute significantly towards more sophisticated future endeavors in actual development of micro- and nano-devices for applications simultaneously involving thermal management and electrokinetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Ghonge
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - Jeevanjyoti Chakraborty
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - Ranabir Dey
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - Suman Chakraborty
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India and Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India
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