1
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Su M, Huang M, Pang Z, Wei Y, Gao Y, Zhang J, Qian S, Heng W. Functional in situ formed deep eutectic solvents improving mechanical properties of powders by enhancing interfacial interactions. Int J Pharm 2023:123181. [PMID: 37364786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
As novel green solvents, deep eutectic solvent (DES) with distinct liquid properties has gained increasing interest in pharmaceutical fields. In this study, DES was firstly utilized for improving powder mechanical properties and tabletability of drugs, and the interfacial interaction mechanism was explored. Honokiol (HON), a natural bioactive compound, was used as model drug, and two novel HON-based DESs were synthesized with choline chloride (ChCl) and l-menthol (Men), respectively. The extensive non-covalent interactions were account for DES formation according to FTIR, 1H NMR and DFT calculation. PLM, DSC and solid-liquid phase diagram revealed that DES successfully in situ formed in HON powders, and the introduction of trace amount DES (99:1 w/w for HON-ChCl, 98:2 w/w for HON-Men) significantly improve mechanical properties of HON. Surface energy analysis and molecular simulation revealed that the introduced DES promoted the formation of solid-liquid interfaces and generation of polar interactions, which increase interparticulate interactions, thus better tabletability. Compared to nonionic HON-Men DES, ionic HON-ChCl DES exhibited better improvement effect, since their more hydrogen-bonding interactions and higher viscosity promote stronger interfacial interactions and adhesion effect. The current study provides a brand-new green strategy for improving powder mechanical properties and fills in the blank of DES application in pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Su
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Maoli Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Zunting Pang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yuanfeng Wei
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Shuai Qian
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Weili Heng
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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2
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Han Won D, Park H, Seo JW, Woo Jang S, Ha ES, Kim MS. Active coating of immediate-release evogliptin tartrate to prepare fixed dose combination tablet with sustained-release metformin HCl. Int J Pharm 2022; 623:121927. [PMID: 35716979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to develop a fixed dose combination (FDC) tablet containing a low dose of evogliptin tartrate (6.87 mg) for immediate release combined with a high dose (1000 mg) of sustained-release (SR) metformin HCl appropriate for once daily dosing the treatment of type 2 diabetes. To prepare the FDC tablets, an active coating was used in this study, whereby evogliptin tartrate film was layered on a matrix core tablet containing metformin HCl. To overcome the problem caused by a low-dose drug in combination with a relatively large matrix tablet containing high-dose drug, it was also aimed to confirm the formulation and coating operation for satisfactory content uniformity, and to describe the chemical stability during storage of the amorphous active coating layer formulation in relation to molecular mobility. Furthermore, the in vitro release and in vivo pharmacokinetic profiles of metformin HCl and evogliptin tartrate in the FDC active coating tablet were compared to those of the commercially marketed reference drugs, Diabex XR® (Daewoong, Seoul, Korea) containing metformin HCl and Suganon® (Donga ST, Seoul, Korea) containing evogliptin tartrate. In conclusion, the newly developed FDC active coating tablet in this study was confirmed to be bioequivalent to the reference marketed products in beagle dogs, with satisfactory content uniformity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han Won
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Dong-A ST Co. Ltd., Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi 446-905, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, 33, Samyangro 144-gil, Dobong-gu, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Woong Seo
- Dong-A ST Co. Ltd., Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi 446-905, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Woo Jang
- Dong-A ST Co. Ltd., Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi 446-905, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sol Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Su M, Pang Z, Li L, Ren J, Yuan F, Lv F, Han J, Wei Y, Gao Y, Zhang J, Qian S. Charge-assisted bond and molecular self-assembly drive the gelation of lenvatinib mesylate. Int J Pharm 2021; 607:121019. [PMID: 34416330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lenvatinib mesylate (LM) is a first-line anticancer agent for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma, while it formed viscoelastic hydrogel when contacting with aqueous medium, which would significantly hinder its in vitro dissolution. The aim of this study was to systematicly explore the gelation mechanism and gel properties via thermal analysis, rheology, morphology and spectroscopy studies. The formed hydrogel was found to be composed of a new polymorph of crystalline LM, and its mechanical strength depended on the cross-linking degree of the fibrillar network structure. Spectroscopy analyses revealed that the intermolecular hydrogen bonds (the bifurcated hydrogen bond between the adjacent urea groups and the NH⋯OC hydrogen bond between the primary amide groups) as well as π-π stacking interactions (between the benzene ring and the quinoline ring) were suggested to be the driving forces for the self-assembly of LM during gelation process. Additionally, no gelation phenomenon was observed when suspending the base form lenvatinib in water, while it could form gel in various acidic solutions (e.g. hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid and methanesulfonic acid) because the regenerated N+-H group increased the solubility of lenvatinib and promoted the balance between the dissolution or aggregation of LX (X: acid radical ion) molecules in solutions. In conclusion, the charge-assisted bond N+-H in LM molecule and intermolecular non-covalent interactions drived the hydrogel formation of LM in aqueous media. This study elucidates the gelation mechanism and gel properties of LM hydrogel, which would be helpful to figure out strategy to eliminate its gelation fundamentally and pave the way for its further formulation development in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Su
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Zunting Pang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Luyuan Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Junjie Ren
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Nanjing F&S Pharmatech Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211805, PR China
| | - Fusheng Lv
- Nanjing F&S Pharmatech Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211805, PR China
| | - Jiawei Han
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Yuanfeng Wei
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
| | - Shuai Qian
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
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4
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Newman A, Zografi G. What Are the Important Factors That Influence API Crystallization in Miscible Amorphous API-Excipient Mixtures during Long-Term Storage in the Glassy State? Mol Pharm 2021; 19:378-391. [PMID: 34378939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this Perspective, the authors examine the various factors that should be considered when attempting to use miscible amorphous API-excipient mixtures (amorphous solid dispersions and coamorphous systems) to prevent the solid-state crystallization of API molecules when isothermally stored for long periods of time (a year or more) in the glassy state. After presenting an overview of a variety of studies designed to obtain a better understanding of possible mechanisms by which amorphous API undergo physical instability and by which excipients generally appear to inhibit API crystallization from the amorphous state, we examined 78 studies that reported acceptable physical stability of such systems, stored below Tg under "dry" conditions for one year or more. These results were examined more closely in terms of two major contributing factors: the degree to which a reduction in diffusional molecular mobility and API-excipient molecular interactions operates to inhibit crystallization. These two parameters were chosen because the data are readily available in early development to help compare amorphous systems. Since Tg - T = 50 K is often used as a rule of thumb for the establishing the minimum value below Tg required to reduce diffusional mobility to a period of years, it was interesting to observe that 30 of the 78 studies still produced significant physical stability at values of Tg - T < 50 K (3-47 °C), suggesting that factors besides diffusive molecular mobility likely contribute. A closer look at the Tg - T < 50 systems shows that hydrogen bonding, proton transfer, disruption of API-API self-associations (such as dimers), and possible π-π stacking were reported for most of the systems. In contrast, five crystallized systems that were monitored for a year or more were also examined. These systems exhibited Tg - T values of 9-79, with three of them exhibiting Tg - T < 50. For these three samples, none displayed molecular interactions by infrared spectroscopy. A discussion on the impact of relative humidity on long-term crystallization in the glass was included, with attention paid to the relative water vapor sorption by various excipients and effects on diffusive mobility and molecular interactions between API and excipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Newman
- Seventh Street Development Group, Kure Beach, North Carolina 28449, United States
| | - George Zografi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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5
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Yarlagadda DL, Sai Krishna Anand V, Nair AR, Navya Sree KS, Dengale SJ, Bhat K. Considerations for the selection of co-formers in the preparation of co-amorphous formulations. Int J Pharm 2021; 602:120649. [PMID: 33915186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Co-amorphous drug delivery systems are evolving as a credible alternative to amorphous solid dispersions technology. In Co-amorphous systems (CAMs), a drug is stabilized in amorphous form using small molecular weight compounds called as co-formers. A wide variety of small molecular weight co-formers have been leveraged in the preparation of CAMs. The stability and supersaturation potential of prepared co-amorphous phases largely depend on the type of co-former employed in the CAMs. However, the rationality behind the co-former selection in co-amorphous systems is poorly understood and scarcely compiled in the literature. There are various facets to the rational selection of co-former for CAMs. In this context, the present review compiles various factors affecting the co-former selection. The factors have been broadly classified under Thermodynamic, Kinetic and Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacologically relevant parameters. In particular, the importance of Glass transition, Miscibility, Liquid-Liquid phase separation (LLPS), Crystallization inhibition has been deliberated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani Lakshman Yarlagadda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576 104, India
| | - Vullendula Sai Krishna Anand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576 104, India
| | - Athira R Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576 104, India
| | - K S Navya Sree
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576 104, India
| | - Swapnil J Dengale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576 104, India
| | - Krishnamurthy Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576 104, India.
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6
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Yu D, Kan Z, Shan F, Zang J, Zhou J. Triple Strategies to Improve Oral Bioavailability by Fabricating Coamorphous Forms of Ursolic Acid with Piperine: Enhancing Water-Solubility, Permeability, and Inhibiting Cytochrome P450 Isozymes. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4443-4462. [PMID: 32926628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As a BCS IV drug, ursolic acid (UA) has low oral bioavailability mainly because of its poor aqueous solubility/dissolution, poor permeability, and metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes, such as CYP3A4. Most UA preparations demonstrated a much higher dissolution than that of its crystalline form yet a low drug concentration in plasma due to their lower consideration or evaluation for the permeability and metabolism issues. In the current study, a supramolecular coamorphous system of UA with piperine (PIP) was prepared and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. In comparison to crystalline UA and UA in physical mixture, such coamorphous system enhanced solubility (5.3-7-fold in the physiological solution) and dissolution (7-8-fold in the physiological solution within 2 h) of UA and exhibited excellent physical stability under 90-day storage conditions. More importantly, the pharmacokinetic study of coamorphous UA in rats exhibited 5.8-fold and 2.47-fold improvement in AUC0-∞ value, respectively, compared with its free and mixed crystalline counterparts. In order to further explore the mechanism of such improvement, the molecular interactions of a coamorphous system in the solid state were investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and density functional theory modeling suggested that intermolecular hydrogen bonds with strong interactions newly formed between UA and PIP after coamorphization. The in vitro permeability studies across Caco-2 cell monolayer and metabolism studies by rat hepatic microsomes indicated that free PIP significantly increased the permeability of UA and inhibited the enzymatic metabolism of UA by CYP3A4. However, PIP in the coamorphous combination exhibited a much lower level in the bioenhancing than its free form arising from the synchronized dissolution characteristic of the preparation (only 60% of PIP released in comparison to its free counterpart in 2 h). The in situ loop study in rats proposed that the acid-sensitive dissolution in the stomach of the coamorphous preparation helped to improve the effective free drug concentration, thereby facilitating PIP to play its role in bioenhancing. The current study offers an exploratory strategy to overcome poor solubility/dissolution, poor permeability, and metabolism by cytochrome P450 isozymes of the BCS IV drug to improve its oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Zigui Kan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Fei Shan
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Jing Zang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
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7
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Struppe J, Quinn CM, Sarkar S, Gronenborn AM, Polenova T. Ultrafast 1H MAS NMR Crystallography for Natural Abundance Pharmaceutical Compounds. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:674-682. [PMID: 31891271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR is a powerful method for the study of pharmaceutical compounds, and probes with spinning frequencies above 100 kHz enable an atomic-resolution analysis of sub-micromole quantities of fully protonated solids. Here, we present an ultrafast NMR crystallography approach for structural characterization of organic solids at MAS frequencies of 100-111 kHz. We assess the efficiency of 1H-detected experiments in the solid state and demonstrate the utility of 2D and 3D homo- and heteronuclear correlation spectra for resonance assignments. These experiments are demonstrated for an amino acid, U-13C,15N-histidine, and also for the significantly larger, natural product Posaconazole, an antifungal compound investigated at natural abundance. Our results illustrate the power for characterizing organic molecules, enabled by exploiting the increased 1H resolution and sensitivity at MAS frequencies above 100 kHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem Struppe
- Bruker Biospin Corporation , 15 Fortune Drive , Billerica , Massachusetts 01821 , United States
| | - Caitlin M Quinn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
| | - Sucharita Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
| | - Angela M Gronenborn
- Department of Structural Biology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States.,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
| | - Tatyana Polenova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States.,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
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8
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Su M, Xia Y, Shen Y, Heng W, Wei Y, Zhang L, Gao Y, Zhang J, Qian S. A novel drug–drug coamorphous system without molecular interactions: improve the physicochemical properties of tadalafil and repaglinide. RSC Adv 2020; 10:565-583. [PMID: 35492562 PMCID: PMC9048229 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07149k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tadalafil and repaglinide, categorized as BCS class II drugs, have low oral bioavailabilities due to their poorly aqueous solubilities and dissolutions. The aim of this study was to enhance the dissolution of tadalafil and repaglinide by co-amorphization technology and evaluate the storage and compression stability of such coamorphous system. Based on Flory–Huggins interaction parameter (χ ≤ 0) and Hansen solubility parameter (δt ≤ 7 MPa0.5) calculations, tadalafil and repaglinide was predicted to be well miscible with each other. Coamorphous tadalafil–repaglinide (molar ratio, 1 : 1) was prepared by solvent-evaporation method and characterized with respect to its thermal properties, possible molecular interactions. A single Tg (73.1 °C) observed in DSC and disappearance of crystallinity in PXRD indicated the formation of coamorphous system. Principal component analysis of FTIR in combination with Raman spectroscopy and Ss 13C NMR suggested the absence of intermolecular interactions in coamorphous tadalafil–repaglinide. In comparison to pure crystalline forms and their physical mixtures, both drugs in coamorphous system exhibited significant increases in intrinsic dissolution rate (1.5–3-fold) and could maintain supersaturated level for at least 4 hours in non-sink dissolution. In addition, the coamorphous tadalafil–repaglinide showed improved stability compared to the pure amorphous forms under long-term stability and accelerated storage conditions as well as under high compressing pressure. In conclusion, this study showed that co-amorphization technique is a promising approach for improving the dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs and for stabilizing amorphous drugs. The coamorphous tadalafil–repaglinide (molar ratio, 1 : 1) prepared by solvent-evaporation method significantly improve the physicochemical properties of tadalafil and repaglinide.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Su
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Yanming Xia
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Yajing Shen
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Weili Heng
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Yuanfeng Wei
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Linghe Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Smith College
- Northampton
- USA
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Shuai Qian
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
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9
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Heng W, Su M, Cheng H, Shen P, Liang S, Zhang L, Wei Y, Gao Y, Zhang J, Qian S. Incorporation of Complexation into a Coamorphous System Dramatically Enhances Dissolution and Eliminates Gelation of Amorphous Lurasidone Hydrochloride. Mol Pharm 2019; 17:84-97. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Linghe Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, United States
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10
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Auch C, Harms M, Golitsyn Y, Reichert D, Mäder K. Miniaturized Measurement of Drug-Polymer Interactions via Viscosity Increase for Polymer Selection in Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2214-2225. [PMID: 30920843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug-polymer interactions have a substantial impact on stability and performance of amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) but are difficult to analyze. Whereas there are many screening methods described for polymer selection based for example on glass forming ability, drug-polymer miscibility, supersaturation, or inhibition of recrystallization, the distinct detection of physico-chemical interactions mostly lacks miniaturized techniques. This work presents an interaction screening assessing the relative viscosity increase between highly concentrated polymer solutions with and without the model drug ketoconazole (KTZ). The fluorescent molecular rotor 9-(2-carboxy-2-cyanovinyl)julolidine was added to the solutions in a miniaturized setup in μL-scale. Due to its environment-sensitive emission behavior, the integrated fluorescence intensity can be used as a viscosity dye within this screening approach (FluViSc). Differences in relative viscosity increases through addition of KTZ were proposed to rank polymers regarding KTZ-polymer interactions. Absolute viscosities were measured with a cone-plate rheometer as a complimentary method and supported the results acquired by the FluViSc. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ss-NMR) relaxation time measurements and Raman spectroscopy were utilized to investigate drug-polymer interactions at a molecular level. Whereas Raman spectroscopy was not suited to reveal KTZ-polymer interactions, ss-NMR relaxation time measurements differentiated between the selected polymeric carriers hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) and polyvinylpyrrolidone vinyl acetate 60:40 (PVP-VA64). Interactions were detected for HPMCAS/KTZ ASD while there was no hint for interactions between KTZ and PVP-VA64. These results were in correlation with the FluViSc. The findings were correlated with the dissolution performance of ASD and found to be predictive for supersaturation and inhibition of precipitation during dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Auch
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4 , 06120 Halle/Saale , Germany.,Department Pharmaceutical Technologies , Merck KGaA , Frankfurter Str. 250 , 64293 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Meike Harms
- Department Pharmaceutical Technologies , Merck KGaA , Frankfurter Str. 250 , 64293 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Yury Golitsyn
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences II , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Betty-Heimann-Str. 7 , 06120 Halle/Saale , Germany
| | - Detlef Reichert
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences II , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Betty-Heimann-Str. 7 , 06120 Halle/Saale , Germany
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4 , 06120 Halle/Saale , Germany
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11
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Newman A, Zografi G. An Examination of Water Vapor Sorption by Multicomponent Crystalline and Amorphous Solids and Its Effects on Their Solid-State Properties. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:1061-1080. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Karagianni A, Kachrimanis K, Nikolakakis I. Co-Amorphous Solid Dispersions for Solubility and Absorption Improvement of Drugs: Composition, Preparation, Characterization and Formulations for Oral Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10030098. [PMID: 30029516 PMCID: PMC6161132 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The amorphous solid state offers an improved apparent solubility and dissolution rate. However, due to thermodynamic instability and recrystallization tendencies during processing, storage and dissolution, their potential application is limited. For this reason, the production of amorphous drugs with adequate stability remains a major challenge and formulation strategies based on solid molecular dispersions are being exploited. Co-amorphous systems are a new formulation approach where the amorphous drug is stabilized through strong intermolecular interactions by a low molecular co-former. This review covers several topics applicable to co-amorphous drug delivery systems. In particular, it describes recent advances in the co-amorphous composition, preparation and solid-state characterization, as well as improvements of dissolution performance and absorption are detailed. Examples of drug-drug, drug-carboxylic acid and drug-amino acid co-amorphous dispersions interacting via hydrogen bonding, π−π interactions and ionic forces, are presented together with corresponding final dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karagianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Kyriakos Kachrimanis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Nikolakakis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Zhao L, Pinon AC, Emsley L, Rossini AJ. DNP-enhanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy of active pharmaceutical ingredients. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2018; 56:583-609. [PMID: 29193278 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy has become a valuable tool for the characterization of both pure and formulated active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). However, NMR generally suffers from poor sensitivity that often restricts NMR experiments to nuclei with favorable properties, concentrated samples, and acquisition of one-dimensional (1D) NMR spectra. Here, we review how dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) can be applied to routinely enhance the sensitivity of solid-state NMR experiments by one to two orders of magnitude for both pure and formulated APIs. Sample preparation protocols for relayed DNP experiments and experiments on directly doped APIs are detailed. Numerical spin diffusion models illustrate the dependence of relayed DNP enhancements on the relaxation properties and particle size of the solids and can be used for particle size determination when the other factors are known. We then describe the advanced solid-state NMR experiments that have been enabled by DNP and how they provide unique insight into the molecular and macroscopic structure of APIs. For example, with large sensitivity gains provided by DNP, natural isotopic abundance, 13 C-13 C double-quantum single-quantum homonuclear correlation NMR spectra of pure APIs can be routinely acquired. DNP also enables solid-state NMR experiments with unreceptive quadrupolar nuclei such as 2 H, 14 N, and 35 Cl that are commonly found in APIs. Applications of DNP-enhanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy for the molecular level characterization of low API load formulations such as commercial tablets and amorphous solid dispersions are described. Future perspectives for DNP-enhanced solid-state NMR experiments on APIs are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- US DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Arthur C Pinon
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aaron J Rossini
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- US DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA
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14
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Rotator side chains trigger cooperative transition for shape and function memory effect in organic semiconductors. Nat Commun 2018; 9:278. [PMID: 29348430 PMCID: PMC5773606 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02607-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Martensitic transition is a solid-state phase transition involving cooperative movement of atoms, mostly studied in metallurgy. The main characteristics are low transition barrier, ultrafast kinetics, and structural reversibility. They are rarely observed in molecular crystals, and hence the origin and mechanism are largely unexplored. Here we report the discovery of martensitic transition in single crystals of two different organic semiconductors. In situ microscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, Raman and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and molecular simulations combined indicate that the rotating bulky side chains trigger cooperative transition. Cooperativity enables shape memory effect in single crystals and function memory effect in thin film transistors. We establish a molecular design rule to trigger martensitic transition in organic semiconductors, showing promise for designing next-generation smart multifunctional materials. Martensitic transition is commonly seen in steel and shape memory alloys but rarely in organic materials. Chung et al. discover martensitic transitions in organic electronics and utilize it in designing field-effect transistors, leading to shape memory effect that in return modifies charge transport properties.
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15
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Quiñones R, Iuliucci RJ, Behnke G, Brown R, Shoup D, Riedel TM, Plavchak C, Lininger BE, Spehar JM. Moving towards fast characterization of polymorphic drugs by solid-state NMR spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 148:163-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Newman A, Reutzel-Edens SM, Zografi G. Coamorphous Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient-Small Molecule Mixtures: Considerations in the Choice of Coformers for Enhancing Dissolution and Oral Bioavailability. J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:5-17. [PMID: 28989014 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the recent years, coamorphous systems, containing an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and a small molecule coformer have appeared as alternatives to the use of either amorphous solid dispersions containing polymer or cocrystals of API and small molecule coformers, to improve the dissolution and oral bioavailability of poorly soluble crystalline API. This Commentary article considers the relative properties of amorphous solid dispersions and coamorphous systems in terms of methods of preparation; miscibility; glass transition temperature; physical stability; hygroscopicity; and aqueous dissolution. It also considers important questions concerning the fundamental criteria to be used for the proper selection of a small molecule coformer regarding its ability to form either coamorphous or cocrystal systems. Finally, we consider various aspects of product development that are specifically associated with the formulation of commercial coamorphous systems as solid oral dosage forms. These include coformer selection; screening; methods of preparation; preformulation; physical stability; bioavailability; and final formulation. Through such an analysis of coamorphous API-small molecule coformer systems, against the more widely studied API-polymer dispersions and cocrystals, it is believed that the strengths and weaknesses of coamorphous systems can be better understood, leading to more efficient formulation and manufacture of such systems for enhancing oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Newman
- Seventh Street Development Group LLC, Kure Beach, North Carolina 28449.
| | - Susan M Reutzel-Edens
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - George Zografi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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17
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Van Duong T, Van den Mooter G. The role of the carrier in the formulation of pharmaceutical solid dispersions. Part I: crystalline and semi-crystalline carriers. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:1583-1594. [PMID: 27321133 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1198768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As a consequence of the target and drug candidate identification process, drugs with higher hydrophobicity and/or lipophilicity are being selected for further development, leading to solubility and dissolution rate limited oral bioavailability, and hence potential failure of the intended therapeutic goal. Solid dispersions were introduced as a formulation strategy in the early 1960s to tackle this issue and are still an area of intensive research activity. Areas covered: There has been a shift in the type of carriers that were used in the formulation of solid dispersions as nowadays, amorphous carriers are most often used, whereas in early stages of solid dispersions development, crystalline and semi-crystalline carriers were most commonly applied. In this review, we will discuss several aspects related to the use of crystalline and semi-crystalline carriers such as their molecular and related physical structure, and their physical chemical properties related to formulation of poorly soluble drugs. Expert opinion: The inherent crystallinity of this type of carrier hinders the formation of high-load solid solutions as mainly the amorphous domains of a carrier are able to accommodate drug molecules. Hence these carriers are not currently first choice excipients to formulate solid dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Van Duong
- a Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition , KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.,b Department of Pharmaceutics , Hanoi University of Pharmacy , Ha Noi , Vietnam
| | - Guy Van den Mooter
- a Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition , KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
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18
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Dengale SJ, Grohganz H, Rades T, Löbmann K. Recent advances in co-amorphous drug formulations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 100:116-25. [PMID: 26805787 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Co-amorphous drug delivery systems have recently gained considerable interest in the pharmaceutical field because of their potential to improve oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs through drug dissolution enhancement as a result of the amorphous nature of the material. A co-amorphous system is characterized by the use of only low molecular weight components that are mixed into a homogeneous single-phase co-amorphous blend. The use of only low molecular weight co-formers makes this approach very attractive, as the amount of amorphous stabilizer can be significantly reduced compared with other amorphous stabilization techniques. Because of this, several research groups started to investigate the co-amorphous formulation approach, resulting in an increasing amount of scientific publications over the last few years. This study provides an overview of the co-amorphous field and its recent findings. In particular, we investigate co-amorphous formulations from the viewpoint of solid dispersions, describe their formation and mechanism of stabilization, study their impact on dissolution and in vivo performance and briefly outline the future potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Jayant Dengale
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Holger Grohganz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Korbinian Löbmann
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ueda K, Higashi K, Moribe K. Application of Solid-State NMR Relaxometry for Characterization and Formulation Optimization of Grinding-Induced Drug Nanoparticle. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:852-62. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ueda
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Higashi
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Moribe
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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20
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Qian S, Li Z, Heng W, Liang S, Ma D, Gao Y, Zhang J, Wei Y. Charge-assisted intermolecular hydrogen bond formed in coamorphous system is important to relieve the pH-dependent solubility behavior of lurasidone hydrochloride. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18022a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In comparison to amorphous LH, coamorphous LH-REP without evidence of intermolecular hydrogen bond, exhibited greatly improved solubility with pH-dependent behavior, significantly enhanced dissolution rate and physical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Qian
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
| | - Weili Heng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
| | - Shujun Liang
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
| | - Di Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
| | - Yuanfeng Wei
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
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21
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Paudel A, Geppi M, Mooter GVD. Structural and Dynamic Properties of Amorphous Solid Dispersions: The Role of Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Relaxometry. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:2635-2662. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Macfhionnghaile P, Hu Y, Gniado K, Curran S, Mcardle P, Erxleben A. Effects of Ball-Milling and Cryomilling on Sulfamerazine Polymorphs: A Quantitative Study. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1766-78. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Laitinen R, Löbmann K, Strachan CJ, Grohganz H, Rades T. Emerging trends in the stabilization of amorphous drugs. Int J Pharm 2013; 453:65-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Seliger J, Žagar V. Crystallization of an amorphous solid studied by nuclear quadrupole double resonance. Chem Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Grohganz H, Löbmann K, Priemel P, Tarp Jensen K, Graeser K, Strachan C, Rades T. Amorphous drugs and dosage forms. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(13)50057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Litvinov VM, Guns S, Adriaensens P, Scholtens BJR, Quaedflieg MP, Carleer R, Van den Mooter G. Solid State Solubility of Miconazole in Poly[(ethylene glycol)-g-vinyl alcohol] Using Hot-Melt Extrusion. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:2924-32. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300280k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. M. Litvinov
- DSM Resolve,
P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - S. Guns
- Laboratory of Pharmacotechnology and Biopharmacy, University
of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P. Adriaensens
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)—Division Chemistry,
Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | | | - R. Carleer
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)—Division Chemistry,
Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - G. Van den Mooter
- Laboratory of Pharmacotechnology and Biopharmacy, University
of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Stabilization of a Supersaturated Solution of Mefenamic Acid from a Solid Dispersion with EUDRAGIT® EPO. Pharm Res 2012; 29:2777-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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28
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Van den Mooter G. The use of amorphous solid dispersions: A formulation strategy to overcome poor solubility and dissolution rate. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2012; 9:e71-e174. [PMID: 24064267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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29
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Elbagerma MA, Edwards HGM, Munshi T, Scowen IJ. Identification of a new cocrystal of citric acid and paracetamol of pharmaceutical relevance. CrystEngComm 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ce00461h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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