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Trippel SB. Harnessing Growth Factor Interactions to Optimize Articular Cartilage Repair. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1402:135-143. [PMID: 37052852 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-25588-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The failure of cartilage healing is a major impediment to recovery from joint disease or trauma. Growth factors play a central role in cell function and have been proposed as potential therapeutic agents to promote cartilage repair. Decades of investigation have identified many growth factors that promote the formation of cartilage in vitro and in vivo. However, very few of these have progressed to human trials. A growth factor that robustly augments articular cartilage healing remains elusive. This is not surprising. Articular cartilage repair involves multiple cellular processes and it is unlikely that any single agent will be able to optimally regulate all of them. It is more likely that multiple regulatory molecules may be required to optimize the maintenance and restoration of articular cartilage. If this is the case, then interactions among growth factors may be expected to play a key role in determining their therapeutic value. This review explores the hypothesis that growth factor interactions could help optimize articular cartilage healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Trippel
- Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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2
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Kim H, Seo J, Lee Y, Park K, Perry TA, Arden NK, Mobasheri A, Choi H. The current state of the osteoarthritis drug development pipeline: a comprehensive narrative review of the present challenges and future opportunities. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2022; 14:1759720X221085952. [PMID: 36504595 PMCID: PMC9732806 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x221085952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this narrative review article, we critically assess the current state of the osteoarthritis (OA) drug development pipeline. We discuss the current state-of-the-art in relation to the development and evaluation of candidate disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs) and the limitations associated with the tools and methodologies that are used to assess outcomes in OA clinical trials. We focus on the definition of DMOADs, highlight the need for an updated definition in the form of a consensus statement from all the major stakeholders, including academia, industry, regulatory agencies, and patient organizations, and provide a summary of the results of recent clinical trials of novel DMOAD candidates. We propose that DMOADs should be more appropriately targeted and investigated according to the emerging clinical phenotypes and molecular endotypes of OA. Based on the findings from recent clinical trials, we propose key topics and directions for the development of future DMOADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heungdeok Kim
- Institute of Bio Innovation Research, Kolon
Life Science, Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinwon Seo
- Institute of Bio Innovation Research, Kolon
Life Science, Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yunsin Lee
- Institute of Bio Innovation Research, Kolon
Life Science, Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kiwon Park
- Institute of Bio Innovation Research, Kolon
Life Science, Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Thomas A. Perry
- Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis Versus
Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford,
UK
| | - Nigel K. Arden
- Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and
Osteoarthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic
Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and
Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,Department of Regenerative Medicine, State
Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania,Department of Orthopedics and Department of
Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht,
Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Joint Surgery, The First
Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China,World Health Organization Collaborating Center
for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging, Université de
Liège, Liège, Belgium
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3
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Kulyar MFEA, Yao W, Mo Q, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Gao J, Li K, Pan H, Nawaz S, Shahzad M, Mehmood K, Iqbal M, Akhtar M, Bhutta ZA, Waqas M, Li J, Qi D. Regulatory Role of Apoptotic and Inflammasome Related Proteins and Their Possible Functional Aspect in Thiram Associated Tibial Dyschondroplasia of Poultry. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162028. [PMID: 36009620 PMCID: PMC9404426 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tibial dyschondroplasia debilities apoptotic and inflammasomal conditions that can further destroy chondrocytes. Inflammasomes are specialized protein complexes that process pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Moreover, there is mounting evidence that many of the signaling molecules that govern programmed cell death also affect inflammasome activation in a cell-intrinsic way. During the last decade, apoptotic functions have been described for signaling molecules involving inflammatory responses and cell death pathways. Considering these exceptional developments in the knowledge of processes, this review gives a glimpse of the significance of these two pathways and their connected proteins in tibial dyschondroplasia. The current review deeply elaborates on the elevated level of signaling mediators of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and the inflammasome. Although investigating these pathways’ mechanisms has made significant progress, this review identifies areas where more study is especially required. It might lead to developing innovative therapeutics for tibial dyschondroplasia and other associated bone disorders, e.g., osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, where apoptosis and inflammasome are the significant pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wangyuan Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Quan Mo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanmei Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jindong Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kewei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huachun Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shah Nawaz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Mudassar Iqbal
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akhtar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad Bhutta
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalakot 12350, Pakistan
| | - Jiakui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Animals Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (D.Q.)
| | - Desheng Qi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (D.Q.)
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Watson-Levings RS, Palmer GD, Levings PP, Dacanay EA, Evans CH, Ghivizzani SC. Gene Therapy in Orthopaedics: Progress and Challenges in Pre-Clinical Development and Translation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:901317. [PMID: 35837555 PMCID: PMC9274665 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.901317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In orthopaedics, gene-based treatment approaches are being investigated for an array of common -yet medically challenging- pathologic conditions of the skeletal connective tissues and structures (bone, cartilage, ligament, tendon, joints, intervertebral discs etc.). As the skeletal system protects the vital organs and provides weight-bearing structural support, the various tissues are principally composed of dense extracellular matrix (ECM), often with minimal cellularity and vasculature. Due to their functional roles, composition, and distribution throughout the body the skeletal tissues are prone to traumatic injury, and/or structural failure from chronic inflammation and matrix degradation. Due to a mixture of environment and endogenous factors repair processes are often slow and fail to restore the native quality of the ECM and its function. In other cases, large-scale lesions from severe trauma or tumor surgery, exceed the body’s healing and regenerative capacity. Although a wide range of exogenous gene products (proteins and RNAs) have the potential to enhance tissue repair/regeneration and inhibit degenerative disease their clinical use is hindered by the absence of practical methods for safe, effective delivery. Cumulatively, a large body of evidence demonstrates the capacity to transfer coding sequences for biologic agents to cells in the skeletal tissues to achieve prolonged delivery at functional levels to augment local repair or inhibit pathologic processes. With an eye toward clinical translation, we discuss the research progress in the primary injury and disease targets in orthopaedic gene therapy. Technical considerations important to the exploration and pre-clinical development are presented, with an emphasis on vector technologies and delivery strategies whose capacity to generate and sustain functional transgene expression in vivo is well-established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael S. Watson-Levings
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Glyn D. Palmer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Padraic P. Levings
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - E. Anthony Dacanay
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Christopher H. Evans
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MI, United States
| | - Steven C. Ghivizzani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Steven C. Ghivizzani,
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Ramesova A, Vesela B, Svandova E, Lesot H, Matalova E. Caspase-9 inhibition decreases expression of Mmp9 during chondrogenesis. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 157:403-413. [PMID: 34999953 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-02067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Besides cell death, caspase-9 participates in non-apoptotic events, including cell differentiation. To evaluate a possible impact on the expression of chondrogenic/osteogenic factors, a caspase-9 inhibitor was tested in vitro. For this purpose, mouse forelimb-derived micromass cultures, the most common chondrogenic in vitro model, were used. The following analyses were performed based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) arrays and real-time PCR. The expression of several chondrogenesis-related genes was shown to be altered, some of which may impact chondrogenic differentiation (Bmp4, Bmp7, Sp7, Gli1), mineral deposition (Alp, Itgam) or the remodelling of the extracellular matrix (Col1a2, Mmp9) related to endochondral ossification. From the cluster of genes with altered expression, Mmp9 showed the most significant decrease in expression, of more than 50-fold. Additionally, we determined the possible impact of caspase-9 downregulation on the expression of other Mmp genes. A mild increase in Mmp14 was observed, but there was no change in the expression of other studied Mmp genes (-2, -3, -8, -10, -12, -13). Interestingly, inhibition of Mmp9 in micromasses led to decreased expression of some chondrogenic markers related to caspase-9. These samples also showed a decreased expression of caspase-9 itself, suggesting a bidirectional regulation of these two enzymes. These results indicate a specific impact of caspase-9 inhibition on the expression of Mmp9. The localisation of these two enzymes overlaps in resting, proliferative and pre-hypertrophic chondrocytes during in vivo development, which supports their multiple functions, either apoptotic or non-apoptotic. Notably, a coincidental expression pattern was identified in Pik3cg, a possible candidate for Mmp9 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ramesova
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - B Vesela
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - E Svandova
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - H Lesot
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - E Matalova
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University, Brno, Czech Republic
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A comparative study of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation and NTG-101 molecular therapy to treat degenerative disc disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14804. [PMID: 34285277 PMCID: PMC8292352 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94173-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular replacement therapy using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and/or the delivery of growth factors are at the forefront of minimally invasive biological treatment options for Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD). In this study, we compared the therapeutic potential of a novel drug candidate, NTG-101 to MSCs, including rat cartilage derived stem cells (rCDSCs), bone marrow stem cells (rBMSCs) and human Umbilical Cord Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hUCMSCs) for the treatment of DDD. We induced DDD using a validated image-guided needle puncture injury in rat-tail IVDs. Ten weeks post-injury, animals were randomized and injected with MSCs, NTG-101 or vehicle. At the end of the study, histological analysis of the IVD-Nucleus Pulposus (NPs) injected with NTG-101 or rCDSCs showed a healthy or mild degenerative phenotype in comparison to vehicle controls. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed strong expression of aggrecan, collagen 2, brachyury and Oct4 in IVD-NPs injected with NTG-101. Our results also demonstrated suppression of inflammation induced p38 and NFκB resulting in inhibition of catabolic genes, but activation of Smad-2/3, Erk-1/2 and Akt-dependent signaling inducing anabolic genes in IVD-NP on treatment with NTG-101. In conclusion, a single injection of NTG-101 into the degenerative disc demonstrated superior benefits compared to stem cell transplantation.
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Tanaka N, Tsuno H, Ohashi S, Iwasawa M, Furukawa H, Kato T, Fukui N. The attenuation of insulin-like growth factor signaling may be responsible for relative reduction in matrix synthesis in degenerated areas of osteoarthritic cartilage. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:231. [PMID: 33639898 PMCID: PMC7916266 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04096-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In osteoarthritis (OA), cartilage matrix is lost gradually despite enhanced matrix synthesis by chondrocytes. This paradox may be explained, at least partly, by reduced chondrocyte anabolism in degenerated area of OA cartilage. However, to date, it is not known why chondrocyte anabolism is suppressed in those areas. Methods Cartilage was obtained from control knees and end-stage OA knees in macroscopically preserved areas and degenerated areas, and gene expression was analyzed in respective regions of cartilage using laser capture microdissection and qPCR. For the cartilage protein analysis, cartilage was obtained from preserved areas and degenerated areas of OA knees in pairs, and proteins were extracted using urea buffer. Protein concentrations were determined by Luminex and compared between the areas. Cartilage explants prepared from preserved areas and degenerated areas of OA knees were cultured in the presence or absence of an AKT inhibitor, and the gene expression was evaluated by qPCR. Finally, the expression of SP1 was evaluated in OA and control cartilage, and the significance of Sp1 on the expression of IGF1R and IRS1 was investigated in experiments using primary cultured chondrocytes. Results Within OA cartilage, the expression of IGF-1, IGF-2, IGF1R and IRS1 was reduced in degenerated areas compared to preserved areas, while the expression of all six IGF-binding protein genes examined was enhanced in the former areas. Consistent results were obtained by a protein analysis. In explant culture, the inhibition of AKT signaling abrogated the abundant matrix gene expression in the preserved areas over the degenerated areas, indicating that suppressed matrix synthesis in degenerated areas may be ascribed, at least partly, to attenuated IGF signaling. Within OA cartilage, the expression of Sp1 was considerably reduced in severely degenerated areas compared to preserved areas, which correlated well with the expression of IGF1R and IRS1. In experiments using primary cultured chondrocytes, the expression of IGF1R and IRS1 was enhanced by the induction of Sp1 expression and reduced by the suppression of Sp1 expression. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that attenuated IGF signaling may be responsible, at least partly, for the reduced matrix synthesis in degenerated areas of OA cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuho Tanaka
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Kanagawa, 252-0315, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Tsuno
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Kanagawa, 252-0315, Sagamihara, Japan.,Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, 18 - 1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Kanagawa, 252-0392, Sagamihara City, Japan
| | - Satoru Ohashi
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Kanagawa, 252-0315, Sagamihara, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, 252-0392, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Iwasawa
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Kanagawa, 252-0315, Sagamihara, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, 252-0392, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Furukawa
- Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, 3-1-1 Takeoka, Kiyose, 204-8585, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kato
- Clinical Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, 216-8511, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoshi Fukui
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Kanagawa, 252-0315, Sagamihara, Japan. .,Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8902, Tokyo, Japan.
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Hyaluronic acid-binding insulin-like growth factor-1: Creation of a gene encoding a bifunctional fusion protein. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9749-9756. [PMID: 33263932 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06034-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chondrogenic growth factors are promising therapeutic agents for articular cartilage repair. A persistent impediment to fulfilling this promise is a limited ability to apply and retain the growth factors within the region of cartilage damage that is in need of repair. Current therapies successfully deliver cells and/or matrices, but growth factors are subject to diffusion into the joint space and then loss from the joint. To address this problem, we created a novel gene that encodes a bifunctional fusion protein comprised by a matrix binding domain and a growth factor. The gene encodes the hyaluronic acid binding region of the cartilage matrix molecule, versican, and the chondrogenic growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). We delivered the gene in an adeno-associated virus-based plasmid vector to articular chondrocytes. The cells synthesized and secreted the fusion protein gene product. The fusion protein bound to hyaluronic acid and retained the anabolic and mitogenic actions of IGF-1 on the chondrocytes. This proof-of-concept study suggests that the bifunctional fusion protein, in concert with chondrocytes and a hyaluronic acid-based delivery vehicle, may serve as an intra-articular therapy to help achieve articular cartilage repair.
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Madry H, Venkatesan JK, Carballo-Pedrares N, Rey-Rico A, Cucchiarini M. Scaffold-Mediated Gene Delivery for Osteochondral Repair. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12100930. [PMID: 33003607 PMCID: PMC7601511 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteochondral defects involve both the articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone. If left untreated, they may lead to osteoarthritis. Advanced biomaterial-guided delivery of gene vectors has recently emerged as an attractive therapeutic concept for osteochondral repair. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the variety of biomaterials employed as nonviral or viral gene carriers for osteochondral repair approaches both in vitro and in vivo, including hydrogels, solid scaffolds, and hybrid materials. The data show that a site-specific delivery of therapeutic gene vectors in the context of acellular or cellular strategies allows for a spatial and temporal control of osteochondral neotissue composition in vitro. In vivo, implantation of acellular hydrogels loaded with nonviral or viral vectors has been reported to significantly improve osteochondral repair in translational defect models. These advances support the concept of scaffold-mediated gene delivery for osteochondral repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421 Homburg, Germany; (H.M.); (J.K.V.)
| | - Jagadeesh Kumar Venkatesan
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421 Homburg, Germany; (H.M.); (J.K.V.)
| | - Natalia Carballo-Pedrares
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, S-15071 A Coruña, Spain; (N.C.-P.); (A.R.-R.)
| | - Ana Rey-Rico
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, S-15071 A Coruña, Spain; (N.C.-P.); (A.R.-R.)
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421 Homburg, Germany; (H.M.); (J.K.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-684-1162-4987; Fax: +49-684-1162-4988
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10
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Müller S, Lindemann S, Gigout A. Effects of Sprifermin, IGF1, IGF2, BMP7, or CNP on Bovine Chondrocytes in Monolayer and 3D Culture. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:653-662. [PMID: 31608492 PMCID: PMC7065224 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
One possible approach to treat osteoarthritis (OA) is to counteract cartilage degeneration with anabolic compounds that stimulate chondrocyte proliferation and/or extracellular matrix (ECM) production. Several molecules including sprifermin (recombinant human fibroblast growth factor [FGF18]), insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF1] and -2 [IGF2], C-type natriuretic peptide [CNP], and bone metamorphic protein 7 [BMP7] have been shown to have these characteristics both in vitro and in vivo. However, it is not known how these molecules compare each other regarding their effect on phenotype and stimulation of ECM production in primary chondrocytes. The effects of sprifermin, IGF1, IGF2, CNP, and BMP7 were evaluated on bovine articular chondrocytes, first in monolayer to determine their effective concentrations, and then in three-dimensional (3D) culture at concentrations of 100 ng/ml for sprifermin; 300 ng/ml for IGF1, IGF2, and BMP7; and 10 nM for CNP. In 3D culture, the effects of a permanent exposure or a cyclic exposure consisting of 24 h incubation per week with the compounds were evaluated. All growth factors increased ECM production and cell proliferation to a similar extent but CNP had almost no effect on bovine chondrocytes. Sprifermin was more effective with cyclic exposure, IGF1, and IGF2 with permanent exposure, and BMP7 showed similar results with both exposures. Regarding the cell phenotype, sprifermin appeared to be the only compound favoring the chondrocyte phenotype; it decreased type I collagen expression and had no hypertrophic effect. Together, these results confirmed that sprifermin is a promising disease-modifying OA drug. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research® published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 38:653-662, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Müller
- Osteoarthritis Research, Merck KGaAFrankfurter Strasse 250Darmstadt64293Germany
| | - Sven Lindemann
- Osteoarthritis Research, Merck KGaAFrankfurter Strasse 250Darmstadt64293Germany
| | - Anne Gigout
- Osteoarthritis Research, Merck KGaAFrankfurter Strasse 250Darmstadt64293Germany
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Shin HJ, Park H, Shin N, Kwon HH, Yin Y, Hwang JA, Song HJ, Kim J, Kim DW, Beom J. Pink1-Mediated Chondrocytic Mitophagy Contributes to Cartilage Degeneration in Osteoarthritis. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111849. [PMID: 31684073 PMCID: PMC6912334 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage loss is a central event in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA), though other than mechanical loading, the biochemical mechanisms underlying OA pathology remain poorly elucidated. We investigated the role of Pink1-mediated mitophagy in mitochondrial fission, a crucial process in OA pathogenesis. We used a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced rodent model of OA, which inhibits the activity of articular chondrocytes, leading to disruption of glycolytic energy metabolism and eventual cell death. The OA rat cartilage exhibits significant induction of autophagy-related proteins LC3B and p62, similar to human osteoarthritic cartilage. Moreover, expression of Pink1 and Parkin proteins were also increased in OA. Here, we confirm that Pink1-mediated mitophagy leads to cell death in chondrocytes following MIA treatment, while deficiency in Pink1 expression was associated with decreased cartilage damage and pain behaviors in MIA-induced OA. Finally, we found that autophagy and mitophagy-related genes are highly expressed in human osteoarthritic cartilage. These results indicate that OA is a degenerative condition associated with mitophagy, and suggest that targeting the Pink1 pathway may provide a therapeutic avenue for OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jung Shin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
| | - Hyewon Park
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
| | - Nara Shin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
| | - Hyeok Hee Kwon
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
| | - Yuhua Yin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
| | - Jeong-Ah Hwang
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
| | - Hee-Jung Song
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
| | - Jinhyun Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
| | - Jaewon Beom
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06973, Korea.
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12
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Yi SW, Park JS, Kim HJ, Lee JS, Woo DG, Park KH. Multiply clustered gold-based nanoparticles complexed with exogenous pDNA achieve prolonged gene expression in stem cells. Theranostics 2019; 9:5009-5019. [PMID: 31410198 PMCID: PMC6691390 DOI: 10.7150/thno.34487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a stable and prolonged gene delivery system is a key goal in the gene therapy field. To this end, we designed and fabricated a gene delivery system based on multiply-clustered gold particles that could achieve prolonged gene delivery in stem cells, leading to improved induction of differentiation. Methods: Inorganic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) underwent three rounds of complexation with catechol-functionalized polyethyleneimine (CPEI) and plasmid DNAs (pDNAs), in that order, with addition of heparin (HP) between rounds, yielding multiply-clustered gold-based nanoparticles (mCGNPs). Via metal-catechol group interactions, the AuNP surface was easily coordinated with positively charged CPEIs, which in turn allowed binding of pDNAs. Results: Negatively charged HP was encapsulated with the positive charge of CPEIs via electrostatic interactions, making the NPs more compact. Repeating the complexation process yielded mCGNPs with improved transfection efficiency in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs); moreover, these particles exhibited lower cytotoxicity and longer expression of pDNAs than conventional NPs. This design was applied to induction of chondrogenesis in hMSCs using pDNA harboring SOX9, an important chondrogenic transcription factor. Prolonged expression of SOX9 induced by mCGNPs triggered expression of chondrocyte extracellular matrix (ECM) protein after 14 days, leading to more efficient chondrogenic differentiation in vitro and in vivo.
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13
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Charlier E, Deroyer C, Ciregia F, Malaise O, Neuville S, Plener Z, Malaise M, de Seny D. Chondrocyte dedifferentiation and osteoarthritis (OA). Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 165:49-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Shi S, Mercer S, Eckert GJ, Trippel SB. Regulation of articular chondrocyte catabolic genes by growth factor interaction. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:11127-11139. [PMID: 30809855 PMCID: PMC6716380 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is characterized by a loss of articular cartilage homeostasis in which degradation exceeds formation. Several growth factors have been shown to promote cartilage formation by augmenting articular chondrocyte anabolic activity. This study tests the hypothesis that such growth factors also play an anticatabolic role. We transferred individual or combinations of the genes encoding insulin-like growth factor-I, bone morphogenetic protein-2, bone morphogenetic protein-7, transforming growth factor-β1, and fibroblast growth factor-2, into adult bovine articular chondrocytes and measured the expression of catabolic marker genes encoding A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-4 and -5, matrix metalloproteinases-3 and -13, and interleukin-6. When delivered individually, or in combination, these growth factor transgenes differentially regulated the direction, magnitude, and time course of expression of the catabolic marker genes. In concert, the growth factor transgenes regulated the marker genes in an interactive fashion that ranged from synergistic inhibition to synergistic stimulation. Synergistic stimulation prevailed over synergistic inhibition, reaching maxima of 15.2- and 2.7-fold, respectively. Neither the magnitude nor the time course of the effect of the transgene combinations could be predicted on the basis of the individual transgene effects. With few exceptions, the data contradict our hypothesis. The results demonstrate that growth factors that are traditionally viewed as chondrogenic tend also to promote catabolic gene expression. The competing actions of these potential therapeutic agents add an additional level of complexity to the selection of regulatory factors for restoring articular cartilage homeostasis or promoting repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiliang Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University
School of Medicine
| | - Scott Mercer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University
School of Medicine
| | - George J. Eckert
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of
Medicine
| | - Stephen B. Trippel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University
School of Medicine.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University
School of Medicine.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University
Purdue University Indianapolis,To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Stephen B. Trippel: Department of Orthopaedics, Indiana University School of
Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; ; Tel. (317)
278-0085; Fax. (317) 274-3702
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15
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Shi S, Wang C, Chan A, Kirmani K, Eckert GJ, Trippel SB. Comparative Effectiveness of Structural versus Regulatory Protein Gene Transfer on Articular Chondrocyte Matrix Gene Expression. Cartilage 2019; 10:102-110. [PMID: 28703018 PMCID: PMC6376561 DOI: 10.1177/1947603517719317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The production of extracellular matrix is a necessary component of articular cartilage repair. Gene transfer is a promising method to improve matrix biosynthesis by articular chondrocytes. Gene transfer may employ transgenes encoding regulatory factors that stimulate the production of matrix proteins, or may employ transgenes that encode the proteins themselves. The objective of this study was to determine which of these 2 approaches would be the better choice for further development. We compared these 2 approaches using the transgenes encoding the structural matrix proteins, aggrecan or type II collagen, and the transgene encoding the anabolic factor, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). METHODS We transfected adult bovine articular chondrocytes with constructs encoding type II collagen, aggrecan, or IGF-I, and measured the expression of type II collagen ( COL2A1) and aggrecan ( ACAN) from their native genes and from their transgenes. RESULTS IGF-I gene ( IGF1) transfer increased the expression of the native chondrocyte COL2A1 and ACAN genes 2.4 and 2.9 times control, respectively. COL2A1 gene transfer did not significantly increase COL2A1 transcripts, even when the transgene included the genomic COL2A1 regulatory sequences stimulated by chondrogenic growth factors. In contrast, ACAN gene transfer increased ACAN transcripts up to 3.4 times control levels. IGF1, but not ACAN, gene transfer increased aggrecan protein production. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that the type II collagen and aggrecan production required for articular cartilage repair will be more effectively achieved by genes that encode anabolic regulatory factors than by genes that encode the matrix molecules themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiliang Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Congrong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Albert Chan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kashif Kirmani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - George J. Eckert
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana
University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Stephen B. Trippel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology,
Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Orthopaedic Surgery Service, Richard L.
Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Stephen B. Trippel, Department of
Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1130 West Michigan
Street, Suite 115, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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16
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Chen X, Zhang R, Zhang Q, Xu Z, Xu F, Li D, Li Y. Microtia patients: Auricular chondrocyte ECM is promoted by CGF through IGF‐1 activation of the IGF‐1R/PI3K/AKT pathway. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:21817-21824. [PMID: 30471105 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Ruhong Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Zhicheng Xu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Datao Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Yiyuan Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
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17
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Biochemical Markers in the Diagnosis of Posttraumatic Knee Osteoarthritis. Fam Med 2018. [DOI: 10.30841/2307-5112.4.2018.161296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Barrachina L, Remacha AR, Romero A, Vitoria A, Albareda J, Prades M, Roca M, Zaragoza P, Vázquez FJ, Rodellar C. Assessment of effectiveness and safety of repeat administration of proinflammatory primed allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells in an equine model of chemically induced osteoarthritis. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:241. [PMID: 30119668 PMCID: PMC6098603 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1556-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed at assessing the effectiveness and safety of repeated administrations of allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) primed with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon-γ in an equine model of chemically-induced osteoarthritis. Arthritis was induced in both radio-carpal (RC)-joints by amphotericin-B in 18 ponies, divided into three groups depending on the treatment injected: MSC-naïve (n = 7), MSC-primed (n = 7) and control (n = 4). The study consisted of two phases and used one RC-joint of each animal in each phase, with four months time-lapse, in order to assess two end-points. Clinical, synovial, radiological and ultrasonographic follow-up was performed. At six months, animals were euthanized and both carpi were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), gross anatomy, histopathology, histochemistry and gene expression. Results Clinical and synovial inflammatory signs were quicker reduced in MSC-treated groups and repeated allogeneic administration did not produce adverse reactions, but MSC-primed group showed slight and transient local inflammation after second injection. Radiology and MRI did not show significant differences between treated and control groups, whereas ultrasonography suggested reduced synovial effusion in MSC-treated groups. Both MSC-treated groups showed enhanced cartilage gross appearance at two compared to six months (MSC-naïve, p < 0.05). Cartilage histopathology did not reveal differences but histochemistry suggested delayed progression of proteoglycan loss in MSC-treated groups. Synovium histopathology indicated decreased inflammation (p < 0.01) in MSC-primed and MSC-naïve at two and six months, respectively. At two months, cartilage from MSC-primed group significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated collagen type II (COL2A1) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and downregulated cyclooxygenase-2 and interleukin (IL)-1β. At six months, MSC-treatments significantly downregulated TNFα (p < 0.05), plus MSC-primed upregulated (p < 0.05) COL2A1, aggrecan, cartilage oligomeric protein, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 and TGF-β1. In synovium, both MSC-treatments decreased (p < 0.01) matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression at two months and MSC-primed also downregulated TNFα (p < 0.05) and IL-1β (p < 0.01). Conclusions Both MSC-treatments provided beneficial effects, mostly observed at short-term. Despite no huge differences between MSC-treatments, the findings suggested enhanced anti-inflammatory and regulatory potential of MSC-primed. While further research is needed to better understand these effects and clarify immunogenicity implications, these findings contribute to enlarge the knowledge about MSC therapeutics and how they could be influenced. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1556-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Barrachina
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO - Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón IIS, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Servicio de Cirugía y Medicina Equina, Hospital Veterinario, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Rosa Remacha
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO - Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón IIS, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Romero
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO - Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón IIS, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Servicio de Cirugía y Medicina Equina, Hospital Veterinario, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Arantza Vitoria
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO - Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón IIS, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Servicio de Cirugía y Medicina Equina, Hospital Veterinario, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jorge Albareda
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO - Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón IIS, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza. Avda. San Juan Bosco, 15, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Prades
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO - Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón IIS, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Departament de Medicina i Cirugia Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Edifici H, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Roca
- Clínica Doctora Roca Diagnóstico Médico, Carrera del Sábado 4, local (Edificio Europa), 50006, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Zaragoza
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO - Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón IIS, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco José Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO - Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón IIS, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Servicio de Cirugía y Medicina Equina, Hospital Veterinario, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Clementina Rodellar
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO - Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón IIS, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
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19
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Bellavia D, Veronesi F, Carina V, Costa V, Raimondi L, De Luca A, Alessandro R, Fini M, Giavaresi G. Gene therapy for chondral and osteochondral regeneration: is the future now? Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:649-667. [PMID: 28864934 PMCID: PMC11105387 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2637-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy might represent a promising strategy for chondral and osteochondral defects repair by balancing the management of temporary joint mechanical incompetence with altered metabolic and inflammatory homeostasis. This review analysed preclinical and clinical studies on gene therapy for the repair of articular cartilage defects performed over the last 10 years, focussing on expression vectors (non-viral and viral), type of genes delivered and gene therapy procedures (direct or indirect). Plasmids (non-viral expression vectors) and adenovirus (viral vectors) were the most employed vectors in preclinical studies. Genes delivered encoded mainly for growth factors, followed by transcription factors, anti-inflammatory cytokines and, less frequently, by cell signalling proteins, matrix proteins and receptors. Direct injection of the expression vector was used less than indirect injection of cells, with or without scaffolds, transduced with genes of interest and then implanted into the lesion site. Clinical trials (phases I, II or III) on safety, biological activity, efficacy, toxicity or bio-distribution employed adenovirus viral vectors to deliver growth factors or anti-inflammatory cytokines, for the treatment of osteoarthritis or degenerative arthritis, and tumour necrosis factor receptor or interferon for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bellavia
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.
- Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Divisi 83, 90133, Palermo, Italy.
| | - F Veronesi
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - V Carina
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Divisi 83, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - V Costa
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Divisi 83, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - L Raimondi
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Divisi 83, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - A De Luca
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Divisi 83, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - R Alessandro
- Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Fini
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Giavaresi
- Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Divisi 83, 90133, Palermo, Italy
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
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20
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Betz VM, Keller A, Foehr P, Thirion C, Salomon M, Rammelt S, Zwipp H, Burgkart R, Jansson V, Müller PE, Betz OB. BMP-2 gene activated muscle tissue fragments for osteochondral defect regeneration in the rabbit knee. J Gene Med 2017; 19. [PMID: 28744947 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously published data indicate that BMP-2 gene activated muscle tissue grafts can repair large bone defects in rats. This innovative abbreviated ex vivo gene therapy is appealing because it does not require elaborative and time-consuming extraction and expansion of cells. Hence, in the present study, we evaluated the potential of this expedited tissue engineering approach for regenerating osteochondral defects in rabbits. METHODS Autologous muscle tissue grafts from female White New Zealand rabbits were directly transduced with an adenoviral BMP-2 vector or remained unmodified. Osteochondral defects in the medial condyle of rabbit knees were treated with either BMP-2 activated muscle tissue implants or unmodified muscle tissue or remained empty. After 13 weeks, repair of osteochondral defects was examined by biomechanical indentation testing and by histology/imunohistochemistry applying an extended O'Driscoll scoring system and histomorphometry. RESULTS Biomechanical investigations revealed a trend towards slightly improved mechanical properties of the group receiving BMP-2 activated muscle tissue compared to unmodified muscle treatment and empty defect controls. However, a statistically significant difference was noted only between BMP-2 muscle and unmodified muscle treatment. Also, histological evaluation resulted in slightly higher histological scores and improved collagen I/II ratio without statistical significance in the BMP-2 treatment group. Histomorphometry indicated enhanced repair of subchondral bone after treatment with BMP-2 muscle, with a significantly larger bone area compared to untreated defects. CONCLUSIONS Gene activated muscle tissue grafts showed potential for osteochondral defect repair. There is room for improvement via the use of appropriate growth factor combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker M Betz
- University Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology and Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Keller
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Foehr
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sportsorthopaedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Stefan Rammelt
- University Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology and Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans Zwipp
- University Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology and Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rainer Burgkart
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sportsorthopaedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Volkmar Jansson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter E Müller
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver B Betz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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21
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Rey-Rico A, Venkatesan JK, Schmitt G, Concheiro A, Madry H, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Cucchiarini M. rAAV-mediated overexpression of TGF-β via vector delivery in polymeric micelles stimulates the biological and reparative activities of human articular chondrocytes in vitro and in a human osteochondral defect model. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:6985-6996. [PMID: 29033566 PMCID: PMC5614797 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s144579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors are clinically adapted vectors to durably treat human osteoarthritis (OA). Controlled delivery of rAAV vectors via polymeric micelles was reported to enhance the temporal and spatial presentation of the vectors into their targets. Here, we tested the feasibility of delivering rAAV vectors via poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly (propylene oxide) (PPO) (poloxamer and poloxamine) polymeric micelles as a means to overexpress the therapeutic factor transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in human OA chondrocytes and in experimental human osteochondral defects. Application of rAAV-human transforming growth factor-beta using such micelles increased the levels of TGF-β transgene expression compared with free vector treatment. Overexpression of TGF-β with these systems resulted in higher proteoglycan deposition and increased cell numbers in OA chondrocytes. In osteochondral defect cultures, a higher deposition of type-II collagen and reduced hypertrophic events were noted. Delivery of therapeutic rAAV vectors via PEO-PPO-PEO micelles may provide potential tools to remodel human OA cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rey-Rico
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Jagadeesh K Venkatesan
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Gertrud Schmitt
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Angel Concheiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, R+ DPharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany.,Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, R+ DPharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
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22
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Tao K, Rey-Rico A, Frisch J, Venkatesan JK, Schmitt G, Madry H, Lin J, Cucchiarini M. rAAV-mediated combined gene transfer and overexpression of TGF-β and SOX9 remodels human osteoarthritic articular cartilage. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:2181-2190. [PMID: 26970525 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Direct administration of therapeutic candidate gene sequences using the safe and effective recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors is a promising strategy to stimulate the biologic activities of articular chondrocytes as an adapted tool to treat human osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage. In the present study, we developed a combined gene transfer approach based on the co-delivery of the pleiotropic transformation growth factor beta (TGF-β) with the specific transcription factor SOX9 via rAAV to human normal and OA chondrocytes in vitro and cartilage explants in situ in light of the mitogenic and pro-anabolic properties of these factors. Effective, durable co-overexpression of TGF-β and SOX9 significantly enhanced the levels of cell proliferation both in human normal and OA chondrocytes and cartilage explants over an extended period of time (21 days), while stimulating the biosynthesis of key matrix components (proteoglycans, type-II collagen) compared with control conditions (reporter lacZ gene transfer, absence of vector treatment). Of further note, expression of hypertrophic type-X collagen significantly decreased following co-treatment by the candidate vectors. The present findings show the value of combining the transfer and expression of potent candidate factors in human OA cartilage as a means to re-establish essential features of normal cartilage and counteract the pathological shift of homeostasis. These observations support the concept of developing dual therapeutic rAAV gene transfer strategies as future, adapted tools for the direct treatment of human OA. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:2181-2190, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Tao
- Institute of Arthritis, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Ana Rey-Rico
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Janina Frisch
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Jagadeesh K Venkatesan
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Gertrud Schmitt
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Jianhao Lin
- Institute of Arthritis, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Shi S, Wang C, Acton AJ, Eckert GJ, Trippel SB. Role of sox9 in growth factor regulation of articular chondrocytes. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:1391-400. [PMID: 25708223 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chondrogenic polypeptide growth factors influence articular chondrocyte functions that are required for articular cartilage repair. Sox9 is a transcription factor that regulates chondrogenesis, but its role in the growth factor regulation of chondrocyte proliferation and matrix synthesis is poorly understood. We tested the hypotheses that selected chondrogenic growth factors regulate sox9 gene expression and protein production by adult articular chondrocytes and that sox9 modulates the actions of these growth factors. To test these hypotheses, we delivered insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and/or bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7), or their respective transgenes to adult bovine articular chondrocytes, and measured changes in sox9 gene expression and protein production. We then knocked down sox9 gene expression with sox9 siRNA, and measured changes in the expression of the genes encoding aggrecan and types I and II collagen, and in the production of glycosaminoglycan, collagen and DNA. We found that FGF-2 or the combination of IGF-I, BMP-2, and BMP-7 increased sox9 gene expression and protein production and that sox9 knockdown modulated growth factor actions in a complex fashion that differed both with growth factors and with chondrocyte function. The data suggest that sox9 mediates the stimulation of matrix production by the combined growth factors and the stimulation of chondrocyte proliferation by FGF-2. The mitogenic effect of the combined growth factors and the catabolic effect of FGF-2 appear to involve sox9-independent mechanisms. Control of these molecular mechanisms may contribute to the treatment of cartilage damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiliang Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202-5111
| | - Congrong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202-5111
| | - Anthony J Acton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202-5111
| | - George J Eckert
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202-5111
| | - Stephen B Trippel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202-5111.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202-5111
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Madry H, Cucchiarini M. Gene therapy for human osteoarthritis: principles and clinical translation. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 16:331-46. [PMID: 26593049 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2016.1124084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent chronic joint disease. Its key feature is a progressive articular cartilage loss. Gene therapy for OA aims at delivering gene-based therapeutic agents to the osteoarthritic cartilage, resulting in a controlled, site-specific, long-term presence to rebuild the damaged cartilage. AREAS COVERED An overview is provided of the principles of gene therapy for OA based on a PubMed literature search. Gene transfer to normal and osteoarthritic cartilage in vitro and in animal models in vivo is reviewed. Results from recent clinical gene therapy trials for OA are discussed and placed into perspective. EXPERT OPINION Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors enable to directly transfer candidate sequences in human articular chondrocytes in situ, providing a potent tool to modulate the structure of osteoarthritic cartilage. However, few preclinical animal studies in OA models have been performed thus far. Noteworthy, several gene therapy clinical trials have been carried out in patients with end-stage knee OA based on the intraarticular injection of human juvenile allogeneic chondrocytes overexpressing a cDNA encoding transforming growth factor-beta-1 via retroviral vectors. In a recent placebo-controlled randomized trial, clinical scores were improved compared with placebo. These translational results provide sufficient reason to proceed with further clinical testing of gene transfer protocols for the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Madry
- a Center of Experimental Orthopaedics , Saarland University , Homburg/Saar , Germany
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- a Center of Experimental Orthopaedics , Saarland University , Homburg/Saar , Germany
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25
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Zhu Y, Tao H, Jin C, Liu Y, Lu X, Hu X, Wang X. Transforming growth factor-β1 induces type II collagen and aggrecan expression via activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and Smad2/3 signaling pathways. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5573-9. [PMID: 26165845 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)‑β regulates the anabolic metabolism of articular cartilage and prevents cartilage degradation. TGF‑β1 influences cellular proliferation, differentiation and the extracellular matrix through activation of the extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and Smad2/3 signaling pathways. However, it has remained to be fully elucidated precisely how the ERK1/2 and Smad2/3 signaling pathways mediate anabolic processes of articular cartilage. The present study investigated how ERK1/2 and Smad2/3 signaling mediate TGF‑β1‑stimulated type II collagen and aggrecan expression in rat chondrocytes. The results confirmed that TGF‑β1 stimulates type II collagen and aggrecan expression in rat chondrocytes, and furthermore, that the ERK1/2 and Smad2/3 signaling pathways were activated by TGF‑β1. Conversely, the TGF‑β receptor I (ALK5) kinase inhibitor SB525334 significantly impaired TGF‑β1‑induced type II collagen and aggrecan expression, coinciding with a reduction of ERK1/2 and Smad3 phosphorylation. In addition, TGF‑β1‑induced type II collagen and aggrecan expression were significantly suppressed by ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059. Similarly, TGF‑β1‑stimulated type II collagen and aggrecan expression were decreased in the presence of a Smad3 phosphorylation inhibitor SIS3. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that the ERK1/2 and Smad2/3 signaling pathways regulate type II collagen and aggrecan expression in rat chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, P.R. China
| | - Hairong Tao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, P.R. China
| | - Chen Jin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, P.R. China
| | - Yonzhang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, P.R. China
| | - Xiongwei Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, P.R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, P.R. China
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Chen X, Song F, Jhamb D, Li J, Bottino MC, Palakal MJ, Stocum DL. The Axolotl Fibula as a Model for the Induction of Regeneration across Large Segment Defects in Long Bones of the Extremities. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130819. [PMID: 26098852 PMCID: PMC4476796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the ability of the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) fibula to regenerate across segment defects of different size in the absence of intervention or after implant of a unique 8-braid pig small intestine submucosa (SIS) scaffold, with or without incorporated growth factor combinations or tissue protein extract. Fractures and defects of 10% and 20% of the total limb length regenerated well without any intervention, but 40% and 50% defects failed to regenerate after either simple removal of bone or implanting SIS scaffold alone. By contrast, scaffold soaked in the growth factor combination BMP-4/HGF or in protein extract of intact limb tissue promoted partial or extensive induction of cartilage and bone across 50% segment defects in 30%-33% of cases. These results show that BMP-4/HGF and intact tissue protein extract can promote the events required to induce cartilage and bone formation across a segment defect larger than critical size and that the long bones of axolotl limbs are an inexpensive model to screen soluble factors and natural and synthetic scaffolds for their efficacy in stimulating this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Fengyu Song
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Indiana-University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Deepali Jhamb
- School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jiliang Li
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Marco C. Bottino
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Indiana-University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mathew J. Palakal
- School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - David L. Stocum
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Stoddart MJ, Bara J, Alini M. Cells and secretome--towards endogenous cell re-activation for cartilage repair. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 84:135-45. [PMID: 25174306 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine approaches to cartilage tissue repair have mainly been concerned with the implantation of a scaffold material containing monolayer expanded cells into the defect, with the aim to differentiate the cells into chondrocytes. While this may be a valid approach, the secretome of the implanted cells and its effects on the endogenous resident cells, is gaining in interest. This review aims to summarize the knowledge on the secretome of mesenchymal stem cells, including knowledge from other tissues, in order to indicate how these mechanisms may be of value in repairing articular cartilage defects. Potential therapies and their effects on the repair of articular cartilage defects will be discussed, with a focus on the transition from classical cell therapy to the implantation of cell free matrices releasing specific cytokines.
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28
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Bleuel J, Zaucke F, Brüggemann GP, Niehoff A. Effects of cyclic tensile strain on chondrocyte metabolism: a systematic review. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119816. [PMID: 25822615 PMCID: PMC4379081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrocytes reorganize the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage in response to externally applied loads. Thereby, different loading characteristics lead to different biological responses. Despite of active research in this area, it is still unclear which parts of the extracellular matrix adapt in what ways, and how specific loading characteristics affect matrix changes. This review focuses on the influence of cyclic tensile strain on chondrocyte metabolism in vitro. It also aimed to identify anabolic or catabolic chondrocyte responses to different loading protocols. The key findings show that loading cells up to 3% strain, 0.17 Hz, and 2 h, resulted in weak or no biological responses. Loading between 3–10% strain, 0.17–0.5 Hz, and 2–12 h led to anabolic responses; and above 10% strain, 0.5 Hz, and 12 h catabolic events predominated. However, this review also discusses that various other factors are involved in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix in response to loading, and that parameters like an inflammatory environment might influence the biological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Bleuel
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Frank Zaucke
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
- Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Gert-Peter Brüggemann
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany
- Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Anja Niehoff
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany
- Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
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29
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Zhang H, Leng P, He T, Wang Y. Comparison of hIGF-1 gene transfection to the hBMSCs and human meniscal fibrochondrocytes. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:681-8. [PMID: 25738974 PMCID: PMC4357485 DOI: 10.12659/msm.891410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment strategies for meniscal injury are shifting from meniscectomy to repair, especially cell-based therapy. Delivering selected genes to donor cells can modify differentiation and proliferation. Efficiency of gene transfection and expression may relate to cell type. Material/Methods Full-length hIGF-1 cDNA was cloned into eukaryotic expression vector by PCR. Human BMSCs and meniscal fibrochondrocytes were isolated and cultured in vitro and hIGF-1 gene was transfected by FuGene 6. Expression of EGFP and hIGF-1 were determined. Biological activity of the hIGF-1 in medium was assessed by MTT chromatometry. Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot were used to assess the expression of exogenous genes. Efficacy of gene transfection was detected by immunohistochemistry staining and flow cytometry. Results Sequences of hIGF-1 were verified by sequence analysis. Expression of EGFP increased gradually and reached peak intensity 48 h after transfection. Transfection efficiency of BMSCs was higher than meniscal fibrochondrocytes. The population doubling time was decreased in both cell types. Peak concentration of hIGF-1 in the medium of BMSCs and meniscal cells was 32.5±4.8 ng/ml and 24.5±4.6 ng/ml, respectively. Secreted hIGF-1 possessed the ability to enhance proliferation of the cell line. Results of qPCR and Western blot confirmed the expression of hIGF-1. Type II collagen appeared within the cells, and percentage of cells in S stage was increased in both cell types after transfection. Conclusions hIGF-1 cDNA can be transfected into BMSCs and meniscal fibrochondrocytes, resulting in gene expression. Expression efficiency in BMSCs was higher than that in fibrochondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Ping Leng
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Tian He
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yingzhen Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
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30
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Duan L, Ma B, Liang Y, Chen J, Zhu W, Li M, Wang D. Cytokine networking of chondrocyte dedifferentiation in vitro and its implications for cell-based cartilage therapy. Am J Transl Res 2015; 7:194-208. [PMID: 25901191 PMCID: PMC4399086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is a golden treatment for large defects of the knee joint without osteoarthritis or other complications. Despite notable progresses, generation of a stable chondrocyte phenotype using progenitor cells remains a main obstacle for chondrocyte-based cartilage treatment. Monolayer chondrocyte expansion in vitro is accompanied by chondrocyte dedifferentiation, which produces a non-specific mechanically inferior extracellular matrix (ECM) unsuitable for ACI. In-depth understanding of the molecular events during chondrocyte dedifferentiation is required to maintain the capacity of in vitro expanded chondrocytes to produce hyaline cartilage-specific ECM. This review discusses key cytokines and signaling pathways involved in chondrocyte dedifferentiation from the standpoint of catabolism and anabolism. Some potential therapeutic strategies are also presented to counteract chondrocyte dedifferentiation for cell-based cartilage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Duan
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510182, Guangdong Province, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bin Ma
- Division of Immunology, University Children’s Hospital ZurichZurich 8032, Switzerland
| | - Yujie Liang
- School of Chemical Biology & Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate SchoolShenzhen 518055, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jielin Chen
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510182, Guangdong Province, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weimin Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mingtao Li
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510182, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Daping Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
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31
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Roughley PJ, Mort JS. The role of aggrecan in normal and osteoarthritic cartilage. J Exp Orthop 2014; 1:8. [PMID: 26914753 PMCID: PMC4648834 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-014-0008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggrecan is a large proteoglycan bearing numerous chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate chains that endow articular cartilage with its ability to withstand compressive loads. It is present in the extracellular matrix in the form of proteoglycan aggregates, in which many aggrecan molecules interact with hyaluronan and a link protein stabilizes each interaction. Aggrecan structure is not constant throughout life, but changes due to both synthetic and degradative events. Changes due to synthesis alter the structure of the chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate chains, whereas those due to degradation cause cleavage of all components of the aggregate. These latter changes can be viewed as being detrimental to cartilage function and are enhanced in osteoarthritic cartilage, resulting in aggrecan depletion and predisposing to cartilage erosion. Matrix metalloproteinases and aggrecanases play a major role in aggrecan degradation and their production is upregulated by mediators associated with joint inflammation and overloading. The presence of increased levels of aggrecan fragments in synovial fluid has been used as a marker of ongoing cartilage destruction in osteoarthritis. During the early stages of osteoarthritis it may be possible to retard the destructive process by enhancing the production of aggrecan and inhibiting its degradation. Aggrecan production also plays a central role in cartilage repair techniques involving stem cell or chondrocyte implantation into lesions. Thus aggrecan participates in both the demise and survival of articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Roughley
- Shriners Hospital for Children and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - John S Mort
- Shriners Hospital for Children and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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32
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Madry H, Cucchiarini M. Advances and challenges in gene-based approaches for osteoarthritis. J Gene Med 2014; 15:343-55. [PMID: 24006099 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), a paramount cause of physical disability for which there is no definitive cure, is mainly characterized by the gradual loss of the articular cartilage. Current nonsurgical and reconstructive surgical therapies have not met success in reversing the OA phenotype so far. Gene transfer approaches allow for a long-term and site-specific presence of a therapeutic agent to re-equilibrate the metabolic balance in OA cartilage and may consequently be suited to treat this slow and irreversible disorder. The distinct stages of OA need to be respected in individual gene therapy strategies. In this context, molecular therapy appears to be most effective for early OA. A critical step forward has been made by directly transferring candidate sequences into human articular chondrocytes embedded within their native extracellular matrix via recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors. Although extensive studies in vitro attest to a growing interest in this approach, data from animal models of OA are sparse. A phase I dose-escalating trial was recently performed in patients with advanced knee OA to examine the safety and activity of chondrocytes modified to produce the transforming growth factor β1 via intra-articular injection, showing a dose-dependent trend toward efficacy. Proof-of-concept studies in patients prior to undergoing total knee replacement may be privileged in the future to identify the best mode of translating this approach to clinical application, followed by randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany
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33
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Pothacharoen P, Najarus S, Settakorn J, Mizumoto S, Sugahara K, Kongtawelert P. Effects of sesamin on the biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in human articular chondrocytes in primary culture. Glycoconj J 2014; 31:221-30. [PMID: 24338203 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-013-9514-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that progressively causes a loss of joint functions and the impaired quality of life. The most significant event in OA is a high degree of degradation of articular cartilage accompanied by the loss of chondroitin sulfate-proteoglycans (CS-PGs). Recently, the chondroprotective effects of sesamin, the naturally occurring substance found in sesame seeds, have been proved in a rat model of papain-induced osteoarthritis. We hypothesized that sesamin may be associated with possible promotion of the biosynthesis of CS-PGs in human articular chondrocytes. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of sesamin on the major CS-PG biosynthesis in primary human chondrocyte. The effects of sesamin on the gene expression of the PG core and the CS biosynthetic enzymes as well as on the secretion of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in monolayer and pellet culture systems of articular chondrocytes. Sesamin significantly increased the GAGs content both in culture medium and pellet matrix. Real-time-quantitative PCR showed that sesamin promoted the expression of the genes encoding the core protein (ACAN) of the major CS-PG aggrecan and the biosynthetic enzymes (XYLT1, XYLT2, CHSY1 and CHPF) required for the synthesis of CS-GAG side chains. Safranin-O staining of sesamin treated chondrocyte pellet section confirmed the high degree of GAG accumulation. These results were correlated with an increased level of secreted GAGs in the media of cultured articular chondrocytes in both culture systems. Thus, sesamin would provide a potential therapeutic strategy for treating OA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peraphan Pothacharoen
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Intavaroros Road, Sripoom, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
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Blaney Davidson EN, Vitters EL, Bennink MB, van Lent PLEM, van Caam APM, Blom AB, van den Berg WB, van de Loo FAJ, van der Kraan PM. Inducible chondrocyte-specific overexpression of BMP2 in young mice results in severe aggravation of osteophyte formation in experimental OA without altering cartilage damage. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 74:1257-64. [PMID: 24448347 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In osteoarthritis (OA) chondrocytes surrounding lesions express elevated bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) levels. To investigate the functional consequence of chondrocyte-specific BMP2 expression, we made a collagen type II dependent, doxycycline (dox)-inducible BMP2 transgenic mouse and studied the effect of elevated BMP2 expression on healthy joints and joints with experimental OA. METHODS We cloned a lentivirus with BMP2 controlled by a tet-responsive element and transfected embryos of mice containing a collagen type II driven cre-recombinase and floxed rtTA to gain a mouse expressing BMP2 solely in chondrocytes and only upon dox exposure (Col2-rtTA-TRE-BMP2). Mice were treated with dox to induce elevated BMP2 expression. In addition, experimental OA was induced (destabilisation of the medial meniscus model) with or without dox supplementation and knee joints were isolated for histology. RESULTS Dox treatment resulted in chondrocyte-specific upregulation of BMP2 and severely aggravated formation of osteophytes in experimental OA but not in control mice. Moreover, elevated BMP2 levels did not result in alterations in articular cartilage of young healthy mice, although BMP2-exposure did increase VDIPEN expression in the articular cartilage. Strikingly, despite apparent changes in knee joint morphology due to formation of large osteophytes there were no detectible differences in articular cartilage: none with regard to structural damage nor in Safranin O staining intensity when comparing destabilisation of the medial meniscus with or without dox exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that chondrocyte-specific elevation of BMP2 levels does not alter the course of cartilage damage in an OA model in young mice but results in severe aggravation of osteophyte formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Blaney Davidson
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - E L Vitters
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M B Bennink
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P L E M van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A P M van Caam
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A B Blom
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - W B van den Berg
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - F A J van de Loo
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Shi S, Chan AG, Mercer S, Eckert GJ, Trippel SB. Endogenous versus exogenous growth factor regulation of articular chondrocytes. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:54-60. [PMID: 24105960 PMCID: PMC3936796 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic growth factors that regulate the function of articular chondrocytes are candidates for articular cartilage repair. Such factors may be delivered by pharmacotherapy in the form of exogenous proteins, or by gene therapy as endogenous proteins. It is unknown whether delivery method influences growth factor effectiveness in regulating articular chondrocyte reparative functions. We treated adult bovine articular chondrocytes with exogenous recombinant insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), or with the genes encoding these growth factors for endogenous production. Treatment effects were measured as change in chondrocyte DNA content, glycosaminoglycan production, and aggrecan gene expression. We found that IGF-I stimulated chondrocyte biosynthesis similarly when delivered by either exogenous or endogenous means. In contrast, exogenous TGF-β1 stimulated these reparative functions, while endogenous TGF-β1 had little effect. Endogenous TGF-β1 became more bioactive following activation of the transgene protein product. These data indicate that effective mechanisms of growth factor delivery for articular cartilage repair may differ for different growth factors. In the case of IGF-I, gene therapy or protein therapy appear to be viable options. In contrast, TGF-β1 gene therapy may be constrained by a limited ability of chondrocytes to convert latent complexes to an active form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiliang Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Albert G. Chan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Scott Mercer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - George J. Eckert
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Stephen B. Trippel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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Shi S, Mercer S, Eckert GJ, Trippel SB. Growth factor transgenes interactively regulate articular chondrocytes. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:908-19. [PMID: 23097312 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Adult articular chondrocytes lack an effective repair response to correct damage from injury or osteoarthritis. Polypeptide growth factors that stimulate articular chondrocyte proliferation and cartilage matrix synthesis may augment this response. Gene transfer is a promising approach to delivering such factors. Multiple growth factor genes regulate these cell functions, but multiple growth factor gene transfer remains unexplored. We tested the hypothesis that multiple growth factor gene transfer selectively modulates articular chondrocyte proliferation and matrix synthesis. We tested the hypothesis by delivering combinations of the transgenes encoding insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), and bone morphogenetic protien-7 (BMP-7) to articular chondrocytes and measured changes in the production of DNA, glycosaminoglycan, and collagen. The transgenes differentially regulated all these chondrocyte activities. In concert, the transgenes interacted to generate widely divergent responses from the cells. These interactions ranged from inhibitory to synergistic. The transgene pair encoding IGF-I and FGF-2 maximized cell proliferation. The three-transgene group encoding IGF-I, BMP-2, and BMP-7 maximized matrix production and also optimized the balance between cell proliferation and matrix production. These data demonstrate an approach to articular chondrocyte regulation that may be tailored to stimulate specific cell functions, and suggest that certain growth factor gene combinations have potential value for cell-based articular cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiliang Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5111
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Venkatesan JK, Rey-Rico A, Schmitt G, Wezel A, Madry H, Cucchiarini M. rAAV-mediated overexpression of TGF-β stably restructures human osteoarthritic articular cartilage in situ. J Transl Med 2013; 11:211. [PMID: 24034904 PMCID: PMC3847562 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic gene transfer is of significant value to elaborate efficient, durable treatments against human osteoarthritis (OA), a slow, progressive, and irreversible disorder for which there is no cure to date. Methods Here, we directly applied a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector carrying a human transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) gene sequence to primary human normal and OA chondrocytes in vitro and cartilage explants in situ to monitor the stability of transgene expression and the effects of the candidate pleiotropic factor upon the regenerative cellular activities over time. Results Efficient, prolonged expression of TGF-β achieved via rAAV gene transfer enhanced both the proliferative, survival, and anabolic activities of cells over extended periods of time in all the systems evaluated (at least for 21 days in vitro and for up to 90 days in situ) compared with control (reporter) vector delivery, especially in situ where rAAV-hTGF-β allowed for a durable remodeling of OA cartilage. Notably, sustained rAAV production of TGF-β in OA cartilage advantageously reduced the expression of key OA-associated markers of chondrocyte hypertrophic and terminal differentiation (type-X collagen, MMP-13, PTHrP, β-catenin) while increasing that of protective TIMPs and of the TGF-β receptor I in a manner that restored a favorable ALK1/ALK5 balance. Of note, the levels of activities in TGF-β-treated OA cartilage were higher than those of normal cartilage, suggesting that further optimization of the candidate treatment (dose, duration, localization, presence of modulating co-factors) will most likely be necessary to reproduce an original cartilage surface in relevant models of experimental OA in vivo without triggering potentially adverse effects. Conclusions The present findings show the ability of rAAV-mediated TGF-β gene transfer to directly remodel human OA cartilage by activating the biological, reparative activities and by regulating hypertrophy and terminal differentiation in damaged chondrocytes as a potential treatment for OA or for other disorders of the cartilage that may require transplantation of engineered cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh K Venkatesan
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr, Bldg 37, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany.
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Shi S, Mercer S, Eckert GJ, Trippel SB. Growth factor regulation of growth factor production by multiple gene transfer to chondrocytes. Growth Factors 2013; 31:32-8. [PMID: 23302100 PMCID: PMC3976180 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2012.750652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Of the many classes of molecules regulated by growth factors, growth factors themselves are not well investigated. We tested the hypothesis that combinations of endogenous growth factors interactively regulate the production of other growth factors. Growth factors have therapeutic potential for articular cartilage repair, and gene transfer is a promising approach to growth factor delivery. We tested the hypothesis using adult bovine articular chondrocytes treated with combinations of cDNAs encoding insulin-like growth factor I, bone morphogenetic protein-2 and protein-7, transforming growth factor β1, and fibroblast growth factor 2. We found that these growth factor transgenes regulated each other's growth factor production. This regulation ranged from stimulation to inhibition. Regulation by multiple transgenes was not predictable from the regulatory actions of the individual transgenes. Such interactions may be important for the selection of growth factor genes for cell-based therapies, including articular cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiliang Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5111, USA
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