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Kopystecka A, Kozioł I, Radomska D, Bielawski K, Bielawska A, Wujec M. Vaccinium uliginosum and Vaccinium myrtillus-Two Species-One Used as a Functional Food. Nutrients 2023; 15:4119. [PMID: 37836403 PMCID: PMC10574057 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinium uliginosum L. (commonly known as bog bilberry) and Vaccinium myrtillus L. (commonly known as bilberry) are species of the genus Vaccinium (family Ericaceae). The red-purple-blue coloration of blueberries is attributed largely to the anthocyanins found in bilberries. Anthocyanins, known for their potent biological activity as antioxidants, have a significant involvement in the prophylaxis of cancer or other diseases, including those of metabolic origin. Bilberry is the most important economically wild berry in Northern Europe, and it is also extensively used in juice and food production. A review of the latest literature was performed to assess the composition and biological activity of V. uliginosum and V. myrtillus. Clinical studies confirm the benefits of V. uliginosum and V. myrtillus supplementation as part of a healthy diet. Because of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and apoptosis-reducing activity, both bog bilberries and bilberries can be used interchangeably as a dietary supplement with anti-free radical actions in the prevention of cancer diseases and cataracts, or as a component of sunscreen preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kopystecka
- Students’ Scientific Circle on Medical Law at the Department of Humanities and Social Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Ilona Kozioł
- Students’ Scientific Circle on Medical Law at the Department of Humanities and Social Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Dominika Radomska
- Department of Synthesis and Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1 Street, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Bielawski
- Department of Synthesis and Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1 Street, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Anna Bielawska
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1 Street, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Monika Wujec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodzki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Vaccinium Species (Ericaceae): Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041533. [PMID: 36838522 PMCID: PMC9966428 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Vaccinium L. (Ericaceae) genus consists of a globally widespread and diverse genus of around 4250 species, of which the most valuable is the Vaccinioidae subfamily. The current review focuses on the distribution, history, bioactive compounds, and health-related effects of three species: cranberry, blueberry, and huckleberry. Several studies highlight that the consumption of Vaccinium spp. presents numerous beneficial health-related outcomes, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and protective effects against diabetes, obesity, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular disorders. These plants' prevalence and commercial value have enhanced in the past several years; thus, the generated by-products have also increased. Consequently, the identified phenolic compounds found in the discarded leaves of these plants are also presented, and their impact on health and economic value is discussed. The main bioactive compounds identified in this genus belong to anthocyanins (cyanidin, malvidin, and delphinidin), flavonoids (quercetin, isoquercetin, and astragalin), phenolic acids (gallic, p-Coumaric, cinnamic, syringic, ferulic, and caffeic acids), and iridoids.
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Omale S, Amagon KI, Johnson TO, Bremner SK, Gould GW. A systematic analysis of anti-diabetic medicinal plants from cells to clinical trials. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14639. [PMID: 36627919 PMCID: PMC9826616 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes is one of the fastest-growing health emergencies of the 21st century, placing a severe economic burden on many countries. Current management approaches have improved diabetic care, but several limitations still exist, such as decreased efficacy, adverse effects, and the high cost of treatment, particularly for developing nations. There is, therefore, a need for more cost-effective therapies for diabetes management. The evidence-based application of phytochemicals from plants in the management of diseases is gaining traction. Methodology Various plants and plant parts have been investigated as antidiabetic agents. This review sought to collate and discuss published data on the cellular and molecular effects of medicinal plants and phytochemicals on insulin signaling pathways to better understand the current trend in using plant products in the management of diabetes. Furthermore, we explored available information on medicinal plants that consistently produced hypoglycemic effects from isolated cells to animal studies and clinical trials. Results There is substantial literature describing the effects of a range of plant extracts on insulin action and insulin signaling, revealing a depth in knowledge of molecular detail. Our exploration also reveals effective antidiabetic actions in animal studies, and clear translational potential evidenced by clinical trials. Conclusion We suggest that this area of research should be further exploited in the search for novel therapeutics for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon Omale
- African Centre for Excellence in Phytomedicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Kennedy I. Amagon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Titilayo O. Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Shaun Kennedy Bremner
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gwyn W. Gould
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Elmi GR, Anum K, Saleem K, Fareed R, Noreen S, Wei H, Chen Y, Chakraborty A, Rehman MU, Liyuan S, Abbas M, Duan Y. Evaluation of clinical trials of ethnomedicine used for the treatment of diabetes: A systematic review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1176618. [PMID: 37089934 PMCID: PMC10119392 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1176618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a widespread metabolic disorder with a yearly 6.7 million deaths worldwide. Several treatment options are available but with common side effects like weight gain, cardiovascular diseases, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. Therefore, ethnomedicine is gaining the interest of researchers in the treatment of DM. Ethnomedicine works by preventing intestinal absorption and hepatic production of glucose as well as enhancing glucose uptake in muscles and fatty tissues and increasing insulin secretion. A variety of plants have entered clinical trials but very few have gained approval for use. This current study provides an evaluation of such clinical trials. For this purpose, an extensive literature review was performed from a database using keywords like "ethnomedicine diabetes clinical trial", "clinical trials", "clinical trial in diabetes", "diabetes", "natural products in diabetes", "ethno-pharmacological relevance of natural products in diabetes", etc. Clinical trials of 20 plants and natural products were evaluated based on eligibility criteria. Major limitations associated with these clinical trials were a lack of patient compliance, dose-response relationship, and an evaluation of biomarkers with a small sample size and treatment duration. Measures in terms of strict regulations can be considered to achieve quality clinical trials. A specific goal of this systematic review is to discuss DM treatment through ethnomedicine based on recent clinical trials of the past 7 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul Rehman Elmi
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology, Children’s Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, IQRA University Islamabad Campus (Chak Shahzad), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kamil Anum
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kalsoom Saleem
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rameesha Fareed
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Noreen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Haiyan Wei
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology, Children’s Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yongxing Chen
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology, Children’s Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Avirup Chakraborty
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Masood Ur Rehman
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Masood Ur Rehman, Shi Liyuan, ; Muhammad Abbas, ; Yongtao Duan,
| | - Shi Liyuan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Masood Ur Rehman, Shi Liyuan, ; Muhammad Abbas, ; Yongtao Duan,
| | - Muhammad Abbas
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Masood Ur Rehman, Shi Liyuan, ; Muhammad Abbas, ; Yongtao Duan,
| | - Yongtao Duan
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology, Children’s Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- *Correspondence: Masood Ur Rehman, Shi Liyuan, ; Muhammad Abbas, ; Yongtao Duan,
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Boscaro V, Rivoira M, Sgorbini B, Bordano V, Dadone F, Gallicchio M, Pons A, Benetti E, Rosa AC. Evidence-Based Anti-Diabetic Properties of Plant from the Occitan Valleys of the Piedmont Alps. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2371. [PMID: 36365189 PMCID: PMC9693256 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Data on urban and rural diabetes prevalence ratios show a significantly lower presence of diabetes in rural areas. Several bioactive compounds of plant origin are known to exert anti-diabetic properties. Interestingly, most of them naturally occur in different plants present in mountainous areas and are linked to traditions of herbal use. This review will aim to evaluate the last 10 years of evidence-based data on the potential anti-diabetic properties of 9 plants used in the Piedmont Alps (North-Western Italy) and identified through an ethnobotanical approach, based on the Occitan language minority of the Cuneo province (Sambucus nigra L., Achillea millefolium L., Cornus mas L., Vaccinium myrtillus L., Fragaria vesca L., Rosa canina L., Rubus idaeus L., Rubus fruticosus/ulmifolius L., Urtica dioica L.), where there is a long history of herbal remedies. The mechanism underlying the anti-hyperglycemic effects and the clinical evidence available are discussed. Overall, this review points to the possible use of these plants as preventive or add-on therapy in treating diabetes. However, studies of a single variety grown in the geographical area, with strict standardization and titration of all the active ingredients, are warranted before applying the WHO strategy 2014-2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Boscaro
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Rivoira
- Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, University of Turin, Via Sant’Ottavio 20, 10124 Turin, Italy
- Atlante Linguistico Italiano (ALI), Via Sant’Ottavio 20, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Bordano
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Dadone
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Margherita Gallicchio
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Aline Pons
- Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, University of Turin, Via Sant’Ottavio 20, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Benetti
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Arianna Carolina Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Chehri A, Yarani R, Yousefi Z, Shakouri SK, Ostadrahimi A, Mobasseri M, Araj-Khodaei M. Phytochemical and pharmacological anti-diabetic properties of bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus), recommendations for future studies. Prim Care Diabetes 2022; 16:27-33. [PMID: 34996690 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, extensive attention has focused on dietary constituents that may be valuable for treating, eating, and preventing diabetes. Numerous studies have shown that anthocyanin's are one of the most important nutritional factors associated with diabetes. Anthocyanin's are the leading group of water-soluble pigments in the plant kingdom, and they are generally available in some human diet in fruits, vegetables, cereals, beans. Amongst, bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus), is one of the essential sources for dietary anthocyanin consumption containing vast amounts of anthocyanin's, making them the main plant in the treatment and prevention of diabetes. Although the bilberries have other valuable properties such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant, the main focus of the present study is to present the effects of bilberries (V. myrtillus) on the prevention and treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Chehri
- Student Research Committee, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Persian Medicine, Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Yarani
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark.
| | - Zahra Yousefi
- Psychiatry Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Kazem Shakouri
- Physical Medicine Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Mobasseri
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Araj-Khodaei
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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The Effects of Anthocyanin-Rich Bilberry Extract on Transintestinal Cholesterol Excretion. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112852. [PMID: 34829135 PMCID: PMC8624570 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is one of the modifiable and primary risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Emerging evidence suggests the stimulation of transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE), the nonbiliary cholesterol excretion, using natural products can be an effective way to reduce CVD. Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) has been reported to have cardioprotective effects by ameliorating oxidative stress, inflammation, and dyslipidemia. However, the role of bilberry in intestinal cholesterol metabolism is not well understood. To examine the effects of bilberry in intestinal cholesterol metabolism, we measured the genes for cholesterol flux and de novo synthesis in anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract (BE)-treated Caco-2 cells. BE significantly decreased the genes for cholesterol absorption, i.e., Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). In contrast, BE significantly upregulated ABCG8, the apical transporter for cholesterol. There was a significant induction of low-density lipoprotein receptors, with a concomitant increase in cellular uptake of cholesterol in BE-treated cells. The expression of genes for lipogenesis and sirtuins was altered by BE treatment. In the present study, BE altered the genes for cholesterol flux from basolateral to the apical membrane of enterocytes, potentially stimulating TICE. These results support the potential of BE in the prevention of hypercholesterolemia.
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Nunes S, Vieira P, Gomes P, Viana SD, Reis F. Blueberry as an Attractive Functional Fruit to Prevent (Pre)Diabetes Progression. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1162. [PMID: 34439410 PMCID: PMC8389043 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediabetes, a subclinical impairment between euglycemia and hyperglycemia, is a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and associated micro- and macrovascular complications. Lifestyle therapy, the first-line treatment of prediabetes, includes physical exercise and dietary regimens enriched in phytochemicals with health-related properties. Blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), given their pleasant taste and great abundance in beneficial phytochemicals, have gained public interest all over the world. Along with a high antioxidant activity, this functional fruit is also well-recognized due to its hypoglycemic and insulin-sensitizing effects and has been recommended for overt T2DM management. Yet blueberries target several other pathophysiological traits, namely gut microbiota dysbiosis and hepatic dysmetabolism, that ensue when prediabetes begins and for which pharmacological interventions tend to be delayed. In this work, we revisited preclinical data from in vitro assays, animal models and human studies, aiming to disclose the potential mechanisms by which blueberries may be a fruitful source of phytochemicals able to prevent (pre)diabetes progression. Collectively, future efforts should focus on longer-term studies with standardized interventions and readouts, particularly in humans, that will hopefully bring more robust evidence and concrete guidance for blueberries' effective use in prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nunes
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.N.); (P.V.); (P.G.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Vieira
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.N.); (P.V.); (P.G.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Gomes
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.N.); (P.V.); (P.G.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Domingues Viana
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.N.); (P.V.); (P.G.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Pharmacy/Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Flávio Reis
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.N.); (P.V.); (P.G.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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Lin HL, Cheng PW, Tu YC, Yeh BC, Wu BN, Shen KP. The effectiveness comparisons of eugenosedin-A, glibenclamide and pioglitazone on diabetes mellitus induced by STZ/NA and high-fat diet in SHR. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:835-845. [PMID: 33779726 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Eugenosedin-A (Eu-A), an adrenergic and serotonergic antagonist, is known to have anti-metabolic syndrome effects. In this study, we evaluated its protective effects against diabetes mellitus (DM) in spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) and compared it with two anti-diabetes medications, glibenclamide (Gli) and pioglitazone (Pio). METHODS We divided 10-week-old SHRs into five groups: a control group fed a normal diet; an untreated DM group induced by injecting the SHRs with STZ/NA and feeding them a high-fat diet (HFD); and three treated groups (after giving STZ/NA and HFD) gavage given with Eu-A, Gli or Pio (5 mg/kg per day) for 4 weeks. KEY FINDINGS The untreated DM group weighed less and had hyperglycaemia, hypoinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia. They were also found to have aberrant glucose-dependent insulin pathways, glucose metabolism and lipid synthesis proteins, while the controls did not. Eu-A, Gli and Pio ameliorated the above biochemical parameters in the treatment groups. Eu-A and Pio, but not Gli, improved hypertension and tachycardia. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, Eu-A ameliorated DM, hypertension and tachycardia by improving glucose, lipid homeostasis and anti-adrenergic, serotonergic activities. We concluded that Eu-A could be used in the development of an effective agent for controlling DM and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Li Lin
- Graduate Institute of Food Culture and Innovation, National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Tu
- Graduate Institute of Food Culture and Innovation, National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Chun Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Food Culture and Innovation, National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bin-Nan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ping Shen
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Klavins L, Mezulis M, Nikolajeva V, Klavins M. Composition, sun protective and antimicrobial activity of lipophilic bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) extract fractions. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Hameed A, Galli M, Adamska-Patruno E, Krętowski A, Ciborowski M. Select Polyphenol-Rich Berry Consumption to Defer or Deter Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Complications. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2538. [PMID: 32825710 PMCID: PMC7551116 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Berries are considered "promising functional fruits" due to their distinct and ubiquitous therapeutic contents of anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, flavanols, alkaloids, polysaccharides, hydroxycinnamic, ellagic acid derivatives, and organic acids. These polyphenols are part of berries and the human diet, and evidence suggests that their intake is associated with a reduced risk or the reversal of metabolic pathophysiologies related to diabetes, obesity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and hypertension. This work reviewed and summarized both clinical and non-clinical findings that the consumption of berries, berry extracts, purified compounds, juices, jams, jellies, and other berry byproducts aided in the prevention and or otherwise management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and related complications. The integration of berries and berries-derived byproducts into high-carbohydrate (HCD) and high-fat (HFD) diets, also reversed/reduced the HCD/HFD-induced alterations in glucose metabolism-related pathways, and markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid oxidation in healthy/obese/diabetic subjects. The berry polyphenols also modulate the intestinal microflora ecology by opposing the diabetic and obesity rendered symbolic reduction of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction-restoring bacteria, short-chain fatty acids, and organic acid producing microflora. All studies proposed a number of potential mechanisms of action of respective berry bioactive compounds, although further mechanistic and molecular studies are warranted. The metabolic profiling of each berry is also included to provide up-to-date information regarding the potential anti-oxidative/antidiabetic constituents of each berry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Hameed
- Clinical Research Center, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (A.H.); (E.A.-P.); (A.K.)
| | - Mauro Galli
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Edyta Adamska-Patruno
- Clinical Research Center, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (A.H.); (E.A.-P.); (A.K.)
| | - Adam Krętowski
- Clinical Research Center, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (A.H.); (E.A.-P.); (A.K.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michal Ciborowski
- Clinical Research Center, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (A.H.); (E.A.-P.); (A.K.)
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13
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The role of anthocyanins as antidiabetic agents: from molecular mechanisms to in vivo and human studies. J Physiol Biochem 2020; 77:109-131. [PMID: 32504385 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-020-00739-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose concentration. Nowadays, type 2 diabetes or insulin resistant diabetes is the most common diabetes, mainly due to unhealthy lifestyle. Healthy habits like appropriate nutritional approaches or the consumption of certain natural products or food supplements have been suggested as non-pharmacological strategies for the treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes. Some of the main bioactive compounds from plant foods are polyphenols, important mainly for their antioxidant capacity in oxidative stress conditions and ageing. Anthocyanins are polyphenols of the flavonoid group, which act as pigments in plants, especially in fruits such as berries. A search of in vitro, in vivo and human studies in relation with antidiabetic properties of anthocyanins has been performed in different electronic databases. Results of this review demonstrate that these compounds have the ability to inhibit different enzymes as well as to influence gene expression and metabolic pathways of glucose, such as AMPK, being able to modulate diabetes and other associated disorders, as hyperlipidaemia, overweight, obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, human interventional studies have shown that high doses of anthocyanins have potential in the prevention or treatment of type 2 diabetes; nevertheless, anthocyanins used in these studies should be standardized and quantified in order to make general conclusions about its use and to claim benefits for the human population.
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14
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Chan SW, Tomlinson B. Effects of Bilberry Supplementation on Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Molecules 2020; 25:E1653. [PMID: 32260262 PMCID: PMC7180827 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of interrelated conditions that is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Oxidative stress may impair normal physiological functions, leading to various illnesses. T2DM is considered to be associated with increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and dyslipidemia, which may play a significant role in the development of cardiovascular complications, cancer and vision loss through cataracts and retinopathy. While conventional therapies are a cornerstone for the management of the major risk factors of metabolic syndrome, increasing antioxidant defense by increasing intake of antioxidant-rich foods may improve long term prospects in CVD, obesity and T2DM. Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) is one of the richest natural sources of anthocyanins which give berries their red/purple/blue coloration. Anthocyanins are powerful antioxidants and are reported to play an important role in the prevention of metabolic disease and CVD as well as cancer and other conditions. This review focuses on the potential effects of bilberry supplementation on metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors. Although there is evidence to support the use of bilberry supplementation as part of a healthy diet, the potential benefits from the use of bilberry supplementation in patients with T2DM or CVD needs to be clarified in large clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Wa Chan
- School of Health Sciences, Caritas Institute of Higher Education, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Brian Tomlinson
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology, Macau 853, China
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15
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Tu PC, Liang YC, Kao MC, Chao LK, Tseng MH, Lu TL, Sung PJ, Kuo YH. Phenylpropanoids and lignoids from the whole plant of Vaccinium emarginatum and their cytotoxicity against prostate cancer cells. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:2028-2036. [PMID: 31496280 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1655412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
One new naturally occurring quinone, 3',4'-dihydroxy-1,2,6-trimethoxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4(1H)-one (1), one new diarylpropane, emarginone A (2), and one new neolignan, emarginone B (3), along with eighteen known compounds have been isolated from the chemical investigation of the EtOAc-soluble fraction of the Vaccinium emarginatum whole plant methanolic extract. The new structures were elucidated by combined analysis of spectroscopic analytical methods and comparison with the literature data obtained from known analogues. In addition, the cytotoxicity of compounds 2, 4, and 14-20 against Du145 and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines using MTT cell proliferation assay was evaluated. Compounds 2 and 19 showed most potent cytotoxicity against Du145 with IC50 values of 7.53 and 6.63 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, compounds 2, 17, and 19 also exhibited significant cytotoxicity against PC-3 with IC50 values ranging from 3.44-6.64 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Chen Tu
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Liang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ching Kao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Mei-Hwei Tseng
- Department of Applied Physics and Chemistry, Taipei Municipal University of Education, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Te-Ling Lu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Jyun Sung
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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16
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Ancillotti C, Ulaszewska M, Mattivi F, Del Bubba M. Untargeted Metabolomics Analytical Strategy Based on Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization Linear Ion Trap Quadrupole/Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry for Discovering New Polyphenol Metabolites in Human Biofluids after Acute Ingestion of Vaccinium myrtillus Berry Supplement. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:381-402. [PMID: 30506347 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2111-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, liquid chromatography, coupled with an electrospray ionization hybrid linear ion trap quadrupole/Orbitrap mass spectrometry, has been used to accurately identify polyphenol metabolites in human serum and urine after acute ingestion of a V. myrtillus berry supplement. The supplement was obtained by cryo-milling of bilberries, which were freeze-dried within 1 week after their harvesting, to maintain the berry native composition. Thirty-six derivatives of benzoic acids, hydroxyhippuric acids, cinnamic acids, phenylpropionic acids, phenylvaleric acids, phenylpentenoic acids and abscisic acid, together with two berry-native anthocyanins, one flavonol metabolite and two catechol derivatives were putatively identified in the investigated biofluids. The annotated compounds included 13 metabolites, among glucuronides and sulphates of phenylvaleric and phenylpentenoic acids, which have been identified for the first time in human biofluids after ingestion of V. myrtillus berries. It should be emphasized that the presence of phenylvaleric and phenylpentenoic acid derivatives is in agreement with their origin from fruit native flavanol monomers and oligomers, which are widely distributed in Vaccinium berries, but usually overlooked in metabolomics studies regarding bilberry. The identification of these compounds confirmed the key-role of untargeted metabolomics approach in the discovery of new metabolites which could be biologically active. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ancillotti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marynka Ulaszewska
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via Mach 1, 38010, Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Fulvio Mattivi
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via Mach 1, 38010, Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Center for Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Massimo Del Bubba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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17
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Yaribeygi H, Atkin SL, Sahebkar A. A review of the molecular mechanisms of hyperglycemia-induced free radical generation leading to oxidative stress. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:1300-1312. [PMID: 30146696 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes is growing worldwide with an increasing morbidity and mortality associated with the development of diabetes complications. Free radical production is a normal biological process that is strictly controlled and has been shown to be important in normal cellular homeostasis, and in the bodies response to pathogens. However, there are several mechanisms leading to excessive free radical production that overcome the normal protective quenching mechanisms. Studies have shown that many of the diabetes complications result from excessive free radical generation and oxidative stress, and it has been shown that chronic hyperglycemia is a potent inducer for free radical production, generated through several pathways and triggering multiple molecular mechanisms. An understanding of these processes may help us to improving our preventive or therapeutic strategies. In this review, the major molecular pathways involved in free radical generation induced by hyperglycemia are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Yaribeygi
- Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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18
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Svanberg L, Malmberg K, Gustinelli G, Öhgren C, Persson I, Brive L, Wassén S. Effect of anthocyanins on lipid oxidation and microbial spoilage in value-added emulsions with bilberry seed oil, anthocyanins and cold set whey protein hydrogels. Food Chem 2019; 272:273-278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Ştefănescu Braic R, Vari C, Imre S, Huţanu A, Fogarasi E, Todea T, Groşan A, Eşianu S, Laczkó-Zöld E, Dogaru M. Vaccinium Extracts as Modulators in Experimental Type 1 Diabetes. J Med Food 2018; 21:1106-1112. [PMID: 29847743 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antihyperglycemic effects of four extracts obtained from leaves and fruits of Vaccinium myrtillus and Vaccinium corymbosum were assessed in diabetic rats. In addition, the effects of extracts on diabetic-related complications such as the development of diabetic cataract and oxidative stress were evaluated. Type 1 diabetes was induced with a single dose of streptozotocin in Wistar rats. The rats were randomly divided into seven equal groups: NC-normal control, DC-diabetic control, PC-positive control treated with metformin, VML-received V. myrtillus leaf extract, VMLF-received VML and fruit extract, VCL-received V. corymbosum leaf extract, and VCLF-received VCL and fruit extract. Body weight and glucose levels were monitored every second week. After 8 weeks of treatment, serum glucose, insulin, and malondialdehyde were measured. Lenses were removed after sacrifice and eight lenses from each group were randomly selected for evaluation of cataract development. A decrease in body weight was observed in all diabetic groups in the first weeks. In the VML group, no significant decrease was observed. Glucose levels during the experiment were high in DC, PC, and VCL groups, with no improvement during the 8 weeks. In VML, VMLF, and VCLF groups, a decrease in blood glucose levels was observed. Similar results regarding serum insulin and glucose levels at the end of the experiment were observed within groups. V. myrtillus extracts prevented the development of cataract compared with the DC group (P < .05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra Ştefănescu Braic
- 1 Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Târgu Mureş , Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Camil Vari
- 2 Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Târgu Mureş , Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Silvia Imre
- 3 Department of Analytical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Târgu Mureş , Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Adina Huţanu
- 4 Immunology Laboratory, Center for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Târgu Mureş , Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Erzsebet Fogarasi
- 5 Department of Toxicology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Târgu Mureş , Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Timea Todea
- 6 Department of Ophthalmology, Topmed Medical Center , Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Alexandra Groşan
- 2 Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Târgu Mureş , Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Sigrid Eşianu
- 1 Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Târgu Mureş , Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Eszter Laczkó-Zöld
- 1 Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Târgu Mureş , Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Maria Dogaru
- 2 Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Târgu Mureş , Târgu Mureş, Romania
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20
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Thibado SP, Thornthwaite JT, Ballard TK, Goodman BT. Anticancer effects of Bilberry anthocyanins compared with NutraNanoSphere encapsulated Bilberry anthocyanins. Mol Clin Oncol 2017; 8:330-335. [PMID: 29399357 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2017.1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapidly accumulating laboratory and clinical research evidence indicates that anthocyanins exhibit anticancer activity and the evaluation of bilberry anthocyanins as chemo-preventive agents is progressing. It has previously been demonstrated that anthocyanins upregulate tumor suppressor genes, induce apoptosis in cancer cells, repair and protect genomic DNA integrity, which is important in reducing age-associated oxidative stress, and improve neuronal and cognitive brain function. Bilberry anthocyanins have pronounced health effects, even though they have a low bioavailability. To increase the bioavailability, Bilberry was encapsulated in 5.5 nm diameter liposomal micelles, called NutraNanoSpheres (NNS), at a concentration of 2.5 mg/50 µl [25% (w/w) anthocyanins]. These Bilberry NNS were used to study the apoptotic/cytotoxic effects on K562 Human Erythroleukemic cancer cells. Flow cytometric fluorescent quantification of the uptake of propidium iodide in a special cell viability formulation into dead K562 cells was used to determine the effects of Bilberry on the viability of K562 cells. The concentrations of Bilberry that demonstrated the greatest levels of percentage inhibition, relative to the control populations, were biphasic, revealing a 60-70% inhibition between 0.018-1.14 mg/ml (n=6) and 60% inhibition at 4 mg/ml. The lowest percentage inhibition (30%) occurred at 2 mg/ml. The lethal dose 50 was determined to be 0.01-0.04 mg/ml of Bilberry per 105 K562 cells at 72 h of cell culture exposure. At 48 h incubation, the highest percentage of inhibition was only 27%, suggesting involvement of a long-term apoptotic event. These levels, which demonstrated direct cytotoxic effects, were 8-40 times lower than levels required for Bilberry that is not encapsulated. The increase in bioavailability with the Bilberry NNS and its water solubility demonstrated the feasibility of using Bilberry NNS in cancer patient clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth P Thibado
- Department, of Chemistry, Union University, Jackson, TN 38305, USA
| | | | - Thomas K Ballard
- Cancer Research Institute of West Tennessee, Henderson, TN 38340, USA
| | - Brandon T Goodman
- Cancer Research Institute of West Tennessee, Henderson, TN 38340, USA
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21
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Nardin T, Piasentier E, Barnaba C, Larcher R. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:423-448. [PMID: 28730714 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Herbal infusions are consumed worldwide thanks to their "natural" beneficial effects, also due to the presence of alkaloids, although these compounds can have poisonous effects. A method combining online solid-phase purification with high resolution mass spectrometry was used to define the alkaloid profiles of 117 herbs and 7 commercial blends. Forty-one alkaloids were quantified in reference to analytical standards, while the presence of a further 116 was confirmed based on accurate mass, retention time, and fragmentation profile. The targeted study showed that 52% of herbs and 42% of commercial blends contained at least one alkaloid. Pyrrolizidines were the most commonly present (26% of samples), with concentrations generally ranging from the quantification limit to roughly 100 μg kg-1 . Moreover, a homemade infusion was studied, finding on average 45% and 6% lower extraction for pyrrolizidine and steroidal alkaloids, respectively. Nevertheless, the migration of pyrrolizidines was confirmed. The study confirmed the frequent presence, natural or accidental, of alkaloids in commercial infusion herbs, highlighting the urgent need for routine and accurate controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Nardin
- Centro Trasferimento Tecnologico, Fondazione E. Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Edi Piasentier
- Dipartimento di scienze agrarie ed ambientali (DISA), Università di Udine, Udine, (UD), Italy
| | - Chiara Barnaba
- Centro Trasferimento Tecnologico, Fondazione E. Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Roberto Larcher
- Centro Trasferimento Tecnologico, Fondazione E. Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
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22
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Momtazi AA, Banach M, Pirro M, Katsiki N, Sahebkar A. Regulation of PCSK9 by nutraceuticals. Pharmacol Res 2017; 120:157-169. [PMID: 28363723 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9) is a liver secretory enzyme that regulates plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDL-C) levels through modulation of LDL receptor (LDLR) density on the surface of hepatocytes. Inhibition of PCSK9 using monoclonal antibodies can efficiently lower plasma LDL-C, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lipoprotein (a). PCSK9 inhibition is also an effective adjunct to statin therapy; however, the cost-effectiveness of currently available PCSK9 inhibitors is under question. Nutraceuticals offer a safe and cost-effective option for PCSK9 inhibition. Several nutraceuticals have been reported to modulate PCSK9 levels and exert LDL-lowering activity. Mechanistically, those nutraceuticals that inhibit PCSK9 through a SREBP (sterol-responsive element binding protein)-independent pathway can be more effective in lowering plasma LDL-C levels compared with those inhibiting PCSK9 through the SREBP pathway. The present review aims to collect available data on the nutraceuticals with PCSK9-inhibitory effect and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abbas Momtazi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Niki Katsiki
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippocration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran; Metabolic Research Centre, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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23
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Habanova M, Saraiva JA, Haban M, Schwarzova M, Chlebo P, Predna L, Gažo J, Wyka J. Intake of bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) reduced risk factors for cardiovascular disease by inducing favorable changes in lipoprotein profiles. Nutr Res 2016; 36:1415-1422. [PMID: 27993193 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of death, and lifestyle modification, including dietary changes, is recommended to improve this condition. In this study, regular consumption of bilberries was hypothesized to have beneficial effects on CVD risk reduction, by changes in human health indicators such as decreasing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TGs) and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The research involved women (n=25) and men (n=11) who consumed 150 g of frozen stored bilberries 3 times a week for 6 weeks. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, lipid profile, glucose, liver enzymes, creatinine, albumin, magnesium, and antiradical activity were measured. Except for the body mass index of women (P=.019), no significant changes were found for anthropometric indicators. The consumption of bilberries led to a decrease in the following parameters: total cholesterol (P=.017), LDL-C (P=.0347), TG (P=.001), glucose (P=.005), albumin (P=.001), γ-glutamyltransferase (P=.046), and a positive increase in HDL-C (P=.044). In men, additionally, favorable changes were observed in total cholesterol (P=.004), glucose (P=.015), albumin (P=.028), aspartate aminotransferase (P=.012), γ-glutamyltransferase (P=.013), and HDL-C (P=.009; in this group, LDL-C increased [P=.007]). Changes in other parameters were not significant, for both women and men. Thus, the regular intake of bilberries can be important to reduce CVDs risk, by decreasing LDL-C/TG and increasing HDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Habanova
- Department of Human Nutrition, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 94976 Nitra-Chrenová, Slovakia.
| | - Jorge A Saraiva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.
| | - Miroslav Haban
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Marianna Schwarzova
- Department of Human Nutrition, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 94976 Nitra-Chrenová, Slovakia.
| | - Peter Chlebo
- Department of Human Nutrition, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 94976 Nitra-Chrenová, Slovakia.
| | - Lenka Predna
- Department of Human Nutrition, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 94976 Nitra-Chrenová, Slovakia.
| | - Jan Gažo
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 94976 Nitra-Chrenová, Slovakia.
| | - Joanna Wyka
- Department of Human Nutrition, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51630 Wrocław, Poland.
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24
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López-Padilla A, Ruiz-Rodriguez A, Restrepo Flórez CE, Rivero Barrios DM, Reglero G, Fornari T. Vaccinium meridionale Swartz Supercritical CO₂ Extraction: Effect of Process Conditions and Scaling Up. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9070519. [PMID: 28773640 PMCID: PMC5456886 DOI: 10.3390/ma9070519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinium meridionale Swartz (Mortiño or Colombian blueberry) is one of the Vaccinium species abundantly found across the Colombian mountains, which are characterized by high contents of polyphenolic compounds (anthocyanins and flavonoids). The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of Vaccinium species has mainly focused on the study of V. myrtillus L. (blueberry). In this work, the SFE of Mortiño fruit from Colombia was studied in a small-scale extraction cell (273 cm3) and different extraction pressures (20 and 30 MPa) and temperatures (313 and 343 K) were investigated. Then, process scaling-up to a larger extraction cell (1350 cm3) was analyzed using well-known semi-empirical engineering approaches. The Broken and Intact Cell (BIC) model was adjusted to represent the kinetic behavior of the low-scale extraction and to simulate the large-scale conditions. Extraction yields obtained were in the range 0.1%–3.2%. Most of the Mortiño solutes are readily accessible and, thus, 92% of the extractable material was recovered in around 30 min. The constant CO2 residence time criterion produced excellent results regarding the small-scale kinetic curve according to the BIC model, and this conclusion was experimentally validated in large-scale kinetic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis López-Padilla
- Institute of Food Science Research CIAL (CSIC-UAM)-CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | | | | | | | - Guillermo Reglero
- Institute of Food Science Research CIAL (CSIC-UAM)-CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - Tiziana Fornari
- Institute of Food Science Research CIAL (CSIC-UAM)-CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain.
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25
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Celli GB, Kalt W, Brooks MSL. Gastroretentive systems - a proposed strategy to modulate anthocyanin release and absorption for the management of diabetes. Drug Deliv 2016; 23:1892-901. [PMID: 26873039 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2016.1143058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several reports have indicated a positive correlation between the consumption of anthocyanins (ACN) and biomarkers relating to the improvement of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the results from in vitro studies often do not translate into clinical evidence. Potential causes of these discrepancies are experimental conditions that lack physiological relevancy; extensive degradation of these compounds in vivo due to changes in pH and metabolism; and a short residence time in the absorption window in relation to the absorption rate. Here, gastroretentive systems (GRS) are proposed as a strategy to overcome the limitations in ACN delivery and to reduce the existing bench-to-subject gap. This review summarizes recent literature on the use of ACN for the management and control of T2D, followed by GRS platforms to promote a sustained release of ACN for increased health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Bonat Celli
- a Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada and
| | - Wilhelmina Kalt
- b Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Kentville , NS , Canada
| | - Marianne Su-Ling Brooks
- a Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada and
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