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Gerónimo-Alonso M, Ortíz-Vázquez E, Rodríguez-Canto W, Chel-Guerrero L, Betancur-Ancona D. Antithrombotic and anticariogenic activity of peptide fractions from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) protein hydrolysates. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 39139024 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein-derived peptide fractions can play a key role in the physiological and metabolic regulation and modulation of the body, which suggests that they could be used as functional ingredients to improve health and to reduce the risk of disease. This work aimed to evaluate the in vitro antithrombotic and anticariogenic bioactivity of hydrolysates and protein fractions obtained from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) by biocatalysis. RESULTS Cowpea protein concentrate was hydrolyzed by sequential action with two enzyme systems, Pepsin-Pancreatin or Alcalase-Flavourzyme. There was extensive enzymatic hydrolysis, with degrees of hydrolysis of 34.94% and 81.43% for Pepsin-Pancreatin and Alcalase-Flavourzyme, respectively. The degree of hydrolysis for the control treatments, without the addition of the enzymes Pepsin-Pancreatin and Alcalase-Flavourzyme was 1.1% and 1.2%, respectively. The hydrolysates were subjected to fractionation by ultrafiltration, with five cut-off points according to molecular weight (<1, 1-3, 3-5, 5-10 and >10 kDa). The Alcalase-Flavourzyme hydrolysate led to 100% inhibition of platelet aggregation, while the Pepsin-Pancreatin hydrolysate showed 77.41% inhibition, but this was approximately 100% in the ultrafiltered fractions. The highest anticariogenic activity was obtained with the Pepsin-Pancreatin system, with 61.55% and 56.07% for calcium and phosphorus demineralization, respectively. CONCLUSION Hydrolysates and their peptide fractions from Vigna unguiculata exhibited inhibition of platelet aggregation and protection of tooth enamel and have the potential for use in the development of functional products with beneficial health effects. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wilbert Rodríguez-Canto
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Mérida, Mérida, Mexico
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Luis Chel-Guerrero
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
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Carvalho Dos Santos WP, Weste Nano RM, de Oliveira FS, Maia LC, de Souza Miranda KE, Campos IAL. Evaluation of the effects of canning variables on the mineral composition of canned cowpeas ( Vigna unguiculata l. Walp) using multi-response analysis. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2024; 30:232-238. [PMID: 36591912 DOI: 10.1177/10820132221146593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effects of canning variables (cooking time, storage time, volume of vinegar, salt and sugar) on the mineral composition of canned cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) and which conditions provide optimised preservation of the mineral content of the grains. Different formulations of canned cowpeas were produced following two levels factorial experimental design using five variables. A set of 11 different formulations were evaluated using the desirability function with essential minerals (Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mg, P and Zn) as the response. The optimal multi-response conditions for higher mineral retention were: 360 days of storage at 30 ± 5 °C (ST2), 30 ml of vinegar, 9.0 g of NaCl, 18 min of cooking time, and 9.0 g, 19.5 g or 30 g of sugar (the effect of the sugar content at the evaluated range was not significant at 95% confidence level).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fábio Santos de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Santo Antônio de Jesus, Brazil
| | - Lucas Costa Maia
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sodedji KAF, Assogbadjo AE, Lee B, Kim HY. An Integrated Approach for Biofortification of Carotenoids in Cowpea for Human Nutrition and Health. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:412. [PMID: 38337945 PMCID: PMC10856932 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Stress-resilient and highly nutritious legume crops can alleviate the burden of malnutrition and food security globally. Here, we focused on cowpea, a legume grain widely grown and consumed in regions at a high risk of micronutrient deficiencies, and we discussed the past and present research on carotenoid biosynthesis, highlighting different knowledge gaps and prospects for increasing this micronutrient in various edible parts of the crop. The literature survey revealed that, although carotenoids are important micronutrients for human health and nutrition, like in many other pulses, the potential of carotenoid biofortification in cowpea is still underexploited. We found that there is, to some extent, progress in the quantification of this micronutrient in cowpea; however, the diversity in content in the edible parts of the crop, namely, grains, pods, sprouts, and leaves, among the existing cowpea genetic resources was uncovered. Based on the description of the different factors that can influence carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation in cowpea, we anticipated that an integrated use of omics in breeding coupled with mutagenesis and genetic engineering in a plant factory system would help to achieve a timely and efficient increase in carotenoid content in cowpea for use in the food systems in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kpedetin Ariel Frejus Sodedji
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea;
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Non-Timber Forest Products and Orphan Crop Species Unit, Laboratory of Applied Ecology (LEA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou 05 BP 1752, Benin;
| | - Achille Ephrem Assogbadjo
- Non-Timber Forest Products and Orphan Crop Species Unit, Laboratory of Applied Ecology (LEA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou 05 BP 1752, Benin;
| | - Bokyung Lee
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Youn Kim
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea;
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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4
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Hamilton AN, Mirmahdi RS, Ubeyitogullari A, Romana CK, Baum JI, Gibson KE. From bytes to bites: Advancing the food industry with three-dimensional food printing. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13293. [PMID: 38284594 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The rapid advancement of three-dimensional (3D) printing (i.e., a type of additive manufacturing) technology has brought about significant advances in various industries, including the food industry. Among its many potential benefits, 3D food printing offers a promising solution to deliver products meeting the unique nutritional needs of diverse populations while also promoting sustainability within the food system. However, this is an emerging field, and there are several aspects to consider when planning for use of 3D food printing for large-scale food production. This comprehensive review explores the importance of food safety when using 3D printing to produce food products, including pathogens of concern, machine hygiene, and cleanability, as well as the role of macronutrients and storage conditions in microbial risks. Furthermore, postprocessing factors such as packaging, transportation, and dispensing of 3D-printed foods are discussed. Finally, this review delves into barriers of implementation of 3D food printers and presents both the limitations and opportunities of 3D food printing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson N Hamilton
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
- Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Razieh S Mirmahdi
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ali Ubeyitogullari
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Chetanjot K Romana
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jamie I Baum
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kristen E Gibson
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
- Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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5
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Lazaridi E, Bebeli PJ. Cowpea Constraints and Breeding in Europe. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1339. [PMID: 36987026 PMCID: PMC10052078 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is a legume with a constant rate of cultivation in Southern European countries. Consumer demand for cowpea worldwide is rising due to its nutritional content, while Europe is constantly attempting to reduce the deficit in the production of pulses and invest in new, healthy food market products. Although the climatic conditions that prevail in Europe are not so harsh in terms of heat and drought as in the tropical climates where cowpea is mainly cultivated, cowpea confronts with a plethora of abiotic and biotic stresses and yield-limiting factors in Southern European countries. In this paper, we summarize the main constraints for cowpea cultivation in Europe and the breeding methods that have been or can be used. A special mention is made of the availability plant genetic resources (PGRs) and their potential for breeding purposes, aiming to promote more sustainable cropping systems as climatic shifts become more frequent and fiercer, and environmental degradation expands worldwide.
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Wang Y, Yao X, Shen H, Zhao R, Li Z, Shen X, Wang F, Chen K, Zhou Y, Li B, Zheng X, Lu S. Nutritional Composition, Efficacy, and Processing of Vigna angularis (Adzuki Bean) for the Human Diet: An Overview. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27186079. [PMID: 36144812 PMCID: PMC9506481 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adzuki beans are grown in several countries around the world and are widely popular in Asia, where they are often prepared in various food forms. Adzuki beans are rich in starch, and their proteins contain a balanced variety of amino acids with high lysine content, making up for the lack of protein content of cereals in the daily diet. Therefore, the research on adzuki beans and the development of their products have broad prospects for development. The starch, protein, fat, polysaccharide, and polyphenol contents and compositions of adzuki beans vary greatly among different varieties. The processing characteristic components of adzuki beans, such as starch, isolated protein, and heated flavor, are reported with a view to further promote the processing and development of adzuki bean foods. In addition to favorable edibility, the human health benefits of adzuki beans include antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Furtherly, adzuki beans and extracts have positive effects on the prevention and treatment of diseases, including diabetes, diabetes-induced kidney disease or kidney damage, obesity, and high-fat-induced cognitive decline. This also makes a case for the dual use of adzuki beans for food and medicine and contributes to the promotion of adzuki beans as a healthy, edible legume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Food Processing Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Food Processing, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Xinmiao Yao
- Food Processing Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Food Processing, Harbin 150086, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +086-0451-86610259
| | - Huifang Shen
- Food Processing Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Food Processing, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Food Processing Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Food Processing, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Zhebin Li
- Food Processing Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Food Processing, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Xinting Shen
- Food Processing Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Food Processing, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Food Processing Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Food Processing, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Kaixin Chen
- Food Processing Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Food Processing, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Food Processing Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Food Processing, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Bo Li
- Food Processing Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Food Processing, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Xianzhe Zheng
- China School of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shuwen Lu
- Food Processing Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Food Processing, Harbin 150086, China
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Saha S, Jahan Romi I, Khatun F, Kumar Saha B, Shahidul Haque M, Ranjan Saha N. Assessing high-yielding cowpea varieties for bacterial blight resistance in Bangladesh: a step towards an environment-friendly and sustainable solution. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103365. [PMID: 35855768 PMCID: PMC9287560 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cowpea is well-known worldwide for its high protein content, versatile use, and adaptability. However, it is devastatingly affected by bacterial blight disease caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola (Xav). The present study was designed to assess ten high-yielding cowpea varieties for bacterial blight resistance in two contrasting cropping seasons in Bangladesh. The varieties were evaluated using seed and stem inoculation with Xav bacteria, followed by phenotypic and molecular characterisation. The varieties were morphologically assessed using nine disease-related qualitative and quantitative traits, and genetic variations were investigated through nine SSR markers. Disease development varied significantly (P = 0.05) among the varieties. Substantially higher disease incidence was observed in the Kharif season compared to the Rabi season. Felon local, Dark Green-28, and Dark Green-1028 varieties were resistant in both seasons. On the other hand, BARI Felon-1 was highly susceptible to susceptible in both seasons as infections were over 50%. Moreover, plant height, leaf area, branch number, and leaf number significantly differed among the varieties. Besides, in the molecular study, polymorphism information content and Nei’s gene diversity were detected as 0.3658 and 0.4089, respectively. Kegornatki showed the highest genetic variation vs Dark Green-1028. The UPGMA dendrogram segregated the ten cowpea varieties into two main clusters. This study revealed that three high-yielding varieties, viz., Dark Green-28, Dark green 1028, and Felon local, were resistant to bacterial blight and showed better performance in morpho-molecular characterisation. Therefore, these varieties can be integrated into future cowpea breeding programmes to develop cultivars that can control the high pressures of Xav.
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Chongtham SK, Devi EL, Samantara K, Yasin JK, Wani SH, Mukherjee S, Razzaq A, Bhupenchandra I, Jat AL, Singh LK, Kumar A. Orphan legumes: harnessing their potential for food, nutritional and health security through genetic approaches. PLANTA 2022; 256:24. [PMID: 35767119 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Legumes, being angiosperm's third-largest family as well as the second major crop family, contributes beyond 33% of human dietary proteins. The advent of the global food crisis owing to major climatic concerns leads to nutritional deprivation, hunger and hidden hunger especially in developing and underdeveloped nations. Hence, in the wake of promoting sustainable agriculture and nutritional security, apart from the popular legumes, the inclusion of lesser-known and understudied local crop legumes called orphan legumes in the farming systems of various tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world is indeed a need of the hour. Despite possessing tremendous potentialities, wide adaptability under diverse environmental conditions, and rich in nutritional and nutraceutical values, these species are still in a neglected and devalued state. Therefore, a major re-focusing of legume genetics, genomics, and biology is much crucial in pursuance of understanding the yield constraints, and endorsing underutilized legume breeding programs. Varying degrees of importance to these crops do exist among researchers of developing countries in establishing the role of orphan legumes as future crops. Under such circumstances, this article assembles a comprehensive note on the necessity of promoting these crops for further investigations and sustainable legume production, the exploitation of various orphan legume species and their potencies. In addition, an attempt has been made to highlight various novel genetic, molecular, and omics approaches for the improvement of such legumes for enhancing yield, minimizing the level of several anti-nutritional factors, and imparting biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. A significant genetic enhancement through extensive research in 'omics' areas is the absolute necessity to transform them into befitting candidates for large-scale popularization around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Chongtham
- Multi Technology Testing Centre and Vocational Training Centre, CAEPHT, CAU, Ranipool, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737135, India
| | | | - Kajal Samantara
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, 761211, India
| | - Jeshima Khan Yasin
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau Plant Genetic Resources, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Shabir Hussain Wani
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Khudwani, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, 192101, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
| | - Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Botany, Jangipur College, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, 742213, India
| | - Ali Razzaq
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Ingudam Bhupenchandra
- ICAR-KVK Tamenglong, ICAR RC for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Lamphelpat, Imphal, Manipur, 795 004, India
| | - Aanandi Lal Jat
- Castor-Mustard Research Station, SDAU, S.K. Nagar, Banaskantha, Gujarat, 385 506, India
| | - Laishram Kanta Singh
- ICAR-KVK Imphal West, ICAR RC for NEH region, Manipur Centre, Lamphelpat, Imphal, Manipur, 795 004, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Tadong, Sikkim Centre, 737102, India
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Mekonnen TW, Gerrano AS, Mbuma NW, Labuschagne MT. Breeding of Vegetable Cowpea for Nutrition and Climate Resilience in Sub-Saharan Africa: Progress, Opportunities, and Challenges. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11121583. [PMID: 35736733 PMCID: PMC9230997 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the world population is increasing, and humanity is facing food and nutritional scarcity. Climate change and variability are a major threat to global food and nutritional security, reducing crop productivity in the tropical and subtropical regions of the globe. Cowpea has the potential to make a significant contribution to global food and nutritional security. In addition, it can be part of a sustainable food system, being a genetic resource for future crop improvement, contributing to resilience and improving agricultural sustainability under climate change conditions. In malnutrition prone regions of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries, cowpea has become a strategic dryland legume crop for addressing food insecurity and malnutrition. Therefore, this review aims to assess the contribution of cowpea to SSA countries as a climate-resilient crop and the existing production challenges and perspectives. Cowpea leaves and immature pods are rich in diverse nutrients, with high levels of protein, vitamins, macro and micronutrients, minerals, fiber, and carbohydrates compared to its grain. In addition, cowpea is truly a multifunctional crop for maintaining good health and for reducing non-communicable human diseases. However, as a leafy vegetable, cowpea has not been researched and promoted sufficiently because it has not been promoted as a food security crop due to its low yield potential, susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stresses, quality assurance issues, policy regulation, and cultural beliefs (it is considered a livestock feed). The development of superior cowpea as a leafy vegetable can be approached in different ways, such as conventional breeding and gene stacking, speed breeding, mutation breeding, space breeding, demand-led breeding, a pan-omics approach, and local government policies. The successful breeding of cowpea genotypes that are high-yielding with a good nutritional value as well as having resistance to biotics and tolerant to abiotic stress could also be used to address food security and malnutrition-related challenges in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Walle Mekonnen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; (N.W.M.); (M.T.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-796540514
| | - Abe Shegro Gerrano
- Agricultural Research Council-Vegetable, Industrial and Medicinal Plants, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Ntombokulunga Wedy Mbuma
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; (N.W.M.); (M.T.L.)
| | - Maryke Tine Labuschagne
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; (N.W.M.); (M.T.L.)
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Sodedji FAK, Ryu D, Choi J, Agbahoungba S, Assogbadjo AE, N’Guetta SPA, Jung JH, Nho CW, Kim HY. Genetic Diversity and Association Analysis for Carotenoid Content among Sprouts of Cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073696. [PMID: 35409065 PMCID: PMC8998333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and promotion of biofortified foods plants are a sustainable strategy for supplying essential micronutrients for human health and nutrition. We set out to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with carotenoid content in cowpea sprouts. The contents of carotenoids, including lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene in sprouts of 125 accessions were quantified via high-performance liquid chromatography. Significant variation existed in the profiles of the different carotenoids. Lutein was the most abundant (58 ± 12.8 mg/100 g), followed by zeaxanthin (14.7 ± 3.1 mg/100 g) and β-carotene (13.2 ± 2.9 mg/100 g). A strong positive correlation was observed among the carotenoid compounds (r ≥ 0.87), indicating they can be improved concurrently. The accessions were distributed into three groups, following their carotenoid profiles, with accession C044 having the highest sprout carotenoid content in a single cluster. A total of 3120 genome-wide SNPs were tested for association analysis, which revealed that carotenoid biosynthesis in cowpea sprouts is a polygenic trait controlled by genes with additive and dominance effects. Seven loci were significantly associated with the variation in carotenoid content. The evidence of variation in carotenoid content and genomic regions controlling the trait creates an avenue for breeding cowpea varieties with enhanced sprouts carotenoid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frejus Ariel Kpedetin Sodedji
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea; (F.A.K.S.); (D.R.); (J.C.); (J.H.J.); (C.W.N.)
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Non-Timber Forest Products and Orphan Crop Species Unit, Laboratory of Applied Ecology (LEA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou 05 BP 1752, Benin; (S.A.); (A.E.A.)
- West Africa Center of Excellence in Climate Change Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture (CEA-CCBAD), Biosciences Research Unit, University Felix Houphouet-Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Abidjan 582, Côte d’Ivoire;
| | - Dahye Ryu
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea; (F.A.K.S.); (D.R.); (J.C.); (J.H.J.); (C.W.N.)
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Choi
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea; (F.A.K.S.); (D.R.); (J.C.); (J.H.J.); (C.W.N.)
| | - Symphorien Agbahoungba
- Non-Timber Forest Products and Orphan Crop Species Unit, Laboratory of Applied Ecology (LEA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou 05 BP 1752, Benin; (S.A.); (A.E.A.)
| | - Achille Ephrem Assogbadjo
- Non-Timber Forest Products and Orphan Crop Species Unit, Laboratory of Applied Ecology (LEA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou 05 BP 1752, Benin; (S.A.); (A.E.A.)
| | - Simon-Pierre Assanvo N’Guetta
- West Africa Center of Excellence in Climate Change Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture (CEA-CCBAD), Biosciences Research Unit, University Felix Houphouet-Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Abidjan 582, Côte d’Ivoire;
| | - Je Hyeong Jung
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea; (F.A.K.S.); (D.R.); (J.C.); (J.H.J.); (C.W.N.)
| | - Chu Won Nho
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea; (F.A.K.S.); (D.R.); (J.C.); (J.H.J.); (C.W.N.)
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Ho-Youn Kim
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea; (F.A.K.S.); (D.R.); (J.C.); (J.H.J.); (C.W.N.)
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-650-3580
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11
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Nunes C, Moreira R, Pais I, Semedo J, Simões F, Veloso MM, Scotti-Campos P. Cowpea Physiological Responses to Terminal Drought-Comparison between Four Landraces and a Commercial Variety. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11050593. [PMID: 35270063 PMCID: PMC8912480 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is a robust legume; nevertheless, yield is always affected by drought, especially when it occurs during reproductive growth and seed filling. Considered a key crop in the effort to attain food security, and a suitable crop for a scenario of climate change, modern disregard for cowpea landraces is particularly detrimental as it causes genetic variability loss, compromising breeding efforts. To contribute to the evaluation of the cowpea germplasm, four Portuguese landraces (L1, L2, L3, L4) were compared with a commercial variety (CV) to evaluate their physiological responses to terminal drought and their inter-variation on productivity, under semi-controlled conditions. Despite no differences in relative water content (RWC) between the CV and the landraces under water deficit (WD), differences in leaf water potential (Ψ) defined the CV as having an isohydric control of stomata in contrast with anisohydric control for landraces. There was an identical decrease in the photosynthetic rate for all plants under stress, caused by both stomatal and non-stomatal limitations, namely, damages at the level of photosystem II as indicated by fluorescence measurements. Instantaneous water use efficiency (iWUE) was improved with stress in L1 and L3. Maintenance of higher relative chlorophyll content for longer periods in the CV revealed a stay-green phenotype. The slim differences observed in terms of stomatal control, iWUE and progression of senescence between the CV and the landraces under WD led to quite important differences in terms of productivity, as inferred from improved yield (number of pods and number of grains per plant). This is a clear result of pragmatic on-farm selection. On one hand it shows that small differences in stomatal responses or water saving strategies under WD may lead to desirable outcomes and should therefore be considered during breeding. On the other hand, it suggests that other traits could be explored in view of drought adaptation. These results highlight the need to preserve and characterize as many genetic pools as possible within a species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Nunes
- Unidade de Biotecnologia e Recursos Genéticos, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Instituto Público, Av. República, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal; (R.M.); (I.P.); (J.S.); (F.S.); (M.M.V.); (P.S.-C.)
| | - Rita Moreira
- Unidade de Biotecnologia e Recursos Genéticos, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Instituto Público, Av. República, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal; (R.M.); (I.P.); (J.S.); (F.S.); (M.M.V.); (P.S.-C.)
| | - Isabel Pais
- Unidade de Biotecnologia e Recursos Genéticos, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Instituto Público, Av. República, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal; (R.M.); (I.P.); (J.S.); (F.S.); (M.M.V.); (P.S.-C.)
- Unidade de Geobiociências, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Almada, Portugal
| | - José Semedo
- Unidade de Biotecnologia e Recursos Genéticos, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Instituto Público, Av. República, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal; (R.M.); (I.P.); (J.S.); (F.S.); (M.M.V.); (P.S.-C.)
- Unidade de Geobiociências, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Almada, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Simões
- Unidade de Biotecnologia e Recursos Genéticos, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Instituto Público, Av. República, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal; (R.M.); (I.P.); (J.S.); (F.S.); (M.M.V.); (P.S.-C.)
| | - Maria Manuela Veloso
- Unidade de Biotecnologia e Recursos Genéticos, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Instituto Público, Av. República, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal; (R.M.); (I.P.); (J.S.); (F.S.); (M.M.V.); (P.S.-C.)
| | - Paula Scotti-Campos
- Unidade de Biotecnologia e Recursos Genéticos, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Instituto Público, Av. República, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal; (R.M.); (I.P.); (J.S.); (F.S.); (M.M.V.); (P.S.-C.)
- Unidade de Geobiociências, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Almada, Portugal
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12
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Quantifying Nutrient Content in the Leaves of Cowpea Using Remote Sensing. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12010458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although hyperspectral remote sensing techniques have increasingly been used in the nutritional quantification of plants, it is important to understand whether the method shows a satisfactory response during the various phenological stages of the crop. The aim of this study was to quantify the levels of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn) in the leaves of Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp using spectral data obtained by a spectroradiometer. A randomised block design was used, with three treatments and twenty-five replications. The crop was evaluated at three growth stages: V4, R6 and R9. Single-band models were fitted using simple correlations. For the band ratio models, the wavelengths were selected by 2D correlation. For the models using partial least squares regression (PLSR), the stepwise method was used. The model showing the best fit was used to estimate the phosphorus content in the single-band (R² = 0.62; RMSE = 0.54 and RPD = 1.61), band ratio (R² = 0.66; RMSE = 0.65 and RPD = 1.52) and PLSR models, using data from each of the phenological stages (R² = 0.80; RMSE = 0.47 and RPD = 1.66). Accuracy in modelling leaf nutrients depends on the phenological stage, as well as the amount of data used, and is more accurate with a larger number of samples.
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13
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Zhang Z, Guo Y, Marasigan KM, Conner JA, Ozias-Akins P. Gene activation via Cre/lox-mediated excision in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:119-138. [PMID: 34591155 PMCID: PMC8803690 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02789-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Expression of Cre recombinase by AtRps5apro or AtDD45pro enabled Cre/lox-mediated recombination at an early embryonic developmental stage upon crossing, activating transgenes in the hybrid cowpea and tobacco. Genetic engineering ideally results in precise spatiotemporal control of transgene expression. To activate transgenes exclusively in a hybrid upon fertilization, we evaluated a Cre/lox-mediated gene activation system with the Cre recombinase expressed by either AtRps5a or AtDD45 promoters that showed activity in egg cells and young embryos. In crosses between Cre recombinase lines and transgenic lines harboring a lox-excision reporter cassette with ZsGreen driven by the AtUbq3 promoter after Cre/lox-mediated recombination, we observed complete excision of the lox-flanked intervening DNA sequence between the AtUbq3pro and the ZsGreen coding sequence in F1 progeny upon genotyping but no ZsGreen expression in F1 seeds or seedlings. The incapability to observe ZsGreen fluorescence was attributed to the activity of the AtUbq3pro. Strong ZsGreen expression in F1 seeds was observed after recombination when ZsGreen was driven by the AtUbq10 promoter. Using the AtDD45pro to express Cre resulted in more variation in recombination frequencies between transgenic lines and crosses. Regardless of the promoter used to regulate Cre, mosaic F1 progeny were rare, suggesting gene activation at an early embryo-developmental stage. Observation of ZsGreen-expressing tobacco embryos at the globular stage from crosses with the AtRps5aproCre lines pollinated by the AtUbq3prolox line supported the early activation mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifen Zhang
- Department of Horticulture and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, 2356 Rainwater Rd, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
| | - Yinping Guo
- Department of Horticulture and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, 2356 Rainwater Rd, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
| | - Kathleen Monfero Marasigan
- Department of Horticulture and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, 2356 Rainwater Rd, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
| | - Joann A Conner
- Department of Horticulture and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, 2356 Rainwater Rd, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
| | - Peggy Ozias-Akins
- Department of Horticulture and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, 2356 Rainwater Rd, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA.
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14
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Mishra S, Sahu G, Shaw BP. Integrative small RNA and transcriptome analysis provides insight into key role of miR408 towards drought tolerance response in cowpea. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:75-94. [PMID: 34570259 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02783-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress response studies and overexpression of vun-miR408 proved it to be essential for abiotic stress tolerance in cowpea. Small RNA and transcriptome sequencing of an elite high-yielding drought-tolerant Indian cowpea cultivar, Pusa Komal revealed a differential expression of 198 highly conserved, 21 legume-specific, 14 less-conserved, and 10 novel drought-responsive microRNAs (miRNAs) along with 3391 (up-regulated) and 3799 (down-regulated) genes, respectively, in the leaf and root libraries. Among the differentially expressed miRNAs, vun-miR408-3p, showed an up-regulation of 3.53-log2-fold change under drought stress. Furthermore, laccase 12 (LAC 12) was identified as the potential target of vun-miR408-3p using 5' RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The stable transgenic cowpea lines overexpressing artificial vun-miR408-3p (OX-amiR408) displayed enhanced drought and salinity tolerance as compared to the wild-type plants. An average increase of 30.17% in chlorophyll, 26.57% in proline, and 27.62% in relative water content along with lesser cellular H2O2 level was observed in the transgenic lines in comparison with the wild-type plants under drought stress. Additionally, the scanning electron microscopic study revealed a decrease in the stomatal aperture and an increase in the trichome density in the transgenic lines. The expression levels of laccase 3 and laccase 12, the potential targets of miR408, related to lipid catabolic processes showed a significant reduction in the wild-type plants under drought stress and the transgenic lines, indicating the regulation of lignin content as a plausibly essential trait related to the drought tolerance in cowpea. Taken together, this study primarily focused on identification of drought-responsive miRNAs and genes in cowpea, and functional validation of role of miR408 towards drought stress response in cowpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagarika Mishra
- Abiotic Stress and Agro-Biotechnology Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.
| | - Gyanasri Sahu
- Abiotic Stress and Agro-Biotechnology Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Birendra Prasad Shaw
- Abiotic Stress and Agro-Biotechnology Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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15
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Mishra S, Sahu G, Shaw BP. Insight into the cellular and physiological regulatory modulations of Class-I TCP9 to enhance drought and salinity stress tolerance in cowpea. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13542. [PMID: 34459503 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Teosinte branched 1/Cycloidea/Proliferating cell factor (TCP) transcription factors are potent growth and developmental regulators in plants, also responsive to various hormonal and environmental stimuli. In this study, we primarily focused on the functional role of TCP9, a nuclear-localised Class-I TCP transcription factor in a drought and heat-tolerant legume crop, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Under drought stress, a higher protein expression level of TCP9 was observed in the leaves of the drought-tolerant cowpea cultivar Pusa Komal as compared to the drought-sensitive cultivar TVu-7778. Further, overexpression of VuTCP9 resulted in reduced cell and stomata size, aperture length and width while cell and overall stomatal density in the 35S::VuTCP9 transgenic cowpea lines increased. Phenotypic alterations, such as reduced leaf size and vigour, altered seed coats displaying extension pattern similar to the 'Watson pattern' and delayed senescence were prominent in the transgenic lines. Under normal conditions, the gas exchange and fluorescence measurements indicated reduction in transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs ) and photosynthetic efficiency (Φ PSII). However, water usage efficiency (WUE) remained unaltered in the transgenic lines as compared to the wild-type (WT) plants. Furthermore, the transgenic lines displayed higher tolerance to oxidative, drought and salinity stress, maintained relatively higher relative water content and lower occurrence of H2 O2 , as compared to the WT plants. Genes related to the jasmonic acid biosynthesis, stomatal development and abiotic stress responsiveness, such as TTG1, NAC25, SPCH and GRP1, increased and LOX2 decreased significantly in the transgenic lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagarika Mishra
- Abiotic Stress and Agro-Biotechnology Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Gyanasri Sahu
- Abiotic Stress and Agro-Biotechnology Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Birendra Prasad Shaw
- Abiotic Stress and Agro-Biotechnology Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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16
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Sodedji FAK, Agbahoungba S, Agoyi EE, Kafoutchoni MK, Choi J, Nguetta SPA, Assogbadjo AE, Kim HY. Diversity, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium among cowpea accessions. THE PLANT GENOME 2021; 14:e20113. [PMID: 34275189 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] is a globally important food security crop. However, it is susceptible to pest and disease; hence, constant breeding efforts based on its diversity are required for its improvement. The present study aims to investigate the genetic diversity, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium (LD) among 274 cowpea accessions from different origins. A total of 3,127 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers generated using diversity array technology (DArT) was used. Population structure, neighbor-joining clustering, and principal component analyses indicated three subpopulations within the germplasm. Results of STRUCTURE analysis and discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) were complementary in assessing the structuration of the diversity among the germplasm, with the grouping of the accessions improved in DAPC. Genetic distances of 0.005-0.44 were observed among accessions. Accessions from western and central Africa, eastern and central Africa, and Asia were predominant and distributed across all subpopulations. The subpopulations had fixation indexes of 0.48-0.56. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that within subpopulation variation accounted for 81% of observed genetic variation in the germplasm. The subpopulations mainly consisted of inbred lines (inbreeding coefficient = 1) with common alleles, although they were from different geographical regions. This reflects considerable seed movement and germplasm exchange between regions. The LD was characterized by low decay for great physical distances between markers. The LD decay distance varied among chromosomes with the average distance of 80-100 kb across the genome. Thus, crop improvement is possible, and the LD will facilitate genome-wide association studies on quality attributes and critical agronomic traits in cowpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frejus Ariel Kpedetin Sodedji
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, Gangwon, 25451, Republic of Korea
- Non-timber Forest Products and Orphan Crop Species Unit, Laboratory of Applied Ecology (LEA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 BP: 526 Cotonou, Benin
- West Africa Center of Excellence in Climate Change Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture (CEA-CCBAD), Biosciences Research Unit, University Felix Houphouet-Boigny, Abidjan, Lagunes, 22 BP 461, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Symphorien Agbahoungba
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, Gangwon, 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Eric Echikintho Agoyi
- Non-timber Forest Products and Orphan Crop Species Unit, Laboratory of Applied Ecology (LEA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 BP: 526 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Médard Konoutan Kafoutchoni
- Non-timber Forest Products and Orphan Crop Species Unit, Laboratory of Applied Ecology (LEA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 BP: 526 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Jaeyoung Choi
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, Gangwon, 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Simon-Pierre Assanvo Nguetta
- West Africa Center of Excellence in Climate Change Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture (CEA-CCBAD), Biosciences Research Unit, University Felix Houphouet-Boigny, Abidjan, Lagunes, 22 BP 461, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Achille Ephrem Assogbadjo
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, Gangwon, 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Youn Kim
- Non-timber Forest Products and Orphan Crop Species Unit, Laboratory of Applied Ecology (LEA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 BP: 526 Cotonou, Benin
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17
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Omomowo OI, Babalola OO. Constraints and Prospects of Improving Cowpea Productivity to Ensure Food, Nutritional Security and Environmental Sustainability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:751731. [PMID: 34745184 PMCID: PMC8570086 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.751731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Providing safe and secure food for an increasing number of people globally is challenging. Coping with such a human population by merely applying the conventional agricultural production system has not proved to be agro-ecologically friendly; nor is it sustainable. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) is a multi-purpose legume. It consists of high-quality protein for human consumption, and it is rich in protein for livestock fodder. It enriches the soil in that it recycles nutrients through the fixation of nitrogen in association with nodulating bacteria. However, the productivity of this multi-functional, indigenous legume that is of great value to African smallholder farmers and the rural populace, and also to urban consumers and entrepreneurs, is limited. Because cowpea is of strategic importance in Africa, there is a need to improve on its productivity. Such endeavors in Africa are wrought with challenges that include drought, salinity, the excessive demand among farmers for synthetic chemicals, the repercussions of climate change, declining soil nutrients, microbial infestations, pest issues, and so forth. Nevertheless, giant strides have already been made and there have already been improvements in adopting sustainable and smart biotechnological approaches that are favorably influencing the production costs of cowpea and its availability. As such, the prospects for a leap in cowpea productivity in Africa and in the enhancement of its genetic gain are good. Potential and viable means for overcoming some of the above-mentioned production constraints would be to focus on the key cowpea producer nations in Africa and to encourage them to embrace biotechnological techniques in an integrated approach to enhance for sustainable productivity. This review highlights the spectrum of constraints that limit the cowpea yield, but looks ahead of the constraints and seeks a way forward to improve cowpea productivity in Africa. More importantly, this review investigates applications and insights concerning mechanisms of action for implementing eco-friendly biotechnological techniques, such as the deployment of bio inoculants, applying climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices, agricultural conservation techniques, and multi-omics smart technology in the spheres of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, for improving cowpea yields and productivity to achieve sustainable agro-ecosystems, and ensuring their stability.
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18
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Gbedevi KM, Boukar O, Ishikawa H, Abe A, Ongom PO, Unachukwu N, Rabbi I, Fatokun C. Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] Germplasm Collected from Togo Based on DArT Markers. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1451. [PMID: 34573433 PMCID: PMC8465771 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crop genetic diversity is a sine qua non for continuous progress in the development of improved varieties, hence the need for germplasm collection, conservation and characterization. Over the years, cowpea has contributed immensely to the nutrition and economic life of the people in Togo. However, the bulk of varieties grown by farmers are landraces due to the absence of any serious genetic improvement activity on cowpea in the country. In this study, the genetic diversity and population structure of 255 cowpea accessions collected from five administrative regions and the agricultural research institute of Togo were assessed using 4600 informative diversity array technology (DArT) markers. Among the regions, the polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.19 to 0.27 with a mean value of 0.25. The expected heterozygosity (He) varied from 0.22 to 0.34 with a mean value of 0.31, while the observed heterozygosity (Ho) varied from 0.03 to 0.07 with an average of 0.05. The average inbreeding coefficient (FIS) varied from 0.78 to 0.89 with a mean value of 0.83, suggesting that most of the accessions are inbred. Cluster analysis and population structure identified four groups with each comprising accessions from the six different sources. Weak to moderate differentiation was observed among the populations with a genetic differentiation index varying from 0.014 to 0.117. Variation was highest (78%) among accessions within populations and lowest between populations (7%). These results revealed a moderate level of diversity among the Togo cowpea germplasm. The findings of this study constitute a foundation for genetic improvement of cowpea in Togo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodjo M. Gbedevi
- Cowpea Breeding Unit, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan 200001, Oyo State, Nigeria; (O.B.); (H.I.); (P.O.O.); (N.U.); (I.R.); (C.F.)
- Life and Earth Sciences Institute (Including Health and Agriculture), Pan African University, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Ousmane Boukar
- Cowpea Breeding Unit, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan 200001, Oyo State, Nigeria; (O.B.); (H.I.); (P.O.O.); (N.U.); (I.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Haruki Ishikawa
- Cowpea Breeding Unit, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan 200001, Oyo State, Nigeria; (O.B.); (H.I.); (P.O.O.); (N.U.); (I.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Ayodeji Abe
- Department of Crop and Horticultural Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Oyo State, Nigeria;
| | - Patrick O. Ongom
- Cowpea Breeding Unit, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan 200001, Oyo State, Nigeria; (O.B.); (H.I.); (P.O.O.); (N.U.); (I.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Nnanna Unachukwu
- Cowpea Breeding Unit, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan 200001, Oyo State, Nigeria; (O.B.); (H.I.); (P.O.O.); (N.U.); (I.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Ismail Rabbi
- Cowpea Breeding Unit, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan 200001, Oyo State, Nigeria; (O.B.); (H.I.); (P.O.O.); (N.U.); (I.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Christian Fatokun
- Cowpea Breeding Unit, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan 200001, Oyo State, Nigeria; (O.B.); (H.I.); (P.O.O.); (N.U.); (I.R.); (C.F.)
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19
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Aida B, Sihem T, Ines B, Hatem L. Biochemical variability and functional properties of cowpea landraces grown in Hoggar: the Algerian arid region. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-00919-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Akissoé L, Madodé Y, Hemery Y, Donadjè B, Icard-Vernière C, Hounhouigan D, Mouquet-Rivier C. Impact of traditional processing on proximate composition, folate, mineral, phytate, and alpha-galacto-oligosaccharide contents of two West African cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) based doughnuts. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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21
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Ravelombola W, Shi A, Huynh BL. Loci discovery, network-guided approach, and genomic prediction for drought tolerance index in a multi-parent advanced generation intercross (MAGIC) cowpea population. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:24. [PMID: 33518704 PMCID: PMC7848001 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00462-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cowpea is a nutrient-dense legume that significantly contributes to the population's diet in sub-Saharan Africa and other regions of the world. Improving cowpea cultivars to be more resilient to abiotic stress such as drought would be of great importance. The use of a multi-parent advanced generation intercross (MAGIC) population has been shown to be efficient in increasing the frequency of rare alleles that could be associated with important agricultural traits. In addition, drought tolerance index has been reported to be a reliable parameter for assessing crop tolerance to water-deficit conditions. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the drought tolerance index for plant growth habit, plant maturity, flowering time, 100-seed weight, and grain yield in a MAGIC cowpea population, to conduct genome-wide association study (GWAS) and identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with the drought tolerance indices, to investigate the potential relationship existing between the significant loci associated with the drought tolerance indices, and to conduct genomic selection (GS). These analyses were performed using the existing phenotypic and genotypic data published for the MAGIC population which consisted of 305 F8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed at University of California, Riverside. The results indicated that: (1) large variation in drought tolerance indices existed among the cowpea genotypes, (2) a total of 14, 18, 5, 5, and 35 SNPs were associated with plant growth habit change due to drought stress, and drought tolerance indices for maturity, flowering time, 100-seed weight, and grain yield, respectively, (3) the network-guided approach revealed clear interactions between the loci associated with the drought tolerance traits, and (4) the GS accuracy varied from low to moderate. These results could be applied to improve drought tolerance in cowpea through marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on marker loci associated with drought tolerance indices in cowpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waltram Ravelombola
- Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research& Extension, Vernon, TX, 76384, USA.
| | - Ainong Shi
- Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - Bao-Lam Huynh
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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Galindo FS, da Silva EC, Pagliari PH, Fernandes GC, Rodrigues WL, Biagini ALC, Baratella EB, da Silva Júnior CA, Moretti Neto MJ, Silva VM, Muraoka T, Teixeira Filho MCM. Nitrogen recovery from fertilizer and use efficiency response to Bradyrhizobium sp. and Azospirillum brasilense combined with N rates in cowpea-wheat crop sequence. APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2020.103764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Catarino S, Rangel J, Darbyshire I, Costa E, Duarte MC, Romeiras MM. Conservation priorities for African Vigna species: Unveiling Angola’s diversity hotspots. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Monteiro E, Castro I, Carvalho M, Martín JP, Rosa E, Carnide V. Iberian Peninsula cowpea diversity: chloroplast, microsatellite and morpho-agronomic variability. SYST BIODIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2020.1832155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Monteiro
- Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agro-ambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real 5000-801, Portugal
| | - Isaura Castro
- Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agro-ambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real 5000-801, Portugal
- Departamento de Genética e Biotecnologia, Escola de Ciências da Vida e do Ambiente, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real 5000-801, Portugal
| | - Márcia Carvalho
- Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agro-ambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real 5000-801, Portugal
| | - Juan Pedro Martín
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Eduardo Rosa
- Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agro-ambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real 5000-801, Portugal
- Departamento de Agronomia, Escola de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real 5000-801, Portugal
| | - Valdemar Carnide
- Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agro-ambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real 5000-801, Portugal
- Departamento de Genética e Biotecnologia, Escola de Ciências da Vida e do Ambiente, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real 5000-801, Portugal
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Nkhoma N, Shimelis H, Laing MD, Shayanowako A, Mathew I. Assessing the genetic diversity of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] germplasm collections using phenotypic traits and SNP markers. BMC Genet 2020; 21:110. [PMID: 32948123 PMCID: PMC7501654 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-00914-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Productivity of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] in sub-Sahara Africa is curtailed by a lack of farmer-preferred and improved cultivars and modern production technologies. The objectives of the study were to determine the extent of genetic diversity present among a collection of cowpea accessions from Zambia and Malawi using phenotypic traits and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and, to select distinct and complementary parental lines for cultivar development. One hundred cowpea genotypes were evaluated for agronomic traits in two selected sites in Zambia, using a 10 × 10 alpha lattice design with two replications. Ninety-four of the test genotypes were profiled with 14,116 SNP markers. Results Number of pods plant− 1 (NPP), pod length (PDL), and number of seeds pod− 1 (NSP), were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by genotype × environment interaction effects. Genotypes such as CP411, CP421, CP645, CP732, Chimponongo, and MS1–8–1-4 exhibited higher grain yield of > 1200 kg/ha with excellent performance in yield components such as NSP, PDL, HSW and GYD. Grain yield had significant (p < 0.05) associations with NPP (r = 0.50), NSP (r = 0.46) and PDL (r = 0.42) useful for simultaneous selection for yield improvement in cowpea. The SNP markers revealed gene diversity and polymorphic information content of 0.22 and 0.17, respectively, showing that the tested cowpea accessions were genetically diverse. Test genotypes were classified into four genetic groups irrespective of source of collection allowing selection and subsequent crosses to develop breeding populations for cultivar development. Conclusions Genotypes Bubebe, CP411, CP421, CP645, Chimponogo and MS1–8–1-4 were identified to be the most genetically divergent and high yielding making them ideal parental lines for breeding. This study provided a baseline information and identified promising cowpea genetic resources for effective breeding and systematic conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelia Nkhoma
- African Centre for Crop Improvement, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa.,Seed Control and Certification Institute, P. O. Box 350199, Chilanga, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Hussein Shimelis
- African Centre for Crop Improvement, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Mark D Laing
- African Centre for Crop Improvement, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Admire Shayanowako
- African Centre for Crop Improvement, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Isack Mathew
- African Centre for Crop Improvement, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa.
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Seo E, Kim K, Jun TH, Choi J, Kim SH, Muñoz-Amatriaín M, Sun H, Ha BK. Population Structure and Genetic Diversity in Korean Cowpea Germplasm Based on SNP Markers. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091190. [PMID: 32932572 PMCID: PMC7569878 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cowpea is one of the most essential legume crops providing inexpensive dietary protein and nutrients. The aim of this study was to understand the genetic diversity and population structure of global and Korean cowpea germplasms. A total of 384 cowpea accessions from 21 countries were genotyped with the Cowpea iSelect Consortium Array containing 51,128 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). After SNP filtering, a genetic diversity study was carried out using 35,116 SNPs within 376 cowpea accessions, including 229 Korean accessions. Based on structure and principal component analysis, a total of 376 global accessions were divided into four major populations. Accessions in group 1 were from Asia and Europe, those in groups 2 and 4 were from Korea, and those in group 3 were from West Africa. In addition, 229 Korean accessions were divided into three major populations (Q1, Jeonra province; Q2, Gangwon province; Q3, a mixture of provinces). Additionally, the neighbor-joining tree indicated similar results. Further genetic diversity analysis within the global and Korean population groups indicated low heterozygosity, a low polymorphism information content, and a high inbreeding coefficient in the Korean cowpea accessions. The population structure analysis will provide useful knowledge to support the genetic potential of the cowpea breeding program, especially in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Seo
- Department of Applied Plant Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Kipoong Kim
- Department of Statistics, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Tae-Hwan Jun
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Jinsil Choi
- Jeollanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Naju 58213, Korea;
| | - Seong-Hoon Kim
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea;
| | - María Muñoz-Amatriaín
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Hokeun Sun
- Department of Statistics, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (B.-K.H.); Tel.: +92-51-510-2257 (H.S.); +82-62-530-2055 (B.-K.H.)
| | - Bo-Keun Ha
- Department of Applied Plant Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (B.-K.H.); Tel.: +92-51-510-2257 (H.S.); +82-62-530-2055 (B.-K.H.)
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Juranić M, Nagahatenna DSK, Salinas-Gamboa R, Hand ML, Sánchez-León N, Leong WH, How T, Bazanova N, Spriggs A, Vielle-Calzada JP, Koltunow AMG. A detached leaf assay for testing transient gene expression and gene editing in cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.). PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:88. [PMID: 32549904 PMCID: PMC7296760 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The legume cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) is extensively grown in sub-Saharan Africa. Cowpea, like many legumes has proved recalcitrant to plant transformation. A rapid transient leaf assay was developed for testing gene expression and editing constructs prior to stable cowpea transformation, to accelerate cowpea and legume crop improvement. RESULTS Attempts to develop a transient protoplast system for cowpea were unsuccessful. Leaflets from plants 3-4 weeks post-germination were age selected to establish a rapid Agrobacterium (Agro) infiltration-mediated transient system for efficacy testing of gene expression and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing constructs. In planta, Agro-infiltration of leaflets with fluorescent expression constructs, resulted in necrosis. By contrast, Agro-infiltration of detached leaflets with an Arabidopsis (At) ubiquitin3 promoter:ZsGreen construct, followed by culture on solid nutrient medium resulted in fluorescence in over 48% of leaf cells. Expression efficiency was leaf age-dependent. Three cowpea meiosis genes were identified for CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing, with the forward aim of meiosis-knock out for asexual seed induction in cowpea. Constructs were designed and tested containing candidate gene-specific guide RNAs, expressed using either the cowpea or Arabidopsis U6 promoters with Cas9 expression directed by either the Arabidopsis 40S ribosomal protein or parsley ubiquitin4-2 promoters. Leaflets were infiltrated with test gene-editing constructs and analytical methods developed to identify gene-specific mutations. A construct that produced mutations predicted to induce functional knockout of in the VuSPO11-1 meiosis gene was tested for efficacy in primary transgenic cowpea plants using a previously established stable transformation protocol. Vuspo11-1 mutants were identified, that cytologically phenocopied spo11-1 mutants previously characterized in Arabidopsis, and rice. Importantly, a biallelic male and female sterile mutant was identified in primary transgenics, exhibiting the expected defects in 100% of examined male and female meiocytes. CONCLUSION The transient, detached cowpea leaf assay, and supporting analytical methods developed, provide a rapid and reproducible means for testing gene expression constructs, and constructs for inducing mutagenesis in genes involved in both vegetative and reproductive developmental programs. The method and tested editing constructs and components have potential application for a range of crop legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Juranić
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Dilrukshi S. K. Nagahatenna
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Rigel Salinas-Gamboa
- Grupo de Desarrollo Reproductivo y Apomixis, UGA Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Melanie L. Hand
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Nidia Sánchez-León
- Grupo de Desarrollo Reproductivo y Apomixis, UGA Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Weng Herng Leong
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Tracy How
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Natalia Bazanova
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Andrew Spriggs
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Jean-Philippe Vielle-Calzada
- Grupo de Desarrollo Reproductivo y Apomixis, UGA Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Anna M. G. Koltunow
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, SA 5064 Australia
- Present Address: Centre for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
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Pakdel H, Hassani SB, Ghotbi-Ravandi AA, Bernard F. Contrasting the expression pattern change of polyamine oxidase genes and photosynthetic efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes under drought stress. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Sustainability Perspectives of Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. Cultivation under No Tillage and Water Stress Conditions. PLANTS 2019; 9:plants9010048. [PMID: 31905903 PMCID: PMC7020161 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, agriculture is facing the great challenge of climate change which puts the productivity of the crops in peril due to unpredictable rain patterns and water shortages, especially in the developing world. Besides productivity, nutritional values of the yields of these crops may also be affected, especially under low mechanization and the low water availability conditions of the developing world. Conservation agriculture (CA) is a topic of emerging interest due to the provision of adequate yields and reduced environmental impact, such as greenhouse gas emissions, by being based on three main principles: minimum soil disturbance (reduced or no tillage), cover crop maintenance, and crop rotation. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of CA management on the growth performance and the nutritional profile of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), a pulse of African origin, commonly known as black eye bean under field conditions. A field experiment was designed to assess the effect of conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) combined with the usage of a set of cover crops, coupled to normal and deficient water regimes. Cowpea was revealed to be able to grow and yield comparably at each level of the treatment tested, with a better ability to face water exhaustion under CA management. After a faster initial growth phase in CT plots, the level of adaptability of this legume to NT was such that growth performances improved significantly with respect to CT plots. The flowering rate was higher and earlier in CT conditions, while in NT it was slower but longer-lasting. The leafy photosynthetic rate and the nutritional profile of beans were slightly influenced by tillage management: only total starch content was negatively affected in NT and watered plots while proteins and aminoacids did not show any significant variation. Furthermore, significantly higher carbon and nitrogen concentration occurred in NT soils especially at the topmost (0–5 cm) soil horizon. These findings confirm the capability of CA to enrich soil superficial horizons and highlight that cowpea is a suitable crop to be grown under sustainable CA management. This practice could be pivotal to preserve soils and to save agronomical costs without losing a panel of nutrients that are important to the human diet. Due to its great protein and aminoacidic composition, V. unguiculata is a good candidate for further cultivation in regions of the word facing deficiencies in the intake of such nutrients, such as the Mediterranean basins and Sub-Saharan countries.
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Carvalho M, Castro I, Moutinho-Pereira J, Correia C, Egea-Cortines M, Matos M, Rosa E, Carnide V, Lino-Neto T. Evaluating stress responses in cowpea under drought stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 241:153001. [PMID: 31415937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Drought impact on plants is an increasing concern under the climate change scenario. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) is considered as one of the most tolerant legume crops to drought, being the search for the best well-adapted genotypes crucial to face the future challenges. Different approaches have been used for differentiating plant responses to drought stress. Plants of four cowpea genotypes were submitted to three watering regimens (a severe and moderate drought stress, and well-watered control) during 15 days, and several physiological, biochemical and molecular parameters were evaluated. Stressed plants revealed commonly-described drought stress characteristics, but not all assayed parameters were useful for discriminating plants with different drought severities or genotypes. The analyses which have contributed most to genotype discrimination were those related with stomatal function, and biochemical markers such as proline and anthocyanin contents. Antioxidant enzymes activities and related genes expression did not differed among genotypes or upon drought stress treatments, suggesting that scavenging enzymes are not involved in the differential ability of cowpea plants to survive under drought stress. This information will be useful to evaluate and use genetic resources, as well as design strategies for breeding cowpea resistance to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Carvalho
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Isaura Castro
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - José Moutinho-Pereira
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Correia
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Marcos Egea-Cortines
- Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain.
| | - Manuela Matos
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Sciences Faculty, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Eduardo Rosa
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Valdemar Carnide
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Lino-Neto
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center (CBFP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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Ji J, Zhang C, Sun Z, Wang L, Duanmu D, Fan Q. Genome Editing in Cowpea Vigna unguiculata Using CRISPR-Cas9. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2471. [PMID: 31109137 PMCID: PMC6566367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is widely cultivated across the world. Due to its symbiotic nitrogen fixation capability and many agronomically important traits, such as tolerance to low rainfall and low fertilization requirements, as well as its high nutrition and health benefits, cowpea is an important legume crop, especially in many semi-arid countries. However, research in Vigna unguiculata is dramatically hampered by the lack of mutant resources and efficient tools for gene inactivation in vivo. In this study, we used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9). We applied the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing technology to efficiently disrupt the representative symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) gene in Vigna unguiculata. Our customized guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting symbiosis receptor-like kinase (SYMRK) achieved ~67% mutagenic efficiency in hairy-root-transformed plants, and nodule formation was completely blocked in the mutants with both alleles disrupted. Various types of mutations were observed near the PAM region of the respective gRNA. These results demonstrate the applicability of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in Vigna unguiculata, and therefore should significantly stimulate functional genomics analyses of many important agronomical traits in this unique crop legume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zhongfeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Longlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Deqiang Duanmu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qiuling Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Alghamdi SS, Khan MA, Migdadi HM, El-Harty EH, Afzal M, Farooq M. Biochemical and molecular characterization of cowpea landraces using seed storage proteins and SRAP marker patterns. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26:74-82. [PMID: 30622409 PMCID: PMC6319192 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven landraces of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] were assessed for genetic variability in total proteins, protein fractions viz. albumins, globulins, prolamins, and glutelins by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and DNA polymorphism using sequence-related amplified polymorphisms (SRAP) markers. The solubility-based protein fractionation data indicated that the salt soluble fraction (globulin) and water-soluble fraction (albumin) proteins were the predominant fractions in cowpea seeds comprising 45-50.3% and 31.2-35.5% of total soluble proteins, respectively. The electrophoretic pattern revealed the molecular heterogeneity among total proteins as well as different protein fractions. The molecular weights of protein bands obtained by SDS-PAGE varied between 10 to 250, 15 to 110, 15 to 150, and 15 to 130 kDa for total proteins, albumins, globulins, and glutelins, respectively. A large number of bands were found common to the various landraces, indicative of their close relationship with one another. However, a few bands distinctive to some specific landraces were also detected, indicating varietal differences. A 34 SRAP primer pair combination generated a total of 1003 amplicons (loci) showed 100% polymorphism with an average of 0.93 polymorphism information content (PIC) value. Landraces displayed an average 0.50 similarity coefficient which clustered the landraces corresponding to their growth habit in main clusters and to their geographical origin in subcultures. Molecular and biochemical analysis were correlated with a medium level (Mantel test, r = 0.56, P < 0.02). These findings revealed that seed proteins and DNA polymorphism provide valuable information regarding the variability among landraces and this information could be utilized for breeding purposes in the enhancement of protein quality and quantity in grain legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salem S. Alghamdi
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad A. Khan
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein M. Migdadi
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- National Center for Agriculture and Extension. P.O Box: 639, Baq'a 19381, Jordan
| | - Ehab H. El-Harty
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, Oman
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
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Fiorentino NM, Kimmel KA, Suleria HAR, Joseph M, Alavi S, Beyer RS, Lindshield BL. Novel Formulated Fortified Blended Foods Result in Improved Protein Efficiency and Hepatic Iron Concentrations Compared with Corn-Soy Blend Plus in Broiler Chickens. Curr Dev Nutr 2018; 2:nzy073. [PMID: 30569030 PMCID: PMC6295619 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzy073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corn- and soybean-based fortified blended foods (FBFs) have been the primary food aid product provided by the United States. Sorghum and cowpea have been suggested as alternative FBF commodities because they are drought-tolerant, grown in food aid-receiving areas, and not genetically modified. Extrusion processing has also been suggested to improve the quality of these FBFs. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the protein quality and iron and vitamin A bioavailability of novel FBFs in broiler chickens. METHODS Whey protein concentrate (WPC)-containing FBFs corn-soy blend 14, sorghum-soy, and sorghum-cowpea (SC); a soy protein isolate (SPI)-containing SC FBF (SC+SPI); 2 reformulated, overprocessed SC FBFs (O-SC+WPC, O-SC+SPI); and a nonextruded WPC-containing SC FBF were developed. Nonextruded corn-soy blend plus (CSB+), a currently used FBF, and a gamebird starter/grower diet were used as comparison diets. In the prepared FBF study, 9 groups of 8-d-old broiler chicks (n = 10) consumed prepared FBFs for 21 d. In the dry study, 8 groups of 4-d-old broiler chicks (n = 24; control: n = 23) consumed dry FBFs for 14 d. Results were analyzed by 1-factor ANOVA with least-significant-difference test. RESULTS In the prepared study, novel formulated FBFs significantly increased caloric and protein efficiency and nonsignificantly increased body weight gain, despite similar food intake compared with CSB+. In the dry study, novel formulated FBFs, except for O-SC+SPI, significantly increased food intake, caloric efficiency, and protein efficiency and nonsignificantly increased body-weight gain compared with CSB+. Novel formulated FBFs nonsignificantly and significantly increased hepatic iron concentrations compared with all FBFs in the prepared and dry studies, respectively. CONCLUSION Novel formulated FBFs, apart from O-SC+SPI, resulted in improved protein efficiencies and hepatic iron concentrations compared with CSB+, suggesting that they are of higher nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Fiorentino
- Departments of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Katheryne A Kimmel
- Departments of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Hafiz A R Suleria
- Departments of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Michael Joseph
- Departments of Grain Science and Industry Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Sajid Alavi
- Departments of Grain Science and Industry Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - R Scott Beyer
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Brian L Lindshield
- Departments of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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Chekanai V, Chikowo R, Vanlauwe B. Response of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to nitrogen, phosphorus and rhizobia inoculation across variable soils in Zimbabwe. AGRICULTURE, ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 266:167-173. [PMID: 30393414 PMCID: PMC6142818 DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Common bean is an important crop with potential to curb malnutrition in poor Sub-Saharan African populations. Yields of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are, however poor, limited by low soil phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and poor biological N2-fixation. On-farm experiments were carried out to study the effect of N, P and rhizobia inoculation on common bean yield and yield components during the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 cropping seasons in Eastern Zimbabwe. Experiments were conducted on five farmers' fields located in two agroecologies; three fields were considered to be degraded with soil organic carbon (SOC) < 4 g kg-1 and available P < 6 mg kg-1, while the two non-degraded sites had SOC > 7 g kg-1 and available P > 15 mg kg-1. Two common bean varieties (Gloria and NUA45) were tested in a split-plot arranged in randomized complete block design. The main plot factor was the combination of N (0 and 40 kg ha-1) and P (0 and 20 kg ha-1), and the sub-plot factors were variety (Gloria and NUA 45) and inoculation with Rhizobium tropici strain CIAT899 (+/- inoculum). At planting, both N and P were applied at 20 kg ha-1, with an additional 20 kg ha-1 N top dressing applied at flowering. Analysis of variance indicated common bean did not respond to rhizobia inoculation (P > 0.05) whilst P significantly increased the number of nodules and active nodules per plant (P < 0.001), and grain yield. Application of 40 kg ha-1 N significantly increased the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and grain yields. A significant NP interaction was only observed on grain yield for non-degraded soils. Co-application of N and P in non-degraded sites increased grain yields from 0.27 to 1.48 Mg ha-1during the first season and from 0.37 to 2.09 Mg ha-1during the second season. On degraded sites, NP application resulted in uninspiring grain yield gains of 0.09 to 0.19 Mg ha-1 during the first season, and from 0.16 to 0.28 Mg ha-1 in the second season. In general, effects of N or P were not significantly different, suggesting that farmers could invest in either of these nutrients for increased common bean grain yields. Strategically, P investments would be more logical as residual P effects to rotational cereals improve overall cropping system performance. The response of common bean to inoculation in Zimbabwe still needs to be widely investigated for these and other varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vongai Chekanai
- Crop Science Department, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Regis Chikowo
- Crop Science Department, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Bernard Vanlauwe
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), N2Africa, ICIPE, Duduville, Nairobi, Kenya
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Rosa E. Enhancing legume growing through sustainable cropping for protein supply. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:4271-4272. [PMID: 28895179 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Rosa
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Universidade of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro
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Izaguirre-Mayoral ML, Brito M, Baral B, Garrido MJ. Silicon and Nitrate Differentially Modulate the Symbiotic Performances of Healthy and Virus-Infected Bradyrhizobium-nodulated Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), Yardlong Bean (V. unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) and Mung Bean (V. radiata). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 6:E40. [PMID: 28914770 PMCID: PMC5620596 DOI: 10.3390/plants6030040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of 2 mM silicon (Si) and 10 mM KNO₃ (N)-prime signals for plant resistance to pathogens-were analyzed in healthy and Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) or Cowpea mild mottle virus (CMMV)-infected Bradyrhizobium-nodulated cowpea, yardlong bean and mung bean plants. In healthy plants of the three Vigna taxa, nodulation and growth were promoted in the order of Si + N > N > Si > controls. In the case of healthy cowpea and yardlong bean, the addition of Si and N decreased ureide and α-amino acids (AA) contents in the nodules and leaves in the order of Si + N> N > Si > controls. On the other hand, the addition of N arrested the deleterious effects of CCMV or CMMV infections on growth and nodulation in the three Vigna taxa. However, the addition of Si or Si + N hindered growth and nodulation in the CCMV- or CMMV-infected cowpea and yardlong bean, causing a massive accumulation of ureides in the leaves and nodules. Nevertheless, the AA content in leaves and nodules of CCMV- or CMMV-infected cowpea and yardlong bean was promoted by Si but reduced to minimum by Si + N. These results contrasted to the counteracting effects of Si or Si + N in the CCMV- and CMMV-infected mung bean via enhanced growth, nodulation and levels of ureide and AA in the leaves and nodules. Together, these observations suggest the fertilization with Si + N exclusively in virus-free cowpea and yardlong bean crops. However, Si + N fertilization must be encouraged in virus-endangered mung bean crops to enhance growth, nodulation and N-metabolism. It is noteworthy to see the enhanced nodulation of the three Vigna taxa in the presence of 10 mM KNO₃.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Izaguirre-Mayoral
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela.
| | - Miriam Brito
- Laboratorio de VirologíaVegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay 1050,Venezuela.
| | - Bikash Baral
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku 20500, Finland.
| | - Mario José Garrido
- Laboratorio de VirologíaVegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay 1050,Venezuela.
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