1
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Pathak A, Verma N, Tripathi S, Mishra A, Poluri KM. Nanosensor based approaches for quantitative detection of heparin. Talanta 2024; 273:125873. [PMID: 38460425 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Heparin, being a widely employed anticoagulant in numerus clinical complications, requires strict quantification and qualitative screening to ensure the safety of patients from potential threat of thrombocytopenia. However, the intricacy of heparin's chemical structures and low abundance hinders the precise monitoring of its level and quality in clinical settings. Conventional laboratory assays have limitations in sensitivity and specificity, necessitating the development of innovative approaches. In this context, nanosensors emerged as a promising solution due to enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and ability to detect heparin even at low concentrations. This review delves into a range of sensing approaches including colorimetric, fluorometric, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical techniques using different types of nanomaterials, thus providing insights of its principles, capabilities, and limitations. Moreover, integration of smart-phone with nanosensors for point of care diagnostics has also been explored. Additionally, recent advances in nanopore technologies, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have been discussed offering specificity against contaminants present in heparin to ensure its quality. By consolidating current knowledge and highlighting the potential of nanosensors, this review aims to contribute to the advancement of efficient, reliable, and economical heparin detection methods providing improved patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakanksha Pathak
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nishchay Verma
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shweta Tripathi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, 342011, Rajasthan, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India; Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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2
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Le Pennec J, Picart C, Vivès RR, Migliorini E. Sweet but Challenging: Tackling the Complexity of GAGs with Engineered Tailor-Made Biomaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312154. [PMID: 38011916 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play a crucial role in tissue homeostasis by regulating the activity and diffusion of bioactive molecules. Incorporating GAGs into biomaterials has emerged as a widely adopted strategy in medical applications, owing to their biocompatibility and ability to control the release of bioactive molecules. Nevertheless, immobilized GAGs on biomaterials can elicit distinct cellular responses compared to their soluble forms, underscoring the need to understand the interactions between GAG and bioactive molecules within engineered functional biomaterials. By controlling critical parameters such as GAG type, density, and sulfation, it becomes possible to precisely delineate GAG functions within a biomaterial context and to better mimic specific tissue properties, enabling tailored design of GAG-based biomaterials for specific medical applications. However, this requires access to pure and well-characterized GAG compounds, which remains challenging. This review focuses on different strategies for producing well-defined GAGs and explores high-throughput approaches employed to investigate GAG-growth factor interactions and to quantify cellular responses on GAG-based biomaterials. These automated methods hold considerable promise for improving the understanding of the diverse functions of GAGs. In perspective, the scientific community is encouraged to adopt a rational approach in designing GAG-based biomaterials, taking into account the in vivo properties of the targeted tissue for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Le Pennec
- U1292 Biosanté, INSERM, CEA, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS EMR 5000 Biomimetism and Regenerative Medicine, Grenoble, F-38054, France
| | - Catherine Picart
- U1292 Biosanté, INSERM, CEA, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS EMR 5000 Biomimetism and Regenerative Medicine, Grenoble, F-38054, France
| | | | - Elisa Migliorini
- U1292 Biosanté, INSERM, CEA, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS EMR 5000 Biomimetism and Regenerative Medicine, Grenoble, F-38054, France
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3
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Abdella AA, Zaki AM, Hammad S, Mansour FR. Rapid environmentally benign label free detection of heparin using highly fluorescent N,S-CDs sensing probe through a turn-on mechanism. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 306:123609. [PMID: 37935079 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Heparin (HEP) is one of the oldest anticoagulant drugs that currently still in widespread clinical use. It lacks chromophore and not easily derivatized due to its hydrophilic nature. In this work we developed a green, selective, and sensitive fluorescence sensor for detection of HEP in its injection dosage forms. The sensor is composed of nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon quantum dots (N,S-CDs) semi quenched by Fe3+. The N,S-CDs were prepared using microwave assisted pyrolysis in 3.5 min and exhibited high emission at 425 nm after excitation at 350 nm with high quantum yield of 96%. Owing to the anionic nature of HEP, it could compete with N,S-CDs for Fe3+ complexation resulting in turning-on the quenched fluorescence. This fluorescence enhancement was linear over a concentration range between 6 and 20 μg/mL (R2 = 0.99) with a limit of detection of 1.41 µg/ml. The accuracy and precision of the proposed sensor were indicated by percentage recovery values between 98% -102% and %RSD less than 2, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed sensor was successfully applied for determination of HEP in injection dosage form. The developed sensor showed excellent greenness on analytical eco-scale (score 93%) and GAPI scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya A Abdella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31111, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa M Zaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31111, Egypt.
| | - Sherin Hammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31111, Egypt.
| | - Fotouh R Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31111, Egypt.
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4
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Gros N, Stopar T. Preanalytical Quality Evaluation of Citrate Evacuated Blood Collection Tubes-Ultraviolet Molecular Absorption Spectrometry Confronted with Ion Chromatography. Molecules 2023; 28:7735. [PMID: 38067465 PMCID: PMC10707995 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously enabled a direct insight into the quality of citrate anticoagulant tubes before their intended use for specimen collection by introducing an easy-to-perform UV spectrometric method for citrate determination on a purified water model. The results revealed differences between the tubes of three producers, Greiner BIO-ONE (A), LT Burnik (B), and BD (C). It became apparent that tubes C contain an additive, which absorbs light in the ultraviolet range and prevents reliable evaluation of citrate anticoagulant concentration with the suggested method. In this research, we re-evaluate the quality of citrate-evacuated blood collection tubes by complementing UV spectrometry with ion chromatography. (1) Comparable results were obtained for tubes B at 220 nm. (2) Citrate concentrations determined with ion chromatography were lower for tubes A and C. Chromatograms reveal additional peaks for both. (3) Influences of heparin on absorption spectra and chromatograms of citrate were studied. Some similarities with the shape of the anticoagulant spectra of tubes A and C were observed, and the lithium heparin peak in chromatograms is close to them, but a confident judgment was not possible. (4) Contamination of anticoagulant solution with potassium, magnesium, and calcium was confirmed for all the brands, and contamination with lithium for B and C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Gros
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, SI1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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5
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Xie S, Bu C, LaCava J, Chi L. MsPHep: An online application for low molecular weight heparin rapid characterization based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464179. [PMID: 37419018 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) are important anticoagulants widely used in clinic. Since they are comprised of complex and heterogenous glycan chains, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is commonly used for structural analysis and quality control of LMWHs to ensure their safety and efficacy. Yet, the structural complexity arising from the parent heparin macromolecules, as well as the different depolymerization methods used for preparing LMWHs, makes processing and assigning the LC-MS data of LWMHs very tedious and challenging. We therefore developed, and here report, an open-source and easy-to-use web application, MsPHep, to facilitate the LMWH analysis based on LC-MS data. MsPHep is compatible with various LMWHs and chromatographic separation methods. With the HepQual function, MsPHep is capable of annotating both the LMWH compound and its isotopic distribution from mass spectra. Moreover, the HepQuant function enables automatic quantification of LMWH compositions without prior knowledge or any database generation. To demonstrate the reliability and system stability of MsPHep, we tested various types of LMWHs that were analyzed with different chromatographic methods coupled to MS. The results show that MsPHep has its own advantages compared to another public tool GlycReSoft for LMWH analysis, and it is available online under an open-source license at https://ngrc-glycan.shinyapps.io/MsPHep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoshuai Xie
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China; European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen 9700AD, Netherlands
| | - Changkai Bu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - John LaCava
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen 9700AD, Netherlands; Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lianli Chi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
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6
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Perez S, Makshakova O, Angulo J, Bedini E, Bisio A, de Paz JL, Fadda E, Guerrini M, Hricovini M, Hricovini M, Lisacek F, Nieto PM, Pagel K, Paiardi G, Richter R, Samsonov SA, Vivès RR, Nikitovic D, Ricard Blum S. Glycosaminoglycans: What Remains To Be Deciphered? JACS AU 2023; 3:628-656. [PMID: 37006755 PMCID: PMC10052243 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are complex polysaccharides exhibiting a vast structural diversity and fulfilling various functions mediated by thousands of interactions in the extracellular matrix, at the cell surface, and within the cells where they have been detected in the nucleus. It is known that the chemical groups attached to GAGs and GAG conformations comprise "glycocodes" that are not yet fully deciphered. The molecular context also matters for GAG structures and functions, and the influence of the structure and functions of the proteoglycan core proteins on sulfated GAGs and vice versa warrants further investigation. The lack of dedicated bioinformatic tools for mining GAG data sets contributes to a partial characterization of the structural and functional landscape and interactions of GAGs. These pending issues will benefit from the development of new approaches reviewed here, namely (i) the synthesis of GAG oligosaccharides to build large and diverse GAG libraries, (ii) GAG analysis and sequencing by mass spectrometry (e.g., ion mobility-mass spectrometry), gas-phase infrared spectroscopy, recognition tunnelling nanopores, and molecular modeling to identify bioactive GAG sequences, biophysical methods to investigate binding interfaces, and to expand our knowledge and understanding of glycocodes governing GAG molecular recognition, and (iii) artificial intelligence for in-depth investigation of GAGomic data sets and their integration with proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Perez
- Centre
de Recherche sur les Macromolecules, Vegetales,
University of Grenoble-Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Grenoble F-38041 France
| | - Olga Makshakova
- FRC
Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan 420111, Russia
| | - Jesus Angulo
- Insituto
de Investigaciones Quimicas, CIC Cartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, SP 41092, Spain
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, Naples,I-80126, Italy
| | - Antonella Bisio
- Istituto
di Richerche Chimiche e Biochimiche, G. Ronzoni, Milan I-20133, Italy
| | - Jose Luis de Paz
- Insituto
de Investigaciones Quimicas, CIC Cartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, SP 41092, Spain
| | - Elisa Fadda
- Department
of Chemistry and Hamilton Institute, Maynooth
University, Maynooth W23 F2H6, Ireland
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto
di Richerche Chimiche e Biochimiche, G. Ronzoni, Milan I-20133, Italy
| | - Michal Hricovini
- Institute
of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava SK-845 38, Slovakia
| | - Milos Hricovini
- Institute
of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava SK-845 38, Slovakia
| | - Frederique Lisacek
- Computer
Science Department & Section of Biology, University of Geneva & Swiss Institue of Bioinformatics, Geneva CH-1227, Switzerland
| | - Pedro M. Nieto
- Insituto
de Investigaciones Quimicas, CIC Cartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, SP 41092, Spain
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Giulia Paiardi
- Molecular
and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical
Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69118, Germany
| | - Ralf Richter
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of
Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences,
Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and Bragg Centre for
Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Sergey A. Samsonov
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdsank 80-309, Poland
| | - Romain R. Vivès
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble F-38044, France
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- School
of Histology-Embriology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Sylvie Ricard Blum
- University
Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry,
UMR 5246, Villeurbanne F 69622 Cedex, France
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7
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Zelechonok Y, Kolesnik O, Bezkhlebetskiy Y, Sgibnev‐Gorodetskaya T. NEW MODE OF LC SEPARATION: A new mode of separation using multi‐charged ions in the mobile phase for high performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3520-3528. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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8
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A cationic aggregation-induced emission luminogen for colorimetric and fluorimetric detection of heparin with a dual-read approach, stability and applicability in a 10% serum matrix. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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He Z, Nie H, Cui J, Zhang X, Yang X, Li C, Yan H. An electrostatically regulated organic self-assembly for rapid and sensitive detection of heparin in serum. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3620-3626. [PMID: 34312637 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00863c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heparin (Hep) is a highly negatively charged linear glycosaminoglycan involved in various physiological processes, especially blood coagulation. Hep is also a first-line drug for anticoagulation and prevention of thromboembolism, but its overdose will cause serious side effects. Herein, we designed a long-wavelength double-charged cationic fluorescent probe PYPN, and studied its aggregation state and detection performance for Hep. PYPN was readily synthesized through a one-step reaction without complicated purification. In aqueous medium, PYPN molecules with an amphiphilic structure spontaneously form nano-assemblies, which can be immediately decomposed by Hep due to the formation of a PYPN-Hep complex based on electrostatic attraction. The assembly shows a fast, sensitive and ratiometric fluorescence response to Hep, without being obviously interfered by other compounds. In various serum matrices, the fluorescence intensity ratio F610/F470 has a good linearity with Hep concentration (0-12 μg mL-1), and the detection limit (0.11-0.12 U mL-1) is lower than the minimum concentration (0.2 U mL-1) used in clinical treatment. Our study provides an easy-to-prepare and feasible tool for the selective and sensitive quantification of Hep in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiao He
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, College of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China.
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10
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A review of the design of packing materials for ion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1653:462313. [PMID: 34332319 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of ion chromatography has made remarkable progress in the past few decades, and it is now widely used for the analysis of common ions and organic compounds. Ion chromatography has many advantages, such as fast, high sensitivity, good selectivity and support for simultaneous analysis of multiple ionic compounds. In order to meet the high requirements of material analysis, new packing materials for ion chromatography with higher sensitivity and selectivity have been developed. In this paper, a lot of knowledge of ion chromatography is reviewed, and the development of ion chromatographic packings in recent years, especially in the last five years, is summarized.
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11
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Hosokawa M, Goto K, Tanaka S, Ueda K, Iwakawa S, Ogawara KI. Optimization of Analytical Conditions for Hydrophilic Nucleic Acids Using Mixed-Mode and Reversed-Phase Pentabromobenzyl Columns. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 68:1233-1237. [PMID: 33268655 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate appropriate analytical conditions for hydrophilic nucleosides and nucleotides (monophosphates and triphosphates) by HPLC methods using a mixed-mode AX-C18 column with anion-exchange and hydrophobic interactions by quaternary ammonium and C18, respectively, and a reversed-phase pentabromobenzyl (PBr) column with dispersion force and hydrophobic interactions by PBr group. The higher compound polarity led to stronger retention on AX-C18 (triphosphates > monophosphates > nucleosides). AX-C18 demonstrated feasible retention of nucleotides via anion-exchange interaction by increasing the salt and methanol concentrations. In contrast, on PBr, the lower compound polarity led to stronger retention. On PBr, feasible retention of both nucleosides and nucleotides was obtained via dispersion interactions with purine and pyrimidine rings by increasing the methanol concentration. Regarding the pH of phosphate buffer used as the mobile phase, pH 7.0 should be used in measuring nucleoside triphosphates on AX-C18, whereas pH 2.5 is better suited for measuring nucleotides on PBr. In terms of selectivity to highly hydrophilic nucleotides, the mixed-mode AX-C18 column had an advantage over the reverse-phase PBr column. In contrast, PBr column was more versatile than the AX-C18 column. Taken together, HPLC analyses of nucleosides and nucleotides should be carried out by optimizing the interactions between the stationary phase and nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Hosokawa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kanako Goto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | - Shota Tanaka
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kumiko Ueda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | - Seigo Iwakawa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
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12
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Techniques for Detection of Clinical Used Heparins. Int J Anal Chem 2021; 2021:5543460. [PMID: 34040644 PMCID: PMC8121598 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5543460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparins and sulfated polysaccharides have been recognized as effective clinical anticoagulants for several decades. Heparins exhibit heterogeneity depending on the sources. Meanwhile, the adverse effect in the clinical uses and the adulteration of oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) in heparins develop additional attention to analyze the purity of heparins. This review starts with the description of the classification, anticoagulant mechanism, clinical application of heparins and focuses on the existing methods of heparin analysis and detection including traditional detection methods, as well as new methods using fluorescence or gold nanomaterials as probes. The in-depth understanding of these techniques for the analysis of heparins will lay a foundation for the further development of novel methods for the detection of heparins.
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13
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Chen Y, Liu Y. Characterization of galacto-oligosaccharides using high-performance anion exchange chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2221-2233. [PMID: 33811795 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of complex oligosaccharide mixtures remains a challenge in the field of analytical chemistry. In this work, two commercial galacto-oligosaccharides samples were characterized using high-performance anion exchange chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The isomeric oligosaccharides were resolved with high resolution. The structures of the individual isomers with a degree of polymerization up to 6 were analyzed using targeted selected ion monitoring with data-dependent tandem mass spectrometry, with additional in-source collision-induced dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjing Chen
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, California, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, California, USA
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14
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Muhammad N, Zia-ul-Haq M, Ali A, Naeem S, Intisar A, Han D, Cui H, Zhu Y, Zhong JL, Rahman A, Wei B. Ion chromatography coupled with fluorescence/UV detector: A comprehensive review of its applications in pesticides and pharmaceutical drug analysis. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.102972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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15
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Song Y, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ. Analysis of the Glycosaminoglycan Chains of Proteoglycans. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:121-135. [PMID: 32623943 PMCID: PMC7841699 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420937154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are heterogeneous, negatively charged, macromolecules that are found in animal tissues. Based on the form of component sugar, GAGs have been categorized into four different families: heparin/heparan sulfate, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and hyaluronan. GAGs engage in biological pathway regulation through their interaction with protein ligands. Detailed structural information on GAG chains is required to further understanding of GAG-ligand interactions. However, polysaccharide sequencing has lagged behind protein and DNA sequencing due to the non-template-driven biosynthesis of glycans. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the analysis of GAG chains, specifically focusing on techniques related to mass spectroscopy (MS), including separation techniques coupled to MS, tandem MS, and bioinformatics software for MS spectrum interpretation. Progress in the use of other structural analysis tools, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and hyphenated techniques, is included to provide a comprehensive perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefan Song
- National R & D Branch Center for Seaweed Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, P.R. China
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
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16
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Dai K, Peng X, Zhuang W, Yang P, Jiao P, Wu J, Ying H. Mass transfer process and separation mechanism of four 5'-ribonucleotides on a strong acid cation exchange resin. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1634:461681. [PMID: 33212368 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
5'-ribonucleotides including adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), cytidine 5'-monophsphate (CMP), guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP) and uridine 5'-monophosphate (UMP) have been widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This work focused on the assessment of mass transfer process and separation mechanism of four 5'-ribonucleotides and counter-ion Na+ on the strong cation exchange resin NH-1. The intraparticle diffusion was determined as the rate-limiting step for the mass transfer of AMP, CMP, GMP, and Na+ on the resin NH-1 through the Boyd model. Meanwhile, a homogeneous surface diffusion model (HSDM) combing ion exchange and physical adsorption was proposed and tested against adsorption kinetic data in the batch adsorption systems. The fixed-bed film-surface diffusion model based on the HSDM was then developed and successfully predicted the concentration profiles of 5'-ribonucleotides and the change of pH at the outlet of the fixed-bed in the dynamic adsorption and separation process. Finally, the separation mechanism of 5'-ribonucleotides was presented combining model prediction and experimental results. The separation of UMP, GMP and CMP were mainly based on their differences in isoelectric points, while that of AMP and CMP were lied with the discrepancy of their physical adsorption binding capacity with the resin NH-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Dai
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology and Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Peng
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology and Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology and Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengpeng Yang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology and Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengfei Jiao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China.
| | - Jinglan Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology and Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hanjie Ying
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology and Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, China.
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17
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Alabbas A, Desai UR. Enzyme immobilization offers a robust tool to scale up the production of longer, diverse, natural glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides. Glycobiology 2020; 30:768-773. [PMID: 32193533 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although structurally diverse, longer glycosaminoglycan (GAG) oligosaccharides are critical to understand human biology, few are available. The major bottleneck has been the predominant production of oligosaccharides, primarily disaccharides, upon enzymatic depolymerization of GAGs. In this work, we employ enzyme immobilization to prepare hexasaccharide and longer sequences of chondroitin sulfate in good yields with reasonable homogeneity. Immobilized chondroitinase ABC displayed good efficiency, robust operational pH range, broad thermal stability, high recycle ability and excellent distribution of products in comparison to the free enzyme. Diverse sequences could be chromatographically resolved into well-defined peaks and characterized using LC-MS. Enzyme immobilization technology could enable easier access to diverse longer GAG sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhumaidi Alabbas
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umesh R Desai
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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18
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Sadowski R, Gadzała-Kopciuch R, Buszewski B. Qualitative analysis of enzymatic and chemical depolymerized low molecular weight heparins by UHPLC coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:3036-3044. [PMID: 32388896 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Complete heparin digestion with heparin lyase I and II results in a mixture of hexasaccharides and tetrasaccharides with 3-O-sulfo group-containing glucosamine residues at their reducing ends. Because these tetrasaccharides are derived from antithrombin III-binding sites of heparin, we examined whether this method could be applied to estimate the anticoagulant activity of heparin. Therefore, this paper presents a new low molecular weight heparin sample preparation method-chemical depolymerization. Qualitative analysis of the studied compounds and a comparison of their composition are an important contribution to the structural analysis of low molecular weight heparins, which has not been fully conducted so far. Qualitative on-line liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of these resistant oligosaccharides is also described in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Sadowski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Renata Gadzała-Kopciuch
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
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19
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Stickney M, Sanderson P, Leach FE, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. Online Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Negative Electron Transfer Dissociation Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Glycosaminoglycan Mixtures. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 445:116209. [PMID: 32641905 PMCID: PMC7343235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2019.116209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are important biological molecules that are highly anionic and occur in nature as complex mixtures. A platform that combines capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) separations with mass spectrometry (MS) and gas-phase sequencing by using negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) is shown to be efficacious for the structural analysis of GAG mixtures. CZE is a separation method well suited to the highly negatively charged nature of GAGs. NETD is an electron-based ion activation method that enables the generation of informative fragments with retention of the labile sulfate half-ester modification that determine specific GAG function. Here we combine for the first time NETD and CZE for assigning the structures of GAG oligomers present in mixtures. The speed of ion activation by NETD is found to couple well with the narrow peaks resulting from CZE migration. The platform was optimized with mixtures of GAG tetrasaccharide standards. The potential of the platform is demonstrated by the analysis of enoxaparin, a complex mixture of low molecular weight heparins, which was separated by CZE within 30 minutes and characterized by NETD MS/MS in one online experiment. 37 unique molecular compositions have been identified in enoxaparin using CZE-MS and 9 structures have been assigned with CZE-NETD-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Stickney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | | | - Franklin E. Leach
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
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20
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Devlin A, Mycroft-West C, Procter P, Cooper L, Guimond S, Lima M, Yates E, Skidmore M. Tools for the Quality Control of Pharmaceutical Heparin. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:E636. [PMID: 31557911 PMCID: PMC6843833 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55100636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is a vital pharmaceutical anticoagulant drug and remains one of the few naturally sourced pharmaceutical agents used clinically. Heparin possesses a structural order with up to four levels of complexity. These levels are subject to change based on the animal or even tissue sources that they are extracted from, while higher levels are believed to be entirely dynamic and a product of their surrounding environments, including bound proteins and associated cations. In 2008, heparin sources were subject to a major contamination with a deadly compound-an over-sulphated chondroitin sulphate polysaccharide-that resulted in excess of 100 deaths within North America alone. In consideration of this, an arsenal of methods to screen for heparin contamination have been applied, based primarily on the detection of over-sulphated chondroitin sulphate. The targeted nature of these screening methods, for this specific contaminant, may leave contamination by other entities poorly protected against, but novel approaches, including library-based chemometric analysis in concert with a variety of spectroscopic methods, could be of great importance in combating future, potential threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Devlin
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Courtney Mycroft-West
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Patricia Procter
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Lynsay Cooper
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Scott Guimond
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Marcelo Lima
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Edwin Yates
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Mark Skidmore
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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21
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Zhang T, Liu X, Li H, Wang Z, Chi L, Li JP, Tan T. Characterization of epimerization and composition of heparin and dalteparin using a UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 203:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Compagnon I, Schindler B, Renois-Predelus G, Daniel R. Lasers and ion mobility: new additions to the glycosaminoglycanomics toolkit. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 50:171-180. [PMID: 30005299 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are biopolymers present in mammalian cells or in the extracellular matrix. To address their structure, the nature of the hexuronic acids and the position of sulfate groups must be determined. Tandem mass spectrometry using collision induced dissociation or electron-based fragmentation techniques, is a well-established approach for the identification of glycans but suffers from the frequent lack of diagnostic fragments in the case of glycosaminoglycans. This review presents alternative fragmentation techniques, namely photofragmentation in the IR and the UV ranges. Alternative approaches based on the direct analysis of the molecular structure, including ion mobility spectrometry and ion spectroscopies are reviewed. The potential of future multidimensional workflows for glycosaminoglycanomics is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Compagnon
- Institut Universitaire de France IUF, 103 Boulevard St Michel, Paris F-75005, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Baptiste Schindler
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gina Renois-Predelus
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Régis Daniel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Univ Evry, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, F-91025 Evry, France
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23
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Qin X, Wang X. Quantification of nucleotides and their sugar conjugates in biological samples: Purposes, instruments and applications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 158:280-287. [PMID: 29902692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotides and their sugar conjugates are fundamental molecules in life, participating in processes of DNA/RNA composition, cell wall build-up, glycosylation reactions, and signal conduction. Therefore, the quantification of these compounds in biological samples significantly benefits the understanding of their functions. However, nucleotides and nucleotide sugars are extremely hydrophilic, causing bad retention and peak symmetry on regular C18 chromatographic columns. To solve this problem, ion-pair (IP) chromatography, ion-exchange (IE) chromatography and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) were applied, of which differentiated mechanisms were utilized to increase the retention of the analytes on the stationary phases. IP-HPLC and HILIC were convenient for coupling with many kinds of detectors (ultraviolet, UV or mass spectrometry, MS). Combining these two kinds of techniques, the advantages of better separation and retention were increased, while disadvantages like irreversible adsorption by stationary phases were greatly decreased. Due to the high concentrations of nonvolatile buffer salts used, IE-HPLC was not suitable for MS detectors. Protein precipitation and solid phase extraction were the common methods for sample treatment in the analysis of nucleotides and nucleotide sugars. By carefully optimizing the LCUV or LCMS conditions, high sensitivities could be achieved, and the methods could be applied to the analysis of many kinds of biological samples (cells, tissues, plants, bacteria, etc.). Developing new analyzing techniques may help the utilization of nucleotides and nucleotide sugars in the diagnosis and therapy of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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