1
|
Li HZ, Zhang JL, Yuan DL, Xie WQ, Ladel CH, Mobasheri A, Li YS. Role of signaling pathways in age-related orthopedic diseases: focus on the fibroblast growth factor family. Mil Med Res 2024; 11:40. [PMID: 38902808 PMCID: PMC11191355 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00544-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling encompasses a multitude of functions, including regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis, and patterning. FGFs and their receptors (FGFR) are crucial for adult tissue repair processes. Aberrant FGF signal transduction is associated with various pathological conditions such as cartilage damage, bone loss, muscle reduction, and other core pathological changes observed in orthopedic degenerative diseases like osteoarthritis (OA), intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), osteoporosis (OP), and sarcopenia. In OA and IVDD pathologies specifically, FGF1, FGF2, FGF8, FGF9, FGF18, FGF21, and FGF23 regulate the synthesis, catabolism, and ossification of cartilage tissue. Additionally, the dysregulation of FGFR expression (FGFR1 and FGFR3) promotes the pathological process of cartilage degradation. In OP and sarcopenia, endocrine-derived FGFs (FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23) modulate bone mineral synthesis and decomposition as well as muscle tissues. FGF2 and other FGFs also exert regulatory roles. A growing body of research has focused on understanding the implications of FGF signaling in orthopedic degeneration. Moreover, an increasing number of potential targets within the FGF signaling have been identified, such as FGF9, FGF18, and FGF23. However, it should be noted that most of these discoveries are still in the experimental stage, and further studies are needed before clinical application can be considered. Presently, this review aims to document the association between the FGF signaling pathway and the development and progression of orthopedic diseases. Besides, current therapeutic strategies targeting the FGF signaling pathway to prevent and treat orthopedic degeneration will be evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Zhen Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jing-Lve Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine Central, South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Dong-Liang Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine Central, South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Wen-Qing Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | | | - Ali Mobasheri
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406, Vilnius, Lithuania.
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508, GA, the Netherlands.
- Department of Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging, Université de Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Yu-Sheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Du X, Liang K, Ding S, Shi H. Signaling Mechanisms of Stem Cell Therapy for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2467. [PMID: 37760908 PMCID: PMC10525468 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Low back pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is the primary clinical risk factor for low back pain and the pathological cause of disc herniation, spinal stenosis, and spinal deformity. A possible approach to improve the clinical practice of IDD-related diseases is to incorporate biomarkers in diagnosis, therapeutic intervention, and prognosis prediction. IDD pathology is still unclear. Regarding molecular mechanisms, cellular signaling pathways constitute a complex network of signaling pathways that coordinate cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism. Recently, stem cells have shown great potential in clinical applications for IDD. In this review, the roles of multiple signaling pathways and related stem cell treatment in IDD are summarized and described. This review seeks to investigate the mechanisms and potential therapeutic effects of stem cells in IDD and identify new therapeutic treatments for IDD-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Haifei Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; (X.D.); (K.L.); (S.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tu Z, Han F, Zhu Z, Yu Q, Liu C, Bao Y, Li B, Zhou F. Sustained release of basic fibroblast growth factor in micro/nanofibrous scaffolds promotes annulus fibrosus regeneration. Acta Biomater 2023; 166:241-253. [PMID: 37230436 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering has promising applications in the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). The annulus fibrosus (AF) is critical for maintaining the physiological function of the intervertebral disc (IVD), but the lack of vessels and nutrition in AF makes it difficult to repair. In this study, we used hyaluronan (HA) micro-sol electrospinning and collagen type I (Col-I) self-assembly techniques to fabricate layered biomimetic micro/nanofibrous scaffolds, which released basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to promote AF repair and regeneration after discectomy and endoscopic transforaminal discectomy. The bFGF enveloped in the core of the poly-L-lactic-acid (PLLA) core-shell structure was released in a sustained manner and promoted the adhesion and proliferation of AF cells (AFCs). Col-I could self-assemble on the shell of the PLLA core-shell scaffold to mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment, providing structural and biochemical cues for the regeneration of AF tissue. The in vivo studies showed that the micro/nanofibrous scaffolds promoted the repair of AF defects by simulating the microstructure of native AF tissue and inducing endogenous regeneration mechanism. Taken together, the biomimetic micro/nanofibrous scaffolds have clinical potential for the treatment of AF defects caused by IDD. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The annulus fibrosus (AF) is essential for the intervertebral disc (IVD) physiological function, yet it lacks vascularity and nutrition, making repair difficult. Micro-sol electrospinning technology and collagen type I (Col-I) self-assembly technique were combined in this study to create a layered biomimetic micro/nanofibrous scaffold that releases basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to promote AF repair and regeneration. Col-I could mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment, in vivo, offering structural and biochemical cues for AF tissue regeneration. This research indicates that micro/nanofibrous scaffolds have clinical potential for treating AF deficits induced by IDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengdong Tu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Han
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuang Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qifan Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changjiang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Bao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen S, Wang Y, Wu H, Fang X, Wang C, Wang N, Xie L. Research hotspots and trends of microRNAs in intervertebral disc degeneration: a comprehensive bibliometric analysis. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:302. [PMID: 37061725 PMCID: PMC10105931 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-03788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in various pathological processes, such as proliferation, growth, and apoptosis, of intervertebral disc (IVD) cells and play an important role in the development of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Although some studies have reported the role of miRNAs in IDD, scientific econometric analysis in this field is not available. OBJECTIVES We designed this study to describe the current research trends and potential mechanisms associated with the role of miRNAs in IDD and to provide new ideas for future research in this field. METHODS We conducted a bibliometric analysis of the publications on the role of miRNAs in IDD included in the Web of Science core collection database to elucidate the current research trends in this field. The potential mechanisms were constructed using the Arrowsmith project. RESULTS We found that the number of miRNAs and IDD-related publications increased over the years. China was the most important contributor to research in this field. The top three institutions in terms of number of articles published were Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and Xi'an Jiao Tong University. Shanghai Jiao Tong University had the highest number of citations. Experimental and thermal medicine had the maximum number of documents, and Cell promotion had the most citations. The journal with the most mean times cited per study was Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. The author Wang K had the highest number of publications, and Wang HQ had the highest number of citations. These two authors made important contributions to the research in this field. The keyword analysis showed that recent studies have focused on miRNAs regulating nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis and proliferation. Moreover, we revealed the potential mechanisms of miRNAs associated with IDD, including miRNAs regulating the extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, mediating cartilage endplate (CEP) degeneration, and participating in inflammatory responses. CONCLUSION We demonstrated the knowledge map of miRNAs and IDD-related research through bibliometric analysis and elucidated the current research status and hotspots in this field. The mechanisms by which miRNAs regulate the apoptosis and proliferation of degenerated IVDs, promote ECM degradation, mediate CEP degeneration, and participate in inflammatory responses should be explored in further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Huanxi Wu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Fang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lin Xie
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu M, Huang J, Jin M, Jiang W, Luo F, Tan Q, Zhang R, Luo X, Kuang L, Zhang D, Liang S, Qi H, Chen H, Ni Z, Su N, Yang J, Du X, Chen B, Deng C, Xie Y, Chen L. Expansion of FGFR3-positive nucleus pulposus cells plays important roles in postnatal nucleus pulposus growth and regeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:227. [PMID: 35659742 PMCID: PMC9166488 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02903-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) can cause low back pain, a major public health concern. IVDD is characterized with loss of cells especially those in nucleus pulposus (NP), due to the limited proliferative potential and regenerative ability. Few studies, however, have been carried out to investigate the in vivo proliferation events of NP cells and the cellular contribution of a specific subpopulation of NP during postnatal growth or regeneration. METHODS We generated FGFR3-3*Flag-IRES-GFP mice and crossed FGFR3-CreERT2 mice with Rosa26-mTmG, Rosa26-DTA and Rosa26-Confetti mice, respectively, to perform inducible genetic tracing studies. RESULTS Expression of FGFR3 was found in the outer region of NP with co-localized expressions of proliferating markers. By fate mapping studies, FGFR3-positive (FGFR3+) NP cells were found proliferate from outer region to inner region of NP during postnatal growth. Clonal lineage tracing by Confetti mice and ablation of FGFR3·+ NP cells by DTA mice further revealed that the expansion of the FGFR3+ cells was required for the morphogenesis and homeostasis of postnatal NP. Moreover, in degeneration and regeneration model of mouse intervertebral disc, FGFR3+ NP cells underwent extensive expansion during the recovery stage. CONCLUSION Our present work demonstrates that FGFR3+ NP cells are novel subpopulation of postnatal NP with long-existing proliferative capacity shaping the adult NP structure and participating in the homeostasis maintenance and intrinsic repair of NP. These findings may facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches for IVD regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Junlan Huang
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Min Jin
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Wanling Jiang
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Fengtao Luo
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Qiaoyan Tan
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Ruobin Zhang
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Xiaoqing Luo
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Liang Kuang
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Dali Zhang
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Sen Liang
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Huabing Qi
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Hangang Chen
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Zhenhong Ni
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Nan Su
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Xiaolan Du
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuxia Deng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Yangli Xie
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Lin Chen
- Laboratory of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lin H, Tian S, Peng Y, Wu L, Xiao Y, Qing X, Shao Z. IGF Signaling in Intervertebral Disc Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:817099. [PMID: 35178405 PMCID: PMC8843937 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.817099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) is a common musculoskeletal symptom, which brings a lot of pain and economic loss to patients. One of the most common causes of LBP is intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). However, pathogenesis is still debated, and therapeutic options are limited. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathways play an important role in regulating different cell processes, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, or cell death, which are critical to the homeostasis of tissues and organs. The IGF signaling is crucial in the occurrence and progression of IVDD. The activation of IGF signaling retards IVDD by increasing cell proliferation, promoting extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis, inhibiting ECM decomposition, and preventing apoptosis and senescence of disc cells. However, abnormal activation of IGF signaling may promote the process of IVDD. IGF signaling is currently considered to have a promising treatment prospect for IVDD. An in-depth understanding of the role of IGF signaling in IVDD may help find a novel approach for IVDD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuo Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yizhong Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangcheng Qing
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang C, Cui L, Gu Q, Guo S, Zhu B, Liu X, Li Y, Liu X, Wang D, Li S. The Mechanism and Function of miRNA in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Orthop Surg 2022; 14:463-471. [PMID: 35142050 PMCID: PMC8926997 DOI: 10.1111/os.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) disease has been considered as the main cause of low back pain (LBP), which is a very common symptom and the leading cause of disability worldwide today. The pathological mechanism of IDD remains quite complicated, and genetic, developmental, biochemical, and biomechanical factors all contribute to the development of the disease. There exists no effective, non-surgical treatment for IDD nowadays, which is largely related to the lack of knowledge of the specific mechanisms of IDD, and the lack of effective specific targets. Recently, non-coding RNA, including miRNA, has been recognized as an important regulator of gene expression. Current studies on the effects of miRNA in IDD have confirmed that a variety of miRNAs play a crucial role in the process of IDD via nucleus pulposus cells (NPC) apoptosis, abnormal proliferation, inflammatory factors, the extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, and annulus fibrosus (AF) degeneration. In the past 10 years, research on miRNA has been quite active in IDD. This review summarizes the current research progression of miRNA in the IDD and puts forward some prospects and challenges on non-surgical treatment for IDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Wang
- Spinal Surgery Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Liqiang Cui
- Department of Spine Surgery, Mianyang Orthopaedic Hospital, Mianyang, China
| | - Qinwen Gu
- Spinal Surgery Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Sheng Guo
- Spinal Surgery Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Institute of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xueli Liu
- Institute of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Institute of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Institute of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Dingxuan Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Sen Li
- Spinal Surgery Department, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang QC, Zou YP, Hu SQ, Zhang TW, Zhou H, Liang B, Zhuang CY, Wang HR, Jiang LB, Li XL. TNF-α-stimulated nucleus pulposus cells induce cell apoptosis through the release of exosomal miR-16 targeting IGF-1 and IGF-1R in rats. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1376. [PMID: 34733928 PMCID: PMC8506555 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Exosomes may contain excess cellular components released by cells in response to harmful external stimuli to maintain cellular homeostasis. Inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), can induce cell apoptosis, alter cellular component expression levels, and stimulate exosome release. In this study, we examined whether exosomes released from nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) under inflammatory conditions could induce normal NP cell apoptosis in rats and its underlining mechanism. Methods Exosomes were isolated from TNF-α‐treated NPCs and used to treat normal NPCs. The effects were assessed by flow cytometry and western blot analysis. Anti-apoptotic insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) expression in NPCs was assessed by western blot analysis. Given the exosomal miRNAs might be the key factors of exosomes, bioinformatics approaches and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used to identify IGF-1-regulating micro RNAs (miRNAs), including miR-16. Luciferase reporter assay assessed miR-16 regulation of IGF-1 and IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R). NPCs were transfected with miR-16 mimic, and exosomes were applied to normal NPCs. NPCs were pretreated with 10 ng/mL TNF-α, transfected with miR-16 inhibitors, and the exosomes were isolated. Cell and exosome miR-16 levels were detected by qRT-PCR. Western blot analysis determined IGF-1, IGF-1R, and apoptotic marker levels in exosome-treated NPCs. Results Exosomes from TNF-α-treated NPCs induced apoptosis in normal NPCs and repressed IGF-1 expression. Exosomal miR-16 regulated IGF-1 and induced NPC apoptosis. The dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that miR-16 binds the 3' untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) of IGF-1 and IGF-1R. Exosomal miR-16 repressed IGF-1 and the IGF-1R/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway which therefore induced NPC apoptosis. Rescue experiments using miR-16 inhibitors further validated these findings. Conclusions The inflammatory factor TNF-α stimulated exosome release from NPCs, which induced the apoptosis of normal NPCs through the actions of exosomal miR-16. Exosomal miR-16 directly repressed the anti-apoptotic IGF-1/IGF-1R pathway, increasing the apoptosis of NPCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Chen Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Pei Zou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shun-Qi Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tai-Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Liang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Xiamen, China
| | - Chen-Yang Zhuang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Ren Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Bo Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Lei Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee HS, Lee IH, Kang K, Jung M, Yang SG, Kwon TW, Lee DY. Network Pharmacological Dissection of the Mechanisms of Eucommiae Cortex-Achyranthis Radix Combination for Intervertebral Disc Herniation Treatment. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211055024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eucommiae cortex (EC) and Achyranthis radix (AR) are herbal medicines widely used in combination for the treatment of intervertebral disc herniation (IDH). The mechanisms of action of the herbal combination have not been understood from integrative and comprehensive points of view. By adopting network pharmacological methodology, we aimed to investigate the pharmacological properties of the EC-AR combination as a therapeutic agent for IDH at a systematic molecular level. Using the pharmacokinetic information for the chemical ingredients of the EC-AR combination obtained from the comprehensive herbal drug-associated databases, we determined its 31 bioactive ingredients and 68 IDH-related therapeutic targets. By analyzing their enrichment for biological functions, we observed that the targets of the EC-AR combination were associated with the regulation of angiogenesis; cytokine and chemokine activity; oxidative and inflammatory stress responses; extracellular matrix organization; immune response; and cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, differentiation, migration, and activation. Pathway enrichment investigation revealed that the EC-AR combination may target IDH-pathology-associated signaling pathways, such as those of cellular senescence and chemokine, neurotrophin, TNF, MAPK, toll-like receptor, and VEGF signaling, to exhibit its therapeutic effects. Collectively, these data provide mechanistic insights into the pharmacological activity of herbal medicines for the treatment of musculoskeletal diseases such as IDH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Sung Lee
- The Fore, 87 Ogeum-ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05542, Republic of Korea
- Forest Hospital, 129 Ogeum-ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05549, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hee Lee
- The Fore, 87 Ogeum-ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05542, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungrae Kang
- Forest Hospital, 129 Ogeum-ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05549, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Jung
- Forest Hospital, 129 Ogeum-ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05549, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Gu Yang
- Kyunghee Naro Hospital, 67, Dolma-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13586, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Kwon
- Forest Hospital, 129 Ogeum-ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05549, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Yeon Lee
- The Fore, 87 Ogeum-ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05542, Republic of Korea
- Forest Hospital, 129 Ogeum-ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05549, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Veroutis D, Kouroumalis A, Lagopati N, Polyzou A, Chamilos C, Papadodima S, Evangelou K, Gorgoulis VG, Kletsas D. Evaluation of senescent cells in intervertebral discs by lipofuscin staining. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 199:111564. [PMID: 34474077 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is considered an important contributor of low back pain, a major age-related disease. Interestingly, an unprecedented high number of senescent cells has been reported in aged and degenerated IVDs, most probably affecting tissue homeostasis. In previous studies classical markers of cellular senescence have been used, such as SA-β-gal staining or p16Ink4a expression. Aim of the presented study was a re-evaluation of the number of senescent IVD cells by using a newly established staining procedure for lipofuscin, based on a Sudan Black-B analogue (GL13), which can be used in fresh, as well as in fixed and embedded tissues. In cultures of senescent rat and human IVD cells both SA-β-gal and GL13 gave similar percentages of senescent cells. Similarly, in fresh tissues from old rats the ratios of senescent cells were high with both detection procedures. Finally, in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues from humans, a significant increased number of GL13-positive cells was found in herniated tissues, as compared to apparently normal ones, while similar numbers of p16Ink4a-positive cells were observed. These data confirm the significantly enhanced number of senescent cells in aged and degenerated IVDs, most probably contributing to the degeneration of this tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Veroutis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Kouroumalis
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation & Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Nefeli Lagopati
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Polyzou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Stavroula Papadodima
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Evangelou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Center for New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kletsas
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation & Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Navone SE, Campanella R, Guarnaccia L, Ouellet JA, Locatelli M, Cordiglieri C, Gualtierotti R, Gaudino C, Ciniglio Appiani G, Luzzi S, Borsa S, Rampini P, Pluderi M, Haglund L, Riboni L, Alini M, Marfia G. Inflammatory interactions between degenerated intervertebral discs and microglia: Implication of sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:1479-1495. [PMID: 32779775 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of intervertebral disc degeneration is largely unknown, but local neuroinflammation may exert a crucial role through activation of cells as microglia and pro-inflammatory cytokines production. We aimed to compare the effect of degenerated and normal intervertebral disc microenvironment on microglial cells and the potential role of sphingosine-1-phosphate, a pro-inflammatory sphingolipid, in their crosstalk. Human degenerated intervertebral discs (Pfirrmann grade IV) were obtained at surgery for spondylolisthesis. Normal intervertebral discs were collected from cadaveric normal lumbar spines. Normal and degenerated-intervertebral discs were kept in culture to obtain media conditioning. Then, microglial cells were cocultured with conditioned media and viability, proliferation, migration, chemotaxis, and inflammatory gene expression were evaluated. The results demonstrate that conditioned media from degenerated intervertebral discs activate microglial cells, increasing chemotaxis, migration, and pro-inflammatory mediators release to a great extent than normal discs. In addition, we show that the administration of sphingosine-1-phosphate to normal intervertebral disc/microglia coculture mimicked degenerative effects. Interestingly, sphingosine-1-phosphate content in conditioned media from degenerated discs was significantly higher than that from normal ones. In addition, FTY720, a functional antagonist of sphingosine-1-phosphate, potently inhibited the effect of degenerated intervertebral discs on microglial inflammatory factor transcription and migration. Our data report, for the first time, that sphingosine-1-phosphate is involved as signal in the microenvironment of human degenerated intervertebral discs. Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling modulation by FTY720 may induce beneficial effects in counteracting microglial activation during intervertebral disc degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania E Navone
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,"Aldo Ravelli" Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Rolando Campanella
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Guarnaccia
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jean A Ouellet
- McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marco Locatelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,"Aldo Ravelli" Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Cordiglieri
- Imaging Facility, National Institute for Molecular Genetics (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Gualtierotti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Gaudino
- Department of Neuroradiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sabino Luzzi
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Borsa
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Rampini
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Pluderi
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Lisbet Haglund
- McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Laura Riboni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, LITA-Segrate, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Marfia
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,"Aldo Ravelli" Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Clinical Pathology Unit, Istituto di Medicina Aerospaziale "A. Mosso", Aeronautica Militare, Milano
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sako K, Sakai D, Nakamura Y, Schol J, Matsushita E, Warita T, Horikita N, Sato M, Watanabe M. Effect of Whole Tissue Culture and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor on Maintenance of Tie2 Molecule Expression in Human Nucleus Pulposus Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094723. [PMID: 33946902 PMCID: PMC8124367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work showed a link between Tie2+ nucleus pulposus progenitor cells (NPPC) and disc degeneration. However, NPPC remain difficult to maintain in culture. Here, we report whole tissue culture (WTC) combined with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and chimeric FGF (cFGF) supplementation to support and enhance NPPC and Tie2 expression. We also examined the role of PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK pathways in FGF2 and cFGF-induced Tie2 expression. Young herniating nucleus pulposus tissue was used. We compared WTC and standard primary cell culture, with or without 10 ng/mL FGF2. PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK signaling pathways were examined through western blotting. Using WTC and primary cell culture, Tie2 positivity rates were 7.0 ± 2.6% and 1.9 ± 0.3% (p = 0.004), respectively. Addition of FGF2 in WTC increased Tie2 positivity rates to 14.2 ± 5.4% (p = 0.01). FGF2-stimulated expression of Tie2 was reduced 3-fold with the addition of the MEK inhibitor PD98059 (p = 0.01). However, the addition of 1 μM Akt inhibitor, 124015-1MGCN, only reduced small Tie2 expression (p = 0.42). cFGF similarly increased the Tie2 expression, but did not result in significant phosphorylation in both the MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways. WTC with FGF2 addition significantly increased Tie2 maintenance of human NPPC. Moreover, FGF2 supports Tie2 expression via MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signals. These findings offer promising tools and insights for the development of NPPC-based therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Sako
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan; (M.S.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan; (M.S.); (M.W.)
- Center for Musculoskeletal Innovative Research and Advancement (C-MiRA), Tokai University Graduate School, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Yoshihiko Nakamura
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan; (Y.N.); (J.S.); (E.M.); (T.W.); (N.H.)
| | - Jordy Schol
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan; (Y.N.); (J.S.); (E.M.); (T.W.); (N.H.)
| | - Erika Matsushita
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan; (Y.N.); (J.S.); (E.M.); (T.W.); (N.H.)
| | - Takayuki Warita
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan; (Y.N.); (J.S.); (E.M.); (T.W.); (N.H.)
| | - Natsumi Horikita
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan; (Y.N.); (J.S.); (E.M.); (T.W.); (N.H.)
| | - Masato Sato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan; (M.S.); (M.W.)
- Center for Musculoskeletal Innovative Research and Advancement (C-MiRA), Tokai University Graduate School, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan; (M.S.); (M.W.)
- Center for Musculoskeletal Innovative Research and Advancement (C-MiRA), Tokai University Graduate School, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guerrero J, Häckel S, Croft AS, Albers CE, Gantenbein B. The effects of 3D culture on the expansion and maintenance of nucleus pulposus progenitor cell multipotency. JOR Spine 2021; 4:e1131. [PMID: 33778405 PMCID: PMC7984018 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low back pain (LBP) is a global health concern. Increasing evidence implicates intervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration as a major contributor. In this respect, tissue-specific progenitors may play a crucial role in tissue regeneration, as these cells are perfectly adapted to their niche. Recently, a novel progenitor cell population was described in the nucleus pulposus (NP) that is positive for Tie2 marker. These cells have self-renewal capacity and in vitro multipotency potential. However, extremely low numbers of the NP progenitors limit the feasibility of cell therapy strategies. OBJECTIVE Here, we studied the influence of the culture method and of the microenvironment on the proliferation rate and the differentiation potential of human NP progenitors in vitro. METHOD Cells were obtained from human NP tissue from trauma patients. Briefly, the NP tissue cells were cultured in two-dimensional (2D) (monolayer) or three-dimensional (3D) (alginate beads) conditions. After 1 week, cells from 2D or 3D culture were expanded on fibronectin-coated flasks. Subsequently, expanded NP cells were then characterized by cytometry and tri-lineage differentiation, which was analyzed by qPCR and histology. Moreover, experiments using Tie2+ and Tie2- NP cells were also performed. RESULTS The present study aims to demonstrate that 3D expansion of NP cells better preserves the Tie2+ cell populations and increases the chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential compared to 2D expansion. Moreover, the cell sorting experiments reveal that only Tie2+ cells were able to maintain the pluripotent gene expression if cultured in 3D within alginate beads. Therefore, our results highly suggest that the maintenance of the cell's multipotency is mainly, but not exclusively, due to the higher presence of Tie2+ cells due to 3D culture. CONCLUSION This project not only might have a scientific impact by evaluating the influence of a two-step expansion protocol on the functionality of NP progenitors, but it could also lead to an innovative clinical approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Guerrero
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics & Mechanobiology, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR) of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of BernUniversity of BernSwitzerland
| | - Sonja Häckel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, InselspitalBern University HospitalBernSwitzerland
| | - Andreas S. Croft
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics & Mechanobiology, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR) of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of BernUniversity of BernSwitzerland
| | - Christoph E. Albers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, InselspitalBern University HospitalBernSwitzerland
| | - Benjamin Gantenbein
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics & Mechanobiology, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR) of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of BernUniversity of BernSwitzerland
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, InselspitalBern University HospitalBernSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Baumgartner L, Wuertz-Kozak K, Le Maitre CL, Wignall F, Richardson SM, Hoyland J, Ruiz Wills C, González Ballester MA, Neidlin M, Alexopoulos LG, Noailly J. Multiscale Regulation of the Intervertebral Disc: Achievements in Experimental, In Silico, and Regenerative Research. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E703. [PMID: 33445782 PMCID: PMC7828304 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a major risk factor of low back pain. It is defined by a progressive loss of the IVD structure and functionality, leading to severe impairments with restricted treatment options due to the highly demanding mechanical exposure of the IVD. Degenerative changes in the IVD usually increase with age but at an accelerated rate in some individuals. To understand the initiation and progression of this disease, it is crucial to identify key top-down and bottom-up regulations' processes, across the cell, tissue, and organ levels, in health and disease. Owing to unremitting investigation of experimental research, the comprehension of detailed cell signaling pathways and their effect on matrix turnover significantly rose. Likewise, in silico research substantially contributed to a holistic understanding of spatiotemporal effects and complex, multifactorial interactions within the IVD. Together with important achievements in the research of biomaterials, manifold promising approaches for regenerative treatment options were presented over the last years. This review provides an integrative analysis of the current knowledge about (1) the multiscale function and regulation of the IVD in health and disease, (2) the possible regenerative strategies, and (3) the in silico models that shall eventually support the development of advanced therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Baumgartner
- BCN MedTech, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08018 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.); (C.R.W.); (M.A.G.B.)
| | - Karin Wuertz-Kozak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), Rochester, NY 14623, USA;
- Schön Clinic Munich Harlaching, Spine Center, Academic Teaching Hospital and Spine Research Institute of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg (Austria), 81547 Munich, Germany
| | - Christine L. Le Maitre
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK;
| | - Francis Wignall
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (F.W.); (S.M.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Stephen M. Richardson
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (F.W.); (S.M.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Judith Hoyland
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (F.W.); (S.M.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Carlos Ruiz Wills
- BCN MedTech, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08018 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.); (C.R.W.); (M.A.G.B.)
| | - Miguel A. González Ballester
- BCN MedTech, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08018 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.); (C.R.W.); (M.A.G.B.)
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Neidlin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (M.N.); (L.G.A.)
| | - Leonidas G. Alexopoulos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (M.N.); (L.G.A.)
| | - Jérôme Noailly
- BCN MedTech, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08018 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.); (C.R.W.); (M.A.G.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Intervertebral Disc and Adipokine Leptin-Loves Me, Loves Me Not. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010375. [PMID: 33396484 PMCID: PMC7795371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin—the most famous adipose tissue-secreted hormone—in the human body is mostly observed in a negative connotation, as the hormone level increases with the accumulation of body fat. Nowadays, fatness is becoming another normal body shape. Fatness is burdened with numerous illnesses—including low back pain and degenerative disease of lumbar intervertebral disc (IVD). IVD degeneration and IVD inflammation are two indiscerptible phenomena. Irrespective of the underlying pathophysiological background (trauma, obesity, nutrient deficiency), the inflammation is crucial in triggering IVD degeneration. Leptin is usually depicted as a proinflammatory adipokine. Many studies aimed at explaining the role of leptin in IVD degeneration, though mostly in in vitro and on animal models, confirmed leptin’s “bad reputation”. However, several studies found that leptin might have protective role in IVD metabolism. This review examines the current literature on the metabolic role of different depots of adipose tissue, with focus on leptin, in pathogenesis of IVD degeneration.
Collapse
|
16
|
Severity of intervertebral disc herniation regulates cytokine and chemokine levels in patients with chronic radicular back pain. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2020; 28:1341-1350. [PMID: 32653386 PMCID: PMC7529955 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The contributions of intervertebral disc disease and subject-specific covariates to systemic inflammation in low back pain are unknown. We examined the effects of symptomatic disc herniation (DH) and MRI herniation severity on serum cytokine levels in clinical subjects. DESIGN Cytokine levels from lumbar DH subjects (N = 78) were compared to control subjects (N = 57) accounting for effects of DH, age, body mass index (BMI) and gender. Effect of DH severity on cytokine levels was analyzed on subsets of subjects with acute or chronic pain. Serum cytokines were also analyzed in a subset of patients between pre- and 3 months post-surgery. RESULTS Cytokine levels were elevated in the serum of patients with symptomatic DH, and the covariates age, BMI and gender significantly contributed to levels of some cytokines. Severity of herniation was a significant contributor to pain intensity (VAS), serum levels of HMGB1, PDGFbb, and IL-9. The relationship between DH severity and cytokine levels was confirmed in subjects with chronic, but not acute symptoms. Serum levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) decreased, whereas levels of CCL3, CCL11, CXCL1, and CXCL10 were significantly elevated post surgery. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to show that DH severity is coordinately associated with changes in serum levels of inflammatory cytokines in chronic pain subjects. HMGB1, PDGFbb and IL-9 are novel mediators of increasing DH severity, indicative of cellular damage, neuro-inflammation and angiogenesis. Resolution of inflammation was observed with decrease in MIF post surgery. However, elevated chemokine levels indicate ongoing remodeling and wound healing at 3-month time point.
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang Y, Che M, Xin J, Zheng Z, Li J, Zhang S. The role of IL-1β and TNF-α in intervertebral disc degeneration. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110660. [PMID: 32853910 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP), a prevalent and costly disease around the world, is predominantly caused by intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD). LBP also presents a substantial burden to public health and the economy. IDD is mainly caused by aging, trauma, genetic susceptibility, and other factors. It is closely associated with changes in tissue structure and function, including progressive destruction of the extracellular matrix (ECM), enhanced senescence, disc cell death, and impairment of tissue biomechanical function. The inflammatory process, exacerbated by cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), are considered to be the key mediators of IDD and LBP. IL-1β and TNF-α are the most important proinflammatory cytokines, as they have powerful proinflammatory activities and can promote the secretion of a variety of proinflammatory mediators. They are also upregulated in the degenerative IVDs, and they are closely related to various pathological IDD processes, including inflammatory response, matrix destruction, cellular senescence, autophagy, apoptosis, pyroptosis, and proliferation. Therefore, anti-IL-1β and anti-TNF-α therapies may have the potential to alleviate disc degeneration and LBP. In this paper, we reviewed the expression pattern and signal transduction pathways of IL-1β and TNF-α, and we primarily focused on their similar and different roles in IDD. Because IL-1β and TNF-α inhibition have the potential to alleviate IDD, an in-depth understanding of the role of IL-1β and TNF-α in IDD will benefit the development of new treatment methods for disc degeneration with IL-1β and TNF-α at the core.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Mingxue Che
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jingguo Xin
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jiangbi Li
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Shaokun Zhang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Piazza N, Dehghani M, Gaborski TR, Wuertz-Kozak K. Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles in Degenerative Diseases of the Intervertebral Disc. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:311. [PMID: 32363187 PMCID: PMC7181459 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid membrane particles carrying proteins, lipids, DNA, and various types of RNA that are involved in intercellular communication. EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been investigated extensively in many different fields due to their crucial role as regeneration drivers, but research for their use in degenerative diseases of the intervertebral disc (IVD) has only started recently. MSC-derived EVs not only promote extracellular matrix synthesis and proliferation in IVD cells, but also reduce apoptosis and inflammation, hence having multifunctional beneficial effects that seem to be mediated by specific miRNAs (such as miR-233 and miR-21) within the EVs. Aside from MSC-derived EVs, IVD-derived EVs (e.g., stemming from notochordal cells) also have important functions in IVD health and disease. This article will summarize the current knowledge on MSC-derived and IVD-derived EVs and will highlight areas of future research, including the isolation and analysis of EV subpopulations or exposure of MSCs to cues that may enhance the therapeutic potential of released EVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Piazza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Mehdi Dehghani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Thomas R. Gaborski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Karin Wuertz-Kozak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), Rochester, NY, United States
- Institute for Biomechanics, Zurich, Switzerland
- Spine Center, Schön Clinic Munich Harlaching, Munich, Germany
- Academic Teaching Hospital and Spine Research Institute, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
miR-24-3p induces human intervertebral disc degeneration by targeting insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 and the ERK signaling pathway. Life Sci 2020; 243:117288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
20
|
Tian D, Liu J, Chen L, Zhu B, Jing J. The protective effects of PI3K/Akt pathway on human nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cells against hypoxia and nutrition deficiency. J Orthop Surg Res 2020; 15:29. [PMID: 31992313 PMCID: PMC6988348 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-020-1551-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study the effects of hypoxia and nutrition deficiency mimicking degenerated intervertebral disc on the biological behavior of human nucleus-derived pulposus mesenchymal stem cells (hNP-MSCs) and the role of PI3K/Akt pathway in the process in vitro. METHODS hP-MSCs were isolated from lumbar disc and were further identified by their immunophenotypes and multilineage differentiation. Then, cells were divided into the control group, hypoxia and nutrition deficiency group, the LY294002 group, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) group. Then cell apoptosis, the cell viability, the caspase 3 activity, and the expression of PI3K, Akt, and functional genes (aggrecan, collagen I, and collagen II) were evaluated. RESULT Our work showed that isolated cells met the criteria of International Society for cellular Therapy. Therefore, cells obtained from degenerated nucleus pulposus were definitely hNP-MSCs. Our results showed that hypoxia and nutrition deficiency could significantly increase cell apoptosis, the caspase 3 activity, and inhibit cell viability. Gene expression results demonstrated that hypoxia and nutrition deficiency could increase the relative expression of PI3K and Akt gene and inhibit the expression of functional genes. However, when the PI3K/Akt pathway was inhibited by LY294002, the cell apoptosis and caspase 3 activity significantly increased while the cell viability was obviously inhibited. Quantitative real-time PCR results showed that the expression of functional genes was more significantly inhibited. Our study further verified that the above-mentioned biological activities of hNP-MSCs could be significantly improved by IGF1. CONCLUSIONS PI3K/Akt signal pathway may have protective effects on human nucleus pulposus-derived mesenchymal stem cells against hypoxia and nutrition deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- DaSheng Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678#Fu Rong Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678#Fu Rong Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678#Fu Rong Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678#Fu Rong Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Juehua Jing
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678#Fu Rong Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ge J, Zhou Q, Niu J, Wang Y, Yan Q, Wu C, Qian J, Yang H, Zou J. Melatonin Protects Intervertebral Disc from Degeneration by Improving Cell Survival and Function via Activation of the ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5120275. [PMID: 31885798 PMCID: PMC6914917 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5120275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, a neuroendocrine hormone secreted by the pineal body, has a positive effect on intervertebral disc degeneration. The present study is aimed at investigating the biological role of melatonin in intervertebral disc degeneration and its underlying mechanism. A human nucleus pulposus cell (NPC) line was exposed to melatonin at different concentrations. Cell proliferation was measured by CCK-8 assay. Cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Western blot was performed to measure the protein expression of indicated genes. A rabbit model of intervertebral disc degeneration was established to detect the role and mechanism of melatonin on intervertebral disc degeneration. Our study showed that melatonin promoted NPC viability and inhibited cell arrest. Furthermore, melatonin treatment led to the upregulation of collagen II and aggrecan and downregulation of collagen X. Moreover, melatonin significantly elevated the activity of the ERK signaling pathway. Inhibition of the ERK1/2 signals reversed the role of melatonin in the regulation of NPCs both in vitro and in vivo. Melatonin increased NPC viability through inhibition of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Moreover, melatonin promoted the secretion of functional factors influencing the nucleus pulposus cell physiology and retarded cell degeneration. Our results suggest that melatonin activated the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, thereby affecting the biological properties of the intervertebral disc degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ge
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223002, China
| | - Junjie Niu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Qi Yan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Cenhao Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Jiale Qian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu C, Jin Z, Ge X, Zhang Y, Xu H. Decellularized Annulus Fibrosus Matrix/Chitosan Hybrid Hydrogels with Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor for Annulus Fibrosus Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 25:1605-1613. [PMID: 30929614 PMCID: PMC6919252 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Low back pain caused by degenerative disc disease affects many people worldwide and brings huge economical burden. Thus, attentions have focused on annulus fibrosus (AF) tissue engineering for treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration. To engineer a functional replacement for the AF, it is important to fabricate scaffolds that mimic the structural and mechanical properties of native tissue. AF-derived stem cells are promising seed cells for AF tissue engineering due to their tissue specificity. In the present study, decellularized AF matrix (DAFM)/chitosan hybrid hydrogels were fabricated using genipin as a crosslinker. AF stem cells were cultured on hydrogel scaffolds with or without basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and cell proliferation, morphology, gene expression, and AF tissue synthesis were examined. Overall, more collagen-I, collagen-II, and aggrecan were secreted by AF stem cells grown on hydrogels with bFGF compared to those without. These results support the application of DAFM/chitosan hybrid hydrogels as an appropriate candidate for AF tissue engineering. Furthermore, incorporation of bFGF into hydrogels promoted AF-related tissue synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhongxing Jin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Xin Ge
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Hongguang Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen Z, Zhang W, Zhang N, Zhou Y, Hu G, Xue M, Liu J, Li Y. Down-regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 is involved in intervertebral disc degeneration via the ERK signalling pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:6368-6377. [PMID: 31290273 PMCID: PMC6714225 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is obvious that epigenetic processes influence the evolution of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). However, its molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that IGFBP5, a potential regulator of IDD, modulates IDD via the ERK signalling pathway. We showed that IGFBP5 mRNA was significantly down-regulated in degenerative nucleus pulposus (NP) tissues. IGFBP5 was shown to significantly promote NP cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis in vitro, which was confirmed by MTT, flow cytometry and colony formation assays. Furthermore, IGFBP5 was shown to exert its effects by inhibiting the ERK signalling pathway. The effects induced by IGFBP5 overexpression on NP cells were similar to those induced by treatment with an ERK pathway inhibitor (PD98059). Moreover, qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses were performed to examine the levels of apoptosis-related factors, including Bax, caspase-3 and Bcl2. The silencing of IGFBP5 up-regulated the levels of Bax and caspase-3 and down-regulated the level of Bcl2, thereby contributing to the development of human IDD. Furthermore, these results were confirmed in vivo using an IDD rat model, which showed that the induction of Igfbp5 mRNA expression abrogated the effects of IGFBP5 silencing on intervertebral discs. Overall, our findings elucidate the role of IGFBP5 in the pathogenesis of IDD and provide a potential novel therapeutic target for IDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghui Chen
- Orthopedic SurgeryRenmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei General HospitalWuchang District, WuhanChina
| | - Weibing Zhang
- Orthopedic SurgeryRenmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei General HospitalWuchang District, WuhanChina
| | - Nu Zhang
- Orthopedic SurgeryRenmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei General HospitalWuchang District, WuhanChina
| | - Yan Zhou
- Orthopedic SurgeryRenmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei General HospitalWuchang District, WuhanChina
| | - Geliang Hu
- Orthopedic SurgeryRenmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei General HospitalWuchang District, WuhanChina
| | - Mingdi Xue
- Orthopedic SurgeryRenmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei General HospitalWuchang District, WuhanChina
| | - Junhua Liu
- Orthopedic SurgeryChibi Third Renmin HospitalChibiChina
| | - Yaming Li
- Orthopedic SurgeryRenmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei General HospitalWuchang District, WuhanChina
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kushioka J, Kaito T, Chijimatsu R, Okada R, Ishiguro H, Bal Z, Kodama J, Takenaka S, Makino T, Sakai Y, Yoshikawa H. A novel and efficient method for culturing mouse nucleus pulposus cells. Spine J 2019; 19:1573-1583. [PMID: 30986578 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT As degeneration of the nucleus pulposus (NP) is a major cause of intervertebral disc degeneration, research directed toward nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) is drawing increased attention. However, caused by the difficulties associated with their harvest and culture, there are few reports describing cultivation methods for mouse NP cells (mNPCs). PURPOSE To establish efficient culture methods for mNPCs. STUDY DESIGN In vitro animal study. METHODS After primary 3-dimensional (3D) gel culture of mNPCs and analysis of gene expression, cells digested from the gel were cultured in various bio-coated dishes with and without basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and their growth kinetics and changes in gene expression profiles were evaluated. Next, the mNPCs obtained after sequential 3D gel and 2D culture were subjected to micromass culture and the effects of adding transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) on their gene expression profile and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis were evaluated. RESULTS The cell morphology and gene expression pattern of mNPCs proliferated in primary 3D collagen gel culture resembled those of mNP. In contrast, mNPCs could not proliferate in conventional monolayer culture. Cell adhesion (colony number) and proliferation (colony size) were greater in fibronectin-coated dishes than in dishes with other bio-coatings. The addition of bFGF enhanced mNPCs proliferation, but the gene expression characteristics of mNPCs were lost as passage number increased. 2D culture with bFGF followed by micromass culture allowed for the recovery of the mNPC gene expression profile in primary 3D-gel culture, and TGF-β3 supplementation during micromass culture enhanced ECM synthesis. CONCLUSIONS We established novel culture methods for mNPCs. These methods will benefit basic cell-based and molecular research involving these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Kushioka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Kaito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Ryota Chijimatsu
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Rintaro Okada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishiguro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Zeynep Bal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Joe Kodama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shota Takenaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahiro Makino
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang T, Wang CJ, Tian S, Song HB. Overexpressed IGFBP5 promotes cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of nucleus pulposus derived from rats with disc degeneration through inactivating the ERK/MAPK axis. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:18782-18792. [PMID: 31310371 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is previously suggested that insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) potentially share an association with disc degeneration (DD) that causes back pain. This study aimed at exploring the functional relevance of IGFBP5 in DD by establishing a rat model of DD. The nucleus pulposus (NP) cells were transduced with IGFBP5-shRNA or IGFBP5 overexpression to determine the cellular processes (proliferation, apoptosis, as well as colony formation). The protein levels of apoptosis-related proteins were evaluated. Furthermore, NP cells were treated with the extracellular signal-regulated kinases/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathway inhibitor (PD98059) followed by measurement of ERK protein level and ERK phosphorylation content. The NP cells showed suppressed proliferation and colony formation ability, yet promoted apoptosis after transfection with IGFBP5-shRNA. It was found that silencing of IGFBP5 could lead to the ERK/MAPK axis activation, as indicated by an elevated ERK protein level and ERK phosphorylation content. However, overexpression of IGFBP5 could reverse all the reaction induced by silenced IGFBP5. These key findings demonstrate that overexpressed IGFBP5 inactivates the ERK/MAPK axis to stimulate the proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of NP cells in a rat model of DD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Ju Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Tian
- Department of Spine Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Bo Song
- Department of Spine Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yao Z, Chen P, Wang S, Deng G, Hu Y, Lin Q, Zhang X, Yu B. Reduced PDGF-AA in subchondral bone leads to articular cartilage degeneration after strenuous running. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:17946-17958. [PMID: 30834523 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To identify the effects of running on articular cartilage and subchondral bone remodeling, C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups: control, moderate-, and strenuous running. Magnetic resonance imaging showed bone marrow lesions in the knee subchondral bone in the strenuous-running group in contrast with the other two groups. The microcomputed tomography analysis showed promoted bone formation in the subchondral bone in mice subjected to strenuous running. Histological and immunohistochemistry results indicated that terminal differentiation of chondrocytes and degeneration of articular cartilage were enhanced but, synthesis of platelet-derived growth factor-AA (PDGF-AA) in the subchondral bone was suppressed after strenuous running. In vitro, excessive mechanical treatments suppressed the expression of PDGF-AA in osteoblasts, and the condition medium from mechanical-treated osteoblasts stimulated maturation and terminal differentiation of chondrocytes. These results indicate that strenuous running suppresses the synthesis of PDGF-AA in subchondral bone, leading to downregulated PDGF/Akt signal in articular cartilage and thus cartilage degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Yao
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Peisheng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, Fuzhou Second Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ganming Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Southern Medical University Affiliated Shenzhen Baoan Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanjun Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingrong Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianrong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rider SM, Mizuno S, Kang JD. Molecular Mechanisms of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Spine Surg Relat Res 2019; 3:1-11. [PMID: 31435545 PMCID: PMC6690117 DOI: 10.22603/ssrr.2017-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration is a well-known cause of disability, the result of which includes neck and back pain with associated mobility limitations. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the known molecular mechanisms through which intervertebral disc degeneration occurs as a result of complex interactions of exogenous and endogenous stressors. This review will focus on some of the identified molecular changes leading to the deterioration of the extracellular matrix of both the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus. In addition, we will provide a summation of our current knowledge supporting the role of associated DNA and intracellular damage, cellular senescence's catabolic effects, oxidative stress, and the cell's inappropriate response to damage in contributing to intervertebral disc degeneration. Our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which intervertebral disc degeneration occurs provides us with abundant insight into how physical and chemical changes exacerbate the degenerative process of the entire spine. Furthermore, we will describe some of the related molecular targets and therapies that may contribute to intervertebral repair and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Rider
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shuichi Mizuno
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James D Kang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Aberrantly expressed messenger RNAs and long noncoding RNAs in degenerative nucleus pulposus cells co-cultured with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20:182. [PMID: 30115120 PMCID: PMC6097446 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stem cell therapy is considered as a promising alternative to treat intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Extensive work had been done on identifying and comparing different types of candidate stem cells, both in vivo and in vitro. However, few studies have shed light on degenerative nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs), especially their biological behavior under the influence of exogenous stem cells, specifically the gene expression and regulation pattern. In the present study, we aimed to determine messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are differentially expressed during the co-culturing process with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) and to explore the involved signaling pathways and the regulatory networks. Methods We compared degenerative NPCs co-cultured with ASCs with those cultured solely using lncRNA-mRNA microarray analysis. Based on these data, we investigated the significantly regulated signaling pathways based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway database. Moreover, 23 micro RNAs (miRNAs), which were demonstrated to be involved in IDD were chosen; we investigated their theoretic regulatory importance associated with our microarray data. Results We found 632 lncRNAs and 1682 mRNAs were differentially expressed out of a total of 40,716 probes. We then confirmed the microarray data by real-time PCR. Furthermore, we demonstrated 197 upregulated, and 373 downregulated Gene Ontology terms and 176 significantly enriched pathways, such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Also, a signal-net was constructed to reveal the interplay among differentially expressed genes. Meanwhile, a mRNA-lncRNA co-expression network was constructed for the significantly changed mRNAs and lncRNAs. Also, the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was built. Conclusion Our results present the first comprehensive identification of differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs of degenerative NPCs, altered by co-culturing with ASCs, and outline the gene expression regulation pattern. These may provide valuable information for better understanding of stem cell therapy and potential candidate biomarkers for IDD treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13075-018-1677-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Mechanical loading of the intervertebral disc (IVD) initiates cell-mediated remodeling events that contribute to disc degeneration. Cells of the IVD, nucleus pulposus (NP) and anulus fibrosus (AF), will exhibit various responses to different mechanical stimuli which appear to be highly dependent on loading type, magnitude, duration, and anatomic zone of cell origin. Cells of the NP, the innermost region of the disc, exhibit an anabolic response to low-moderate magnitudes of static compression, osmotic pressure, or hydrostatic pressure, while higher magnitudes promote a catabolic response marked by increased protease expression and activity. Cells of the outer AF are responsive to physical forces in a manner that depends on frequency and magnitude, as are cells of the NP, though they experience different forces, deformations, pressure, and osmotic pressure in vivo. Much remains to be understood of the mechanotransduction pathways that regulate IVD cell responses to loading, including responses to specific stimuli and also differences among cell types. There is evidence that cytoskeletal remodeling and receptor-mediated signaling are important mechanotransduction events that can regulate downstream effects like gene expression and posttranslational biosynthesis, all of which may influence phenotype and bioactivity. These and other mechanotransduction events will be regulated by known and to-be-discovered cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions, and depend on composition of extracellular matrix ligands for cell interaction, matrix stiffness, and the phenotype of the cells themselves. Here, we present a review of the current knowledge of the role of mechanical stimuli and the impact upon the cellular response to loading and changes that occur with aging and degeneration of the IVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bailey V Fearing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Paula A Hernandez
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Lori A Setton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nadeen O Chahine
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery & Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
ERK 1/2 Activation Mediates the Neuroprotective Effect of BpV(pic) in Focal Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1424-1438. [PMID: 29882124 PMCID: PMC6006215 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2558-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bisperoxovanadium (pyridine-2-carboxyl) [bpV(pic)] is a commercially available PTEN inhibitor. Previous studies from us and others have shown that bpV(pic) confers neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia injury. We set up to determine whether ERK 1/2 activation plays a role in bpV(pic)-induced neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemia injury. We found that the phosphorylation levels of Akt (p-AKT) and ERK1/2 (p-ERK 1/2) were down-regulated after cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury. The injection of bpV(pic) after injury not only increased the level of p-AKT but also the level of p-ERK 1/2. While the inhibition of PTEN mediated the up-regulatation of p-AKT and p-ERK 1/2 by bpV(pic). Interestingly, the ERK 1/2 activation induced by bpV(pic) was also independent of the inhibition of PTEN. Our results indicate that bpV(pic) protects against OGD-induced neuronal death and promotes the functional recovery of stroke animals through PTEN inhibition and ERK 1/2 activation, respectively. This study suggests that the effect of bpV(pic) on ERK 1/2 signaling should be considered while using bpV(pic) as a PTEN inhibitor.
Collapse
|
31
|
Kennon JC, Awad ME, Chutkan N, DeVine J, Fulzele S. Current insights on use of growth factors as therapy for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Biomol Concepts 2018; 9:43-52. [PMID: 29779014 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2018-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic low back pain is a critical health problem and a leading cause of disability in aging populations. A major cause of low back pain is considered to be the degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD). Recent advances in therapeutics, particularly cell and tissue engineering, offer potential methods for inhibiting or reversing IVD degeneration, which have previously been impossible. The use of growth factors is under serious consideration as a potential therapy to enhance IVD tissue regeneration. We reviewed the role of chosen prototypical growth factors and growth factor combinations that have the capacity to improve IVD restoration. A number of growth factors have demonstrated potential to modulate the anabolic and anticatabolic effects in both in vitro and animal studies of IVD tissue engineering. Members of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, IGF-1, GDF-5, BMP-2, BMP-7, and platelet-derived growth factor have all been investigated as possible therapeutic options for IVD regeneration. The role of growth factors in IVD tissue engineering appears promising; however, further extensive research is needed at both basic science and clinical levels before its application is appropriate for clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Kennon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mohamed E Awad
- Department of Oral Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Norman Chutkan
- Banner University Medical Center, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, The CORE Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - John DeVine
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Institute of Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Iu J, Santerre JP, Kandel RA. Towards engineering distinct multi-lamellated outer and inner annulus fibrosus tissues. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1346-1355. [PMID: 29088511 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The annulus fibrosus (AF) of the intervertebral disc (IVD) has a zonal distribution of phenotypically distinct cells. The outer AF (OAF) cells produce an extracellular matrix (ECM) rich in type I collagen with little proteoglycans, whereas the ECM of the inner AF (IAF) has abundant type II collagen and proteoglycans. The inhomogeneous distribution of the ECM in the AF may reflect the complex mechanical forces that the IVD experiences. A bioengineered AF tissue should recapitulate both the inner and outer zones in order to have proper functionality. The aim of this study is to generate multi-lamellated OAF and IAF tissues with ECM compositions that resemble their zonal origin using polycarbonate urethane (PU) scaffolds. It was observed that supplementation of the media with insulin-transferrin-selenium (ITS) and proline yielded tissues with good cellularity. However, IAF cells accumulated only type I collagen, similar to OAF cells. Addition of dexamethasone and sodium pyruvate induced the accumulation of IAF tissues rich in type II collagen and aggrecan, without altering the accumulation of type I collagen in OAF tissues. Dexamethasone stimulated mitochondrial membrane potential in both tissues in the presence of sodium pyruvate, suggesting a relationship between the mitochondrial aerobic respiratory state and dexamethasone signalling during the in vitro-tissue formation by OAF and IAF cells. Inhibition of the glucocorticoid receptor blocked the stimulation of mitochondrial membrane potentials and type II collagen accumulation. In summary, biologically distinct multi-lamellated OAF and IAF tissues can be generated, which will facilitate advancement towards the goal of engineering a biological IVD replacement. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1346-1355, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Iu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 25 Orde Street, Room 5-1013, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3H7, Canada.,BioEngineering of Skeletal Tissues Team, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, and University of Toronto, 600 University Ave, Ste 6-500, Toronto, Canada
| | - J Paul Santerre
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 25 Orde Street, Room 5-1013, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Rita A Kandel
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 25 Orde Street, Room 5-1013, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3H7, Canada.,BioEngineering of Skeletal Tissues Team, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, and University of Toronto, 600 University Ave, Ste 6-500, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Degenerative disc disease is a progressive, chronic disorder with strong association to pain, where the dysregulated tissue environment signals disc cells, thereby leading to a low inflammatory process and slow extracellular matrix degradation and fibrosis in a perpetual vicious cycle, generating a structural and functional failure of intervertebral disc joint (IVDJ). Among current biologic therapies, there is an emerging minimally invasive strategy that consists of infiltrating plasma rich in growth factors, a safe and efficacious therapeutic approach for other musculoskeletal degenerative conditions. This review summarizes the homeostasis and degeneration of IVDJ, discusses some results on basic science and therapeutic use of platelet-rich plasma products and advances an alternative minimally invasive biologic therapy in IVDJ degeneration and chronic back pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Anitua
- BTI - Biotechnology Institute, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Jose Maria Cagigal Kalea, 19, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain.,University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), C/Jacinto Quincoces, 39,01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain
| | - Sabino Padilla
- BTI - Biotechnology Institute, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Jose Maria Cagigal Kalea, 19, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain.,University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), C/Jacinto Quincoces, 39,01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ouyang ZH, Wang WJ, Yan YG, Wang B, Lv GH. The PI3K/Akt pathway: a critical player in intervertebral disc degeneration. Oncotarget 2017; 8:57870-57881. [PMID: 28915718 PMCID: PMC5593690 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is thought to be the primary cause of low back pain, a severe public health problem worldwide. Current therapy for IDD aims to alleviate the symptoms and does not target the underlying pathological alternations within the disc. Activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway protects against IDD, which is attributed to increase of ECM content, prevention of cell apoptosis, facilitation of cell proliferation, induction or prevention of cell autophagy, alleviation of oxidative damage, and adaptation of hypoxic microenvironment. In the current review, we summarize recent progression on activation and negative regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and highlight its impact on IDD. Targeting this pathway could become an attractive therapeutic strategy for IDD in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Ouyang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yi-Guo Yan
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guo-Hua Lv
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen B, Wang HT, Yu B, Zhang JD, Feng Y. Carthamin yellow inhibits matrix degradation and inflammation induced by LPS in the intervertebral disc via suppression of MAPK pathway activation. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:1614-1620. [PMID: 28810627 PMCID: PMC5525633 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carthamin yellow (CY), which is a flavonoid compound isolated from safflower, has various pharmacological effects including promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis and alleviating pain. CY is a herb used in Chinese traditional medicines. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common spinal disorder and degeneration of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells and inflammation are significant parts of the pathological cascade. The curative effect of CY on NP cells in association with degeneration and inflammation remains to be elucidated. In the present study, rat NP cells were isolated, cultured and used to detect the suppressive effects of CY on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced genetic expression variation and the expression of matrix degradation enzymes, including matrix metallopeptidase-3, ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif (ADAMTS)-4 and ADAMTS-5. A protective effect of CY on NP cells was observed against LPS-induced matrix degradation and inflammation. Western blotting results demonstrated that pretreatment with CY significantly suppressed the LPS-induced activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The results of the present study suggested that CY exerted anti-degenerative and anti-inflammatory effects on NP cells via inhibition of MAPK pathway activation. Therefore, CY may be a potential therapeutic drug for the treatment of IDD in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Han-Tao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Dong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Vedicherla S, Buckley CT. In vitro extracellular matrix accumulation of nasal and articular chondrocytes for intervertebral disc repair. Tissue Cell 2017; 49:503-513. [PMID: 28515001 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocyte based regenerative therapies for intervertebral disc repair such as Autologous Disc Cell Transplantation (ADCT, CODON) and allogeneic juvenile chondrocyte implantation (NuQu®, ISTO Technologies) have demonstrated good outcomes in clinical trials. However concerns remain with the supply demand reconciliation and issues surrounding immunoreactivity which exist for allogeneic-type technologies. The use of stem cells is challenging due to high growth factor requirements, regulatory barriers and differentiation towards a stable phenotype. Therefore, there is a need to identify alternative non-disc cell sources for the development and clinical translation of next generation therapies for IVD regeneration. In this study, we compared Nasal Chondrocytes (NC) as a non-disc alternative chondrocyte source with Articular Chondrocytes (AC) in terms of cell yield, morphology, proliferation kinetics and ability to produce key extracellular matrix components under 5% and 20% oxygen conditions, with and without exogenous TGF-β supplementation. Results indicated that NC maintained proliferative capacity with high amounts of sGAG and lower collagen accumulation in the absence of TGF-β supplementation under 5% oxygen conditions. Importantly, osteogenesis and calcification was inhibited for NC when cultured in IVD-like microenvironmental conditions. The present study provides a rationale for the exploration of nasal chondrocytes as a promising, potent and clinically feasible autologous cell source for putative IVD repair strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Vedicherla
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - C T Buckley
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland & Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Tsarouhas A, Soufla G, Tsarouhas K, Katonis P, Pasku D, Vakis A, Tsatsakis AM, Spandidos DA. Molecular profile of major growth factors in lumbar intervertebral disc herniation: Correlation with patient clinical and epidemiological characteristics. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2195-2203. [PMID: 28260009 PMCID: PMC5364887 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of growth factors (GFs) in the pathogenesis of lumbar intervertebral disc (ID) herniation and the spontaneous resorption of herniated ID fragments remains only partially elucidated. A simultaneous assessment of the transcript levels of numerous GFs and their association with clinical and epidemiological profiles of human ID herniation would provide valuable insight into the biology and clinical course of the disease. In the present study, we examined simultaneously the transcript levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (bFGF2), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) isoforms and receptors, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in herniated and control ID specimens and investigated their correlation with the clinicopathological profiles of patients suffering from symptomatic lumbar ID herniation. GF mRNA expression levels were determined by RT-qPCR in 63 surgical specimens from lumbar herniated discs and 10 control ID specimens. Multiple positive correlations were observed between the transcript levels of the GFs examined in the ID herniation group. VEGF mRNA expression was significantly increased in the protruding compared with the extruded discs. Intense and acute pain significantly upregulated the PDGF transcript levels. Significant negative correlations were observed between the patient body mass index and the transcript levels of VEGF and PDGF receptors. Our findings support the hypothesis of the involvement of GFs in the natural history of ID herniation. GFs synergistically act in herniated IDs. Increased VEGF expression possibly induces the neovascularization process in the earliest stages of ID herniation. PDGF-C and -D play a role in the acute phase of radiculopathy in a metabolic response for tissue healing. A molecular effect, in addition to the biomechanical effect of obesity in the pathogenesis of ID herniation is also implied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Tsarouhas
- Laboratory of Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Giannoula Soufla
- Laboratory of Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | | | - Pavlos Katonis
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Dritan Pasku
- Laboratory of Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Antonis Vakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Aristides M Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Xiao L, Ding M, Saadoon O, Vess E, Fernandez A, Zhao P, Jin L, Li X. A novel culture platform for fast proliferation of human annulus fibrosus cells. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 367:339-350. [PMID: 27623803 PMCID: PMC5269443 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering provides a promising approach to treat degenerative disc disease, which usually requires a large quantity of seed cells. A simple and reliable in vitro culture system to expand seed cells in a timely fashion is necessary to implement the application clinically. Here, we sought to establish a cost-effective culture system for expanding human annulus fibrosus cells using extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins as culture substrates. Cells were cultured onto a plastic surface coated with various types of ECMs, including fibronectin, vitronectin, collagen type I, gelatin and cell-free matrix deposited by human nucleus pulposus cells. AF cell morphology, growth, adhesion and phenotype (anabolic and catabolic markers) were assessed by microscopy, real-time RT-PCR, western blotting, zymography, immunofluorescence staining and biochemical assays. Fibronectin, collagen and gelatin promoted cell proliferation and adhesion in a dose-dependent manner. Fibronectin elevated mRNA expression of proteoglycan and enhanced glycosaminoglycan production. Both collagen and gelatin increased protein expression of type II collagen. Consistent with increased cell adhesion, collagen and fibronectin promoted formation of focal adhesion complexes in the cell-matrix junction, suggesting enhanced binding of the actin network with both ECM substrates. On the other hand, fibronectin, collagen and gelatin decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in media. Finally, a mixture of fibronectin (1.7 μg/mL) and collagen (1.3 μg/mL) was identified as the most promising in vitro culture substrate system in promoting proliferation and maintaining anabolic-catabolic balance. Our method provides a simple and cost-effective platform for tissue engineering applications in intervertebral disc research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Cobb Hall, 135 Hospital Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Mengmeng Ding
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Cobb Hall, 135 Hospital Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China 110004
| | - Osama Saadoon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Cobb Hall, 135 Hospital Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Eric Vess
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Cobb Hall, 135 Hospital Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Andrew Fernandez
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Cobb Hall, 135 Hospital Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China 110004
| | - Li Jin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Cobb Hall, 135 Hospital Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Xudong Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Cobb Hall, 135 Hospital Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22908
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang C, Yu X, Yan Y, Yang W, Zhang S, Xiang Y, Zhang J, Wang W. Tumor necrosis factor-α: a key contributor to intervertebral disc degeneration. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:1-13. [PMID: 27864283 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD) is the most common cause leading to low back pain (LBP), which is a highly prevalent, costly, and crippling condition worldwide. Current treatments for IDD are limited to treat the symptoms and do not target the pathophysiology. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is one of the most potent pro-inflammatory cytokines and signals through its receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2. TNF-α is highly expressed in degenerative IVD tissues, and it is deeply involved in multiple pathological processes of disc degeneration, including matrix destruction, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, autophagy, and cell proliferation. Importantly, anti-TNF-α therapy has shown promise for mitigating disc degeneration and relieving LBP. In this review, following a brief description of TNF-α signal transduction, we mainly focus on the expression pattern and roles of TNF-α in IDD, and summarize the emerging progress regarding its inhibition as a promising biological therapeutic approach to disc degeneration and associated LBP. A better understanding will help to develop novel TNF-α-centered therapeutic interventions for degenerative disc disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xiaohua Yu
- Medical Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yiguo Yan
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Hand and Micro-surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yongxiao Xiang
- Department of Hand and Micro-surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Hand and Micro-surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cai F, Zhu L, Wang F, Shi R, Xie XH, Hong X, Wang XH, Wu XT. The Paracrine Effect of Degenerated Disc Cells on Healthy Human Nucleus Pulposus Cells Is Mediated by MAPK and NF-κB Pathways and Can Be Reduced by TGF-β1. DNA Cell Biol 2016; 36:143-158. [PMID: 28005398 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2016.3230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is thought to have a major role in the pathogenesis of disc degeneration. Studies have shown that nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) respond to one or two specific cytokines by regulating cell proliferation or matrix synthesis. However, the effects of a cocktail of factors secreted by degenerated disc cells on transplanted exogenous healthy NPCs remain unknown. Concentrations of multiple cytokines in degenerated disc tissue-conditioned medium (dCM) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and Ki67 immunofluorescence staining were used to evaluate the proliferation of cells in dCM. The function of exogenous NPCs cultured in dCM was evaluated by examining catabolic markers (ADAMTS-4, ADAMTS-5, MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13), anabolic markers (TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and TIMP-3), and the extracellular matrix protein-aggrecan (ACAN) and collagen II (COL2)-expression with real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway activation was observed using Western blotting. Finally, we examined the role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in reducing dCM-mediated exogenous NPC dysfunction. Levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were higher and TGF-β1 levels were lower in dCM compared with the control medium. Treatment with dCM increased the proliferation of healthy NPCs. NPCs exhibited significantly higher expression of ADAMTS-4, ADAMTS-5, MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 and decreased TIMP-2, ACAN, and COL2 expression in the dCM group in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Treatment with dCM moderately increased TIMP-1 expression and had no effect on TIMP-3 mRNA levels. The MAPK and NF-κB pathways were implicated in dCM-mediated responses of healthy NPCs. TGF-β1 partially reversed the dCM-mediated NPC dysfunction. Increased levels of inflammatory factors and decreased TGF-β1 levels in dCM suggest an inflammatory environment in degenerated disc tissue. The catabolic effect of dCM on human healthy NPCs is mediated by MAPK and NF-κB pathways and can be reduced by TGF-β1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cai
- 1 Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University , Nanjing, China .,2 Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- 1 Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- 1 Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Shi
- 1 Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Xin-Hui Xie
- 1 Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Hong
- 1 Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Hu Wang
- 1 Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Tao Wu
- 1 Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kang YM, Hong SH, Yang JH, Oh JC, Park JO, Lee BH, Lee SY, Kim HS, Lee HM, Moon SH. Pamidronate Down-regulates Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Induced Matrix Metalloproteinases Expression in Human Intervertebral Disc Cells. J Bone Metab 2016; 23:165-73. [PMID: 27622181 PMCID: PMC5018610 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2016.23.3.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background N-containing bisphosphonates (BPs), such as pamidronate and risedronate, can inhibit osteoclastic function and reduce osteoclast number by inducing apoptotic cell death in osteoclasts. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the effect of pamidronate, second generation nitrogen-containing BPs and to elucidate matrix metallo-proteinases (MMPs) mRNA expression under serum starvation and/or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) stimulation on metabolism of intervertebral disc (IVD) cells in vitro. Methods Firstly, to test the effect of pamidronate on IVD cells in vitro, various concentrations (10-12, 10-10, 10-8, and 10-6 M) of pamidronate were administered to IVD cells. Then DNA and proteoglycan synthesis were measured and messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of type I collagen, type II collagen, and aggrecan were analyzed. Secondly, to elucidate the expression of MMPs mRNA in human IVD cells under the lower serum status, IVD cells were cultivated in full serum or 1% serum. Thirdly, to elucidate the expression of MMPs mRNA in IVD cells under the stimulation of 1% serum and TNF-α (10 ng/mL) In this study, IVD cells were cultivated in three dimensional alginate bead. Results Under the lower serum culture, IVD cells in alginate beads showed upregulation of MMP 2, 3, 9, 13 mRNA. The cells in lower serum and TNF-α also demonstrated upregulation of MMP-2, 3, 9, and 13 mRNA. The cells with various doses of pamidronate and lower serum and TNF-α were reveled partial down-regulation of MMPs. Conclusions Pamidronate, N-containing second generation BPs, was safe in metabolism of IVD in vitro maintaining chondrogenic phenotype and matrix synthesis, and down-regulated TNF-α induced MMPs expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Kang
- The Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Hwan Hong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Oh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Oh Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Ho Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sang-Yoon Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hak-Sun Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwan-Mo Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Hwan Moon
- The Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Vo NV, Hartman RA, Patil PR, Risbud MV, Kletsas D, Iatridis JC, Hoyland JA, Le Maitre CL, Sowa GA, Kang JD. Molecular mechanisms of biological aging in intervertebral discs. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1289-306. [PMID: 26890203 PMCID: PMC4988945 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Advanced age is the greatest risk factor for the majority of human ailments, including spine-related chronic disability and back pain, which stem from age-associated intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Given the rapid global rise in the aging population, understanding the biology of intervertebral disc aging in order to develop effective therapeutic interventions to combat the adverse effects of aging on disc health is now imperative. Fortunately, recent advances in aging research have begun to shed light on the basic biological process of aging. Here we review some of these insights and organize the complex process of disc aging into three different phases to guide research efforts to understand the biology of disc aging. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge and the recent progress made to elucidate specific molecular mechanisms underlying disc aging. In particular, studies over the last few years have uncovered cellular senescence and genomic instability as important drivers of disc aging. Supporting evidence comes from DNA repair-deficient animal models that show increased disc cellular senescence and accelerated disc aging. Additionally, stress-induced senescent cells have now been well documented to secrete catabolic factors, which can negatively impact the physiology of neighboring cells and ECM. These along with other molecular drivers of aging are reviewed in depth to shed crucial insights into the underlying mechanisms of age-related disc degeneration. We also highlight molecular targets for novel therapies and emerging candidate therapeutics that may mitigate age-associated IDD. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1289-1306, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nam V. Vo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert A. Hartman
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Prashanti R. Patil
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Makarand V. Risbud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dimitris Kletsas
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
| | - James C. Iatridis
- Leni & Peter W May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Judith A. Hoyland
- Centre for Tissue Injury and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester M13 9PT and NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Christine L. Le Maitre
- Musculoskeletal and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Gwendolyn A. Sowa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James D. Kang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gruber HE, Hoelscher GL, Bullock L, Ingram JA, Norton HJ, Hanley EN. Human annulus signaling cues for nerve outgrowth: In vitro studies. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1456-65. [PMID: 27155444 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between neurotrophins produced by human annulus cells, such as neurotrophin-4 (NT4) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) which function in neurite survival and outgrowth, and nerve ingrowth into the disc remains poorly understood. In this work, we tested F11 neurite growth during exposure to control media, media with added nerve growth factor (NGF), conditioned media (CM) harvested from previous human annulus culture, or co-culture with annulus cells. Co-culture of F11 cells with annulus cells significantly increased media levels of amphiregulin, BDNF, glial-derived neurotrophic factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor compared to levels from in culture of F11 cells alone (p ≤ 0.04). Cell-based assays of neurite growth revealed that BDNF levels present in CM bore a significant (p = 0.01) positive relationship to neurite length and accounted for 38.5% of the change in neurite length. NT4 levels produced during co-culture with annulus cells bore a significant (p = 0.04) positive relationship to neurite length and accounted for 40.9% of the change in length. Statement of clinical significance: In vitro findings point to a potential role of annulus cells related to nerve ingrowth in vivo, and may have relevance in the outer annulus (where cell numbers are high) or in regions where nerves penetrate into annular tears or fissures. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1456-1465, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Gruber
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28232
| | - Gretchen L Hoelscher
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28232
| | - Letitia Bullock
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28232
| | - Jane A Ingram
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28232
| | - H James Norton
- Dickson Advanced Analytics, Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Edward N Hanley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28232
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chou PH, Wang ST, Ma HL, Liu CL, Chang MC, Lee OKS. Development of a two-step protocol for culture expansion of human annulus fibrosus cells with TGF-β1 and FGF-2. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:89. [PMID: 27405858 PMCID: PMC4942939 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different biologic approaches to treat disc regeneration, including growth factors (GFs) application, are currently under investigation. Human annulus fibrosus (hAF) repair or regeneration is one of the key elements for maintenance and restoration of nucleus pulposus function. However, so far there is no effective treatment for this purpose. The aim of the present study was to investigate the response of hAF cells to different combinations of GFs, and develop a protocol for efficient culture expansion. METHODS hAF cells were harvested from degenerated disc tissues during surgical intervertebral disc removal, and hAF cells were expanded in a monolayer. The experiments were categorized based on different protocols with transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) culture for 14 days: group 1 had no GFs (control group); group 2 received TGF-β1; group 3 received FGF-2; group 4 received both GFs; and group 5 (two-step) received both GFs for the first 10 days and TGF-β1 only for the next 4 days. Cell proliferation, collagen, and noncollagen extracellular matrix (ECM) production and genes expression were compared among these groups. RESULTS At days 3, 7 and 10 of cultivation, groups 4 and 5 had significantly more cell numbers and faster cell proliferation rates than groups 1, 2, and 3. At 14 days of cultivation, significantly more cell numbers were observed in groups 3 and 4 than in group 5. The group 4 had the most cell numbers and the fastest proliferation rate at 14 days of cultivation. After normalization for cell numbers, group 5 (two-step) produced the most collagen and noncollagen ECM at 10 and 14 days of cultivation among the five groups. In group 5, ECM gene expression was significantly upregulated. High expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 was upregulated with FGF-2 on the different days as compared to the other groups. Annulus fibrosus cell phenotypes were only marginally retained under the different protocols based on quantitative polymerase chain reaction results. CONCLUSION Taken together, the two-step protocol was the most efficient among these different protocols with the most abundant ECM production after normalization for cell numbers for culture expansion of hAF cells. The protocol may be useful in further cell therapy and tissue engineering approaches for disc regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsin Chou
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei city, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei city, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tien Wang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei city, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei city, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Li Ma
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei city, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei city, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Lin Liu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei city, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei city, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chau Chang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei city, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei city, Taiwan
| | - Oscar Kuang-Sheng Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei city, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei city, Taiwan. .,Taipei City General Hospital, No.145, Zhengzhou Rd., Datong Dist., Taipei City, 10341, Taiwan (R.O.C.).
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Preclinical animal study. OBJECTIVE Determine the in vivo effects of platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) delivered in a thiol-modified hyaluronic acid (TMHA) hydrogel on intervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA IVD degeneration is a worldwide health concern and remains without an effective treatment. Several in vitro studies have demonstrated the potential of PDGF-BB, a primary component of platelet-rich plasma, as a therapy for IVD degeneration. Our hypotheses were that treatment of injured IVDs with PDGF would inhibit degeneration and that administration of PDGF in a TMHA hydrogel would improve its efficacy. METHODS IVD degeneration was induced using the rabbit annular puncture model. Four weeks after injury, IVDs were treated with either PDGF-BB or PDGF-BB delivered within a TMHA hydrogel. The efficacy of treatment was determined using x-ray, MRI, histology, and biomechanical testing. RESULTS At 4 weeks after treatment, cell apoptosis and deposition of matrix containing type III collagen a1 (Col3a1) was demonstrated in both the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus, while this was inhibited by PDGF. At 8 weeks after treatment, disc area and MRI indices of injured IVDs treated with PDGF were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those treated with the TMHA alone. Similarly, degenerative scores for saline- and TMHA-treated IVDs demonstrated significantly more degeneration (P < 0.05) than PDGF-treated IVDs at 8 weeks. Biomechanical assessments found fewer indicators of degeneration in PDGF-TMHA-treated IVDs at both 4 and 8 weeks post-treatment, compared to saline-, TMHA-, and PDGF-only-treated IVDs. Both PDGF- and PDGF-TMHA-treated IVDs also demonstrated a significant increase (P < 0.05) in compressive strength to failure, compared with controls at 8 weeks post-treatment. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that PDGF-BB significantly decreases disc degeneration and when delivered in a TMHA gel scaffold, helps prevent both apoptosis and Col3 matrix production, while maintaining disc structure and biomechanical function. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA.
Collapse
|
46
|
Cyclic tensile stress of human annulus fibrosus cells induces MAPK activation: involvement in proinflammatory gene expression. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:679-87. [PMID: 26687822 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in human annulus fibrosus (AF) cells subjected to cyclic tensile stress (CTS). DESIGN An in vitro system for CTS studies was established using AF cultures on fibronectin-coated silicone dishes. MAPK phosphorylation was studied by western analysis, while gene expression was followed by qRT-PCR. DNA synthesis was assessed by both tritiated thymidine incorporation and flow cytometry, and collagen synthesis using tritiated proline incorporation and the protease-free collagenase method. RESULTS All three MAPKs studied, i.e., ERK, SAPK/JNK, and p38 were found to be phosphorylated immediately after CTS application within physiological range. A second wave of phosphorylation appeared at later time points. MAPK activation was elevated at higher CTS magnitudes, but independent of the frequency. CTS did not stimulate DNA synthesis neither extracellular matrix turnover, but it stimulated the proinflammatory genes, COX-2, IL-6, and IL-8. This stimulation was more intense at the highest magnitude (8%) tested and at the median frequency (1 Hz) and time interval (12 h). Blocking of ERK, SAPK/JNK, and p38 MAPK inhibited the CTS-induced stimulation of COX-2 and IL-8, while IL-6 expression was mediated only by SAPK/JNK and p38 MAPK. CONCLUSIONS We have described for the first time the activation of MAPKs in human AF cells in response to CTS and showed that it drives an inflammatory reaction. These observations shed light on the mechanisms of intervertebral disc (IVD) cell responses to mechanical stress, contributing to the understanding of disc pathophysiology and possibly to the design of novel therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
|
47
|
Organotypic Cultures of Intervertebral Disc Cells: Responses to Growth Factors and Signaling Pathways Involved. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:427138. [PMID: 26583105 PMCID: PMC4637029 DOI: 10.1155/2015/427138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is strongly associated with low back pain, a major cause of disability worldwide. An in-depth understanding of IVD cell physiology is required for the design of novel regenerative therapies. Accordingly, aim of this work was the study of IVD cell responses to mitogenic growth factors in a three-dimensional (3D) organotypic milieu, comprising characteristic molecules of IVD's extracellular matrix. In particular, annulus fibrosus (AF) cells were cultured inside collagen type-I gels, while nucleus pulposus (NP) cells in chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) supplemented collagen gels, and the effects of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF), basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF), and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I) were assessed. All three growth factors stimulated DNA synthesis in both AF and NP 3D cell cultures, with potencies similar to those observed previously in monolayers. CSA supplementation inhibited basal DNA synthesis rates, without affecting the response to growth factors. ERK and Akt were found to be phosphorylated following growth factor stimulation. Blockade of these two signaling pathways using pharmacologic inhibitors significantly, though not completely, inhibited growth factor-induced DNA synthesis. The proposed culture systems may prove useful for further in vitro studies aiming at future interventions for IVD regeneration.
Collapse
|
48
|
Wang C, Wang WJ, Yan YG, Xiang YX, Zhang J, Tang ZH, Jiang ZS. MicroRNAs: New players in intervertebral disc degeneration. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 450:333-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
49
|
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Laboratory study. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the differential gene expression of cytokines and growth factors in anterior versus posterior annulus fibrosus (AF) intervertebral disc (IVD) specimens. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Histological analysis has demonstrated regional differences in vascular and neural ingrowth in the IVD, and similar differences may exist for cytokine and growth factor expression in patients with degenerative disc disease (DDD). Regional expression of these cytokines may also be related to the pain experienced in DDD. METHODS IVD tissue was obtained from patients undergoing anterior lumbar interbody fusion surgery for back pain with radiological evidence of disc degeneration. For a control group, the discs of patients undergoing anterior lumbar discectomy for degenerative scoliosis were obtained as well. The tissue was carefully removed and separated into anterior and posterior AF. After tissue processing, an antibody array was completed to determine expression levels of 42 cytokines and growth factors. RESULTS Nine discs from 7 patients with DDD and 5 discs from 2 patients with scoliosis were analyzed. In the DDD group, there were 10 cytokines and growth factors with significantly increased expression in the posterior AF versus the anterior AF ([interleukin] IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, M-CSF, MDC, tumor necrosis factor β, EGF, IGF-1, angiogenin, leptin). In the scoliosis group, only angiogenin and PDGF-BB demonstrated increased expression in the posterior AF. No cytokines or growth factors had increased expression in the anterior AF compared with posterior AF. CONCLUSION The posterior AF expresses increased levels of cytokines and growth factors compared with the anterior AF in patients with DDD. This differential expression may be important for targeting treatment of painful IVDs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
Collapse
|
50
|
Presciutti SM, Paglia DN, Karukonda T, Soung DY, Guzzo R, Drissi H, Moss IL. PDGF-BB inhibits intervertebral disc cell apoptosis in vitro. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:1181-8. [PMID: 24841673 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD) results in deterioration of the spinal motion segment and can lead to debilitating back pain. Given the established mitotic and anti-apoptotic effects of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB (rhPDGF-BB) in a variety of cell types we postulated that rhPDGF-BB might delay disc cell degeneration through inhibition of apoptosis. To address this hypothesis, we treated human IVD cells isolated from five independent patients with rhPDGF-BB in monolayer and 3D pellet cultures. The anti-apoptotic potential, cell proliferative capacity, morphology/pellet differentiation, and gene expression of PDGF-treated IVD cells were evaluated via flow cytometry/immunohistochemistry, MTT assays, histology, and quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. We found that rhPDGF-BB treatment significantly inhibited cell apoptosis, increased cell proliferation and matrix production, and maintained mRNA expression of critical extracellular matrix genes. This study suggests two possible mechanisms for the anti-degenerative effects of rhPDGF-BB on human IVD cells. First, PDGF treatment strongly inhibited IVD cell apoptosis in 3D cultures. Second, rhPDGF-BB acts as an anabolic agent, promoting maintenance of IVD cell phenotype in 3D culture, based on the molecular and protein expression analysis. We speculate that rhPDGF-BB may be used as a biologic treatment to target early degenerative IVD disease in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Presciutti
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, MARB Building, 4th Floor, Farmington, Connecticut, 06030
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|