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Clemen R, Fuentes-Lemus E, Bekeschus S, Davies MJ. Oxidant-modified amylin fibrils and aggregates alter the inflammatory profile of multiple myeloid cell types, but are non-toxic to islet β cells. Redox Biol 2023; 65:102835. [PMID: 37544243 PMCID: PMC10432244 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus currently affects ∼10% of the population worldwide, with Type 2 predominating, and this incidence is increasing steadily. Both Type 1 and 2 are complex diseases, involving β-cell death and chronic inflammation, but the pathways involved are unresolved. Chronic inflammation is characterized by increased oxidant formation, with this inducing protein modification, altered function and immunogenicity. Amylin, a peptide hormone co-secreted with insulin by β-cells, has attracted considerable interest for its amyloidogenic properties, however, the effects that oxidants have on amylin aggregation and function are poorly understood. Amylin was exposed in vitro to hypochlorous acid, hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrous acid/peroxynitrite to investigate the formation of post-translational oxidative modifications (oxPTMs, via mass spectrometry) and fibril formation (via transmission electron microscopy). Amylin free acid (AFA) was also examined to investigate the role of the C-terminal amide in amylin. Oxidant exposure led to changes in aggregate morphology and abundance of oxPTMs in a concentration-dependent manner. The toxicity and immunogenic potential of oxidant-modified amylin or AFA on pancreatic islet cells (INS-1E), human monocyte cell line (THP-1) and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) were examined using metabolic activity and cytokine assays, and flow cytometry. No significant changes in vitality or viability were detected, but exposure to oxidant-modified amylin or AFA resulted in altered immunogenicity when compared to the native proteins. THP-1 and moDCs show altered expression of activation markers and changes in cytokine secretion. Furthermore, oxidant-treated amylin and AFA promoted maturation of THP-1 and pre-mature moDCs, as determined by changes in size, and maturation markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Clemen
- ZIK Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Eduardo Fuentes-Lemus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Sander Bekeschus
- ZIK Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany; Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venerology, Rostock University Medical Center, Strempelstr. 13, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
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Narhi LO, Chou DK, Christian TR, Gibson S, Jagannathan B, Jiskoot W, Jordan S, Sreedhara A, Waxman L, Das TK. Stress Factors in Primary Packaging, Transportation and Handling of Protein Drug Products and Their Impact on Product Quality. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:887-902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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3
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Wang J, Yu J, Zhang Y, Kahkoska AR, Wang Z, Fang J, Whitelegge JP, Li S, Buse JB, Gu Z. Glucose transporter inhibitor-conjugated insulin mitigates hypoglycemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10744-10748. [PMID: 31097579 PMCID: PMC6561193 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901967116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin therapy in the setting of type 1 and advanced type 2 diabetes is complicated by increased risk of hypoglycemia. This potentially fatal complication could be mitigated by a glucose-responsive insulin analog. We report an insulin-facilitated glucose transporter (Glut) inhibitor conjugate, in which the insulin molecule is rendered glucose-responsive via conjugation to an inhibitor of Glut. The binding affinity of this insulin analog to endogenous Glut is modulated by plasma and tissue glucose levels. In hyperglycemic conditions (e.g., uncontrolled diabetes or the postprandial state), the in situ-generated insulin analog-Glut complex is driven to dissociate, freeing the insulin analog and glucose-accessible Glut to restore normoglycemia. Upon overdose, enhanced binding of insulin analog to Glut suppresses the glucose transport activity of Glut to attenuate further uptake of glucose. We demonstrate the ability of this insulin conjugate to regulate blood glucose levels within a normal range while mitigating the risk of hypoglycemia in a type 1 diabetic mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiang Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jicheng Yu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27514
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27514
| | - Anna R Kahkoska
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Zejun Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jun Fang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- The Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - John B Buse
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Zhen Gu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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4
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Dingman R, Balu-Iyer SV. Immunogenicity of Protein Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:1637-1654. [PMID: 30599169 PMCID: PMC6720129 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics have drastically changed the landscape of treatment for many diseases by providing a regimen that is highly specific and lacks many off-target toxicities. The clinical utility of many therapeutic proteins has been undermined by the potential development of unwanted immune responses against the protein, limiting their efficacy and negatively impacting its safety profile. This review attempts to provide an overview of immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins, including immune mechanisms and factors influencing immunogenicity, impact of immunogenicity, preclinical screening methods, and strategies to mitigate immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dingman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Sathy V Balu-Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214.
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5
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Kijanka G, Bee JS, Korman SA, Wu Y, Roskos LK, Schenerman MA, Slütter B, Jiskoot W. Submicron Size Particles of a Murine Monoclonal Antibody Are More Immunogenic Than Soluble Oligomers or Micron Size Particles Upon Subcutaneous Administration in Mice. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2847-2859. [PMID: 30003898 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregates are one of the several risk factors for undesired immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals. However, it remains unclear which features determine whether aggregates will trigger an unwanted immune response. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of aggregates' size on their relative immunogenicity. A monoclonal murine IgG1 was stressed by exposure to low pH and elevated temperature followed by stirring to obtain aggregates widely differing in size. Aggregate fractions enriched in soluble oligomers, submicron size particles and micron size particles were isolated via centrifugation or size-exclusion chromatography and characterized physicochemically. The secondary and tertiary structures of aggregates were altered in a similar way for all the fractions, while no substantial chemical degradation was observed. Development of anti-drug antibodies was measured after subcutaneous administration of each enriched fraction to BALB/c mice. Among all tested fractions, the most immunogenic was the one highly enriched in submicron size particles (∼100-1000 nm). Fractions composed of micron size (>1-100 μm) particles or soluble oligomers (<100 nm) were not immunogenic under the dosing regimen studied in this work. These results show that aggregate size is an important factor for protein immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Kijanka
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jared S Bee
- Analytical Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Samuel A Korman
- Analytical Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Yuling Wu
- Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Lorin K Roskos
- Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | | | - Bram Slütter
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Zielińska J, Stadnik J, Bierczyńska-Krzysik A, Stadnik D. Identification of N-Terminally Truncated Derivatives of Insulin Analogs Formed in Pharmaceutical Formulations. Pharm Res 2018; 35:143. [PMID: 29770892 PMCID: PMC5956049 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Isolation and identification of unknown impurities of recombinant insulin lispro (produced at IBA) formed during accelerated stability testing of pharmaceutical solutions. For comparative purposes also commercially available formulations of recombinant human insulin (Humulin S®; Lilly), recombinant insulin lispro (Humalog®; Lilly), recombinant insulin aspart (NovoRapid® Penfill®; Novo Nordisk), recombinant insulin detemir (Levemir®; Novo Nordisk) and recombinant insulin glargine (Lantus®; Sanofi-Aventis) were analyzed. METHODS The impurities of insulin analogs were isolated by RP-HPLC and identified with peptide mass fingerprinting using MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. RESULTS The identified derivatives were N-terminally truncated insulin analog impurities of decreased molecular mass of 119, 147 and 377 Da related to the original protein. The modifications resulting in a mass decrease were detected at the N-terminus of B chains of insulin lispro, insulin aspart, human insulin, insulin glargine, insulin detemir in all tested formulations. To our knowledge it is the first time that these impurities are reported. CONCLUSIONS The following derivatives formed by truncation of the B chain in insulin analogs were identified in pharmaceutical formulations: desPheB1-N-formyl-ValB2 derivative, desPheB1 derivative, pyroGluB4 derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Zielińska
- Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics (IBA), Starościńska 5, 02-516, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Stadnik
- Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics (IBA), Starościńska 5, 02-516, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Dorota Stadnik
- Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics (IBA), Starościńska 5, 02-516, Warsaw, Poland.
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Agrawal GR, Wakte P, Shelke S. Formulation, physicochemical characterization and in vitro evaluation of human insulin-loaded microspheres as potential oral carrier. Prog Biomater 2017; 6:125-136. [PMID: 28864917 PMCID: PMC5597563 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-017-0072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The objective of the present investigation was to formulate and characterize the human insulin entrapped Eudragit S100 microspheres containing protease inhibitors and to develop an optimized formulation with desirable features. A w/o/w multiple emulsion solvent evaporation technique was employed to produce microspheres of human insulin using Eudragit S-100 as coating material and polyvinyl alcohol as a stabilizer. The resultant microspheres were evaluated for drug-excipient compatibility, encapsulation efficiency, particle size, surface morphology, micromeritic properties, enteric nature, and in vitro drug release studies. Micromeritic properties indicated good flow properties and compressibility. In present investigation formulation F6 with drug/polymer ratio (1:100) was found to be optimal in terms of evaluated parameters where it showed a significantly higher percentage of encapsulation efficiency (76.84%) with minimal drug release (3.25%) in an acidic environment. The optimized formulation (F6) also possessed good spherical shape and particle size (57.42 µm) required to achieve the desired in vitro drug release profile at pH 7.4. The results confirmed that human insulin-loaded Eudragit S-100 microspheres containing protease inhibitor possessed good encapsulation efficiency, pH dependant controlled release carrying encapsulated insulin to its optimum site of absorption. This ultimately resulted in enhanced insulin absorption and biological response. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauravkumar R Agrawal
- Department of Chemical Technology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, 431004, India.
| | - Pravin Wakte
- Department of Chemical Technology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, 431004, India
| | - Santosh Shelke
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yash Institute of Pharmacy, Bajaj Nagar, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, 431134, India
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8
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Gabant G, Boyer A, Cadene M. SSPaQ: A Subtractive Segmentation Approach for the Exhaustive Parallel Quantification of the Extent of Protein Modification at Every Possible Site. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:1328-1343. [PMID: 27245456 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1416-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein modifications, whether chemically induced or post-translational (PTMs), play an essential role for the biological activity of proteins. Understanding biological processes and alterations thereof will rely on the quantification of these modifications on individual residues. Here we present SSPaQ, a subtractive method for the parallel quantification of the extent of modification at each possible site of a protein. The method combines uniform isotopic labeling and proteolysis with MS, followed by a segmentation approach, a powerful tool to refine the quantification of the degree of modification of a peptide to a segment containing a single modifiable amino acid. The strength of this strategy resides in: (1) quantification of all modifiable sites in a protein without prior knowledge of the type(s) of modified residues; (2) insensitivity to changes in the solubility and ionization efficiency of peptides upon modification; and (3) detection of missed cleavages caused by the modification for mitigation. The SSPaQ method was applied to quantify modifications resulting from the interaction of human phosphatidyl ethanolamine binding protein 1 (hPEBP1), a metastasis suppressor gene product, with locostatin, a covalent ligand and antimigratory compound with demonstrated activity towards hPEBP1. Locostatin is shown to react with several residues of the protein. SSPaQ can more generally be applied to induced modification in the context of drugs that covalently bind their target protein. With an alternate front-end protocol, it could also be applied to the quantification of protein PTMs, provided a removal tool is available for that PTM. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Gabant
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 4301, rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans cedex 2, France
- University of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Alain Boyer
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 4301, rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Martine Cadene
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 4301, rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans cedex 2, France.
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Jiskoot W, Kijanka G, Randolph TW, Carpenter JF, Koulov AV, Mahler HC, Joubert MK, Jawa V, Narhi LO. Mouse Models for Assessing Protein Immunogenicity: Lessons and Challenges. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1567-1575. [PMID: 27044944 PMCID: PMC4846475 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The success of clinical and commercial therapeutic proteins is rapidly increasing, but their potential immunogenicity is an ongoing concern. Most of the studies that have been conducted over the past few years to examine the importance of various product-related attributes (in particular several types of aggregates and particles) and treatment regimen (such as dose, dosing schedule, and route of administration) in the development of unwanted immune responses have utilized one of a variety of mouse models. In this review, we discuss the utility and drawbacks of different mouse models that have been used for this purpose. Moreover, we summarize the lessons these models have taught us and some of the challenges they present. Finally, we provide recommendations for future research utilizing mouse models to improve our understanding of critical factors that may contribute to protein immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Jiskoot
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, RA Leiden 2300, The Netherlands
| | - Grzegorz Kijanka
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, RA Leiden 2300, The Netherlands
| | - Theodore W Randolph
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - John F Carpenter
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Atanas V Koulov
- Pharma Technical Development (Europe) Biologics, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | | | - Marisa K Joubert
- Amgen Inc., Process Development, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Vibha Jawa
- Amgen Inc., Medical Sciences, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Linda O Narhi
- Amgen Inc., Process Development, Thousand Oaks, California 91320.
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10
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Hjorth CF, Norrman M, Wahlund PO, Benie AJ, Petersen BO, Jessen CM, Pedersen TÅ, Vestergaard K, Steensgaard DB, Pedersen JS, Naver H, Hubálek F, Poulsen C, Otzen D. Structure, Aggregation, and Activity of a Covalent Insulin Dimer Formed During Storage of Neutral Formulation of Human Insulin. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1376-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Moussa EM, Kotarek J, Blum JS, Marszal E, Topp EM. Physical Characterization and Innate Immunogenicity of Aggregated Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IGIV) in an In Vitro Cell-Based Model. Pharm Res 2016; 33:1736-51. [PMID: 27037576 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1914-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate in vitro the innate immune response to accelerated stress-induced aggregates of intravenous immunoglobulin (IGIV) using a well-defined human cell-line model, and to correlate the innate response to physical properties of the aggregates. METHODS IGIV aggregates were prepared by applying various accelerated stress methods, and particle size, count and structure were characterized. Immune cell activation as tracked by inflammatory cytokines released in response to aggregates was evaluated in vitro using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), primary monocytes and immortalized human monocyte-like cell lines. RESULTS IGIV aggregates produced by mechanical stress induced higher cytokine release by PBMC and primary monocytes than aggregates formed by other stresses. Results with the monocytic cell line THP-1 paralleled trends in PBMC and primary monocytes. Effects were dose-dependent, enhanced by complement opsonization, and partially inhibited by blocking toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4) and to a lesser extent by blocking Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs). CONCLUSIONS Stress-induced IGIV aggregates stimulate a dose-dependent cytokine response in human monocytes and THP-1 cells, mediated in part by TLRs, FcγRs and complement opsonization. THP-1 cells resemble primary monocytes in many respects with regard to tracking the innate response to IgG aggregates. Accordingly, the measurement of inflammatory cytokines released by THP-1 cells provides a readily accessible assay system to screen for the potential innate immunogenicity of IgG aggregates. The results also highlight the role of aggregate structure in interacting with the different receptors mediating innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Moussa
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, 47906, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - J Kotarek
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Brand Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - J S Blum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - E Marszal
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - E M Topp
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, 47906, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
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12
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Moussa EM, Panchal JP, Moorthy BS, Blum JS, Joubert MK, Narhi LO, Topp EM. Immunogenicity of Therapeutic Protein Aggregates. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:417-430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Calculating the Mass of Subvisible Protein Particles with Improved Accuracy Using Microflow Imaging Data. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:536-47. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Pierog P, Krishna M, Yamniuk A, Chauhan A, DeSilva B. Detection of drug specific circulating immune complexes from in vivo cynomolgus monkey serum samples. J Immunol Methods 2014; 416:124-36. [PMID: 25462536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Administration of a biotherapeutic can result in the formation of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs). The resulting ADA can potentially form immune complexes (ICs) with the drug leading to altered pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles and/or adverse events. Furthermore the presence of such complexes may interfere with accurate PK assessment, and/or detection of ADA in immunogenicity assays. Here, we present two assays to detect the presence of drug-ADA immune complexes in cynomolgus monkeys. RESULTS Serum samples were analyzed for IC formation in vivo. 8/8 tested animals were positive for drug specific IC. Depending on the time point tested 4/8 or 7/8 animals tested positive for ADA during drug dosing. All 8 animals were confirmed positive for ADA during the washout phase, indicating drug interference in the bridging assay. Relative amount of IC over time was determined and its correlation with PK and ADA was then assessed. Multivariate data analysis demonstrates good correlation between signals obtained from the anti-drug and FcγRIIIa based capture assays, although due to its biological characteristic FcγRIIIa based assay captured only a subset of drug specific IC. In one animal IC remained in circulation even when the drug levels decreased below detection limit. CONCLUSION Results from this study indicate the presence of IC during administration of an immunogenic biotherapeutic. Potential application of these assays includes detection of ADA in an IC during high drug levels. The results on the kinetics of IC formation during ADA response can complement the understanding of PK and ADA profiles. Moreover, the presence of IC indicates possible ADA interference in standard PK assays and potential underestimation of total drug exposure in toxicology studies. In addition this study also highlights the need to understand downstream in vivo consequences of drug-ADA IC as no animals under investigation developed adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Pierog
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Murli Krishna
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States.
| | - Aaron Yamniuk
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Anil Chauhan
- Division of Adult and Pediatric Rheumatology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - Binodh DeSilva
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
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