1
|
Sugiyama Y, Aoki Y. A 20-Year Research Overview: Quantitative Prediction of Hepatic Clearance Using the In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation Approach Based on Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Extended Clearance Concept. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1067-1076. [PMID: 37407092 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the extended clearance concept and establishing a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model are crucial for investigating the impact of changes in transporter and metabolizing enzyme abundance/functions on drug pharmacokinetics in blood and tissues. This mini-review provides an overview of the extended clearance concept and a PBPK model that includes transporter-mediated uptake processes in the liver. In general, complete in vitro and in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) poses challenges due to missing factors that bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo systems. By considering key in vitro parameters, we can capture in vivo pharmacokinetics, a strategy known as the top-down or middle-out approach. We present the latest progress, theory, and practice of the Cluster Gauss-Newton method, which is used for middle-out analyses. As examples of poor IVIVE, we discuss "albumin-mediated hepatic uptake" and "time-dependent inhibition" of OATP1Bs. The hepatic uptake of highly plasma-bound drugs is more efficient than what can be accounted for by their unbound concentration alone. This phenomenon is referred to as "albumin-mediated" hepatic uptake. IVIVE was improved by measuring hepatic uptake clearance in vitro in the presence of physiologic albumin concentrations. Lastly, we demonstrate the application of Cluster Gauss-Newton method-based analysis to the target-mediated drug disposition of bosentan. Incorporating saturable target binding and OATP1B-mediated hepatic uptake into the PBPK model enables the consideration of nonlinear kinetics across a wide dose range and the prediction of receptor occupancy over time. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: There have been multiple instances where researchers' endeavors to unravel the underlying mechanism of poor in vitro-in vivo extrapolation have led to the discovery of previously undisclosed truths. These include 1) albumin-mediated hepatic uptake, 2) the target-mediated drug disposition in small molecules, and 3) the existence of a trans-inhibition mechanism by inhibitors for OATP1B-mediated hepatic uptake of drugs. Consequently, poor in vitro-in vivo extrapolation and the subsequent inquisitiveness of scientists may serve as a pivotal gateway to uncover hidden mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Quantitative System Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics, Josai International University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan (Y.A., Y.S.); ShanghaiTech University, iHuman Institute, Pudong, Shanghai, China (Y.S.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (Y.A.)
| | - Yasunori Aoki
- Laboratory of Quantitative System Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics, Josai International University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan (Y.A., Y.S.); ShanghaiTech University, iHuman Institute, Pudong, Shanghai, China (Y.S.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (Y.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shahbazi Nia S, Hossain MA, Ji G, Jonnalagadda SK, Obeng S, Rahman MA, Sifat AE, Nozohouri S, Blackwell C, Patel D, Thompson J, Runyon S, Hiranita T, McCurdy CR, McMahon L, Abbruscato TJ, Trippier PC, Neugebauer V, German NA. Studies on diketopiperazine and dipeptide analogs as opioid receptor ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 254:115309. [PMID: 37054561 PMCID: PMC10634475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Using the structure of gliotoxin as a starting point, we have prepared two different chemotypes with selective affinity to the kappa opioid receptor (KOR). Using medicinal chemistry approaches and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, structural features required for the observed affinity were identified, and advanced molecules with favorable Multiparameter Optimization (MPO) and Ligand Lipophilicity (LLE) profiles were prepared. Using the Thermal Place Preference Test (TPPT), we have shown that compound2 blocks the antinociceptive effect of U50488, a known KOR agonist. Multiple reports suggest that modulation of KOR signaling is a promising therapeutic strategy in treating neuropathic pain (NP). As a proof-of-concept study, we tested compound 2 in a rat model of NP and recorded its ability to modulate sensory and emotional pain-related behaviors. Observed in vitro and in vivo results suggest that these ligands can be used to develop compounds with potential application as pain therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Shahbazi Nia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Mohammad Anwar Hossain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Guangchen Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA; Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Sravan K Jonnalagadda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Samuel Obeng
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Social and Administrative Sciences, McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Samford University, Birmingham, AL, 35229, USA
| | - Md Ashrafur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Ali Ehsan Sifat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Saeideh Nozohouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Collin Blackwell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Dhavalkumar Patel
- Office of Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Jon Thompson
- Veterinary School of Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Scott Runyon
- Reserach Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Takato Hiranita
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Lance McMahon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68106, USA
| | - Volker Neugebauer
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA; Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA; Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Nadezhda A German
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA; Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Manevski N, Umehara K, Parrott N. Drug Design and Success of Prospective Mouse In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation (IVIVE) for Predictions of Plasma Clearance (CL p) from Hepatocyte Intrinsic Clearance (CL int). Mol Pharm 2023. [PMID: 37235687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte intrinsic clearance (CLint) and methods of in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) are often used to predict plasma clearance (CLp) in drug discovery. While the prediction success of this approach is dependent on the chemotype, specific molecular properties and drug design features that govern these outcomes are poorly understood. To address this challenge, we investigated the success of prospective mouse CLp IVIVE across 2142 chemically diverse compounds. Dilution scaling, which assumes that the free fraction in hepatocyte incubations (fu,inc) is governed by binding to the 10% of serum in the incubation medium, was used as our default CLp IVIVE approach. Results show that predictions of CLp are better for smaller (molecular weight (MW) < 500 Da), less polar (total polar surface area (TPSA) < 100 Å2, hydrogen bond donor (HBD) ≤1, hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) ≤ 6), lipophilic (log D > 3), and neutral compounds, with low HBD count playing the key role. If compounds are classified according to their chemical space, predictions were good for compounds resembling central nervous system (CNS) drugs [average absolute fold error (AAFE) of 2.05, average fold error (AFE) of 0.90], moderate for classical druglike compounds (according to Lipinski, Veber, and Ghose guidelines; AAFE of 2.55; AFE of 0.68), and poor for nonclassical "beyond the rule of 5" compounds (AAFE of 3.31; AFE of 0.41). From the perspective of measured druglike properties, predictions of CLp were better for compounds with moderate-to-high hepatocyte CLint (>10 μL/min/106 cells), high passive cellular permeability (Papp > 100 nm/s), and moderate observed CLp (5-50 mL/min/kg). Influences of plasma protein binding (fu,p) and P-glycoprotein (Pgp) apical efflux ratio (AP-ER) were less pronounced. If the extended clearance classification system (ECCS) is applied, predictions were good for class 2 (Papp > 50 nm/s; neutral or basic; AAFE of 2.35; AFE of 0.70) and acceptable for class 1A compounds (AAFE of 2.98; AFE of 0.70). Classes 1B, 3 A/B, and 4 showed poor outcomes (AAFE > 3.80; AFE < 0.60). Functional groups trending toward weaker CLp IVIVE were esters, carbamates, sulfonamides, carboxylic acids, ketones, primary and secondary amines, primary alcohols, oxetanes, and compounds liable to aldehyde oxidase metabolism, likely due to multifactorial reasons. Multivariate analysis showed that multiple properties are relevant, combining together to define the overall success of CLp IVIVE. Our results indicate that the current practice of prospective CLp IVIVE is suitable only for CNS-like compounds and well-behaved classical druglike space (e.g., high permeability or ECCS class 2) without challenging functional groups. Unfortunately, based on existing mouse data, prospective CLp IVIVE for complex and nonclassical chemotypes is poor and hardly better than random guessing. This is likely due to complexities such as extrahepatic metabolism and transporter-mediated disposition which are poorly captured by this methodology. With small-molecule drug discovery increasingly evolving toward nonclassical and complex chemotypes, existing CLp IVIVE methodology will require improvement. While empirical correction factors may bridge the gap in the near future, improved and new in vitro assays, data integration models, and machine learning (ML) methods are increasingly needed to address this challenge and reduce the number of nonclinical pharmacokinetic (PK) studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Manevski
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kenichi Umehara
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Neil Parrott
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schulz JA, Stresser DM, Kalvass JC. Plasma Protein-Mediated Uptake and Contradictions to the Free Drug Hypothesis: A Critical Review. Drug Metab Rev 2023:1-34. [PMID: 36971325 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2195133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
According to the free drug hypothesis (FDH), only free, unbound drug is available to interact with biological targets. This hypothesis is the fundamental principle that continues to explain the vast majority of all pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. Under the FDH, the free drug concentration at the target site is considered the driver of pharmacodynamic activity and pharmacokinetic processes. However, deviations from the FDH are observed in hepatic uptake and clearance predictions, where observed unbound intrinsic hepatic clearance (CLint,u) is larger than expected. Such deviations are commonly observed when plasma proteins are present and form the basis of the so-called plasma protein-mediated uptake effect (PMUE). This review will discuss the basis of plasma protein binding as it pertains to hepatic clearance based on the FDH, as well as several hypotheses that may explain the underlying mechanisms of PMUE. Notably, some, but not all, potential mechanisms remained aligned with the FDH. Finally, we will outline possible experimental strategies to elucidate PMUE mechanisms. Understanding the mechanisms of PMUE and its potential contribution to clearance underprediction is vital to improving the drug development process.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lignet F, Esdar C, Walter-Bausch G, Friese-Hamim M, Stinchi S, Drouin E, El Bawab S, Becker AD, Gimmi C, Sanderson MP, Rohdich F. Translational PK/PD Modeling of Tumor Growth Inhibition and Target Inhibition to Support Dose Range Selection of the LMP7 Inhibitor M3258 in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 384:163-172. [PMID: 36273822 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
M3258 is an orally bioavailable, potent, selective, reversible inhibitor of the large multifunctional peptidase 7 (LMP7, β5i, PSMB8) proteolytic subunit of the immunoproteasome, a component of the cellular protein degradation machinery, highly expressed in malignant hematopoietic cells including multiple myeloma. Here we describe the fit-for-purpose pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD)/efficacy modeling of M3258 based on preclinical data from several species. The inhibition of LMP7 activity (PD) and tumor growth (efficacy) were tested in human multiple myeloma xenografts in mice. PK and efficacy data were correlated yielding a free M3258 concentration of 45 nM for half-maximal tumor growth inhibition (KC50). As M3258 only weakly inhibits LMP7 in mouse cells, both in vitro and in vivo bridging studies were performed in rats, monkeys, and dogs for translational modeling. These data indicated that the PD response in human xenograft models was closely reflected in dog PBMCs. A PK/PD model was established, predicting a free IC50 value of 9 nM for M3258 in dogs in vivo, in close agreement with in vitro measurements. In parallel, the human PK parameters of M3258 were predicted by various approaches including in vitro extrapolation and allometric scaling. Using PK/PD/efficacy simulations, the efficacious dose range and corresponding PD response in human were predicted. Taken together, these efforts supported the design of a phase Ia study of M3258 in multiple myeloma patients (NCT04075721). At the lowest tested dose level, the predicted exposure matched well with the observed exposure while the duration of LMP7 inhibition was underpredicted by the model. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: M3258 is a novel inhibitor of the immunoproteasome subunit LMP7. The human PK and human efficacious dose range of M3258 were predicted using in vitro-in vivo extrapolation and allometric scaling methods together with a fit-for-purpose PK/PD and efficacy model based on data from several species. A comparison with data from the Phase Ia clinical study showed that the human PK was accurately predicted, while the extent and duration of PD response were more pronounced than estimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Lignet
- The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (F.L., C.E., G.W.-B., M.F.-H., S.S., S.E.B., A.D.B., C.G., M.P.S., F.R.) and EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (E.D.)
| | - Christina Esdar
- The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (F.L., C.E., G.W.-B., M.F.-H., S.S., S.E.B., A.D.B., C.G., M.P.S., F.R.) and EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (E.D.)
| | - Gina Walter-Bausch
- The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (F.L., C.E., G.W.-B., M.F.-H., S.S., S.E.B., A.D.B., C.G., M.P.S., F.R.) and EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (E.D.)
| | - Manja Friese-Hamim
- The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (F.L., C.E., G.W.-B., M.F.-H., S.S., S.E.B., A.D.B., C.G., M.P.S., F.R.) and EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (E.D.)
| | - Sofia Stinchi
- The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (F.L., C.E., G.W.-B., M.F.-H., S.S., S.E.B., A.D.B., C.G., M.P.S., F.R.) and EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (E.D.)
| | - Elise Drouin
- The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (F.L., C.E., G.W.-B., M.F.-H., S.S., S.E.B., A.D.B., C.G., M.P.S., F.R.) and EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (E.D.)
| | - Samer El Bawab
- The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (F.L., C.E., G.W.-B., M.F.-H., S.S., S.E.B., A.D.B., C.G., M.P.S., F.R.) and EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (E.D.)
| | - Andreas D Becker
- The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (F.L., C.E., G.W.-B., M.F.-H., S.S., S.E.B., A.D.B., C.G., M.P.S., F.R.) and EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (E.D.)
| | - Claude Gimmi
- The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (F.L., C.E., G.W.-B., M.F.-H., S.S., S.E.B., A.D.B., C.G., M.P.S., F.R.) and EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (E.D.)
| | - Michael P Sanderson
- The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (F.L., C.E., G.W.-B., M.F.-H., S.S., S.E.B., A.D.B., C.G., M.P.S., F.R.) and EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (E.D.)
| | - Felix Rohdich
- The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (F.L., C.E., G.W.-B., M.F.-H., S.S., S.E.B., A.D.B., C.G., M.P.S., F.R.) and EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (E.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fagerholm U, Hellberg S, Alvarsson J, Spjuth O. In Silico Prediction of Human Clinical Pharmacokinetics with ANDROMEDA by Prosilico: Predictions for an Established Benchmarking Data Set, a Modern Small Drug Data Set, and a Comparison with Laboratory Methods. Altern Lab Anim 2023; 51:39-54. [PMID: 36572567 DOI: 10.1177/02611929221148447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is an ongoing aim to replace animal and in vitro laboratory models with in silico methods. Such replacement requires the successful validation and comparably good performance of the alternative methods. We have developed an in silico prediction system for human clinical pharmacokinetics, based on machine learning, conformal prediction and a new physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model, i.e. ANDROMEDA. The objectives of this study were: a) to evaluate how well ANDROMEDA predicts the human clinical pharmacokinetics of a previously proposed benchmarking data set comprising 24 physicochemically diverse drugs and 28 small drug molecules new to the market in 2021; b) to compare its predictive performance with that of laboratory methods; and c) to investigate and describe the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the modern drugs. Median and maximum prediction errors for the selected major parameters were ca 1.2 to 2.5-fold and 16-fold for both data sets, respectively. Prediction accuracy was on par with, or better than, the best laboratory-based prediction methods (superior performance for a vast majority of the comparisons), and the prediction range was considerably broader. The modern drugs have higher average molecular weight than those in the benchmarking set from 15 years earlier (ca 200 g/mol higher), and were predicted to (generally) have relatively complex pharmacokinetics, including permeability and dissolution limitations and significant renal, biliary and/or gut-wall elimination. In conclusion, the results were overall better than those obtained with laboratory methods, and thus serve to further validate the ANDROMEDA in silico system for the prediction of human clinical pharmacokinetics of modern and physicochemically diverse drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan Alvarsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ola Spjuth
- Prosilico AB, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vugler A, O’Connell J, Nguyen MA, Weitz D, Leeuw T, Hickford E, Verbitsky A, Ying X, Rehberg M, Carrington B, Merriman M, Moss A, Nicholas JM, Stanley P, Wright S, Bourne T, Foricher Y, Brookings D, Horsley H, Herrmann M, Rao S, Kohlmann M, Florian P. An orally available small molecule that targets soluble TNF to deliver anti-TNF biologic-like efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1037983. [PMID: 36467083 PMCID: PMC9709720 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1037983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic cytokine belonging to a family of trimeric proteins with both proinflammatory and immunoregulatory functions. TNF is a key mediator in autoimmune diseases and during the last couple of decades several biologic drugs have delivered new therapeutic options for patients suffering from chronic autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Attempts to design small molecule therapies directed to this cytokine have not led to approved products yet. Here we report the discovery and development of a potent small molecule inhibitor of TNF that was recently moved into phase 1 clinical trials. The molecule, SAR441566, stabilizes an asymmetrical form of the soluble TNF trimer, compromises downstream signaling and inhibits the functions of TNF in vitro and in vivo. With SAR441566 being studied in healthy volunteers we hope to deliver a more convenient orally bioavailable and effective treatment option for patients suffering with chronic autoimmune diseases compared to established biologic drugs targeting TNF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Vugler
- Immunology Therapeutic Area, PV Early Solutions, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - James O’Connell
- Discovery Sciences, PV Early Solutions, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Mai Anh Nguyen
- Sanofi R&D, TMED Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dietmar Weitz
- Sanofi R&D, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Leeuw
- Sanofi R&D, Type 1/17 Immunology, Immunology & Inflammation Research TA, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Hickford
- Development Science, PV Early Solutions, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | | | - Xiaoyou Ying
- Sanofi R&D, Translation In vivo Models, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Markus Rehberg
- Sanofi R&D, Translational Disease Modelling, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruce Carrington
- Discovery Sciences, PV Early Solutions, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Merriman
- Immunology Therapeutic Area, PV Early Solutions, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Moss
- Translational Medicine Immunology, PV Early Solutions, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Marie Nicholas
- Development Science, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, UCB Pharma, Braine-I’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Phil Stanley
- Immunology Therapeutic Area, PV Early Solutions, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Wright
- Early PV Missions, PV Early Solutions, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Bourne
- Milvuswood Consultancy, Penn, United Kingdom
| | - Yann Foricher
- Sanofi R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Therapeutic Area Immunology & Inflammation, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Daniel Brookings
- Global Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, PV Early Solutions, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Horsley
- Global Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, PV Early Solutions, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Herrmann
- Sanofi R&D, Type 1/17 Immunology, Immunology & Inflammation Research TA, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Srinivas Rao
- Sanofi R&D, Translation In vivo Models, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Markus Kohlmann
- Sanofi R&D, Early Clinical Development, Therapeutic Area Immunology and Inflammation, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter Florian
- Sanofi R&D, Type 1/17 Immunology, Immunology & Inflammation Research TA, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Parrott N, Manevski N, Olivares-Morales A. Can We Predict Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Highly Lipophilic Compounds by Integration of Machine Learning or In Vitro Data into Physiologically Based Models? A Feasibility Study Based on 12 Development Compounds. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3858-3868. [PMID: 36150125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While high lipophilicity tends to improve potency, its effects on pharmacokinetics (PK) are complex and often unfavorable. To predict clinical PK in early drug discovery, we built human physiologically based PK (PBPK) models integrating either (i) machine learning (ML)-predicted properties or (ii) discovery stage in vitro data. Our test set was composed of 12 challenging development compounds with high lipophilicity (mean calculated log P 4.2), low plasma-free fraction (50% of compounds with fu,p < 1%), and low aqueous solubility. Predictions focused on key human PK parameters, including plasma clearance (CL), volume of distribution at steady state (Vss), and oral bioavailability (%F). For predictions of CL, the ML inputs showed acceptable accuracy and slight underprediction bias [an average absolute fold error (AAFE) of 3.55; an average fold error (AFE) of 0.95]. Surprisingly, use of measured data only slightly improved accuracy but introduced an overprediction bias (AAFE = 3.35; AFE = 2.63). Predictions of Vss were more successful, with both ML (AAFE = 2.21; AFE = 0.90) and in vitro (AAFE = 2.24; AFE = 1.72) inputs showing good accuracy and moderate bias. The %F was poorly predicted using ML inputs [average absolute prediction error (AAPE) of 45%], and use of measured data for solubility and permeability improved this to 34%. Sensitivity analysis showed that predictions of CL limited the overall accuracy of human PK predictions, partly due to high nonspecific binding of lipophilic compounds, leading to uncertainty of unbound clearance. For accurate predictions of %F, solubility was the key factor. Despite current limitations, this work encourages further development of ML models and integration of their results within PBPK models to enable human PK prediction at the drug design stage, even before compounds are synthesized. Further evaluation of this approach with more diverse chemical types is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nenad Manevski
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrés Olivares-Morales
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Evidence of the Need for Modified Well-stirred Model in In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 177:106268. [PMID: 35901930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE), an approach for hepatic clearance (CLH) prediction used worldwide, remains controversial due to systematic underprediction. Among the various probable factors, the original assumption of the hepatic mathematical model (i.e., the well-stirred model, WSM) may become problematic, leading to the underestimation of drug CLH. Having a similar prerequisite that the well-stirred conditions are homogenous with perfectly mixed reactants, but using a different driving concentration, the modified well-stirred model (MWSM) stands apart from the WSM. However, we believe that both models should coexist so that the entire well-stirred scenario can be completely illustrated. Consequently, we collected published data from the literature and employed a logistic regression method to differentiate the optimal timing of use between WSM and MWSM in drug CLH prediction. Generally, variances adopted in the regression, including partition coefficient (logP), fraction unbound (fu), volumes of distribution at steady-state (Vss), and mean residence time (MRT), corresponded to our assumption when protein-facilitated uptake was considered. Furthermore, a new empirical approach was introduced to allow practical use of the MWSM. The results showed that this model could provide a more precise prediction compared to previous empirical approaches. Therefore, these preliminary results not only delineated a more detailed structure and mechanism of MWSM but also highlighted its necessity and potential.
Collapse
|
10
|
Petersson C, Zhou X, Berghausen J, Cebrian D, Davies M, DeMent K, Eddershaw P, Riedmaier AE, Leblanc AF, Manveski N, Marathe P, Mavroudis PD, McDougall R, Parrott N, Reichel A, Rotter C, Tess D, Volak LP, Xiao G, Yang Z, Baker J. Current Approaches for Predicting Human PK for Small Molecule Development Candidates: Findings from the IQ Human PK Prediction Working Group Survey. AAPS J 2022; 24:85. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
11
|
Naga D, Parrott N, Ecker GF, Olivares-Morales A. Evaluation of the Success of High-Throughput Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (HT-PBPK) Modeling Predictions to Inform Early Drug Discovery. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2203-2216. [PMID: 35476457 PMCID: PMC9257750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Minimizing in vitro and in vivo testing
in early drug discovery
with the use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling
and machine learning (ML) approaches has the potential to reduce discovery
cycle times and animal experimentation. However, the prediction success
of such an approach has not been shown for a larger and diverse set
of compounds representative of a lead optimization pipeline. In this
study, the prediction success of the oral (PO) and intravenous (IV)
pharmacokinetics (PK) parameters in rats was assessed using a “bottom-up”
approach, combining in vitro and ML inputs with a PBPK model. More
than 240 compounds for which all of the necessary inputs and PK data
were available were used for this assessment. Different clearance
scaling approaches were assessed, using hepatocyte intrinsic clearance
and protein binding as inputs. In addition, a novel high-throughput
PBPK (HT-PBPK) approach was evaluated to assess the scalability of
PBPK predictions for a larger number of compounds in drug discovery.
The results showed that bottom-up PBPK modeling was able to predict
the rat IV and PO PK parameters for the majority of compounds within
a 2- to 3-fold error range, using both direct scaling and dilution
methods for clearance predictions. The use of only ML-predicted inputs
from the structure did not perform well when using in vitro inputs,
likely due to clearance miss predictions. The HT-PBPK approach produced
comparable results to the full PBPK modeling approach but reduced
the simulation time from hours to seconds. In conclusion, a bottom-up
PBPK and HT-PBPK approach can successfully predict the PK parameters
and guide early discovery by informing compound prioritization, provided
that good in vitro assays are in place for key parameters such as
clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doha Naga
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Neil Parrott
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard F Ecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrés Olivares-Morales
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ryu JY, Lee JH, Lee BH, Song JS, Ahn S, Oh KS. PredMS: a random forest model for predicting metabolic stability of drug candidates in human liver microsomes. Bioinformatics 2022; 38:364-368. [PMID: 34515778 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btab547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Poor metabolic stability leads to drug development failure. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the metabolic stability of small compounds for successful drug discovery and development. However, evaluating metabolic stability in vitro and in vivo is expensive, time-consuming and laborious. In addition, only a few free software programs are available for metabolic stability data and prediction. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to develop a prediction model that predicts the metabolic stability of small compounds. RESULTS We developed a computational model, PredMS, which predicts the metabolic stability of small compounds as stable or unstable in human liver microsomes. PredMS is based on a random forest model using an in-house database of metabolic stability data of 1917 compounds. To validate the prediction performance of PredMS, we generated external test data of 61 compounds. PredMS achieved an accuracy of 0.74, Matthew's correlation coefficient of 0.48, sensitivity of 0.70, specificity of 0.86, positive predictive value of 0.94 and negative predictive value of 0.46 on the external test dataset. PredMS will be a useful tool to predict the metabolic stability of small compounds in the early stages of drug discovery and development. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The source code for PredMS is available at https://bitbucket.org/krictai/predms, and the PredMS web server is available at https://predms.netlify.app. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yong Ryu
- Department of Biotechnology, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Lee
- Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 34114 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Ho Lee
- Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 34114 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sook Song
- Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 34114 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunjoo Ahn
- Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 34114 Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Seok Oh
- Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 34114 Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dong J, Park MS. A myth of the well-stirred model: is the well-stirred model good for high clearance drugs? Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 172:106134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
14
|
Miyauchi S, Kim SJ, Lee W, Sugiyama Y. Consideration of albumin-mediated hepatic uptake for highly protein-bound anionic drugs: Bridging the gap of hepatic uptake clearance between in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 229:107938. [PMID: 34171335 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The accuracy in predicting in vivo hepatic clearance of drugs from in vitro data (often termed as in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation, IVIVE) has improved in part by applying the extended-clearance concept that considers the interplay between hepatic metabolism and uptake/efflux processes. However, the IVIVE-based prediction performs poorly in predicting the hepatic uptake clearance of highly albumin-bound anionic drugs. Their hepatic uptake clearances tend to be much higher than expected based on the free-drug theory. Such observation can be attributable to a phenomenon called albumin-mediated hepatic uptake, for which various models have been thus far proposed. Our group has been applying a facilitated-dissociation model, which assumes the enhanced dissociation of the drug-albumin complex upon interaction with the cell surface. By considering the albumin-mediated hepatic uptake (using the facilitated-dissociation model or alternative kinetic models), a number of investigations demonstrated the improvement in the prediction accuracy for the hepatic clearance of highly protein-bound anionic drugs that are substrates for hepatic uptake transporters. This review summarizes the reported kinetic analyses of the albumin-mediated hepatic uptake of highly albumin-bound drugs concerning the IVIVE and the clinical and physiological relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Miyauchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Soo-Jin Kim
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Wooin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yadav J, El Hassani M, Sodhi J, Lauschke VM, Hartman JH, Russell LE. Recent developments in in vitro and in vivo models for improved translation of preclinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics data. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:207-233. [PMID: 33989099 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1922435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Improved pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) prediction in the early stages of drug development is essential to inform lead optimization strategies and reduce attrition rates. Recently, there have been significant advancements in the development of new in vitro and in vivo strategies to better characterize pharmacokinetic properties and efficacy of drug leads. Herein, we review advances in experimental and mathematical models for clearance predictions, advancements in developing novel tools to capture slowly metabolized drugs, in vivo model developments to capture human etiology for supporting drug development, limitations and gaps in these efforts, and a perspective on the future in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep Yadav
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jasleen Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica H Hartman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Izat N, Sahin S. Hepatic transporter-mediated pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions: Recent studies and regulatory recommendations. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2021; 42:45-77. [PMID: 33507532 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions are one of the major mechanisms in pharmacokinetic-based drug interactions and correspondingly affecting drugs' safety and efficacy. Regulatory bodies underlined the importance of the evaluation of transporter-mediated interactions as a part of the drug development process. The liver is responsible for the elimination of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous compounds via metabolism and biliary excretion. Therefore, hepatic uptake transporters, expressed on the sinusoidal membranes of hepatocytes, and efflux transporters mediating the transport from hepatocytes to the bile are determinant factors for pharmacokinetics of drugs, and hence, drug-drug interactions. In parallel with the growing research interest in this area, regulatory guidances have been updated with detailed assay models and criteria. According to well-established preclinical results, observed or expected hepatic transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions can be taken into account for clinical studies. In this paper, various methods including in vitro, in situ, in vivo, in silico approaches, and combinational concepts and several clinical studies on the assessment of transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions were reviewed. Informative and effective evaluation by preclinical tools together with the integration of pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation can reduce unexpected clinical outcomes and enhance the success rate in drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Izat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selma Sahin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
A Novel Experimental and Theoretical Method for Estimating Albumin-Mediated Hepatic Uptake Based on the Albumin Binding Fraction in Plasma and Human PK Prediction Using a Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Approach. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2262-2273. [PMID: 33476657 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently, protein-facilitated uptake has been suggested to be an important factor in the precise prediction of the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of drugs. In our previous study, a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) approach considering the mechanism of albumin-mediated hepatic uptake was developed for predicting human PK profiles. It was assumed that drugs affected by albumin-mediated hepatic uptake would bind only to albumin, which means that there would be over-estimation of the contribution of protein-facilitated uptake for a drug that could bind to multiple proteins. In this study, we developed a method that can evaluate the albumin binding fraction in plasma considering the affinity for other proteins. Based on the albumin binding fraction, the contribution of albumin-mediated hepatic uptake was theoretically estimated, and then the human PK profiles were predicted by our proposed PBPK approach incorporating this mechanism. As a result, the predicted human PK profiles agreed well with the observed ones, and the absolute average fold error of PK parameters was almost within a 1.5-fold error on average. These findings show the importance of considering protein-facilitated uptake and also suggest that our proposed PBPK approach can be useful in scientific discussions with regulatory authorities.
Collapse
|
18
|
Comparative Assessment of Extrapolation Methods Based on the Conventional Free Drug Hypothesis and Plasma Protein-Mediated Hepatic Uptake Theory for the Hepatic Clearance Predictions of Two Drugs Extensively Bound to Both the Albumin And Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1385-1391. [PMID: 33217427 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bteich and coworkers recently demonstrated in a companion manuscript (J Pharm Sci 109: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2020.07.003) that a protein-mediated hepatic uptake have occurred in an isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) model for two drugs (Perampanel; PER and Fluoxetine; FLU) that bind extensively to the albumin (ALB) and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP). However, to our knowledge, there is no quantitative model available to predict the impact of a plasma protein-mediated hepatic uptake on the extent of hepatic clearance (CLh) for a drug binding extensively to these two proteins. Therefore, the main objective was to predict the corresponding CLh, which is an extension of the companion manuscript. The method consisted of extrapolating the intrinsic clearance from the unbound fraction measured in the perfusate or the unbound fraction extrapolated to the surface of the hepatocyte membrane by adapting an existing model of protein-mediated hepatic uptake (i.e., the fup-adjusted model) to include a binding ratio between the ALB and AGP. This new approach showed a relevant improvement compared to the free drug hypothesis particularly for FLU that showed the highest degree of ALB-mediated uptake. Overall, this study is a first step towards the development of predictive methods of CLh by considering the binding to ALB and AGP.
Collapse
|
19
|
Bi YA, Ryu S, Tess DA, Rodrigues AD, Varma MVS. Effect of Human Plasma on Hepatic Uptake of Organic Anion–Transporting Polypeptide 1B Substrates: Studies Using Transfected Cells and Primary Human Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 49:72-83. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
|
20
|
Impact of Extensive Plasma Protein Binding on the In Situ Hepatic Uptake and Clearance of Perampanel and Fluoxetine in Sprague Dawley Rats. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3190-3205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
21
|
Mayumi K, Akazawa T, Kanazu T, Ohnishi S, Hasegawa H. Successful Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetics After Oral Administration by Optimized Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics Approach and Permeation Assay Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Intestinal Epithelial Cells. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1605-1614. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
22
|
Hirsch R, Wiesner J, Marker A, Pfeifer Y, Bauer A, Hammann PE, Vilcinskas A. Profiling antimicrobial peptides from the medical maggot Lucilia sericata as potential antibiotics for MDR Gram-negative bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:96-107. [PMID: 30272195 PMCID: PMC6322280 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of MDR Gram-negative bacteria to evade even antibiotics of last resort is a severe global challenge. The development pipeline for conventional antibiotics cannot address this issue, but antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) offer an alternative solution. Objectives Two insect-derived AMPs (LS-sarcotoxin and LS-stomoxyn) were profiled to assess their suitability for systemic application in humans. Methods The peptides were tested against an extended panel of 114 clinical MDR Gram-negative bacterial isolates followed by time–kill analysis, interaction studies and assays to determine the likelihood of emerging resistance. In further in vitro studies we addressed cytotoxicity, cardiotoxicity and off-target interactions. In addition, an in vivo tolerability and pharmacokinetic study in mice was performed. Results LS-sarcotoxin and LS-stomoxyn showed potent and selective activity against Gram-negative bacteria and no cross-resistance with carbapenems, fluoroquinolones or aminoglycosides. Peptide concentrations of 4 or 8 mg/L inhibited 90% of the clinical MDR isolates of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Salmonella enterica isolates tested. The ‘all-d’ homologues of the peptides displayed markedly reduced activity, indicating a chiral target. Pharmacological profiling revealed a good in vitro therapeutic index, no cytotoxicity or cardiotoxicity, an inconspicuous broad-panel off-target profile, and no acute toxicity in mice at 10 mg/kg. In mouse pharmacokinetic experiments LS-sarcotoxin and LS-stomoxyn plasma levels above the lower limit of quantification (1 and 0.25 mg/mL, respectively) were detected after 5 and 15 min, respectively. Conclusions LS-sarcotoxin and LS-stomoxyn are suitable as lead candidates for the development of novel antibiotics; however, their pharmacokinetic properties need to be improved for systemic administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Hirsch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Department of Bioresources, Gießen, Germany
- Present address: Evotec International GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Wiesner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Department of Bioresources, Gießen, Germany
| | - Alexander Marker
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yvonne Pfeifer
- Department 1 – Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Armin Bauer
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter E Hammann
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
- Present address: Evotec International GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Department of Bioresources, Gießen, Germany
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Gießen, Gießen, Germany
- Corresponding author. Tel: +49 641 99 39500; E-mail: orcid.org/0000-0001-8276-4968
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Metabolic stability and its role in the discovery of new chemical entities. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2019; 69:345-361. [PMID: 31259741 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2019-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Determination of metabolic profiles of new chemical entities is a key step in the process of drug discovery, since it influences pharmacokinetic characteristics of therapeutic compounds. One of the main challenges of medicinal chemistry is not only to design compounds demonstrating beneficial activity, but also molecules exhibiting favourable pharmacokinetic parameters. Chemical compounds can be divided into those which are metabolized relatively fast and those which undergo slow biotransformation. Rapid biotransformation reduces exposure to the maternal compound and may lead to the generation of active, non-active or toxic metabolites. In contrast, high metabolic stability may promote interactions between drugs and lead to parent compound toxicity. In the present paper, issues of compound metabolic stability will be discussed, with special emphasis on its significance, in vitro metabolic stability testing, dilemmas regarding in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of the results and some aspects relating to different preclinical species used in in vitro metabolic stability assessment of compounds.
Collapse
|
24
|
Successful Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetics by Improving Calculation Processes of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Approach. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2718-2727. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
25
|
Bteich M, Poulin P, Haddad S. The potential protein-mediated hepatic uptake: discussion on the molecular interactions between albumin and the hepatocyte cell surface and their implications for the in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolations of hepatic clearance of drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:633-658. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1640679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bteich
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Poulin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Consultant Patrick Poulin Inc., Québec city, Canada
| | - Sami Haddad
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang D, Hop CECA, Patilea-Vrana G, Gampa G, Seneviratne HK, Unadkat JD, Kenny JR, Nagapudi K, Di L, Zhou L, Zak M, Wright MR, Bumpus NN, Zang R, Liu X, Lai Y, Khojasteh SC. Drug Concentration Asymmetry in Tissues and Plasma for Small Molecule-Related Therapeutic Modalities. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1122-1135. [PMID: 31266753 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.086744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The well accepted "free drug hypothesis" for small-molecule drugs assumes that only the free (unbound) drug concentration at the therapeutic target can elicit a pharmacologic effect. Unbound (free) drug concentrations in plasma are readily measurable and are often used as surrogates for the drug concentrations at the site of pharmacologic action in pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis and clinical dose projection in drug discovery. Furthermore, for permeable compounds at pharmacokinetic steady state, the free drug concentration in tissue is likely a close approximation of that in plasma; however, several factors can create and maintain disequilibrium between the free drug concentration in plasma and tissue, leading to free drug concentration asymmetry. These factors include drug uptake and extrusion mechanisms involving the uptake and efflux drug transporters, intracellular biotransformation of prodrugs, membrane receptor-mediated uptake of antibody-drug conjugates, pH gradients, unique distribution properties (covalent binders, nanoparticles), and local drug delivery (e.g., inhalation). The impact of these factors on the free drug concentrations in tissues can be represented by K p,uu, the ratio of free drug concentration between tissue and plasma at steady state. This review focuses on situations in which free drug concentrations in tissues may differ from those in plasma (e.g., K p,uu > or <1) and discusses the limitations of the surrogate approach of using plasma-free drug concentration to predict free drug concentrations in tissue. This is an important consideration for novel therapeutic modalities since systemic exposure as a driver of pharmacologic effects may provide limited value in guiding compound optimization, selection, and advancement. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of the relationship between free drug concentrations in plasma and tissues is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donglu Zhang
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California (D.Z., C.E.C.A.H., J.R.K., K.N., M.Z., M.R.W., R.Z., S.C.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S., N.N.B.); Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.P.-V., J.D.U.); Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (X.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut (L.D.); Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (L.Z.); and Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (Y.L.)
| | - Cornelis E C A Hop
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California (D.Z., C.E.C.A.H., J.R.K., K.N., M.Z., M.R.W., R.Z., S.C.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S., N.N.B.); Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.P.-V., J.D.U.); Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (X.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut (L.D.); Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (L.Z.); and Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (Y.L.)
| | - Gabriela Patilea-Vrana
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California (D.Z., C.E.C.A.H., J.R.K., K.N., M.Z., M.R.W., R.Z., S.C.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S., N.N.B.); Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.P.-V., J.D.U.); Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (X.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut (L.D.); Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (L.Z.); and Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (Y.L.)
| | - Gautham Gampa
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California (D.Z., C.E.C.A.H., J.R.K., K.N., M.Z., M.R.W., R.Z., S.C.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S., N.N.B.); Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.P.-V., J.D.U.); Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (X.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut (L.D.); Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (L.Z.); and Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (Y.L.)
| | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California (D.Z., C.E.C.A.H., J.R.K., K.N., M.Z., M.R.W., R.Z., S.C.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S., N.N.B.); Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.P.-V., J.D.U.); Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (X.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut (L.D.); Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (L.Z.); and Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (Y.L.)
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California (D.Z., C.E.C.A.H., J.R.K., K.N., M.Z., M.R.W., R.Z., S.C.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S., N.N.B.); Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.P.-V., J.D.U.); Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (X.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut (L.D.); Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (L.Z.); and Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (Y.L.)
| | - Jane R Kenny
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California (D.Z., C.E.C.A.H., J.R.K., K.N., M.Z., M.R.W., R.Z., S.C.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S., N.N.B.); Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.P.-V., J.D.U.); Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (X.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut (L.D.); Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (L.Z.); and Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (Y.L.)
| | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California (D.Z., C.E.C.A.H., J.R.K., K.N., M.Z., M.R.W., R.Z., S.C.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S., N.N.B.); Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.P.-V., J.D.U.); Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (X.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut (L.D.); Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (L.Z.); and Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (Y.L.)
| | - Li Di
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California (D.Z., C.E.C.A.H., J.R.K., K.N., M.Z., M.R.W., R.Z., S.C.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S., N.N.B.); Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.P.-V., J.D.U.); Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (X.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut (L.D.); Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (L.Z.); and Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (Y.L.)
| | - Lian Zhou
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California (D.Z., C.E.C.A.H., J.R.K., K.N., M.Z., M.R.W., R.Z., S.C.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S., N.N.B.); Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.P.-V., J.D.U.); Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (X.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut (L.D.); Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (L.Z.); and Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (Y.L.)
| | - Mark Zak
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California (D.Z., C.E.C.A.H., J.R.K., K.N., M.Z., M.R.W., R.Z., S.C.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S., N.N.B.); Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.P.-V., J.D.U.); Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (X.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut (L.D.); Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (L.Z.); and Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (Y.L.)
| | - Matthew R Wright
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California (D.Z., C.E.C.A.H., J.R.K., K.N., M.Z., M.R.W., R.Z., S.C.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S., N.N.B.); Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.P.-V., J.D.U.); Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (X.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut (L.D.); Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (L.Z.); and Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (Y.L.)
| | - Namandjé N Bumpus
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California (D.Z., C.E.C.A.H., J.R.K., K.N., M.Z., M.R.W., R.Z., S.C.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S., N.N.B.); Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.P.-V., J.D.U.); Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (X.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut (L.D.); Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (L.Z.); and Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (Y.L.)
| | - Richard Zang
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California (D.Z., C.E.C.A.H., J.R.K., K.N., M.Z., M.R.W., R.Z., S.C.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S., N.N.B.); Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.P.-V., J.D.U.); Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (X.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut (L.D.); Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (L.Z.); and Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (Y.L.)
| | - Xingrong Liu
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California (D.Z., C.E.C.A.H., J.R.K., K.N., M.Z., M.R.W., R.Z., S.C.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S., N.N.B.); Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.P.-V., J.D.U.); Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (X.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut (L.D.); Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (L.Z.); and Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (Y.L.)
| | - Yurong Lai
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California (D.Z., C.E.C.A.H., J.R.K., K.N., M.Z., M.R.W., R.Z., S.C.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S., N.N.B.); Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.P.-V., J.D.U.); Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (X.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut (L.D.); Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (L.Z.); and Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (Y.L.)
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California (D.Z., C.E.C.A.H., J.R.K., K.N., M.Z., M.R.W., R.Z., S.C.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S., N.N.B.); Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.P.-V., J.D.U.); Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (X.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut (L.D.); Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (L.Z.); and Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Choi GW, Lee YB, Cho HY. Interpretation of Non-Clinical Data for Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetic Parameters: In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation and Allometric Scaling. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11040168. [PMID: 30959827 PMCID: PMC6523982 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11040168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extrapolation of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters from in vitro or in vivo animal to human is one of the main tasks in the drug development process. Translational approaches provide evidence for go or no-go decision-making during drug discovery and the development process, and the prediction of human PKs prior to the first-in-human clinical trials. In vitro-in vivo extrapolation and allometric scaling are the choice of method for projection to human situations. Although these methods are useful tools for the estimation of PK parameters, it is a challenge to apply these methods since underlying biochemical, mathematical, physiological, and background knowledge of PKs are required. In addition, it is difficult to select an appropriate methodology depending on the data available. Therefore, this review covers the principles of PK parameters pertaining to the clearance, volume of distribution, elimination half-life, absorption rate constant, and prediction method from the original idea to recently developed models in order to introduce optimal models for the prediction of PK parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Go-Wun Choi
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Korea.
| | - Yong-Bok Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea.
| | - Hea-Young Cho
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hallifax D, Houston J. Use of Segregated Hepatocyte Scaling Factors and Cross-Species Relationships to Resolve Clearance Dependence in the Prediction of Human Hepatic Clearance. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:320-327. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.085191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
29
|
Chan TS, Yu H, Moore A, Khetani SR, Tweedie D. Meeting the Challenge of Predicting Hepatic Clearance of Compounds Slowly Metabolized by Cytochrome P450 Using a Novel Hepatocyte Model, HepatoPac. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 47:58-66. [PMID: 30552098 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.053397fullarticlecorrection] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating accurate in vitro intrinsic clearance data is an important aspect of predicting in vivo human clearance. Primary hepatocytes in suspension are routinely used to predict in vivo clearance; however, incubation times have typically been limited to 4-6 hours, which is not long enough to accurately evaluate the metabolic stability of slowly metabolized compounds. HepatoPac is a micropatterened hepatocyte-fibroblast coculture system that can be used for continuous incubations of up to 7 days. This study evaluated the ability of human HepatoPac to predict the in vivo clearance (CL) of 17 commercially available compounds with low to intermediate clearance (<12 ml/min/kg). In vitro half-life for disappearance of each compound was converted to hepatic clearance using the well stirred model, with and without correction for plasma protein binding. Hepatic CL, using three individual donors, was accurately predicted for 11 of 17 compounds (59%; predicted clearance within 2-fold of observed human in vivo clearance values). The accuracy of prediction increased to 82% (14 of 17 compounds) with an acceptance criterion defined as within 3-fold. When considering only low clearance compounds (<5 ml/min per kg), which represented 10 of the 17 compounds, the accuracy of prediction was 70% within 2-fold and 100% within 3-fold. In addition, the turnover of three slowly metabolized compounds (alprazolam, meloxicam, and tolbutamide) in HepatoPac was directly compared with turnover in suspended hepatocytes. The turnover of alprazolam and tolbutamide was approximately 2-fold greater using HepatoPac compared with suspended hepatocytes, which was roughly in line with the extrapolated values (correcting for the longer incubation time and lower cell number with HepatoPac). HepatoPac, but not suspended hepatocytes, demonstrated significant turnover of meloxicam. These results demonstrate the utility of HepatoPac for prediction of in vivo hepatic clearance, particularly with low clearance compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom S Chan
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut (T.S.C., H.Y., D.T.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (A.M.); and Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.)
| | - Hongbin Yu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut (T.S.C., H.Y., D.T.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (A.M.); and Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.)
| | - Amanda Moore
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut (T.S.C., H.Y., D.T.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (A.M.); and Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.)
| | - Salman R Khetani
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut (T.S.C., H.Y., D.T.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (A.M.); and Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.)
| | - Donald Tweedie
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut (T.S.C., H.Y., D.T.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (A.M.); and Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Schmitt MV, Lienau P, Fricker G, Reichel A. Quantitation of Lysosomal Trapping of Basic Lipophilic Compounds Using In Vitro Assays and In Silico Predictions Based on the Determination of the Full pH Profile of the Endo-/Lysosomal System in Rat Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 47:49-57. [PMID: 30409837 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.084541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal sequestration may affect the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of new basic lipophilic drug candidates potentially impacting their intracellular concentrations and tissue distribution. It may also be involved in drug-drug interactions, drug resistance, and phospholipidosis. However, currently there are no assays to evaluate the lysosomotropic behavior of compounds in a setting fully meeting the needs of drug discovery. We have, therefore, integrated a set of methods to reliably rank order, quantify, and calculate the extent of lysosomal sequestration in rat hepatocytes. An indirect fluorescence-based assay monitors the displacement of the fluorescence probe LysoTracker Red by test compounds. Using a lysosomal-specific evaluation algorithm allows one to generate IC50 values at lower than previously reported concentrations. The concentration range directly agrees with the concentration dependency of the lysosomal drug content itself directly quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and thus permits a quantitative link between the indirect and the direct trapping assay. Furthermore, we have determined the full pH profile and corresponding volume fractions of the endo-/lysosomal system in plated rat hepatocytes, enabling a more accurate in silico prediction of the extent of lysosomal trapping based only on pK a values as input, allowing early predictions even prior to chemical synthesis. The concentration dependency-i.e., the saturability of the trapping-can then be determined by the IC50 values generated in vitro. Thereby, a more quantitative assessment of the susceptibility of basic lipophilic compounds for lysosomal trapping is possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian V Schmitt
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Translational Sciences, Research Pharmacokinetics, Berlin, Germany (M.V.S., P.L., A.R.); and Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.S., G.F.)
| | - Philip Lienau
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Translational Sciences, Research Pharmacokinetics, Berlin, Germany (M.V.S., P.L., A.R.); and Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.S., G.F.)
| | - Gert Fricker
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Translational Sciences, Research Pharmacokinetics, Berlin, Germany (M.V.S., P.L., A.R.); and Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.S., G.F.)
| | - Andreas Reichel
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Translational Sciences, Research Pharmacokinetics, Berlin, Germany (M.V.S., P.L., A.R.); and Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.S., G.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li N, Zhu L, Qi F, Li M, Xu G, Ge T. Prediction of the effect of voriconazole on the pharmacokinetics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Chemother 2018; 30:240-246. [DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2018.1500197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China,
| | - Liqin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China,
| | - Fang Qi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China,
| | - Mengxue Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China,
| | - Gaoqi Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tingyue Ge
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Biological Profiling of Coleoptericins and Coleoptericin-Like Antimicrobial Peptides from the Invasive Harlequin Ladybird Harmonia axyridis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1214:43-59. [PMID: 30269257 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The spread of antibiotic-resistant human pathogens and the declining number of novel antibiotics in the development pipeline is a global challenge that has fueled the demand for alternative options. The search for novel drug candidates has expanded to include not only antibiotics but also adjuvants capable of restoring antibiotic susceptibility in multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. Insect-derived antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can potentially fulfil both of these functions. We tested two coleoptericins and one coleoptericin-like peptides from the invasive harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis against a panel of human pathogens. The AMPs displayed little or no activity when tested alone but were active even against clinical MDR isolates of the Gram-negative ESKAPE strains when tested in combination with polymyxin derivatives, such as the reserve antibiotic colistin, at levels below the minimal inhibitory concentration. Assuming intracellular targets of the AMPs, our data indicate that colistin potentiates the activity of the AMPs. All three AMPs achieved good in vitro therapeutic indices and high intrahepatic stability but low plasma stability, suggesting they could be developed as adjuvants for topical delivery or administration by inhalation for anti-infective therapy to reduce the necessary dose of colistin (and thus its side effects) or to prevent development of colistin resistance in MDR pathogens.
Collapse
|
33
|
Krause S, Goss KU. In Vitro–in Vivo Extrapolation of Hepatic Metabolism for Different Scenarios - a Toolbox. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:1195-1202. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Krause
- Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Goss
- Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kimoto E, Mathialagan S, Tylaska L, Niosi M, Lin J, Carlo AA, Tess DA, Varma MVS. Organic Anion Transporter 2–Mediated Hepatic Uptake Contributes to the Clearance of High-Permeability–Low-Molecular-Weight Acid and Zwitterion Drugs: Evaluation Using 25 Drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 367:322-334. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.252049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
|
35
|
Bowman CM, Benet LZ. An examination of protein binding and protein-facilitated uptake relating to in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:502-514. [PMID: 30098391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
As explained by the free drug theory, the unbound fraction of drug has long been thought to drive the efficacy of a molecule. Thus, the fraction unbound term, or fu, appears in equations for fundamental pharmacokinetic parameters such as clearance, and is used when attempting in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE). In recent years though, it has been noted that IVIVE does not always yield accurate predictions, and that some highly protein bound ligands have more efficient uptake than can be explained by their unbound fractions. This review explores the evolution of fu terms included when implementing IVIVE, the concept of protein-facilitated uptake, and the mechanisms that have been proposed to account for facilitated uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Bowman
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - L Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Poulin P, Haddad S. Extrapolation of the Hepatic Clearance of Drugs in the Absence of Albumin In Vitro to That in the Presence of Albumin In Vivo : Comparative Assessement of 2 Extrapolation Models Based on the Albumin-Mediated Hepatic Uptake Theory and Limitations and Mechanistic Insights. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1791-1797. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
37
|
Shimura K, Murayama N, Tanaka S, Onozeki S, Yamazaki H. Suitable albumin concentrations for enhanced drug oxidation activities mediated by human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 2C9 and other forms predicted with unbound fractions and partition/distribution coefficients of model substrates. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:557-562. [PMID: 29808734 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1482576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Albumin has reportedly enhanced cytochrome P450 (P450)-mediated drug oxidation rates in human liver microsomes. Consequently, measurements of clearances and fractions metabolized could vary depending on the experimental albumin concentrations used. In this study, the oxidation rates of diclofenac and warfarin by human liver microsomes were significantly enhanced in the presence of 0.10% (w/v) bovine serum albumin, whereas those of tolbutamide and phenytoin required 1.0% and 2.0% of albumin for significant enhancement. Values of the fractions metabolized by P450 2C9 for four substrates did not markedly change in the presence of albumin at the above-mentioned concentrations. The oxidation rates of bupropion, omeprazole, chlorzoxazone and phenacetin in human liver microsomes were reportedly enhanced by 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 2% of albumin, respectively. Analysis of reported intrinsic clearance values and suitable albumin concentrations for the currently analyzed substrates and the reported substrates revealed an inverse correlation, with warfarin as an outlier. Suitable albumin concentrations were multivariately correlated with physicochemical properties, that is, the plasma unbound fractions, octanol-water partition coefficient and acid dissociation constant (r = 0.98, p<.0001, n = 10). Therefore, multiple physicochemical properties may be determinants of suitable albumin concentrations for substrate oxidations in human liver microsomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanami Shimura
- a Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- a Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Saki Tanaka
- a Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Shunsuke Onozeki
- a Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- a Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
De Bruyn T, Ufuk A, Cantrill C, Kosa RE, Bi YA, Niosi M, Modi S, Rodrigues AD, Tremaine LM, Varma MVS, Galetin A, Houston JB. Predicting Human Clearance of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide Substrates Using Cynomolgus Monkey: In Vitro–In Vivo Scaling of Hepatic Uptake Clearance. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:989-1000. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.081315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
|
39
|
Horiuchi K, Ohnishi S, Matsuzaki T, Funaki S, Watanabe A, Mizutare T, Matsumoto S, Nezasa KI, Hasegawa H. Improved Human Pharmacokinetic Prediction of Hepatically Metabolized Drugs With Species-Specific Systemic Clearance. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1443-1453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
40
|
Da-Silva F, Boulenc X, Vermet H, Compigne P, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Daujat-Chavanieu M, Klieber S, Poulin P. Improving Prediction of Metabolic Clearance Using Quantitative Extrapolation of Results Obtained From Human Hepatic Micropatterned Cocultures Model and by Considering the Impact of Albumin Binding. J Pharm Sci 2018. [PMID: 29524447 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to compare, with the same data set, the predictive performance of 3 in vitro assays of hepatic clearance (CL), namely, micropatterned cocultures (also referring to HepatoPac®) and suspension as well as monolayer hepatocytes to define which assay is the most accurate. Furthermore, existing in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) methods were challenged to verify which method is the most predictive (i.e., direct scaling method without binding correction, conventional method based either on the unbound fraction in plasma (fup) according to the free-drug hypothesis, or based on an fup value adjusted for the albumin [ALB]-facilitated hepatic uptake phenomenon). Accordingly, the role of ALB binding was specifically challenged, and consequently, the ALB production was monitored in parallel to the metabolic stability. The ALB concentration data were used to compare the in vitro assays and to adjust the value of fup of each drug to mimic the ALB-facilitated hepatic uptake phenomenon. The results confirmed that the direct and conventional IVIVE methods generally overpredicted and underpredicted the CL in vivo in humans, respectively. However, the underprediction of the conventional IVIVE method based on fup was significantly reduced from data generated with the HepatoPac® system compared with the 2 other in vitro assays, which is possibly because that system is producing ALB at a rate much closer to the in vivo condition in liver. Hence, these observations suggest that the presence of more ALB molecules per hepatocyte in that HepatoPac® system may have facilitated the hepatic uptake of several bound drugs because their intrinsic CL was increased instead of being decreased by the ALB binding effect. Accordingly, the IVIVE method based on the fup value adjusted for the ALB-facilitated uptake phenomenon gave the lowest prediction bias from the statistical analyses. This study indicated that the HepatoPac® system combined with the adjusted value of fup was the most reliable IVIVE method and revealed the importance of quantifying the in vitro-to-in vivo variation of ALB concentration to improve the CL predictions, which would help any future physiologically based pharmacokinetics modeling exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franck Da-Silva
- Sanofi R&D, Montpellier, France; Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Université et CHU de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Sabine Gerbal-Chaloin
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Université et CHU de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Daujat-Chavanieu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Université et CHU de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Patrick Poulin
- Consultant, Patrick Poulin Inc., Québec City, Canada; Associate professor, School of Public Health, IRSPUM, Université de Montréal, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wood FL, Houston JB, Hallifax D. Clearance Prediction Methodology Needs Fundamental Improvement: Trends Common to Rat and Human Hepatocytes/Microsomes and Implications for Experimental Methodology. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:1178-1188. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.077040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
|
42
|
Supplemental Analysis of the Prediction of Hepatic Clearance of Binary Mixtures of Bisphenol A and Naproxen Determined in an Isolated Perfused Rat Liver Model to Promote the Understanding of Potential Albumin-Facilitated Hepatic Uptake Mechanism. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:3207-3214. [PMID: 28823401 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The hepatic clearance (CL) of bisphenol A (BPA) in the isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) model has been studied for the impact of albumin (ALB) binding and coadministration with naproxen (NAP) in a companion manuscript (Bounakta et al. Xenobiotica. 2017;3:1-13.). We reported that the extrapolations of hepatic CL of BPA, NAP, and the binary mixtures between 2 ALB concentrations did not follow the free drug hypothesis; however, potential ALB-facilitated hepatic uptake mechanism(s) were highly suspected. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to reanalyze the IPRL data to provide a deeper quantitative extrapolation of CL; however, the focus was made on the impact of ALB binding on the intrinsic clearance (CLint) versus unbound CLint instead of only the global hepatic CL to verify whether the concept of ALB-facilitated hepatic uptake still holds for these 2 additional parameters for binary mixtures. Firstly, the variations in CLint that were observed between the IPRL model using no ALB and ALB in the perfusates were compared to the corresponding variations in the unbound fraction measured in the perfusates (fup) according to the free drug hypothesis, or to the variations in the fup values adjusted for potential ALB-facilitated uptake mechanism (i.e., fup-adjusted). The parameter fup-adjusted showed a greater predictability compared to fup (average fold error ∼ 1 vs. 5.2), suggesting that both the free and bound drug moieties should be available for hepatic uptake. Secondly, the supplemental data analysis showed a greater decrease in unbound Km than in Vmax resulting in increased uptake CLint of the unbound drug (Vmax/unbound Km) with increased ALB concentration at a given substrate concentration, which is compatible with an ALB-facilitated hepatic uptake mechanism. Interestingly, the unbound CLint increased by a factor that corresponds to the bound drug moiety also assumed available for hepatic uptake. These additional findings corroborate the recent literature. Overall, this study showed the importance of quantifying any differential of ALB concentration (in vitro vs. in vivo or hypoalbuminemia in vivo vs. hyperalbuminemia in vivo) in the IPRL-based, in vitro-to-in vivo or in vivo-to-in vivo extrapolation-based or physiologically based pharmacokinetics-based CL prediction of chemical-drug interactions between xenobiotics significantly bound to ALB.
Collapse
|
43
|
Rougée LRA, Mohutsky MA, Bedwell DW, Ruterbories KJ, Hall SD. The Impact of the Hepatocyte-to-Plasma pH Gradient on the Prediction of Hepatic Clearance and Drug-Drug Interactions for CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 Substrates. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:1008-1018. [PMID: 28679672 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.076331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Surrogate assays for drug metabolism and inhibition are traditionally performed in buffer systems at pH 7.4, despite evidence that hepatocyte intracellular pH is 7.0. This pH gradient can result in a pKa-dependent change in intracellular/extracellular concentrations for ionizable drugs that could affect predictions of clearance and P450 inhibition. The effect of microsomal incubation pH on in vitro enzyme kinetic parameters for CYP2C9 (diclofenac, (S)-warfarin) and CYP3A4 (midazolam, dextromethorphan, testosterone) substrates, enzyme specific reversible inhibitors (amiodarone, desethylamiodarone, clozapine, nicardipine, fluconazole, fluvoxamine, itraconazole) and a mechanism-based inhibitor (amiodarone) was investigated. Intrinsic clearance through CYP2C9 significantly increased (25% and 50% for diclofenac and (S)-warfarin respectively) at intracellular pH 7.0 compared with traditional pH 7.4. The CYP3A4 substrate dextromethorphan intrinsic clearance was decreased by 320% at pH 7.0, while midazolam and testosterone remained unchanged. Reversible inhibition of CYP2C9 was less potent at pH 7.0 compared with 7.4, while CYP3A4 inhibition potency was variably affected. Maximum enzyme inactivation rate of amiodarone toward CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 decreased at pH 7.0, while the irreversible inhibition constant remained unchanged for CYP2C9, but decreased for CYP3A4 at pH 7.0. Predictions of clearance and drug-drug interactions made through physiologically based pharmacokinetic models were improved with the inclusion of predicted intracellular concentrations based at pH 7.0 and in vitro parameters determined at pH 7.0. No general conclusion on the impact of pH could be made and therefore a recommendation to change buffer pH to 7.0 cannot be made at this time. It is recommended that the appropriate hepatocyte intracellular pH 7.0 be used for in vitro determinations when in vivo predictions are made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luc R A Rougée
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Michael A Mohutsky
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David W Bedwell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Stephen D Hall
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Smith JN, Carver ZA, Weber TJ, Timchalk C. Predicting Transport of 3,5,6-Trichloro-2-Pyridinol Into Saliva Using a Combination Experimental and Computational Approach. Toxicol Sci 2017; 157:438-450. [PMID: 28402492 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination experimental and computational approach was developed to predict chemical transport into saliva. A serous-acinar chemical transport assay was established to measure chemical transport with nonphysiological (standard cell culture medium) and physiological (using surrogate plasma and saliva medium) conditions using 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy) a metabolite of the pesticide chlorpyrifos. High levels of TCPy protein binding were observed in cell culture medium and rat plasma resulting in different TCPy transport behaviors in the 2 experimental conditions. In the nonphysiological transport experiment, TCPy reached equilibrium at equivalent concentrations in apical and basolateral chambers. At higher TCPy doses, increased unbound TCPy was observed, and TCPy concentrations in apical and basolateral chambers reached equilibrium faster than lower doses, suggesting only unbound TCPy is able to cross the cellular monolayer. In the physiological experiment, TCPy transport was slower than nonphysiological conditions, and equilibrium was achieved at different concentrations in apical and basolateral chambers at a comparable ratio (0.034) to what was previously measured in rats dosed with TCPy (saliva:blood ratio: 0.049). A cellular transport computational model was developed based on TCPy protein binding kinetics and simulated all transport experiments reasonably well using different permeability coefficients for the 2 experimental conditions (1.14 vs 0.4 cm/h for nonphysiological and physiological experiments, respectively). The computational model was integrated into a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model and accurately predicted TCPy concentrations in saliva of rats dosed with TCPy. Overall, this study demonstrates an approach to predict chemical transport in saliva, potentially increasing the utility of salivary biomonitoring in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Ned Smith
- Health Impacts and Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Zana A Carver
- Health Impacts and Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas J Weber
- Health Impacts and Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Charles Timchalk
- Health Impacts and Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gao J, Tian X, Zhou J, Cui MZ, Zhang HF, Gao N, Wen Q, Qiao HL. From Genotype to Phenotype: Cytochrome P450 2D6-Mediated Drug Clearance in Humans. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:649-657. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Institute
of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Institute
of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute
of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Cui
- Institute
of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Hai-Feng Zhang
- Institute
of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Na Gao
- Institute
of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Qiang Wen
- Institute
of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Hai-Ling Qiao
- Institute
of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ye M, Nagar S, Korzekwa K. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to predict the pharmacokinetics of highly protein-bound drugs and the impact of errors in plasma protein binding. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2017; 37:123-41. [PMID: 26531057 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Predicting the pharmacokinetics of highly protein-bound drugs is difficult. Also, since historical plasma protein binding data were often collected using unbuffered plasma, the resulting inaccurate binding data could contribute to incorrect predictions. This study uses a generic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict human plasma concentration-time profiles for 22 highly protein-bound drugs. Tissue distribution was estimated from in vitro drug lipophilicity data, plasma protein binding and the blood: plasma ratio. Clearance was predicted with a well-stirred liver model. Underestimated hepatic clearance for acidic and neutral compounds was corrected by an empirical scaling factor. Predicted values (pharmacokinetic parameters, plasma concentration-time profile) were compared with observed data to evaluate the model accuracy. Of the 22 drugs, less than a 2-fold error was obtained for the terminal elimination half-life (t1/2 , 100% of drugs), peak plasma concentration (Cmax , 100%), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-t , 95.4%), clearance (CLh , 95.4%), mean residence time (MRT, 95.4%) and steady state volume (Vss , 90.9%). The impact of fup errors on CLh and Vss prediction was evaluated. Errors in fup resulted in proportional errors in clearance prediction for low-clearance compounds, and in Vss prediction for high-volume neutral drugs. For high-volume basic drugs, errors in fup did not propagate to errors in Vss prediction. This is due to the cancellation of errors in the calculations for tissue partitioning of basic drugs. Overall, plasma profiles were well simulated with the present PBPK model. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Swati Nagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ken Korzekwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yim CS, Jeong YS, Lee SY, Pyeon W, Ryu HM, Lee JH, Lee KR, Maeng HJ, Chung SJ. Specific Inhibition of the Distribution of Lobeglitazone to the Liver by Atorvastatin in Rats: Evidence for a Rat Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1B2-Mediated Interaction in Hepatic Transport. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:246-259. [PMID: 28069721 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes and human organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 are reported to be involved in the pharmacokinetics of lobeglitazone (LB), a new peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist. Atorvastatin (ATV), a substrate for CYP3A and human OATP1B1, is likely to be coadministered with LB in patients with the metabolic syndrome. We report herein on a study of potential interactions between LB and ATV in rats. When LB was administered intravenously with ATV, the systemic clearance and volume of distribution at steady state for LB remained unchanged (2.67 ± 0.63 ml/min per kg and 289 ± 20 ml/kg, respectively), compared with that of LB without ATV (2.34 ± 0.37 ml/min per kg and 271 ± 20 ml/kg, respectively). Although the tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp) of LB was not affected by ATV in most major tissues, the liver Kp for LB was decreased by ATV coadministration. Steady-state liver Kp values for three levels of LB were significantly decreased as a result of ATV coadministration. LB uptake was inhibited by ATV in rat OATP1B2-overexpressing Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and in isolated rat hepatocytes in vitro. After incorporating the kinetic parameters for the in vitro studies into a physiologically based pharmacokinetics model, the characteristics of LB distribution to the liver were consistent with the findings of the in vivo study. It thus appears that the distribution of LB to the liver is mediated by the hepatic uptake of transporters such as rat OATP1B2, and carrier-mediated transport is involved in the liver-specific drug-drug interaction between LB and ATV in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Soon Yim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.-S.Y., Y.-S.J., S.-Y.L., W.P., H.-M.R., S.-J.C.); Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.-H.L.); Life Science Research Center, Daewoong Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (K.-R.L.); and College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea (H.-J.M.)
| | - Yoo-Seong Jeong
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.-S.Y., Y.-S.J., S.-Y.L., W.P., H.-M.R., S.-J.C.); Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.-H.L.); Life Science Research Center, Daewoong Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (K.-R.L.); and College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea (H.-J.M.)
| | - Song-Yi Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.-S.Y., Y.-S.J., S.-Y.L., W.P., H.-M.R., S.-J.C.); Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.-H.L.); Life Science Research Center, Daewoong Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (K.-R.L.); and College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea (H.-J.M.)
| | - Wonji Pyeon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.-S.Y., Y.-S.J., S.-Y.L., W.P., H.-M.R., S.-J.C.); Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.-H.L.); Life Science Research Center, Daewoong Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (K.-R.L.); and College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea (H.-J.M.)
| | - Heon-Min Ryu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.-S.Y., Y.-S.J., S.-Y.L., W.P., H.-M.R., S.-J.C.); Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.-H.L.); Life Science Research Center, Daewoong Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (K.-R.L.); and College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea (H.-J.M.)
| | - Jong-Hwa Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.-S.Y., Y.-S.J., S.-Y.L., W.P., H.-M.R., S.-J.C.); Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.-H.L.); Life Science Research Center, Daewoong Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (K.-R.L.); and College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea (H.-J.M.)
| | - Kyeong-Ryoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.-S.Y., Y.-S.J., S.-Y.L., W.P., H.-M.R., S.-J.C.); Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.-H.L.); Life Science Research Center, Daewoong Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (K.-R.L.); and College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea (H.-J.M.)
| | - Han-Joo Maeng
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.-S.Y., Y.-S.J., S.-Y.L., W.P., H.-M.R., S.-J.C.); Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.-H.L.); Life Science Research Center, Daewoong Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (K.-R.L.); and College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea (H.-J.M.)
| | - Suk-Jae Chung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.-S.Y., Y.-S.J., S.-Y.L., W.P., H.-M.R., S.-J.C.); Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.-H.L.); Life Science Research Center, Daewoong Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (K.-R.L.); and College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea (H.-J.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kratochwil NA, Meille C, Fowler S, Klammers F, Ekiciler A, Molitor B, Simon S, Walter I, McGinnis C, Walther J, Leonard B, Triyatni M, Javanbakht H, Funk C, Schuler F, Lavé T, Parrott NJ. Metabolic Profiling of Human Long-Term Liver Models and Hepatic Clearance Predictions from In Vitro Data Using Nonlinear Mixed-Effects Modeling. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:534-550. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-0019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
49
|
Yamagata T, Zanelli U, Gallemann D, Perrin D, Dolgos H, Petersson C. Comparison of methods for the prediction of human clearance from hepatocyte intrinsic clearance for a set of reference compounds and an external evaluation set. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:741-751. [PMID: 27560606 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1222639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1. We compared direct scaling, regression model equation and the so-called "Poulin et al." methods to scale clearance (CL) from in vitro intrinsic clearance (CLint) measured in human hepatocytes using two sets of compounds. One reference set comprised of 20 compounds with known elimination pathways and one external evaluation set based on 17 compounds development in Merck (MS). 2. A 90% prospective confidence interval was calculated using the reference set. This interval was found relevant for the regression equation method. The three outliers identified were justified on the basis of their elimination mechanism. 3. The direct scaling method showed a systematic underestimation of clearance in both the reference and evaluation sets. The "Poulin et al." and the regression equation methods showed no obvious bias in either the reference or evaluation sets. 4. The regression model equation was slightly superior to the "Poulin et al." method in the reference set and showed a better absolute average fold error (AAFE) of value 1.3 compared to 1.6. A larger difference was observed in the evaluation set were the regression method and "Poulin et al." resulted in an AAFE of 1.7 and 2.6, respectively (removing the three compounds with known issues mentioned above). A similar pattern was observed for the correlation coefficient. Based on these data we suggest the regression equation method combined with a prospective confidence interval as the first choice for the extrapolation of human in vivo hepatic metabolic clearance from in vitro systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Yamagata
- a Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck KGaA , Grafing , Germany and
| | - Ugo Zanelli
- b Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck KGaA , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Dieter Gallemann
- a Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck KGaA , Grafing , Germany and
| | - Dominique Perrin
- b Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck KGaA , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Hugues Dolgos
- b Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck KGaA , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Carl Petersson
- b Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck KGaA , Darmstadt , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Poulin P, Burczynski FJ, Haddad S. The Role of Extracellular Binding Proteins in the Cellular Uptake of Drugs: Impact on Quantitative In Vitro-to-In Vivo Extrapolations of Toxicity and Efficacy in Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Research. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:497-508. [PMID: 26173749 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A critical component in the development of physiologically based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) models for estimating target organ dosimetry in pharmacology and toxicology studies is the understanding of the uptake kinetics and accumulation of drugs and chemicals at the cellular level. Therefore, predicting free drug concentrations in intracellular fluid will contribute to our understanding of concentrations at the site of action in cells in PBPK/PD research. Some investigators believe that uptake of drugs in cells is solely driven by the unbound fraction; conversely, others argue that the protein-bound fraction contributes a significant portion of the total amount delivered to cells. Accordingly, the current literature suggests the existence of a so-called albumin-mediated uptake mechanism(s) for the protein-bound fraction (i.e., extracellular protein-facilitated uptake mechanisms) at least in hepatocytes and cardiac myocytes; however, such mechanism(s) and cells from other organs deserve further exploration. Therefore, the main objective of this present study was to discuss further the implication of potential protein-facilitated uptake mechanism(s) on drug distribution in cells under in vivo conditions. The interplay between the protein-facilitated uptake mechanism(s) and the effects of a pH gradient, metabolism, transport, and permeation limitation potentially occurring in cells was also discussed, as this should violate the basic assumption on similar free drug concentration in cells and plasma. This was made because the published equations used to calculate drug concentrations in cells in a PBPK/PD model did not consider potential protein-facilitated uptake mechanism(s). Consequently, we corrected some published equations for calculating the free drug concentrations in cells compared with plasma in PBPK/PD modeling studies, and we proposed a refined strategy for potentially performing more accurate quantitative in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolations (IVIVEs) of toxicity (efficacy) at the cellular level from data generated in cell assays. Overall, this present study may help to optimize the human dose prediction in preclinical and clinical studies, while prescribing drugs with narrow therapeutic windows that are highly bound to extracellular proteins and/or highly ionized at the physiological pH. This may facilitate building a more accurate safety (efficacy) profile for such drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Poulin
- Consultant, Québec city, Québec, Canada; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, IRSPUM, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Frank J Burczynski
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sami Haddad
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, IRSPUM, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|