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Wu H, Zhang W, Wang Z, Lin H, Guo J, Quan S. Evaluation of the effects of three different processing methods of aconite on rat metabolites based on high-coverage pseudotargeted metabolomics. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300583. [PMID: 38234034 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Aconite is the processed product of the seed root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. Aconite is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine, which is generally used after processing. Black aconite, light aconite, and salted aconite are three different processed aconite products. They have the effects of restoring yang and saving energy enemy, dispersing cold, and relieving pain. However, clinical aconite poisoning cases have frequently been reported. In our study, we investigated the effects of three different processed aconite products on the changes of metabolites in vivo. A total of 42 rats were randomly divided into seven groups with six rats in each group. After three consecutive days of intragastric administration of 2.7 g/kg of the aconite-processed product, rat serums were obtained. The rat metabolites were detected using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The altered metabolites related to aconite-processed products were discovered by statistical analysis using metaboanalyst software. Our study is the first time to comprehensively evaluate the effects of three different processed aconite products on rat metabolites based on pseudotargeted metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifei Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan, China
| | - Wenxia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan, China
| | - ZhiEn Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan, China
| | - Jiayin Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shijian Quan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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He G, Wang X, Liu W, Li Y, Shao Y, Liu W, Liang X, Bao X. Chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, toxicology, processing and compatibility of Fuzi (lateral root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx): A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 307:116160. [PMID: 36773791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The lateral root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx is known as Fuzi in Chinese. It is traditionally valued and used for dispelling cold, relieving pain effects, restoring 'Yang,' and treating shock despite its high toxicity. This review aims to provide comprehensive information on the chemical composition, pharmacological research, preparation, and compatibility of Fuzi to help reduce its toxicity and increase its efficiency, based on the scientific literature. In addition, this review will establish a new foundation for further studies on Fuzi. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review of the literature on Fuzi was performed using several resources, namely classic books on Chinese herbal medicine and various scientific databases, such as PubMed, the Web of Science, and the China Knowledge Resource Integrated databases. RESULTS Fuzi extracts contain diester-type alkaloids, monoester-type alkaloids, other types of alkaloids, and non-alkaloids types, and have various pharmacological activities, such as strong heart effect, effect on blood vessels, and antidepressant, anti-diabetes, anti-inflammatory, pain-relieving, antitumor, immunomodulatory, and other therapeutic effects. However, these extracts can also lead to various toxicities such as cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and embryonic toxicity. In vivo and in vitro experiments have demonstrated that different processing methods and suitable compatibility with other herbs can effectively reduce the toxicities and increase the efficiency of Fuzi. CONCLUSION The therapeutic potential of Fuzi has been demonstrated in conditions, such as heart failure, various pains, inflammation, and tumors, which is attributed to the diester-type alkaloids, monoester-type alkaloids, other types of alkaloids, and non-alkaloid types. In contrast, they are also toxic components. Proper processing and suitable compatibility can effectively reduce toxicity and increase the efficiency of Fuzi. Thus more pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms on main active compounds are necessary to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guannan He
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoxin Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Weiran Liu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuling Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yumeng Shao
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaodong Liang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
| | - Xia Bao
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Zhao X, Yuan Y, wei H, Fei Q, Luan Z, Wang X, Xu Y, Lu J. Identification and Characterization of Higenamine Metabolites in Human Urine by Quadrupole-Orbitrap LC–MS/MS for Doping Control. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 214:114732. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rangelov Kozhuharov V, Ivanov K, Ivanova S. Higenamine in Plants as a Source of Unintentional Doping. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:354. [PMID: 35161335 PMCID: PMC8838985 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higenamine is a β2 agonist of plant origin. The compound has been included in WADA's prohibited list since 2017. Higenamine may be detected in different plants and many food supplements of natural origin. METHODS Our literature search was conducted through PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Web of Science studies investigating the presence of higenamine in plants that are used in traditional folk medicine or included in food supplements. Our study aimed to assess the risk of adverse analytical findings caused by higenamine-containing plants. RESULTS Based on our literature search, Nelumbo nucifera, Tinospora crispa, Nandina domestica, Gnetum parvifolium, Asarum siebodii,Asarum heterotropoides, Aconitum carmichaelii, and Aristolochia brasiliensis are higenamine-containing plants. Based on data from Eastern folk medicine, these plants can provide numerous health benefits. Professional athletes likely ingest these plants without knowing that they contain higenamine; these herbs are used in treatments for different conditions and various foods/food supplements in addition to folk medicine. CONCLUSION Athletes and their teams must be aware of the issues associated with the use of plant-based products. They should avoid consuming higenamine-containing plants during and outside of competition periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanya Rangelov Kozhuharov
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (K.I.); (S.I.)
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The Effects of Vinegar Processing on the Changes in the Physical Properties of Frankincense Related to the Absorption of the Main Boswellic Acids. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193453. [PMID: 31547594 PMCID: PMC6804284 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Boswellic acids (BAs), as the main components of frankincense, exhibit notable anti-inflammatory properties. However, their pharmaceutical development has been severely limited by their poor oral bioavailability. Traditional Chinese medicinal processing, called Pao Zhi, is believed to improve bioavailability, yet the mechanism is still completely unclear. Previous research suggested that the bioavailability of a drug can be influenced by physical properties. This paper was designed to investigate the physical properties of frankincense and processed frankincense, including the surface morphology, particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), specific surface area, porosity, and viscosity. The differences in the intestinal absorption characteristics and equilibrium solubilities between frankincense and processed frankincense were determined by an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a triple quadrupole electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TQ-MS) analysis method. The results showed that vinegar processing can alter the surface morphology, decrease the particle size and PDI, raise the absolute values of the ZP, specific surface area and porosity, and drop the viscosity of frankincense. Meanwhile, the rates of absorption and dissolution of the main BAs were increased after the processing of frankincense. The present study proves that the physical properties were changed after processing, in which case the bioavailability of frankincense was enhanced.
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Dong YZ, Liu ZL, Liu YY, Song ZQ, Guo N, Wang C, Ning ZC, Ma XL, Lu AP. Quality Control of the Fuzi Lizhong Pill Through Simultaneous Determination of 16 Major Bioactive Constituents by RRLC–MS-MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2018; 56:541-554. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmy029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-zhuo Dong
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhen-li Liu
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-yan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-qian Song
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Guo
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang-chi Ning
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Ling Ma
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-ping Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Use, history, and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry chemical analysis of Aconitum. J Food Drug Anal 2015; 24:29-45. [PMID: 28911407 PMCID: PMC9345420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aconitum and its products have been used in Asia for centuries to treat various ailments, including arthritis, gout, cancer, and inflammation. In general, their preparations and dispensing have been restricted to qualified folk medicine healers due to their low safety index and reported toxicity. In the past few decades, official guidelines have been introduced in Asian pharmacopeias to control Aconitum herbal products. However, these guidelines were based on primitive analytical techniques for the determination of the whole Aconitum alkaloids and were unable to distinguish between toxic and nontoxic components. Recent advances in analytical techniques, especially high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrophoresis coupled with highly sensitive detectors, allowed rapid and accurate determination of Aconitum secondary metabolites. Reports focusing on liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of Aconitum and its herbal products are discussed in the current review. This review can be used by the health liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry regulatory authorities for updating pharmacopeial guidelines of Aconitum and its herbal products.
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Tan Y, Ko J, Liu X, Lu C, Li J, Xiao C, Li L, Niu X, Jiang M, He X, Zhao H, Zhang Z, Bian Z, Yang Z, Zhang G, Zhang W, Lu A. Serum metabolomics reveals betaine and phosphatidylcholine as potential biomarkers for the toxic responses of processed Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 10:2305-16. [PMID: 24949573 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00072b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that processed Aconitum carmichaelii Debx (Bai-Fu-Pian in Chinese, BFP) elicits differential toxic responses in rats under various health conditions. The present study aimed to determine the graded toxicity of BFP so as to derive a safe therapeutic rationale in clinical practice. Sensitive and reliable biomarkers of toxicity were also identified, with the corresponding metabolic pathways being unveiled. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups (n = 6) and received oral administration of BFP extract (0.32, 0.64, 1.28 or 2.56 g kg(-1) per day) or an equal volume of drinking water (control) for 15 days. The metabolomic profiles of rat serum were analyzed by liquid chromatography quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS). Linear regression analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) were used to elucidate the differentiated altered metabolites and associated network relationships. Results from biochemical and histopathological examinations revealed that BFP could induce prominent toxicity in the heart, liver and kidneys at a dose of 2.56 g kg(-1) per day. Betaine up-regulation and phosphatidylcholine down-regulation were detected in the serum samples of drug-treated groups in a dose-dependent manner. In summary, betaine and phosphatidylcholine could be regarded as sensitive biomarkers for the toxic responses of BFP. Perturbations of RhoA signaling, choline metabolism and free radical scavenging were found to be partly responsible for the toxic effects of the herbal drug. Based on the metabolomics findings, we could establish a safe therapeutic range in the clinical use of BFP, with promising predictions of possible drug toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tan
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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Comparative pharmacokinetics of hypaconitine after oral administration of pure hypaconitine, Aconitum carmichaelii extract and Sini Decoction to rats. Molecules 2015; 20:1560-70. [PMID: 25603501 PMCID: PMC6272148 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20011560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypaconitine (HC) is one of the main aconitum alkaloids in Aconitum carmichaelii (AC), which is considered to be effective on cardiovascular disease, although it also has high toxicity. Sini Decoction (SND), composed of Aconitum carmichaelii, Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Zingiber officinale, is a traditional Chinese multi-herbal formula for recuperating the depleted yang. The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of HC in rat plasma after oral administration of HC, AC extract and SND, and investigate the effect of other two herbal ingredients on absorption, metabolism and elimination of HC. A sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS method was developed to determine HC in rat plasma. Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups: HC, AC and SND group. Plasma concentrations of HC were determined at designated points after oral administration, and main pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated. It was found that there was obvious difference (p < 0.05) on the pharmacokinetic parameters among three groups. Compared with AC group, Tmax, Cmax, k, AUC(0-24) and AUC(0-∞) decreased in SND group, while t1/2 and MRT had been lengthened, which indicated that the ingredients in other two herbs could influence the pharmacokinetic behavior of HC.
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Liu J, Li Q, Yin Y, Liu R, Xu H, Bi K. Ultra-fast LC-ESI-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of six highly toxic Aconitum
alkaloids from Aconiti kusnezoffii radix in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:171-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- School of Chinese Material Medica; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang China
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang China
| | - Qing Li
- Schools of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang China
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang China
| | - Yidi Yin
- School of Chinese Material Medica; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang China
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang China
| | - Ran Liu
- Schools of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang China
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang China
| | - Huarong Xu
- Schools of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang China
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang China
| | - Kaishun Bi
- Schools of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang China
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang China
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Gai Y, Chen H, Wu C, Feng F, Wang Y, Liu W, Wang S. Analysis of the traditional medicine YiGan San by the fragmentation patterns of cadambine indole alkaloids using HPLC coupled with high-resolution MS. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3723-32. [PMID: 24106099 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
YiGan San (YGS) has long been used in traditional Japanese and Chinese folk medicine and serves as a potent and novel therapeutic agent to treat Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, a rapid and sensitive method based on HPLC coupled with diode-array detection and quadrupole TOF MS (Q-TOF-MS) was designed to reveal the chemical constituents of YGS. Thirty-six compounds were identified and assigned in YGS, including 14 alkaloids, nine γ-lactones, six flavonoids, three triterpenoid saponinares, two small molecular organic acids, and two other types of compounds. In addition, the accurate fragment weight and MS/MS fragmentation reactions of a subtype indole alkaloid in Uncariae ramulus cum uncis were summarized for the first time to realize rapid identification without reference substances. For the first time, 11 major constituents were comprehensively quantified with a HPLC coupled with triple-quadrupole MS method. A three-section switch was used to realize such multicomponent identification. The contents of saikosaponin B2 and isoliquiritin, which produce anti-inflammatory and antidepressant-like effects, were extremely different, up to 700 times, in two sources of YGS. The developed qualitative and quantitative method was proved to be precise, accurate, and reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- YaNan Gai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, China
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