Mucoadhesive films containing chitosan-coated nanoparticles: a new strategy for buccal curcumin release

Eco-friendly and safe alternatives for the valorization of shrimp farming waste

The seafood industry generates waste, including shells, bones, intestines, and wastewater. The discards are nutrient-rich, containing varying concentrations of carotenoids, proteins, chitin, and other minerals. Thus, it is imperative to subject seafood waste, including shrimp waste (SW), to secondary processing and valorization for demineralization and deproteination to retrieve industrially essential compounds. Although several chemical processes are available for SW processing, most of them are inherently ecotoxic. Bioconversion of SW is cost-effective, ecofriendly, and safe. Microbial fermentation and the action of exogenous enzymes are among the significant SW bioconversion processes that transform seafood waste into valuable products. SW is a potential raw material for agrochemicals, microbial culture media, adsorbents, therapeutics, nutraceuticals, and bio-nanomaterials. This review comprehensively elucidates the valorization approaches of SW, addressing the drawbacks of chemically mediated methods for SW treatments. It is a broad overview of the applications associated with nutrient-rich SW, besides highlighting the role of major shrimp-producing countries in exploring SW to achieve safe, ecofriendly, and efficient bio-products.

Development and characterization of Polycaprolactone/chitosan-based scaffolds for tissue engineering of various organs: A review

Research in creating 3D structures mirroring the extracellular matrix (ECM) with accurate environmental cues holds paramount significance in biological applications.Biomaterials that replicate ECM properties-mechanical, physicochemical, and biological-emerge as pivotal tools in mimicking ECM behavior.Incorporating synthetic and natural biomaterials is widely used to produce scaffolds suitable for the intended organs.Polycaprolactone (PCL), a synthetic biomaterial, boasts commendable mechanical properties, albeit with relatively modest biological attributes due to its hydrophobic nature.Chitosan (CTS) exhibits strong biological traits but lacks mechanical resilience for complex tissue regeneration.Notably, both PCL and CTS have demonstrated their application in tissue engineering for diverse types of tissues.Their combination across varying PCL:CTS ratios has increased the likelihood of fabricating scaffolds to address defects in sturdy and pliable tissues.This comprehensive analysis aspires to accentuate their distinct attributes within tissue engineering across different organs.The central focus resides in the role of PCL:CTS-based scaffolds, elucidating their contribution to the evolution of advanced functional 3D frameworks tailored for tissue engineering across diverse organs.Moreover, this discourse delves into the considerations pertinent to each organ.

Enzyme-Linked Lipid Nanocarriers for Coping Pseudomonal Pulmonary Infection. Would Nanocarriers Complement Biofilm Disruption or Pave Its Road?

Introduction

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with pulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections persistent to antibiotics.

Methods

To eradicate pseudomonal biofilms, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded with quorum-sensing-inhibitor (QSI, disrupting bacterial crosstalk), coated with chitosan (CS, improving internalization) and immobilized with alginate lyase (AL, destroying alginate biofilms) were developed.

Results

SLNs (140-205 nm) showed prolonged release of QSI with no sign of acute toxicity to A549 and Calu-3 cells. The CS coating improved uptake, whereas immobilized-AL ensured >1.5-fold higher uptake and doubled SLN diffusion across the artificial biofilm sputum model. Respirable microparticles comprising SLNs in carbohydrate matrix elicited aerodynamic diameters MMAD (3.54, 2.48 µm) and fine-particle-fraction FPF (65, 48%) for anionic and cationic SLNs, respectively. The antimicrobial and/or antibiofilm activity of SLNs was explored in Pseudomonas aeruginosa reference mucoid/nonmucoid strains as well as clinical isolates. The full growth inhibition of planktonic bacteria was dependent on SLN type, concentration, growth medium, and strain. OD measurements and live/dead staining proved that anionic SLNs efficiently ceased biofilm formation and eradicated established biofilms, whereas cationic SLNs unexpectedly promoted biofilm progression. AL immobilization increased biofilm vulnerability; instead, CS coating increased biofilm formation confirmed by 3D-time lapse confocal imaging. Incubation of SLNs with mature biofilms of P. aeruginosa isolates increased biofilm density by an average of 1.5-fold. CLSM further confirmed the binding and uptake of the labeled SLNs in P. aeruginosa biofilms. Considerable uptake of CS-coated SLNs in non-mucoid strains could be observed presumably due to interaction of chitosan with LPS glycolipids in the outer cell membrane of P. aeruginosa.

Conclusion

The biofilm-destructive potential of QSI/SLNs/AL inhalation is promising for site-specific biofilm-targeted interventional CF therapy. Nevertheless, the intrinsic/extrinsic fundamentals of nanocarrier-biofilm interactions require further investigation.

Plant leads for mitigation of oral submucous fibrosis: Current scenario and future prospect

The aim of this review is to enumerate medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds that may become potential leads in the mitigation of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) in the forthcoming future. It is focused on pathophysiology, risk factors, current treatment regimen, potential plant leads, and future therapies for OSMF. Data were extracted from a vast literature survey by using SciFinder, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed search engines with relevant keywords. Upon literature survey, we found that the phytochemical 'arecoline' present in the areca nut is the main causative agent of OSMF condition. Currently, OSMF is treated by immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agents such as corticosteroids, enzymes (hyaluronidase, chymotrypsin, and collagenase), anti-inflammatory mediators (isoxsuprine and pentoxifylline), dietary supplements (vitamins, antioxidants, and micronutrients), and anti-fibrotic cytokines like interferon-gamma that provides short-term symptomatic relief to OSMF patients. However, some plant leads have been proven effective in alleviating symptoms and mitigating OSMF, which ultimately improves the quality of OSMF patients' life. We concluded that plant drugs like lycopene, curcumin, Aloe vera, colchicine, and Glycyrrhiza glabra are effective against OSMF in various in vitro and/or clinical studies and are being used by modern and traditional practitioners.

Chitosan-Functionalized Poly(β-Amino Ester) Hybrid System for Gene Delivery in Vaginal Mucosal Epithelial Cells

Gene therapy displays great promise in the treatment of cervical cancer. The occurrence of cervical cancer is highly related to persistent human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. The HPV oncogene can be cleaved via gene editing technology to eliminate carcinogenic elements. However, the successful application of the gene therapy method depends on effective gene delivery into the vagina. To improve mucosal penetration and adhesion ability, quaternized chitosan was introduced into the poly(β-amino ester) (PBAE) gene-delivery system in the form of quaternized chitosan-g-PBAE (QCP). At a mass ratio of PBAE:QCP of 2:1, the polymers exhibited the highest green fluorescent protein (GFP) transfection efficiency in HEK293T and ME180 cells, which was 1.1 and 5.4 times higher than that of PEI 25 kD. At this mass ratio, PBAE-QCP effectively compressed the GFP into spherical polyplex nanoparticles (PQ-GFP NPs) with a diameter of 255.5 nm. In vivo results indicated that owing to the mucopenetration and adhesion capability of quaternized CS, the GFP transfection efficiency of the PBAE-QCP hybrid system was considerably higher than those of PBAE and PEI 25 kD in the vaginal epithelial cells of Sprague-Dawley rats. Furthermore, the new system demonstrated low toxicity and good safety, laying an effective foundation for its further application in gene therapy.

Sodium alginate-based smart gastro-retentive drug delivery system of revaprazan loaded SLNs; Formulation and characterization

Revaprazan (REV), a novel reversible Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) used to treat peptic ulcers, faces challenges in therapeutic efficacy due to its poor dissolution properties and a short half-life. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have emerged as a drug delivery system capable of enhancing dissolution and bioavailability of lipid soluble drugs. Here, we report on the development and optimization of a smart gastro-retentive raft system of REV-loaded SLNs (GRS/REV-SLNs) to enhance drug bioavailability and gastric retention. The optimized REV-SLNs had a particle size of 120 nm, a Polydispersity Index (PDI) of 0.313, a zeta potential of -20.7 mV, and efficient drug incorporation of 88 %. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) affirmed the spherical morphology of these REV-SLNs, while Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed no chemical interactions among components. In-vitro assessment of the final GRS/REV-SLNs demonstrated sustained gelation and buoyancy for over 12 h, which would significantly enhance REV retention and its release within the stomach. Further assessments in rats confirmed successful gel transformation within the stomach, resulting in the improved bioavailability of REV. Thus, the development of GRS/REV-SLNs significantly improved the delivery and bioavailability of REV within the stomach, and offers a potentially improved method of treating peptic ulcers.

Evaluation of photodynamic therapy on nanoparticles and films loaded-nanoparticles based on chitosan/alginate for curcumin delivery in oral biofilms

Nanoparticles and nanoparticle-loaded films based on chitosan/sodium alginate with curcumin (CUR) are promising strategies to improve the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) for the treatment of oral biofilms. This work aimed to develop and evaluate the nanoparticles based on chitosan and sodium alginate encapsulated with CUR dispersed in polymeric films associated with aPDT in oral biofilms. The NPs were obtained by polyelectrolytic complexation, and the films were prepared by solvent evaporation. The photodynamic effect was evaluated by counting Colony Forming Units (CFU/mL). Both systems showed adequate characterization parameters for CUR release. Nanoparticles controlled the release of CUR for a longer period than the nanoparticle-loaded films in simulated saliva media. Control and CUR-loaded nanoparticles showed a significant reduction of 3 log10 CFU/mL against S. mutans biofilms, compared to treatment without light. However, biofilms of S. mutans showed no photoinactivation effect using films loaded with nanoparticles even in the presence of light. These results demonstrate the potential of chitosan/sodium alginate nanoparticles associated with aPDT as carriers for the oral delivery of CUR, offering new possibilities to improve the treatment of dental caries and infections. This work will contribute to advances in the search for innovative delivery systems in dentistry.

A Review of the Preparation, Characterization, and Applications of Chitosan Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine

Chitosan is a fibrous compound derived from chitin, which is the second most abundant natural polysaccharide and is produced by crustaceans, including crabs, shrimps, and lobsters. Chitosan has all of the important medicinal properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and hydrophilicity, and it is relatively nontoxic and cationic in nature. Chitosan nanoparticles are particularly useful due to their small size, providing a large surface-to-volume ratio, and physicochemical properties that may differ from that of their bulk counterparts; thus, chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) are widely used in biomedical applications and, particularly, as contrast agents for medical imaging and as vehicles for drug and gene delivery into tumors. Because CNPs are formed from a natural biopolymer, they can readily be functionalized with drugs, RNA, DNA, and other molecules to target a desired result in vivo. Furthermore, chitosan is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration as being Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS). This paper reviews the structural characteristics and various synthesis methods used to produce chitosan nanoparticles and nanostructures, such as ionic gelation, microemulsion, polyelectrolyte complexing, emulsification solvent diffusion, and the reverse micellar method. Various characterization techniques and analyses are also discussed. In addition, we review drug delivery applications of chitosan nanoparticles, including for ocular, oral, pulmonary, nasal, and vaginal methodologies, and applications in cancer therapy and tissue engineering.

Buccal delivery of small molecules and biologics: Of mucoadhesive polymers, films, and nanoparticles - An update

Buccal delivery of small and large molecules is an attractive route of administration that has been studied extensively over the past few decades. This route bypasses first-pass metabolism and can be used to deliver therapeutics directly to systemic circulation. Moreover, buccal films are efficient dosage forms for drug delivery due to their simplicity, portability, and patient comfort. Films have traditionally been formulated using conventional techniques, including hot-melt extrusion and solvent casting. However, newer methods are now being exploited to improve the delivery of small molecules and biologics. This review discusses recent advances in buccal film manufacturing, using the latest technologies, such as 2D and 3D printing, electrospraying, and electrospinning. This review also focuses on the excipients used in the preparation of these films, with emphasis on mucoadhesive polymers and plasticizers. Along with advances in manufacturing technology, newer analytical tools have also been used for the assessment of permeation of the active agents across the buccal mucosa, the most critical biological barrier and limiting factor of this route. Additionally, preclinical and clinical trial challenges are discussed, and some small molecule products already on the market are explored.

Thermosensitive and mucoadhesive hydrogel containing curcumin-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules coated with chitosan for the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma

Buccal drug administration may be chosen as a medication route to treat various diseases for local or systemic effects. This study proposes the development of a thermosensitive hydrogel containing curcumin-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules coated with chitosan to increase mucoadhesion, circumventing several limitations of this route of administration. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and Poloxamer^® 407 were incorporated for hydrogel production. Physicochemical characterization parameters, such as particle size distribution, mean diameter, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and morphology, were analyzed. Spherical homogeneous particles were obtained with average diameter, of 173 ± 22 nm for LNCc (curcumin lipid-core nanocapsules) and 179 ± 48 nm for CLNCc (chitosan-curcumin lipid-core nanocapsules). A PDI equal to 0.09 ± 0.02 for LNCc and 0.26 ± 0.01 for CLNCc confirmed homogeneity. Tensile analysis and washability test on porcine buccal mucosa indicated higher mucoadhesion for hydrogels in comparison to the nanocapsules in suspension, remaining on the mucous membrane up to 8 h (10.92 ± 3.95 µg of curcumin washed for H-LNCc and 28.41 ± 24.47 µg for H-CLNCc) versus the latter, which remained washed on the membrane for 90 min only (62.60 ± 4.72 µg for LNCc and 52.08 ± 1.63 µg for CLNCc). The irritant potential (IR) of the formulations was evaluated by the hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane test (HET-CAM), with no irritation phenomena observed. Formulations were tested for their efficacy in an in vitro model against oral squamous cancer cell line, showing a significant reduction in cell viability on all tested groups. These findings demonstrated that the proposed nanosystem is mucoadhesive and has potential to deliver buccal treatments.

Lidocaine- and chloramphenicol-loaded nanoparticles embedded in a chitosan/hyaluronic acid/glycerol matrix: Drug-eluting biomembranes with potential for guided tissue regeneration

Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) is a dentistry technique based on the use of polymeric biomembranes as physical barriers for selective cell exclusion, directing the growth of gingival tissue, bone tissue, and periodontal ligaments in a region previously affected by periodontitis. Postoperative pain and microbial infection constitute, however, two major challenges to be tackled right after implantation. To address these challenges, we prepared and characterized eight chitosan/hyaluronic acid/glycerol (CS/HA/GL) bioresorbable membranes embedded with lidocaine- and chloramphenicol-loaded polycaprolactone nanoparticles (LDNP and CHNP, respectively), combining the local anesthetic effects of lidocaine with the antibacterial effects of chloramphenicol. The formulations were prepared with varying amounts of CS, HA, GL, LDNP, and CHNP. As a plasticizing agent, GL could modulate the samples mechanical properties such as thickness, morphology, tensile strength, elongation at break, as well as swelling and degradation in simulated saliva. Two samples exhibited greater resistance to biodegradation and were selected for further studies. Their drug release profiles indicated that LDNP and CHNP first detach from the membrane matrix, and a zeroth order drug release kinetics from the detached NPs dominates the overall process thereafter, with lidocaine being released 3 times faster than chloramphenicol, in a controlled and sustained rate over time. Drug encapsulation efficiency was such that optimal samples exhibited bactericidal activity (inhibition halos) against gram-positive S. aureus and gram-negative A. actinomycetemcomitans strains similar to that observed for free chloramphenicol. Finally, one of these samples showed no intrinsic toxicity against healthy mammalian model cells (99% viability for the unloaded membrane; 80% viability for the fully LDNP- and CHNP-loaded membrane), and may now be further optimized as a drug-eluting biomembrane with potential for GTR.

Exploiting Polymeric Films as a Multipurpose Drug Delivery System: a Review

Polymeric films are drug delivery systems that maintain contact with the delivery tissue and sustain a controlled release of therapeutic molecules. These systems allow a longer time of drug contact with the target site in the case of topical treatments and allow the controlled administration of drugs. They can be manufactured by various methods such as solvent casting, hot melt extrusion, electrospinning, and 3D bioprinting. Furthermore, they can employ various polymers, for example PVP, PVA, cellulose derivatives, chitosan, gelling gum, pectin, and alginate. Its versatility is also applicable to different routes of administration, as it can be administered to the skin, oral mucosa, vaginal canal, and eyeballs. All these factors allow numerous combinations to obtain a better treatment. This review focuses on exploring some possible ways to develop them and some particularities and advantages/disadvantages in each case. It also aims to show the versatility of these systems and the advantages and disadvantages in each case, as they bring the opportunity to develop different medicines to facilitate therapies for the most diverse purposes .

Medicinal Plants Used as an Alternative to Treat Gingivitis and Periodontitis

For various ailments, natural remedies have been traditionally used. To defend against common disorders, medicinal plants are progressively used as nutritional supplements. Gingivitis and periodontitis are widespread and can affect most of the world's population. Gingivitis is a very common, nondestructive inflammatory disease of gums that causes redness and irritation of the gingiva (gums), but periodontitis causes permanent damage to teeth' subsidiary structures. Herbal medicines are getting popular for the treatment of such types of disorders due to being economical with their medicinal effectiveness, compatibility, and nontoxicity. Traditional chemical therapies can cause cell toxicity along with their disease-curing effects. In this article, we discussed the medicinal plants that can be used as an alternative for the treatment of gingivitis (early-stage gum disease) and periodontitis (chronic-stage gum disease).

Empagliflozin containing chitosan-alginate nanoparticles in orodispersible film: preparation, characterization, pharmacokinetic evaluation and its in-vitro anticancer activity

OBJECTIVE

The main objective of the this study was to develop orodispersity film using chitosan-alginate to improve dissolution profile, therapeutic effect with improvedbioavailability of empagliflozin through oral route non-invasively for further cytotoxicity study.

METHODS

The nanoparticles were developed through two-step mechanisms ionotropic pre-gelation and polyelectrolyte complexation methods. The prepared nanoparticles were added to a polymer matrix containinghypromellose, polyvinyl alcohol, and maltodextrin and casted to rapidly dissolving thin film by solvent casting method.

RESULTS

The physicochemical characteristics of empagliflozin in orodispersible film was most favourable for further studies. This formulation have acheived a higher permeability (7.2-fold) as compared to the reference drug product (Jardiance®) after 45 min.In-vivo pharmacokinetic studies in Wistar ratshaverevealed that chitosan-alginate empagliflozin nanoparticles in the orodispersible film were 1.18-fold more bioavailable in comparison to empagliflozin in orodispersible film. The C_max observed for the empagliflozin-loaded orodispersible film was 15.42 ± 5.13 μg/ml in comparison to 18.21 ± 5.53 μg/ml for empagliflozin nanoparticle-containing orodispersible film and 12.19 ± 6.71 μg/ml for freedrug suspension. The t_1/2and AUC_0-t values for chitosan-alginate nanoparticles of empagliflozin in the orodispersible film was found1.4-fold more than empagliflozin loaded orodispersible film(without nanoparticles). The cytotoxicity study have shownthat chitosan-alginate nanoparticles of empagliflozin in orodispersible film achieved a 2.5-fold higher cytotoxic effect than free empagliflozin in orodispersible film in A549lung cancer cells.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides evidence that chitosan-alginate nanoparticles of empagliflozin in orodispersible film can be an effective drug carrier system to improve sustained effect with better bioavailability of poorly water soluble drug.

Untangling Mucosal Drug Delivery: Engineering, Designing, and Testing Nanoparticles to Overcome the Mucus Barrier

Mucus is a complex viscoelastic gel and acts as a barrier covering much of the soft tissue in the human body. High vascularization and accessibility have motivated drug delivery to various mucosal surfaces; however, these benefits are hindered by the mucus layer. To overcome the mucus barrier, many nanomedicines have been developed, with the goal of improving the efficacy and bioavailability of drug payloads. Two major nanoparticle-based strategies have emerged to facilitate mucosal drug delivery, namely, mucoadhesion and mucopenetration. Generally, mucoadhesive nanoparticles promote interactions with mucus for immobilization and sustained drug release, whereas mucopenetrating nanoparticles diffuse through the mucus and enhance drug uptake. The choice of strategy depends on many factors pertaining to the structural and compositional characteristics of the target mucus and mucosa. While there have been promising results in preclinical studies, mucus-nanoparticle interactions remain poorly understood, thus limiting effective clinical translation. This article reviews nanomedicines designed with mucoadhesive or mucopenetrating properties for mucosal delivery, explores the influence of site-dependent physiological variation among mucosal surfaces on efficacy, transport, and bioavailability, and discusses the techniques and models used to investigate mucus-nanoparticle interactions. The effects of non-homeostatic perturbations on protein corona formation, mucus composition, and nanoparticle performance are discussed in the context of mucosal delivery. The complexity of the mucosal barrier necessitates consideration of the interplay between nanoparticle design, tissue-specific differences in mucus structure and composition, and homeostatic or disease-related changes to the mucus barrier to develop effective nanomedicines for mucosal delivery.

Development of biocompatible nanoparticles of tizanidine hydrochloride in orodispersible films: In vitro characterization, ex vivo permeation and cytotoxic study on carcinoma cells

BACKGROUND

The main limitations of the therapeutic effectiveness of tizanidine hydrochloride (TNZ) are its low bioavailability due to its tendency to undergo first-pass metabolism and short biological half-life. These factors make it an ideal candidate for formulating orally disintegrating films.

METHODS

The fast-dissolving film of TNZ HCl was prepared by the solvent-casting method and characterized using scanning electron microscopy, FTIR and XRD, and evaluated for critical quality attributes for this type of dosage forms such as disintegration time, tensile strength, drug content, dissolution, and ex-vivo permeability. In vitro cytotoxicity studies were also conducted on cancer cell lines to confirm cytotoxic effect.

OBJECTIVE

The present study was aimed to prepare nanoparticles of tizanidine hydrochloride using biodegradable polymers and loading them on orodispersible films to obtain a sustained release dissolution profile with improved permeability and further study the cytotoxicity on A549 lung carcinoma cells, MCF7 breast cancer cells and HOP 92 non-small lung adenocarcinoma cells.

RESULTS

The polymeric matrix containing the drug provided a rapid disintegration time varying between 7±2 and 30±2 seconds, adequate tensile strength between 1.4 and 11.25 N/mm2, and improved permeability through porcine buccal mucosa when compared to the reference product.

CONCLUSION

A study of cytotoxic effect on the MCF-7 breast cancer cells and A549 lung carcinoma cells revealed that tizanidine hydrochloride nanoparticles at 2.3 mg/film exhibited an IC50 value of 65.1 % cytotoxicity on MCF-7, approximately 100% on HOP92, and 83.5 % on A549 lung carcinoma cells, thus paving the way for a new paradigm of research for cytotoxic study on MCF-7, HOP92 and A549 cell lines using the subject drug model prepared as oral films or biodegradable nanoparticles in oral films for site-specific targeting.

Evaluating the Anticarcinogenic Activity of Surface Modified/Functionalized Nanochitosan: The Emerging Trends and Endeavors

Chitosan begins its humble journey from marine food shell wastes and ends up as a versatile nutraceutical. This review focuses on briefly discussing the antioxidant activity of chitosan and retrospecting the accomplishments of chitosan nanoparticles as an anticarcinogen. The various modified/functionalized/encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles and nanoforms have been listed and their biomedical deliverables presented. The anticancer accomplishments of chitosan and its modified composites have been reviewed and presented. The future of surface modified chitosan and the lacunae in the current research focus have been discussed as future perspective. This review puts forth the urge to expand the scientific curiosity towards attempting a variety of functionalization and surface modifications to chitosan. There are few well known modifications and functionalization that benefit biomedical applications that have been proven for other systems. Being a biodegradable, biocompatible polymer, chitosan-based nanomaterials are an attractive option for medical applications. Therefore, maximizing expansion of its bioactive properties are explored. The need for applying the ideal functionalization that will significantly promote the anticancer contributions of chitosan nanomaterials has also been stressed.

High-Payload Buccal Delivery System of Amorphous Curcumin-Chitosan Nanoparticle Complex in Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose and Starch Films

Oral delivery of curcumin (CUR) has limited effectiveness due to CUR’s poor systemic bioavailability caused by its first-pass metabolism and low solubility. Buccal delivery of CUR nanoparticles can address the poor bioavailability issue by virtue of avoidance of first-pass metabolism and solubility enhancement afforded by CUR nanoparticles. Buccal film delivery of drug nanoparticles, nevertheless, has been limited to low drug payload. Herein, we evaluated the feasibilities of three mucoadhesive polysaccharides, i.e., hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), starch, and hydroxypropyl starch as buccal films of amorphous CUR–chitosan nanoplex at high CUR payload. Both HPMC and starch films could accommodate high CUR payload without adverse effects on the films’ characteristics. Starch films exhibited far superior CUR release profiles at high CUR payload as the faster disintegration time of starch films lowered the precipitation propensity of the highly supersaturated CUR concentration generated by the nanoplex. Compared to unmodified starch, hydroxypropyl starch films exhibited superior CUR release, with sustained release of nearly 100% of the CUR payload in 4 h. Hydroxypropyl starch films also exhibited good payload uniformity, minimal weight/thickness variations, high folding endurance, and good long-term storage stability. The present results established hydroxypropyl starch as the suitable mucoadhesive polysaccharide for high-payload buccal film applications.

Eggshell MembraneBased Turmeric Extract Loaded Orally Disintegrating Films

BACKGROUND

The increasing interest in using natural bioactive compounds as new drug candidates and their low solubility led to designing and developing novel drug delivery systems. Out of those, orally disintegrating films (ODFs) are a very eminent drug delivery system among pediatrics and geriatrics.

OBJECTIVE

In our study, the solvent casting method was used to prepare eggshell membrane-based and turmeric extract loaded orally disintegrating films.

METHOD

Characterization of the prepared films was done with FTIR, AFM, and SEM analysis. The release profile of the turmeric extract was determined and fitted to the mathematical models.

RESULTS

AFM results showed that the best interaction between components was achieved in Film-2. The highest cumulative release percentage was obtained for the film with 7.5 % (w/w) turmeric extract (Film-2) as 41.98% based on the HPLC measurements. The Higuchi model was the best-fitted model for Film-2.

CONCLUSION

In this study, SEP and CMCH were used for the first time as biopolymers to prepare the orally disintegrating film. Turmeric extract was successfully integrated into films prepared from SEP and CMCH.

Engineering Polymeric Nanosystems against Oral Diseases

Nanotechnology and nanoparticles (NPs) are at the forefront of modern research, particularly in the case of healthcare therapeutic applications. Polymeric NPs, specifically, hold high promise for these purposes, including towards oral diseases. Careful optimisation of the production of polymeric NPs, however, is required to generate a product which can be easily translated from a laboratory environment to the actual clinical usage. Indeed, considerations such as biocompatibility, biodistribution, and biodegradability are paramount. Moreover, a pre-clinical assessment in adequate in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo model is also required. Last but not least, considerations for the scale-up are also important, together with an appropriate clinical testing pathway. This review aims to eviscerate the above topics, sourcing at examples from the recent literature to put in context the current most burdening oral diseases and the most promising polymeric NPs which would be suitable against them.

Drug Delivery (Nano)Platforms for Oral and Dental Applications: Tissue Regeneration, Infection Control, and Cancer Management

The oral cavity and oropharynx are complex environments that are susceptible to physical, chemical, and microbiological insults. They are also common sites for pathological and cancerous changes. The effectiveness of conventional locally-administered medications against diseases affecting these oral milieus may be compromised by constant salivary flow. For systemically-administered medications, drug resistance and adverse side-effects are issues that need to be resolved. New strategies for drug delivery have been investigated over the last decade to overcome these obstacles. Synthesis of nanoparticle-containing agents that promote healing represents a quantum leap in ensuring safe, efficient drug delivery to the affected tissues. Micro/nanoencapsulants with unique structures and properties function as more favorable drug-release platforms than conventional treatment approaches. The present review provides an overview of newly-developed nanocarriers and discusses their potential applications and limitations in various fields of dentistry and oral medicine.

Solid lipid nanoparticle-loaded mucoadhesive buccal films - Critical quality attributes and in vitro safety & efficacy

The objective of this work was to develop and characterize solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN)-loaded mucoadhesive films to reveal their potential as successful drug formulations. SLNs based on lipid (Lipoid S100) and surfactant (polysorbate 80) were prepared using the solvent-injection method, and their properties examined using experimental designs. Further, the marker coumarin 6 (C6) was solubilized in the particles as a model for a lipophilic drug. Lipid and surfactant concentrations influenced the particle size, while C6 had minor impact. The particle size distribution was narrow and the storage stability satisfactory for 4 months (4 ℃). The incorporation of the nanoparticles into a film matrix consisting of HPMC and glycerol, increased film thickness and flexibility, and slightly decreased the mechanical strength. The mucin interaction and disintegration time of the films were unimpaired. Film uniformity was satisfactory. Solubilisation in SLNs reduced the rate and extent of permeation of C6 through a monolayer of mucus-producing HT29-MTX cells. When the particles were incorporated into the mucoadhesive film, this effect was compensated for. In conclusion, this project was a first step in the successful development of an SLN-loaded mucoadhesive film formulation and served its purpose in revealing the formulation's uniformity, mucoadhesiveness and biocompatibility.

Synthesis and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles of Achillea millefolium L. and their activities

Background: Achillea millefolium L. is an herbal aromatic plant of family Asteraceae reported to have various medicinal activities in the literature. The current study evaluated the potential of chitosan nanoparticles of A. millefolium as an effective strategy for targeted treatment of bacterial diseases and urolithiasis. Methods: A. millefolium was collected from Poonch, Jammu and Kashmir, and its inflorescence extracted in water by maceration. Chitosan nanoparticles of A. millefolium (AMCSNPs) were prepared by ionic gelation method using 0.1% chitosan, different concentrations of the cross-linking agent sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP; 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%) and different concentrations of A. millefolium extract (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%). Characterization of AMCSNPs was done using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Antibacterial screening of AMCSNPs was performed by well-diffusion method. Antiurolithiatic screening of AMCSNPs was done by nucleation and aggregation assay. Results: The best chitosan nanoparticles of A. millefolium (AMCSNPs) were obtained with 0.1% chitosan, 1% STPP and 20% A. millefolium. These AMCSNPs showed maximum zone of inhibition of 30±0.5 mm using the well-diffusion method against both Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative) and maximum antiurolithiatic activity with 68% inhibition shown at aggregation stage. Conclusions: The current study suggests that AMCSNPs are an excellent strategy for targeted drug delivery for treatment of bacterial diseases and urolithiasis.

Bucco-Adhesive Film as a Pediatric Proper Dosage Form for Systemic Delivery of Propranolol Hydrochloride: In-vitro and in-vivo Evaluation

Objective

To formulate and assess bucco-adhesive films of propranolol hydrochloride for pediatric use.

Methods

Different films were formulated adopting mucin, polyvinyl alcohol, chitosan and carbopol. A drug/polymer compatibility study was conducted adopting differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The prepared films were physically investigated for variation of weight, propranolol content, thickness, surface pH, proportion of moisture, folding endurance and mucoadhesion. In vitro drug release study and kinetic analysis of the corresponding data have been conducted. The optimized formulation was selected for a bioavailability study using albino rabbits and adopting a developed HPLC method. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug were calculated following administration of the optimized film and the corresponding marketed oral tablets to albino rabbits.

Key Finding

The compatibility study revealed the absence of drug/polymer interaction. The film formulations had suitable mucoadhesive and mechanical properties. The optimized formulation exhibited reasonable drug release that followed Higuchi diffusion pattern. The calculated AUC0-8h presented an enhancement in the bioavailability of propranolol hydrochloride from the selected film formulation by 1.9 times relative to the marketed propranolol oral tablets.

Conclusion

These findings support that propranolol hydrochloride bucco-adhesive film can be considered as a proper effective dosage form for pediatric delivery.

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of oxidative stress: We should treat it that way

Periodontitis is a highly prevalent disease. As it progresses, it causes serious morbidity in the form of periodontal abscesses and tooth loss and, in the latter stages, pain. It is also now known that periodontitis is strongly associated with several nonoral diseases. Thus, patients with periodontitis are at greater risk for the development and/or exacerbation of diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cardiovascular diseases, among other conditions. Although it is without question that specific groups of oral bacteria which populate dental plaque play a causative role in the development of periodontitis, it is now thought that once this disease has been triggered, other factors play an equal, and possibly more important, role in its progression, particularly in severe cases or in cases that prove difficult to treat. In this regard, we allude to the host response, specifically the notion that the host, once infected with oral periodontal pathogenic bacteria, will mount a defense response mediated largely through the innate immune system. The most abundant cell type of the innate immune system - polymorphonuclear neutrophils - can, when protecting the host from microbial invasion, mount a response that includes upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and reactive oxygen species, all of which then contribute to the tissue damage and loss of teeth commonly associated with periodontitis. Of the mechanisms referred to here, we suggest that upregulation of reactive oxygen species might play one of the most important roles in the establishment and progression of periodontitis (as well as in other diseases of inflammation) through the development of oxidative stress. In this overview, we discuss both innate and epigenetic factors (eg, diabetes, smoking) that lead to the development of oxidative stress. This oxidative stress then provides an environment conducive to the destructive processes observed in periodontitis. Therefore, we shall describe some of the fundamental characteristics of oxidative stress and its effects on the periodontium, discuss the diseases and other factors that cause oxidative stress, and, finally, review potentially novel therapeutic approaches for the management (and possibly even the reversal) of periodontitis, which rely on the use of therapies, such as resveratrol and other antioxidants, that provide increased antioxidant activity in the host.

Advances in Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Approaches for Sublingual and Buccal Administration

The sublingual and buccal routes of administration have significant advantages for both local and systemic drug delivery. They have shown to be an effective alternative to the traditional oral route, especially when fast onset of action is required. Drugs can be rapidly and directly absorbed into the systemic circulation via venous drainage to the superior vena cava. Therefore, they are useful for drugs that undergo high hepatic clearance or degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, and for patients that have swallowing difficulties. Drugs administered via the sublingual and buccal routes are traditionally formulated as solid dosage forms (e.g., tablets, wafers, films, and patches), liquid dosage forms (e.g., sprays and drops), and semi-solid dosage forms (e.g., gels). Conventional dosage forms are commonly affected by physiological factors, which can reduce the contact of the formulation with the mucosa and lead to unpredictable drug absorption. There have been a number of advances in formulation development to improve the retention and absorption of drugs in the buccal and sublingual regions. This review will focus on the physiological aspects that influence buccal and sublingual drug delivery and the advances in nanoparticulate drug delivery approaches for sublingual and buccal administration. The clinical development pipeline with formulations approved and in clinical trials will also be addressed.

Current Advances in Chitosan Nanoparticles Based Drug Delivery and Targeting

Nanoparticles (NPs) have been found to be potential targeted and controlled release drug delivery systems. Various drugs can be loaded in the NPs to achieve targeted delivery. Chitosan NPs being biodegradable, biocompatible, less toxic and easy to prepare, are an effective and potential tool for drug delivery. Chitosan is natural biopolymer which can be easily functionalized to obtain the desired targeted results and is also approved by GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe by the United States Food and Drug Administration [US FDA]). Various methods for preparation of chitosan NPs include, ionic cross-linking, covalent cross-linking, reverse micellar method, precipitation and emulsion-droplet coalescence method. Chitosan NPs are found to have plethora of applications in drug delivery diagnosis and other biological applications. The key applications include ocular drug delivery, per-oral delivery, pulmonary drug delivery, nasal drug delivery, mucosal drug delivery, gene delivery, buccal drug delivery, vaccine delivery, vaginal drug delivery and cancer therapy. The present review describes the formation of chitosan, synthesis of chitosan NPs and their various applications in drug delivery.

Chitosan-based delivery systems for curcumin: A review of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic aspects

Effective drug delivery is one of the most important issues associated with the administration of therapeutic agents that have low oral bioavailability. Curcumin is an active ingredient in the turmeric plant, which has low oral bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility. One strategy that has been considered for enhancing the aqueous solubility, and, thus, its oral bioavailability, is the use of chitosan as a carrier for curcumin. Chitosan is a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer that is relatively water-soluble. Therefore, various studies have sought to improve the aqueous solubility of chitosan. The use of different pharmaceutical excipients and formulation strategies has the potential to improve aqueous solubility, formulation processing, and the overall delivery of hydrophobic drugs. This review focuses on various methods utilized for chitosan-based delivery of curcumin.

A Critical Review of the Properties and Analytical Methods for the Determination of Curcumin in Biological and Pharmaceutical Matrices

Curcumin, a natural compound extracted from turmeric (Curcuma longa), has been extensively studied because of its various pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibiotic, antiprotozoal, immunomodulatory, anti-proliferative, antitumor, and anticarcinogenic effects. However, low solubility in aqueous media has limited its therapeutic applications. To overcome these bioavailability issues, the use of drug delivery systems providing localized or targeted delivery of this drug may represent a more viable therapeutic option. Several drug delivery systems have been shown to significantly enhance the therapeutic efficacy of curcumin. Additionally, a wide variety of analytical methods are available for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of curcumin in different matrices, including plant extracts, biological fluids, and drug delivery systems. There are a variety of methodologies to quantify curcumin, but chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques are the ones most commonly used. Thus, in this review, we evaluate the biological properties of curcumin, as well as its nanotechnology-based delivery systems and methods of analysis.

Laminated chitosan-based composite sponges for transmucosal delivery of novel protamine-decorated tripterine phytosomes: Ex-vivo mucopenetration and in-vivo pharmacokinetic assessments

In the current study, laminated chitosan (CS):hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) composite sponges were exploited as solid matrices for buccal delivery of tripterine phytosomes functionalized with novel mucopenetrating protamine layer (PRT-TRI-PHY). Tripterine (TRI) is a herbal drug widely investigated as a potential anticancer candidate against various types of cancers. However, clinical use of TRI is handicapped by its low oral bioavailability. To surmount TRI pharmaceutical obstacles, TRI phytosomes (TRI-PHY) were prepared using solvent evaporation technique then coated with a protamine layer via electrostatic assembly process. The developed PRT-TRI-PHY showed a nano-metric size of 250 nm and positive zeta potential (+21.6 mV). Sponges loaded with PRT-TRI-PHY demonstrated a sustained release profile with superior mucoadhesion characteristics compared with the counterparts loaded with uncoated TRI-PHY. The ex-vivo permeation study via chicken pouch mucosa revealed that sponges loaded with PRT-TRI-PHY demonstrated 2.3-folds higher flux value compared with sponges loaded with uncoated TRI-PHY. Additionally, in-vivo pharmacokinetic study in healthy rabbits revealed the significantly higher bioavailability of PRT-TRI-PHY compared with TRI-PHY with relative bioavailability of 244%. Conclusively, mucoadhesive CS-HPMC sponges loaded with a novel mucopenetrating nanocarrier, PRT-TRI-PHY, could significantly improve the absorption of tripterine via buccal mucosa which would be of prime importance for its clinical utility.

Functional nanocarrier for drug and gene delivery via local administration in mucosal tissues

Local administration has many advantages for treating diseases. However, the surface mucus layer becomes a major obstacle that easily traps and fast removes local administrated drugs and genes in mucosal tissues. Fortunately, the rapidly developing nanocarriers with special physical and chemical properties may help to refine the treatment of mucosal tissues via delivering drugs and genes to the target tissue, and prolong the drug action time. Therefore, this review focuses on the strategies to apply different nanocarriers for drug-delivery in mucosal tissues, including mucoadhesive and mucus-penetrating types. Delivering drugs and genes to anatomical sites with high mucus turnover becomes more feasible and effective, and maintains sufficient local drug concentration to improve treatment efficacy.

An Overview of Chitosan Nanoparticles and Its Application in Non-Parenteral Drug Delivery

The focus of this review is to provide an overview of the chitosan based nanoparticles for various non-parenteral applications and also to put a spotlight on current research including sustained release and mucoadhesive chitosan dosage forms. Chitosan is a biodegradable, biocompatible polymer regarded as safe for human dietary use and approved for wound dressing applications. Chitosan has been used as a carrier in polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery through various routes of administration. Chitosan has chemical functional groups that can be modified to achieve specific goals, making it a polymer with a tremendous range of potential applications. Nanoparticles (NP) prepared with chitosan and chitosan derivatives typically possess a positive surface charge and mucoadhesive properties such that can adhere to mucus membranes and release the drug payload in a sustained release manner. Chitosan-based NP have various applications in non-parenteral drug delivery for the treatment of cancer, gastrointestinal diseases, pulmonary diseases, drug delivery to the brain and ocular infections which will be exemplified in this review. Chitosan shows low toxicity both in vitro and some in vivo models. This review explores recent research on chitosan based NP for non-parenteral drug delivery, chitosan properties, modification, toxicity, pharmacokinetics and preclinical studies.

Buccal delivery of small molecules and biologics: of mucoadhesive polymers, films, and nanoparticles

Buccal delivery of macromolecules (biologics) sets a great challenge for researchers. Although several niche small molecule products have been approved as simple sprays, tablets and oral films, it is not simply a case of adapting existing technologies to biologics. Buccal delivery of insulin has reached clinical trials with two approaches: oromucosal sprays of the peptide with permeation enhancers, and embedded gold nanoparticles in a dissolvable film. However, neither of these approaches have led to FDA approvals likely due to poor efficacy, submaximal peptide loading in the dosage form, and to wide intra-subject variability in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It is likely however that printed film designs with lower molecular weight stable biotech payloads including lipophilic glucagon-like 1 (GLP-1) agonists and macrocycles with long half-lives will generate greater efficacy than was achieved to date for insulin.

Mucoadhesive buccal tablets containing silymarin Eudragit-loaded nanoparticles: formulation, characterisation and ex vivo permeation

Eudragit-loaded silymarin nanoparticles (SNPs) and their formulation into buccal mucoadhesive tablets were investigated to improve the low bioavailability of silymarin through buccal delivery. Characterisation of SNPs and silymarin buccal tablets (SBTs) containing the optimised NPs were performed. Ex vivo permeability of nominated SBTs were assessed using chicken pouch mucosa compared to SNPs and drug suspension followed by histopathological examination. Selected SNPs had a small size (<150 nm), encapsulation effciency (>77%) with drug release of about 90% after 6 h. For STBs, all physicochemical parameters were satisfactory for different polymers used. DSC and FT-IR studies suggested the presence of silymarin in an amorphous state. Ex vivo permeation significantly emphasised the great enhancement of silymarin permeation after NPs formation and much more increase after formulating into BTs relative to the corresponding drug dispersion with confirmed membrane integrity. Incorporation of SNPs into BTs could be an efficient vehicle for delivery of silymarin.

Chitosan-coated diacerein nanosuspensions as a platform for enhancing bioavailability and lowering side effects: preparation, characterization, and ex vivo/in vivo evaluation

Nanodrug delivery systems have been widely reviewed for their use in several drug formulations to improve bioavailability, sustain effect, and decrease side effects of many candidate drugs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of chitosan (CS)-coated nanosuspensions to enhance bioavailability and reduce the diarrheal side effect of diacerein (DCN) after oral administration. DCN nanosuspensions (DNS) were prepared by sonoprecipitation technique using different stabilizers at three different concentrations. The selected DNS with optimum particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), and Zeta potential (ZP) was coated with three different concentrations of CS-coated DNS (CS-DNS) and screened. In vitro dissolution was performed for the selected lyophilized formulae and compared with DCN powder in addition to the assessment of drug crystallinity via scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. Ex vivo drug permeability using noneverted rat intestine, intraluminal content, and mucoadhesion evaluation was studied for nominated formulae in comparison to DCN suspension. Moreover, in vivo study, pharmacokinetic parameters, and evaluation of diarrheal potential were conducted after oral administration of selected formulae. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)-stabilized DNS showed a significant increase (P≤0.05) in PS and PDI as the stabilizer concentration increased. PVP-stabilized DNS with the lowest CS concentration was protected from aggregation by lyophilization with mannitol. A remarked enhancement in dissolution parameters was observed in the nanocrystals’ formulae. Morphological examination and X-ray diffraction confirmed drug crystallinity. The intermediate permeation parameters of CS-DNS-F10, lowest rhein-to-DCN ratio in intraluminal content along with the highest percentage of mucoadhesive, could serve as a sustaining profile of coated formula. CS-DNS-F10 showed a significantly higher C_max of 0.74±0.15 µg/mL at a delayed T_max of 3.60±0.55 hours with a relative bioavailability of 172.1% compared to DCN suspension. CS-coated nanosuspensions could serve as promising revenue to enhance bioavailability and reduce the diarrheal side effect of DCN after oral administration.

Vitamin B12-Loaded Buccoadhesive Films as a Noninvasive Supplement in Vitamin B12 Deficiency: In Vitro Evaluation and In Vivo Comparative Study With Intramuscular Injection

This study aimed to formulate and evaluate vitamin B12-loaded buccal mucoadhesive hydrogel films. Various film formulations were prepared using chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol. The prepared films were characterized for thickness, weight variation, drug content, percentage moisture uptake and moisture content, surface pH, mechanical properties, in vitro release, and mucoadhesion. Vitamin B12 bioavailability from the optimized formulation was studied on rabbits by the aid of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neuroton^® I.M. injection was used for comparison. The films had acceptable mechanical and mucoadhesion properties. The percentages of moisture content of the optimized formulation were 3.2 ± 0.95, whereas the percentage drug released was 98.59 ± 1.41% at the end of 40 min. FTIR revealed the incidence of drug/polymer interaction. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed the possibility of the dispersion of cyanocobalamin in a molecular state with complete amorphization in the polymers. The estimated AUC_0-8h showed 1.5-fold increases in the bioavailability of cyanocobalamin from the optimized formulation compared with the marketed I.M. injection. These findings warrant that vitamin B12 buccal film formulation can be considered as an effective alternative portal with noninvasive and more convenient characteristics compared with the I.M. injection dosage form.

Ketoprofen-loaded Eudragit electrospun nanofibers for the treatment of oral mucositis

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to formulate ketoprofen (KET)-loaded Eudragit L and Eudragit S nanofibers (NFs) by the electrospinning technique for buccal administration to treat oral mucositis as a safe alternative to orally administered KET, which causes gastrointestinal tract (GIT) side effects.

Materials and methods

NFs were prepared by electrospinning using Eudragit L and Eudragit S. Several variables were evaluated to optimize NF formulation, such as polymer types and concentrations, applied voltage, flow rate and drug concentrations. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and analyses of drug contents, hydration capacity, surface pH, drug release and ex vivo permeation were performed to evaluate the NFs. The selected formulation (F1) was evaluated in vivo on induced oral mucositis in rabbits.

Results

SEM revealed that 20% polymer formed smooth and bead-free NFs. DSC results confirmed the amorphous nature of KET in the NFs. FTIR confirmed hydrogen bond formation between the drug and polymer, which stabilized the NFs. Both formulations (F1 and F2) had an acceptable surface pH. The drug loading was >90%. The amount of KET released from NF formulations was statistically significantly higher (P≤0.001) than that released from the corresponding solvent-casted films. The complete release of KET from F1 occurred within 2 hours. Ex vivo permeation study revealed that only a small fraction of drug permeated from F1, which was a better candidate than F2 for local buccal delivery. In vivo evaluation of F1 on oral mucositis induced in rabbits demonstrated that F1 reduced the clinical severity of mucositis in rabbits under the current experimental conditions. The attenuated clinical severity was accompanied by a marked reduction in inflammatory infiltrate and re-epithelization of the epithelial layer.

Conclusion

Eudragit L100 nanofibers (EL-NF) loaded with KET (F1) suppressed the inflammatory response associated with mucositis, which confirmed the efficacy of local buccal delivery of KET-loaded EL-NF in treating oral mucositis.