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Xie T, Gu X, Pan R, Huang W, Dong S. Evodiamine ameliorates intervertebral disc degeneration through the Nrf2 and MAPK pathways. Cytotechnology 2024; 76:153-166. [PMID: 38495298 PMCID: PMC10940566 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-023-00605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammation are critical players in the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Evodiamine exerts functions in inhibiting inflammation and maintaining mitochondrial antioxidant functions. However, the biological functions of evodiamine and its related mechanisms in IDD progression remain unknown. The IDD-like conditions in vivo were stimulated via needle puncture. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, Safranin O/Fast Green staining and Alcian staining were performed to determine the degenerative status. The primary nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) were isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats and then treated with tert-butyl peroxide (TBHP) to induce cellular senescence and oxidative stress. The cell viability was assessed by cell counting kit-8 assays. The mitochondria-derived ROS in NPCs was evaluated by MitoSOX staining. The mitochondrial membrane potential in NPCs was identified by JC-1 staining and flow cytometry. The expression of collagen II in NPCs was measured by immunofluorescence staining. The levels of mRNAs and proteins were measured by RT-qPCR and western blotting. The Nrf2 expression in rat nucleus pulposus tissues was measured by immunohistochemistry staining. Evodiamine alleviated TBHP-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions in NPCs. The enhancing effect of TBHP on the ECM degradation was reversed by evodiamine. The TBHP-stimulated inflammatory response was ameliorated by evodiamine. Evodiamine alleviated the IDD process in the puncture-induced rat model. Evodiamine promoted the activation of Nrf2 pathway and inactivated the MAPK pathway in NPCs. In conclusion, evodiamine ameliorates the progression of IDD by inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunctions, ECM degradation and inflammation via the Nrf2/HO-1 and MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 49 Lihuangpi Road, Jiang’an District, Wuhan, 430014 China
| | - Xi Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 49 Lihuangpi Road, Jiang’an District, Wuhan, 430014 China
| | - Ruijie Pan
- College of Acupuncture and Bone Injury, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061 China
| | - Wenzhuo Huang
- College of Acupuncture and Bone Injury, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061 China
| | - Sheng Dong
- College of Acupuncture and Bone Injury, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061 China
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2
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Song C, Hu P, Peng R, Li F, Fang Z, Xu Y. Bioenergetic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration. Pharmacol Res 2024; 202:107119. [PMID: 38417775 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a frequent cause of low back pain and is the most common cause of disability. Treatments for symptomatic IVD degeneration, including conservative treatments such as analgesics, physical therapy, anti-inflammatories and surgeries, are aimed at alleviating neurological symptoms. However, there are no effective treatments to prevent or delay IVD degeneration. Previous studies have identified risk factors for IVD degeneration such as aging, inflammation, genetic factors, mechanical overload, nutrient deprivation and smoking, but metabolic dysfunction has not been highlighted. IVDs are the largest avascular structures in the human body and determine the hypoxic and glycolytic features of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that intracellular metabolic dysfunction is associated with IVD degeneration, but a comprehensive review is lacking. Here, by reviewing the physiological features of IVDs, pathological processes and metabolic changes associated with IVD degeneration and the functions of metabolic genes in IVDs, we highlight that glycolytic pathway and intact mitochondrial function are essential for IVD homeostasis. In degenerated NPs, glycolysis and mitochondrial function are downregulated. Boosting glycolysis such as HIF1α overexpression protects against IVD degeneration. Moreover, the correlations between metabolic diseases such as diabetes, obesity and IVD degeneration and their underlying molecular mechanisms are discussed. Hyperglycemia in diabetic diseases leads to cell senescence, the senescence-associated phenotype (SASP), apoptosis and catabolism of extracellualr matrix in IVDs. Correcting the global metabolic disorders such as insulin or GLP-1 receptor agonist administration is beneficial for diabetes associated IVD degeneration. Overall, we summarized the recent progress of investigations on metabolic contributions to IVD degeneration and provide a new perspective that correcting metabolic dysfunction may be beneficial for treating IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Song
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Peixuan Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Renpeng Peng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Zhong Fang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
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3
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Gu J, Zhou X, Xie L. Significance of Oxidative Stress in the Diagnosis and Subtype Classification of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Biochem Genet 2024; 62:193-207. [PMID: 37314550 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a common illness of aging, and its pathophysiological process is mainly manifested by cell aging and apoptosis, an imbalance in the production and catabolism of extracellular matrix, and an inflammatory response. Oxidative stress (OS) is an imbalance that decreases the body's intrinsic antioxidant defense system and/or raises the formation of reactive oxygen species and performs multiple biological functions in the body. However, our current knowledge of the effect of OS on the progression and treatment of IVDD is still extremely limited. In this study, we obtained 35 DEGs by differential expression analysis of 437 OS-related genes (OSRGs) between IVDD patients and healthy individuals from GSE124272 and GSE150408. Then, we identified six hub OSRGs (ATP7A, MELK, NCF1, NOX1, RHOB, and SP1) from 35 DEGs, and the high accuracy of these hub genes was confirmed by constructing ROC curves. In addition, to forecast the risk of IVDD patients, we developed a nomogram. We obtained two OSRG clusters (clusters A and B) by consensus clustering based on the six hub genes. Then, 3147 DEGs were obtained by differential expression analysis in the two clusters, and all samples were further divided into two gene clusters (A and B). We investigated differences in immune cell infiltration levels between different clusters and found that most immune cells had higher infiltration levels in OSRG cluster B or gene cluster B. In conclusion, OS is important in the formation and progression of IVDD, and we believe that our work will help guide future research on OS in IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Third Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery, Third Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery, Third Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China.
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4
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Wen P, Zheng B, Zhang B, Ma T, Hao L, Zhang Y. The role of ageing and oxidative stress in intervertebral disc degeneration. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1052878. [PMID: 36419928 PMCID: PMC9676652 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1052878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is the primary cause of intervertebral disc (IVD) disease. With the increased ageing of society, an increasing number of patients are plagued by intervertebral disc disease. Ageing not only accelerates the decreased vitality and functional loss of intervertebral disc cells but also increases intracellular oxidative stress. Moreover, the speed of intervertebral disc ageing is also linked to high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Not only is the production of ROS increased in ageing intervertebral disc cells, but antioxidant levels in degenerative intervertebral discs also decrease. In addition to the intervertebral disc, the structural components of the intervertebral disc matrix are vulnerable to oxidative damage. After chronic mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS can be produced in large quantities, while autophagy can eliminate these impaired mitochondria to reduce the production of ROS. Oxidative stress has a marked impact on the occurrence of IDD. In the future, IDD treatment is aiming to improve oxidative stress by regulating the redox balance in intervertebral disc cells. In summary, ageing and oxidative stress promote the degeneration of IVD, but further basic and clinical trials are needed to determine how to treat oxidative stress. At present, although there are many in-depth studies on the relationship between oxidative stress and degeneration of intervertebral disc cells, the specific mechanism has not been elucidated. In this paper, the main causes of intervertebral disc diseases are studied and summarized, and the impact of oxidative stress on intervertebral disc degeneration is studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wen
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bolong Zheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Binfei Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Linjie Hao
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yumin Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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Cheng Y, Yang H, Hai Y, Zhou L. Scientific literature landscape analysis of researches on oxidative stress in intervertebral disc degeneration in web of science. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:989627. [PMID: 36032668 PMCID: PMC9403418 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.989627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the development of disc degeneration and has attracted widespread attention since it was first researched in 2007. Our study aims to analyze the scientific output of oxidative stress in intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) and drive future research into new publications. Publications focused on this topic were retrieved from the SCI-EXPANDED (SCI-E) of the Web of Science (WOS) core collection database and were screened according to the inclusion criteria. Bibliometric website, VOSviewer, and Citespace software were used to evaluate and visualize the results, including annual publications, citations, authors, organizations, countries, research directions, funds, and journals. As of 16 February 2022, a total of 289 original articles and reviews were included, and the overall trend of the number of publications rapidly increased. China and the United States were the leading countries for research production in worldwide. The retrieved 289 publications received 5,979 citations, with an average of 20.67 citations and an H-index of 40. The most high-yield author, organization, country, research direction, fund, and journal were Wang K from Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science Technology, China, Cell Biology, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, respectively. The majority of most common keywords were related to the mechanisms and regulatory networks of oxidative stress. Furthermore, with accumulating evidence that demonstrates the role of oxidative stress in IDD, “mitochondria” and “senescence” are becoming the new research focus that should be paid more attention to.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yong Hai
- *Correspondence: Yong Hai, ; Lijin Zhou,
| | - Lijin Zhou
- *Correspondence: Yong Hai, ; Lijin Zhou,
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6
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Vigeland MD, Flåm ST, Vigeland MD, Espeland A, Kristoffersen PM, Vetti N, Wigemyr M, Bråten LCH, Gjefsen E, Schistad EI, Haugen AJ, Froholdt A, Skouen JS, Zwart JA, Storheim K, Pedersen LM, Lie BA. Correlation between gene expression and MRI STIR signals in patients with chronic low back pain and Modic changes indicates immune involvement. Sci Rep 2022; 12:215. [PMID: 34997115 PMCID: PMC8741947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04189-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Disability and distress caused by chronic low back pain (LBP) lacking clear pathoanatomical explanations cause huge problems both for patients and society. A subgroup of patients has Modic changes (MC), identifiable by MRI as vertebral bone marrow lesions. The cause of such changes and their relationship to pain are not yet understood. We explored the pathobiology of these lesions using profiling of gene expression in blood, coupled with an edema-sensitive MRI technique known as short tau inversion recovery (STIR) imaging. STIR images and total RNA from blood were collected from 96 patients with chronic LBP and MC type I, the most inflammatory MC state. We found the expression of 37 genes significantly associated with STIR signal volume, ten genes with edema abundancy (a constructed combination of STIR signal volume, height, and intensity), and one gene with expression levels significantly associated with maximum STIR signal intensity. Gene sets related to interferon signaling, mitochondrial metabolism and defense response to virus were identified as significantly enriched among the upregulated genes in all three analyses. Our results point to inflammation and immunological defense as important players in MC biology in patients with chronic LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dehli Vigeland
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Siri Tennebø Flåm
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnus Dehli Vigeland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ansgar Espeland
- Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Per Martin Kristoffersen
- Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nils Vetti
- Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Monica Wigemyr
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Christian Haugli Bråten
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Gjefsen
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Anne Froholdt
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Drammen Hospital, Drammen, Norway
| | - Jan Sture Skouen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - John-Anker Zwart
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjersti Storheim
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Physiotherapy, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linda Margareth Pedersen
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Physiotherapy, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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7
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Wang D, Hartman R, Han C, Zhou CM, Couch B, Malkamaki M, Roginskaya V, Van Houten B, Mullett SJ, Wendell SG, Jurczak MJ, Kang J, Lee J, Sowa G, Vo N. Lactate oxidative phosphorylation by annulus fibrosus cells: evidence for lactate-dependent metabolic symbiosis in intervertebral discs. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:145. [PMID: 34020698 PMCID: PMC8139157 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02501-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intervertebral disc degeneration contributes to low back pain. The avascular intervertebral disc consists of a central hypoxic nucleus pulpous (NP) surrounded by the more oxygenated annulus fibrosus (AF). Lactic acid, an abundant end-product of NP glycolysis, has long been viewed as a harmful waste that acidifies disc tissue and decreases cell viability and function. As lactic acid is readily converted into lactate in disc tissue, the objective of this study was to determine whether lactate could be used by AF cells as a carbon source rather than being removed from disc tissue as a waste byproduct. Methods Import and conversion of lactate to tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates and amino acids in rabbit AF cells were measured by heavy-isotope (13C-lactate) tracing experiments using mass spectrometry. Levels of protein expression of lactate converting enzymes, lactate importer and exporter in NP and AF tissues were quantified by Western blots. Effects of lactate on proteoglycan (35S-sulfate) and collagen (3H-proline) matrix protein synthesis and oxidative phosphorylation (Seahorse XFe96 Extracellular Flux Analyzer) in AF cells were assessed. Results Heavy-isotope tracing experiments revealed that AF cells imported and converted lactate into TCA cycle intermediates and amino acids using in vitro cell culture and in vivo models. Addition of exogenous lactate (4mM) in culture media induced expression of the lactate importer MCT1 and increased oxygen consumption rate by 50%, mitochondrial ATP-linked respiration by 30%, and collagen synthesis by 50% in AF cell cultures grown under physiologic oxygen (2-5% O2) and glucose concentration (1-5mM). AF tissue highly expresses MCT1, LDH-H, an enzyme that preferentially converts lactate to pyruvate, and PDH, an enzyme that converts pyruvate to acetyl-coA. In contrast, NP tissue highly expresses MCT4, a lactate exporter, and LDH-M, an enzyme that preferentially converts pyruvate to lactate. Conclusions These findings support disc lactate-dependent metabolic symbiosis in which lactate produced by the hypoxic, glycolytic NP cells is utilized by the more oxygenated AF cells via oxidative phosphorylation for energy and matrix production, thus shifting the current research paradigm of viewing disc lactate as a waste product to considering it as an important biofuel. These scientifically impactful results suggest novel therapeutic targets in disc metabolism and degeneration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13075-021-02501-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopedic and Spine Research, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, E1644 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Robert Hartman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopedic and Spine Research, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, E1644 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Enterprises, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopedic and Spine Research, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, E1644 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.,Tianjin Hospital, 406 Jiefang South Road Hexi District, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Chao-Ming Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopedic and Spine Research, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, E1644 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Brandon Couch
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopedic and Spine Research, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, E1644 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Matias Malkamaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopedic and Spine Research, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, E1644 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Vera Roginskaya
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Bennett Van Houten
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Steven J Mullett
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Health Sciences Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacy G Wendell
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Health Sciences Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - James Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Harvard University, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Joon Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopedic and Spine Research, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, E1644 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Gwendolyn Sowa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopedic and Spine Research, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, E1644 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA. .,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
| | - Nam Vo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopedic and Spine Research, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, E1644 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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8
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Target. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8880320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cytosolic organelles essential for cellular function and survival. The function of mitochondria is maintained by mitochondrial quality control systems including mitochondrial fission and fusion to adapt the altered environment and mitophagy for removal of damaged mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysfunction is closely involved in aging-related diseases. Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, an aging-associated process, is the major contributor to low back pain. Growing evidence has suggested that the mitochondrial function in IVD cells is severely compromised during the degenerative process of IVD, and dysfunctional mitochondria along with impaired mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy cause a series of cascade reactions that have been implicated in increased oxidative stress, senescence, matrix catabolism, and apoptosis of IVD cells, thereby contributing to the degeneration of IVD. Accordingly, therapies that target mitochondrial dysfunction and related mechanisms, such as ROS generation, mitophagy, and specific molecules and signaling, hold great promise. The present review summarizes the current state of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of IVD degeneration and potential therapeutic strategies that could be developed.
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9
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Zhang GZ, Deng YJ, Xie QQ, Ren EH, Ma ZJ, He XG, Gao YC, Kang XW. Sirtuins and intervertebral disc degeneration: Roles in inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 508:33-42. [PMID: 32348785 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is one of the main causes of low back pain, which seriously reduces the quality of life of patients and places a heavy economic burden on their families. Cellular senescence is considered to be an important factor leading to IDD, and inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction are closely related to intervertebral disc (IVD) senescence. Therefore, inhibition of the inflammatory response and oxidative stress, along with maintaining mitochondrial function, may be useful in treating IDD. The sirtuins are a family of evolutionarily conserved nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent histone deacetylases, which are the major molecules mediating life extension or delay of aging-related diseases. The sirtuin protein family consist of seven members (SIRT1 - 7), which are mainly involved in various aging-related diseases by regulating inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function. Among them, SIRT1, SIRT2, SIRT3, and SIRT6 are closely related to IDD. In addition, some activators of sirtuin proteins, such as resveratrol, melatonin, magnolol, 1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP), SRT1720, and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), have been evaluated in preclinical studies for their effects in preventing IDD. This review described the biological functions of sirtuins and the important roles of SIRT1, SIRT2, SIRT3, and SIRT6 in IDD by regulating oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and mitochondrial function. In addition, we introduce the status of some sirtuin activators in IDD preclinical studies. This review will provide a background for further clarification of the molecular mechanism underlying IDD and the development of potential therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhi Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Ya-Jun Deng
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Qi-Qi Xie
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - En-Hui Ren
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Zhan-Jun Ma
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Xue-Gang He
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Yi-Cheng Gao
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Xue-Wen Kang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China; Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China; The International Cooperation Base of Gansu Province for The Pain Research in Spinal Disorders, Gansu 730000, PR China.
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10
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Miao J, Zhou X, Ding W, You Z, Doheny J, Mei W, Chen Q, Mao J, Shen S. Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma Coactivator-1α Haploinsufficiency Promotes Pain Chronification After Burn Injury. Anesth Analg 2020; 130:240-247. [PMID: 30829673 PMCID: PMC6752970 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000004086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue injuries such as surgery and trauma are usually accompanied by simultaneous development of acute pain, which typically resolves along with tissue healing. However, in many cases, acute pain does not resolve despite proper tissue repair; rather, it transitions to chronic pain. In this study, we examined whether proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), a master regulator of mitochondria biogenesis, is implicated in pain chronification after burn injury in mice. METHODS We used PGC-1α and littermates PGC-1α mice of both sex. Burn injury was induced on these mice. Hindpaw mechanical withdrawal thresholds and thermal withdrawal latency were examined. RESULTS Hindpaw mechanical withdrawal thresholds and thermal withdrawal latencies were comparable at baseline between PGC-1α and PGC-1α mice. After burn injury, both PGC-1α and PGC-1α mice exhibited an initial dramatic decrease of withdrawal parameters at days 3 and 5 after injury. While PGC-1α mice fully recovered their withdrawal parameters to preinjury levels by days 11-14, PGC-1α mice failed to recover those parameters during the same time frame, regardless of sex. Moreover, we found that PGC-1α mice resolved tissue inflammation in a similar fashion to PGC-1α mice using a chemiluminescence-based reactive oxygen species imaging technique. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data suggest that PGC-1α haploinsufficiency promotes pain chronification after burn injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Miao
- MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Anesthesiology, The first affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihua Ding
- MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Anesthesiology, The first affiliated hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zerong You
- MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Jason Doheny
- MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Wei Mei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Jianren Mao
- MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Shiqian Shen
- MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
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11
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Averilla JN, Oh J, Kim JS. Carbon Monoxide Partially Mediates Protective Effect of Resveratrol Against UVB-Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Keratinocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E432. [PMID: 31581413 PMCID: PMC6827139 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the antioxidative effect of resveratrol (RES) in mitigating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through the induction of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2)/heme oxigenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway, we investigated whether the protective activity of RES against ROS-mediated cytotoxicity is mediated by intracellular carbon monoxide (CO), a product of HO-1 activity, in ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiated human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. The cells were exposed to UVB radiation following treatment with RES and/or CO-releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2). RES and/or CORM-2 upregulated HO-1 protein expression, accompanied by a gradual reduction of UVB-induced intracellular ROS levels. CORM-2 reduced intracellular ROS in the presence of tin protoporphyrin IX, an HO-1 inhibitor, indicating that the cytoprotection observed was mediated by intracellular CO and not by HO-1 itself. Moreover, CORM-2 decreased RES-stimulated mitochondrial quantity and respiration and increased the cytosolic protein expressions of radical-scavenging superoxide dismutases, SOD1 and SOD2. Taken together, our observations suggest that RES and intracellular CO act independently, at least partly, in attenuating cellular oxidative stress by promoting antioxidant enzyme expressions and inhibiting mitochondrial respiration in UVB-exposed keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice N Averilla
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology (BK21 Plus), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Jisun Oh
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Jong-Sang Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology (BK21 Plus), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
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12
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Rider SM, Mizuno S, Kang JD. Molecular Mechanisms of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Spine Surg Relat Res 2019; 3:1-11. [PMID: 31435545 PMCID: PMC6690117 DOI: 10.22603/ssrr.2017-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration is a well-known cause of disability, the result of which includes neck and back pain with associated mobility limitations. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the known molecular mechanisms through which intervertebral disc degeneration occurs as a result of complex interactions of exogenous and endogenous stressors. This review will focus on some of the identified molecular changes leading to the deterioration of the extracellular matrix of both the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus. In addition, we will provide a summation of our current knowledge supporting the role of associated DNA and intracellular damage, cellular senescence's catabolic effects, oxidative stress, and the cell's inappropriate response to damage in contributing to intervertebral disc degeneration. Our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which intervertebral disc degeneration occurs provides us with abundant insight into how physical and chemical changes exacerbate the degenerative process of the entire spine. Furthermore, we will describe some of the related molecular targets and therapies that may contribute to intervertebral repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Rider
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shuichi Mizuno
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James D Kang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Somasundaram SG, Muresanu C, Schield P, Makhmutovа A, Bovina EV, Fisenko VP, Hasanov NF, Aliev G. A Novel Non-invasive Effective Method for Potential Treatment of Degenerative Disc Disease: A Hypothesis. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:8-14. [PMID: 30332977 DOI: 10.2174/1871524918666181017152053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of the intervertebral discs plays a significant role in the people's life quality. There is not adequate research done in the pathogenesis and treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration. Alternately, self-educated physiology offers a novel and noninvasive method to reverse the degenerated discs. In this single case study, report attempts have been made to highlight the effect of the self-educative physiology, on magnetic resonance imaging investigations, of progressive healing, on the degenerated intervertebral discs. Based on this novel method, an effort has been made to review literature on the degeneration of intervertebral discs and available mode of treatments and then to propose a hypothesis for the biochemical mechanisms of healing. The idea is that transforming growth factor-β1 from seminal plasma secretions may contribute to releasing the osteogenic protein- 1 which induces nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus cells in intervertebral discs for repairs. In addition, the patient's medical history is presented with background information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva G Somasundaram
- Departments of Biology & Health Education, Salem University, 223 West Main Street, Salem, WV 26426, United States
- NAFA LLC, 64 Carolina Ave, Salem, WV 26426, United States
| | - Cristian Muresanu
- Romanian Television, TVR Cluj, 160 Donath Street, Cluj-Napoca, CJ 400293, Romania
| | - Pamela Schield
- School of Education & Athletics, Salem University, Salem, WV 26426, United States
| | - Alfiya Makhmutovа
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Elena V Bovina
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir P Fisenko
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str., 8, Bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Nusrat F Hasanov
- Neurology Division, Central Sharur District Hospital, Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, Azerbaijan
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russian Federation
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str., 8, Bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
- "GALLY" International Biomedical Research Consulting LLC., 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
- School of Health Science and Healthcare Administration, University of Atlanta, E. Johns Crossing, #175, Johns Creek, GA 30097, United States
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Propionibacterium acnes Induces Intervertebral Disc Degeneration by Promoting iNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE 2 Activation via the ROS-Dependent NF- κB Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:3692752. [PMID: 30210652 PMCID: PMC6120277 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3692752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is a novel pathogenic factor promoting intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). However, the underlying mechanisms by which P. acnes induces IVDD have been unclear. In this study, we quantified the severity of IVDD, as well as the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/nitric oxide (NO) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2)/prostaglandin (PGE2) in human intervertebral discs (IVDs) infected with P. acnes. Compared with P. acnes-negative IVDs, P. acnes-positive IVDs showed increased iNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE2 activity concomitant with more severe IVDD. In order to detect the potential correlation between iNOS/NO expression, COX-2/PGE2 expression, and IVDD, we developed a P. acnes-induced IVDD rat model and found that the upregulation of iNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE2 was essential to the occurrence of P. acnes-induced IVDD. This finding was supported by the fact that the inhibition of iNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE2 activity ameliorated IVDD significantly, as evidenced by restored aggrecan and collagen II expression both in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, we found that P. acnes induced iNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE2 expressions via a reactive oxygen species- (ROS-) dependent NF-κB cascade. Furthermore, NADPH oxidase participated in P. acnes-induced ROS, iNOS/NO, and COX-2/PGE2 expressions. Overall, these findings further validated the involvement of P. acnes in the pathology of IVDD and provided evidence that P. acnes-induced iNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE2 activation via the ROS-dependent NF-κB pathway is likely responsible for the pathology of IVDD.
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15
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Oxygen-Sensing Nox4 Generates Genotoxic ROS to Induce Premature Senescence of Nucleus Pulposus Cells through MAPK and NF- κB Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:7426458. [PMID: 29147462 PMCID: PMC5632907 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7426458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Senescence is a crucial driver of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Disc cells are exposed to high oxygen tension due to neovascularization in degenerative discs. However, the effect of oxygen tension on disc cell senescence was unknown. Herein, rat nucleus pulposus (NP) cells were cultured under 20% O2 or 1% O2. Consequently, ROS induced by 20% O2 caused DNA damage and then activated p53-p21-Rb and p16-Rb pathways via ERK signaling to induce NP cell senescence. It also induced catabolic and proinflammatory phenotype of NP cells via MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Furthermore, 20% O2 was found to upregulate Nox4 in NP cells. Small interfering RNA against Nox4 reduced ROS production induced by 20% O2 and consequently suppressed premature senescence of NP cells. On the contrary, NP cells overexpressing Nox4 produced more ROS and rapidly developed senescent signs. In consistent with the in vitro studies, the expression of Nox4, p21, and Rb was upregulated in rat degenerative discs. This study, for the first time, demonstrates that Nox4 is an oxygen-sensing enzyme and a main ROS source in NP cells. Nox4-dependent ROS are genotoxic and a potent trigger of NP cell senescence. Nox4 is a potential therapeutic target for disc cell senescence and IDD.
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16
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ROS: Crucial Intermediators in the Pathogenesis of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017. [PMID: 28392887 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5601593.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in degenerative intervertebral disc (IVD) indicates the contribution of oxidative stress to IVD degeneration (IDD), giving a novel insight into the pathogenesis of IDD. ROS are crucial intermediators in the signaling network of disc cells. They regulate the matrix metabolism, proinflammatory phenotype, apoptosis, autophagy, and senescence of disc cells. Oxidative stress not only reinforces matrix degradation and inflammation, but also promotes the decrease in the number of viable and functional cells in the microenvironment of IVDs. Moreover, ROS modify matrix proteins in IVDs to cause oxidative damage of disc extracellular matrix, impairing the mechanical function of IVDs. Consequently, the progression of IDD is accelerated. Therefore, a therapeutic strategy targeting oxidative stress would provide a novel perspective for IDD treatment. Various antioxidants have been proposed as effective drugs for IDD treatment. Antioxidant supplementation suppresses ROS production in disc cells to promote the matrix synthesis of disc cells and to prevent disc cells from death and senescence in vitro. However, there is not enough in vivo evidence to support the efficiency of antioxidant supplementation to retard the process of IDD. Further investigations based on in vivo and clinical studies will be required to develop effective antioxidative therapies for IDD.
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ROS: Crucial Intermediators in the Pathogenesis of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:5601593. [PMID: 28392887 PMCID: PMC5368368 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5601593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in degenerative intervertebral disc (IVD) indicates the contribution of oxidative stress to IVD degeneration (IDD), giving a novel insight into the pathogenesis of IDD. ROS are crucial intermediators in the signaling network of disc cells. They regulate the matrix metabolism, proinflammatory phenotype, apoptosis, autophagy, and senescence of disc cells. Oxidative stress not only reinforces matrix degradation and inflammation, but also promotes the decrease in the number of viable and functional cells in the microenvironment of IVDs. Moreover, ROS modify matrix proteins in IVDs to cause oxidative damage of disc extracellular matrix, impairing the mechanical function of IVDs. Consequently, the progression of IDD is accelerated. Therefore, a therapeutic strategy targeting oxidative stress would provide a novel perspective for IDD treatment. Various antioxidants have been proposed as effective drugs for IDD treatment. Antioxidant supplementation suppresses ROS production in disc cells to promote the matrix synthesis of disc cells and to prevent disc cells from death and senescence in vitro. However, there is not enough in vivo evidence to support the efficiency of antioxidant supplementation to retard the process of IDD. Further investigations based on in vivo and clinical studies will be required to develop effective antioxidative therapies for IDD.
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18
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Gruber HE, Hoelscher GL, Ingram JA, Bethea S, Hanley EN. Autophagy in the Degenerating Human Intervertebral Disc: In Vivo Molecular and Morphological Evidence, and Induction of Autophagy in Cultured Annulus Cells Exposed to Proinflammatory Cytokines-Implications for Disc Degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2015; 40:773-82. [PMID: 26091153 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000000865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Autophagy-related gene expression and ultrastructural features of autophagy were studied in human discs. OBJECTIVE To obtain molecular/morphological data on autophagy in human disc degeneration and cultured human annulus cells exposed to proinflammatory cytokines. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Autophagy is an important process by which cytoplasm and organelles are degraded; this adaptive response to sublethal stresses (such as nutrient deprivation present in disc degeneration) supplies needed metabolites. Little is known about autophagic processes during disc degeneration. METHODS Human disc specimens were obtained after institutional review board approval. Annulus mRNA was analyzed to determine autophagy-related gene expression levels. Immunolocalization and ultrastructural studies for p62, ATG3, ATG4B, ATG4C, ATG7, L3A, ULK-2, and beclin were conducted. In vitro experiments used IL-1β- or TNF-α-treated human annulus cells to test for autophagy-related gene expression. RESULTS More degenerated versus healthier discs showed significantly greater upregulation of well-recognized autophagy-related genes (P ≤ 0.028): beclin 1 (upregulated 1.6-fold); ATG8 (LC3) (upregulated 2.0-fold); ATG12 (upregulated 4.0-fold); presenilin 1 (upregulated 1.6-fold); cathepsin B (upregulated 4.5-fold). p62 was localized, and ultrastructure showed autophagic vacuolization and autophagosomes with complex, redundant whorls of membrane-derived material. In vitro, proinflammatory cytokines significantly upregulated autophagy-related genes (P ≤ 0.04): DRAM1 (6.24-fold); p62 (4.98-fold); PIM-2 oncogene, a positive regulator of autophagy (3-fold); WIPI49 (linked to starvation-induced autophagy) (upregulated 2.3-fold). CONCLUSION Data provide initial molecular and morphological evidence for the presence of autophagy in the degenerating human annulus. In vivo gene analyses showed greater autophagy-related gene expression in more degenerated than healthier discs. In vitro data suggested a mechanism implicating a role of TNF-α and IL-1β in disc autophagy. Findings suggest the importance of future work to investigate the relationship of autophagy to apoptosis, cell death, cell senescence, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the aging and degenerating disc. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Gruber
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC
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Flatters SJ. The Contribution of Mitochondria to Sensory Processing and Pain. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 131:119-46. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Dittmar R, van Dijk BGM, van Zandvoort MAMJ, Ito K. In situ label-free cell viability assessment of nucleus pulposus tissue. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:545-50. [PMID: 24391094 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine approaches aiming at treating degenerating intervertebral discs, a major cause of back pain, are increasingly tested in ex-vivo disc explant models mimicking in-vivo conditions. For assessing the efficacy of regenerative therapies, cell viability is commonly measured requiring specific labels to stain cells. Here, we demonstrate and evaluate how cellular auto-fluorescence can be utilized to non-invasively assess viability in disc tissue in-situ using label-free two-photon microscopy. Live and dead bovine disc cells (0% and 100% cell viability) from the nucleus pulposus were seeded into collagen gels and auto-fluorescence was characterized. Subsequently, nucleus pulposus explants were cultured for 6 days in media with different glucose supplementation (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 g/L) to induce different degrees of cell death. Then, samples were split and viability was assessed using label-free two-photon microscopy and conventional staining. Results show that live and dead nucleus pulposus cells systematically emit auto-fluorescent light with distinct characteristics. Cell viability values obtained with label-free microscopy did not significantly differ from those acquired with staining. In summary, monitoring auto-fluorescence facilitates accurate cell viability assessment in nucleus tissue requiring no additional dyes. Thus, this technique may be suitable for pre-clinical testing of regenerative therapies in nucleus pulposus cultures. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:545-550, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Dittmar
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, GEM-Z 4.115, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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