1
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Zbiri M, Guilbert AAY. Dynamics of Polyalkylfluorene Conjugated Polymers: Insights from Neutron Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38885432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The dynamics of the conjugated polymers poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PF8) and poly(9,9-didodecylfluorene) (PF12), differing by the length of their side chains, is investigated in the amorphous phase using the temperature-dependent quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) technique. The neutron spectroscopy measurements are synergistically underpinned by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The probe is focused on the picosecond time scale, where the structural dynamics of both PF8 and PF12 would mainly be dominated by the motions of their side chains. The measurements highlighted temperature-induced dynamics, reflected in the broadening of the QENS spectra upon heating. The MD simulations reproduced well the observations; hence, the neutron measurements validate the MD force fields, the adopted amorphous model structures, and the numerical procedure. As the QENS spectra are dominated by the signal from the hydrogens on the backbones and side chains of PF8 and PF12, extensive analysis of the MD simulations allowed the following: (i) tagging these hydrogens, (ii) estimating their contributions to the self-part of the van Hove functions and hence to the QENS spectra, and (iii) determining the activation energies of the different motions involving the tagged hydrogens. PF12 is found to exhibit QENS spectra broader than those of PF8, indicating a more pronounced motion of the didodecyl chains of PF12 as compared to dioctyl chains of PF8. This is in agreement with the outcome of our MD analysis: (i) confirming a lower glass transition temperature of PF12 compared to PF8, (ii) showing PF12 having a lower density than PF8, and (iii) highlighting lower activation energies of the motions of PF12 in comparison with PF8. This study helped to gain insights into the temperature-induced side-chain dynamics of the PF8 and PF12 conjugated polymers, influencing their stability, which could potentially impact, on the practical side, the performance of the associated optoelectronic active layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Zbiri
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble Cedex 9 38042, France
| | - Anne A Y Guilbert
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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2
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Zhang H, Han Y, Guan Q, You Z, Zhu M. Fast-Curing of Liquid Crystal Thermosets Enabled by End-Groups Regulation and In Situ Monitoring by Triboelectric Spectroscopy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403908. [PMID: 38828745 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The development of high-performance polymer is crucial for the fabrication of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) used in extreme conditions. Liquid crystal polyarylate thermosets (LCTs) demonstrate great potential as triboelectric material by virtue of exceptional comprehensive properties. However, there are only a few specific end-groups like phenylethynyl matching the LCT polycondensation temperature (above 300 °C). Moreover, the excellent properties of LCTs rely on the crosslinked network formed with long curing time at high temperature, restricting their further application in triboelectric material. Herein, a fast-curing LCT is designed by terminating with 4-maleimidophenol possessing appropriate reactivity. The resultant LCT (MA-LC-MA) exhibits much lower polycondensation temperature (250-270 °C) and curing temperature of 300 °C within only 1 min compared to typical LCTs (cured at 370 °C for 1 h). Furthermore, the cured MA-LC-MA retains a high glass transition temperature of 135 °C, storage modulus of 6 MPa even at 350 °C, and great electrical output performance. Additionally, triboelectric measurement related to the dielectric properties that vary with crosslinked network is innovatively utilized as an analysis technique of curing progress. This work provides a new strategy to design high-performance TENGs and promotes the development of next generation thermosets in extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yufei Han
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Qingbao Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zhengwei You
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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3
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Zhang Y, He L, Cai Y, Zhang J, Wang P. Aza[5]helicene-Derived Semiconducting Polymers for Improved Performance in Perovskite Solar Cells: Exploring Energetic and Morphological Influences. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401605. [PMID: 38363082 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The strategic design of solution-processable semiconducting polymers possessing both matched energy levels and elevated glass transition temperatures is of urgent importance in the progression of thermally robust n-i-p perovskite solar cells with efficiencies exceeding 25 %. In this work, we employed direct arylation polymerization to achieve the high-yield synthesis of three aza[5]helicene-derived copolymers with distinct HOMO energy levels and exceptional glass transition temperatures. Upon integration of these semiconducting polymers into formamidinium lead triiodide-based perovskite solar cells, marked disparities in photovoltaic parameters manifest, primarily stemming from variations in the electrical conductivity and film morphology of the hole transport layers. The p-A5HP-E-POZOD-E copolymer, featuring a main chain comprising alternating repeats of aza[5]helicene, ethylenedioxythiophene, phenoxazine, and ethylenedioxythiophene, attains an initial average efficiency of 25.5 %, markedly surpassing reference materials such as spiro-OMeTAD (23.0 %), PTAA (17.0 %), and P3HT (11.6 %). Notably, p-A5HP-E-POZOD-E exhibits a high cohesive energy density, resulting in enhanced Young's modulus and diminished external species diffusion coefficients, thereby conferring perovskite solar cells with exceptional 85 °C tolerance and operational stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lifei He
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yaohang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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4
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Xu Y, Sun L, Ghiggino KP, Smith TA. Resolving conjugated polymer film morphology with polarised transmission and time-resolved emission microscopy. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2024; 12:035004. [PMID: 38537297 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ad388f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The alignment of chromophores plays a crucial role in determining the optoelectronic properties of materials. Such alignment can make interpretation of fluorescence anisotropy microscopy (FAM) images somewhat ambiguous. The time-resolved emission behaviour can also influence the fluorescence anisotropy. This is particularly the case when probing excitation energy migration between chromophores in a condensed phase. Ideally information concerning the chromophoric alignment, emission decay kinetics and fluorescence anisotropy can be recorded and correlated. We report on the use of polarised transmission imaging (PTI) coupled with both steady-state and time-resolved FAM to enable accurate identification of chromophoric alignment and morphology in thin films of a conjugated polydiarylfluorene. We show that the combination of these three imaging modes presents a comprehensive methodology for investigating the alignment and morphology of chromophores in thin films, particularly for accurately mapping the distribution of amorphous and crystalline phases within the thin films, offering valuable insights for the design and optimization of materials with enhanced optoelectronic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Ultrafast and Microspectroscopy Laboratories, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lili Sun
- Centre for Supramolecular Optoelectronics (CSO), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Kenneth P Ghiggino
- Ultrafast and Microspectroscopy Laboratories, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Trevor A Smith
- Ultrafast and Microspectroscopy Laboratories, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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5
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Paleti SHK, Kim Y, Kimpel J, Craighero M, Haraguchi S, Müller C. Impact of doping on the mechanical properties of conjugated polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1702-1729. [PMID: 38265833 PMCID: PMC10876084 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00833a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers exhibit a unique portfolio of electrical and electrochemical behavior, which - paired with the mechanical properties that are typical for macromolecules - make them intriguing candidates for a wide range of application areas from wearable electronics to bioelectronics. However, the degree of oxidation or reduction of the polymer can strongly impact the mechanical response and thus must be considered when designing flexible or stretchable devices. This tutorial review first explores how the chain architecture, processing as well as the resulting nano- and microstructure impact the rheological and mechanical properties. In addition, different methods for the mechanical characterization of thin films and bulk materials such as fibers are summarized. Then, the review discusses how chemical and electrochemical doping alter the mechanical properties in terms of stiffness and ductility. Finally, the mechanical response of (doped) conjugated polymers is discussed in the context of (1) organic photovoltaics, representing thin-film devices with a relatively low charge-carrier density, (2) organic thermoelectrics, where chemical doping is used to realize thin films or bulk materials with a high doping level, and (3) organic electrochemical transistors, where electrochemical doping allows high charge-carrier densities to be reached, albeit accompanied by significant swelling. In the future, chemical and electrochemical doping may not only allow modulation and optimization of the electrical and electrochemical behavior of conjugated polymers, but also facilitate the design of materials with a tunable mechanical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Harish Kumar Paleti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Youngseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Joost Kimpel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mariavittoria Craighero
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Shuichi Haraguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
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6
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Luo S, Li Y, Li N, Cao Z, Zhang S, Ocheje MU, Gu X, Rondeau-Gagné S, Xue G, Wang S, Zhou D, Xu J. Real-time correlation of crystallization and segmental order in conjugated polymers. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:196-206. [PMID: 37807887 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00956d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Modulating the segmental order in the morphology of conjugated polymers is widely recognized as a crucial factor for achieving optimal electronic properties and mechanical deformability. However, it is worth noting that the segmental order is typically associated with the crystallization process, which can result in rigid and brittle long-range ordered crystalline domains. To precisely control the morphology, a comprehensive understanding of how highly anisotropic conjugated polymers form segmentally ordered structures with ongoing crystallization is essential, yet currently elusive. To fill this knowledge gap, we developed a novel approach with a combination of stage-type fast scanning calorimetry and micro-Raman spectroscopy to capture the series of specimens with a continuum in the polymer percent crystallinity and detect the segmental order in real-time. Through the investigation of conjugated polymers with different backbones and side-chain structures, we observed a generally existing phenomenon that the degree of segmental order saturates before the maximum crystallinity is achieved. This disparity allows the conjugated polymers to achieve good charge carrier mobility while retaining good segmental dynamic mobility through the tailored treatment. Moreover, the crystallization temperature to obtain optimal segmental order can be predicted based on Tg and Tm of conjugated polymers. This in-depth characterization study provides fundamental insights into the evolution of segmental order during crystallization, which can aid in designing and controlling the optoelectronic and mechanical properties of conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaochuan Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology, MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Yukun Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology, MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Nan Li
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Cao
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, USA
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, USA
| | - Michael U Ocheje
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B3P4, Canada
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, USA
| | - Simon Rondeau-Gagné
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B3P4, Canada
| | - Gi Xue
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology, MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Sihong Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA.
| | - Dongshan Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology, MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Jie Xu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA.
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7
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Qu T, Nan G, Ouyang Y, Bieketuerxun B, Yan X, Qi Y, Zhang Y. Structure-Property Relationship, Glass Transition, and Crystallization Behaviors of Conjugated Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4268. [PMID: 37959948 PMCID: PMC10649048 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugated polymers have gained considerable interest due to their unique structures and promising applications in areas such as optoelectronics, photovoltaics, and flexible electronics. This review focuses on the structure-property relationship, glass transition, and crystallization behaviors of conjugated polymers. Understanding the relationship between the molecular structure of conjugated polymers and their properties is essential for optimizing their performance. The glass transition temperature (Tg) plays a key role in determining the processability and application of conjugated polymers. We discuss the mechanisms underlying the glass transition phenomenon and explore how side-chain interaction affects Tg. The crystallization behavior of conjugated polymers significantly impacts their mechanical and electrical properties. We investigate the nucleation and growth processes, as well as the factors that influence the crystallization process. The development of the three generations of conjugated polymers in controlling the crystalline structure and enhancing polymer ordering is also discussed. This review highlights advanced characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and thermal analysis, which provide insights into molecular ordering and polymer-crystal interfaces. This review provides an insight of the structure-property relationship, glass transition, and crystallization behaviors of conjugated polymers. It serves as a foundation for further research and development of conjugated polymer-based materials with enhanced properties and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Qu
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Guangming Nan
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Yan Ouyang
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Bahaerguli. Bieketuerxun
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Xiuling Yan
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Yunpeng Qi
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China
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8
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Khanzada B, Mirza B, Ullah A. Chitosan based bio-nanocomposites packaging films with unique mechanical and barrier properties. Food Packag Shelf Life 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.101016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Sommerville PW, Balzer AH, Lecroy G, Guio L, Wang Y, Onorato JW, Kukhta NA, Gu X, Salleo A, Stingelin N, Luscombe CK. Influence of Side Chain Interdigitation on Strain and Charge Mobility of Planar Indacenodithiophene Copolymers. ACS POLYMERS AU 2022; 3:59-69. [PMID: 36785836 PMCID: PMC9912480 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Indacenodithiophene (IDT) copolymers are a class of conjugated polymers that have limited long-range order and high hole mobilities, which makes them promising candidates for use in deformable electronic devices. Key to their high hole mobilities is the coplanar monomer repeat units within the backbone. Poly(indacenodithiophene-benzothiadiazole) (PIDTC16-BT) and poly(indacenodithiophene-thiapyrollodione) (PIDTC16-TPDC1) are two IDT copolymers with planar backbones, but they are brittle at low molecular weight and have unsuitably high elastic moduli. Substitution of the hexadecane (C16) side chains of the IDT monomer with isocane (C20) side chains was performed to generate a new BT-containing IDT copolymer: PIDTC20-BT. Substitution of the methyl (C1) side chain on the TPD monomer for an octyl (C8) and 6-ethylundecane (C13B) afford two new TPD-containing IDT copolymers named PIDTC16-TPDC8 and PIDTC16-TPDC13B, respectively. Both PIDTC16-TPDC8 and PIDTC16-TPDC13B are relatively well deformable, have a low yield strain, and display significantly reduced elastic moduli. These mechanical properties manifest themselves because the lengthened side chains extending from the TPD-monomer inhibit precise intermolecular ordering. In PIDTC16-BT, PIDTC20-BT and PIDTC16-TPDC1 side chain ordering can occur because the side chains are only present on the IDT subunit, but this results in brittle thin films. In contrast, PIDTC16-TPDC8 and PIDTC16-TPDC13B have disordered side chains, which seems to lead to low hole mobilities. These results suggest that disrupting the interdigitation in IDT copolymers through comonomer side chain extension leads to more ductile thin films with lower elastic moduli, but decreased hole mobility because of altered local order in the respective thin films. Our work, thus, highlights the trade-off between molecular packing structure for deformable electronic materials and provides guidance for designing new conjugated polymers for stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker
J. W. Sommerville
- 1Department
of Chemistry and 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alex H. Balzer
- 4School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and 5School of Materials
Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute
of Technology, North Avenue NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United
States
| | - Garrett Lecroy
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305 United States
| | - Lorenzo Guio
- 1Department
of Chemistry and 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Yunfei Wang
- School of
Polymer Science and Engineering, The University
of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Onorato
- 1Department
of Chemistry and 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Nadzeya A. Kukhta
- 1Department
of Chemistry and 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of
Polymer Science and Engineering, The University
of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305 United States
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- 4School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and 5School of Materials
Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute
of Technology, North Avenue NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United
States
| | - Christine K. Luscombe
- 1Department
of Chemistry and 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States,pi-Conjugated
Polymers Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science
and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan,
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10
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Zhao H, Shanahan JJ, Samson S, Li Z, Ma G, Prine N, Galuska L, Wang Y, Xia W, You W, Gu X. Manipulating Conjugated Polymer Backbone Dynamics through Controlled Thermal Cleavage of Alkyl Sidechains. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200533. [PMID: 35943220 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The morphological stability of an organic photovoltaic (OPV) device is greatly affected by the dynamics of donors and acceptors occurring near the device's high operational temperature. These dynamics can be quantified by the glass transition temperature (Tg ) of conjugated polymers. Because flexible side chains possess much faster dynamics, the cleavage of the flexible alkyl side chains will reduce chain dynamics, leading to a higher Tg . In this work, we systematically study the Tg for conjugated polymers with controlled sidechain cleavage. Isothermal annealing of polythiophenes featuring thermally-cleavable side chains at 140 °C, a temperature that is below the melting point of polymers, was found to remove more than 95% of alkyl sidechains in 24 hours, and raise the backbone Tg from 23 to 75 °C. Coarse grain molecular dynamics simulations were used to understand the Tg dependence on side chain cleavage. X-ray scattering indicates the relative degree of crystallization remains constant over the course of isothermal annealing. The effective conjugation length is not influenced by thermal cleavage; however, the density of chromophore is doubled after the complete removal of alkyl side chains. The combined effect of enhancing Tg and conserving crystalline structures during the thermal cleavage process could provide a pathway to improving the stability of optoelectronic properties in future OPV devices. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Zhao
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Jordan J Shanahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Stephanie Samson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Zhaofan Li
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Guorong Ma
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Nathaniel Prine
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Luke Galuska
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Yunfei Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Wenjie Xia
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
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11
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Ito M, Yamashita Y, Mori T, Chiba M, Futae T, Takeya J, Watanabe S, Ariga K. Hyper 100 °C Langmuir-Blodgett (Langmuir-Schaefer) Technique for Organized Ultrathin Film of Polymeric Semiconductors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:5237-5247. [PMID: 34873909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we advanced the conventional Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method to a high-temperature range (above 100 °C) using a newly manufactured LB machine, which is adaptable to a high-boiling-point subphase, as a universally usable apparatus. A sophisticated trough design, with homogeneous heating capability up to approximately 200 °C, together with automatic film compression and Langmuir-Schaefer type film transfer, enabled the fabrication of highly aligned thin films of polymeric semiconductors with uniaxial alignment of polymer backbones, which is desirable for efficient charge transport. Herein, ultrathin films of semicrystalline thiophene-based semiconductors were prepared on ethylene glycol and heated to 80 °C. The analyses of the transferred films with pressure-area isotherms, atomic force microscopy (AFM), polarized optical microscopy (POM), and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) indicated that the proposed high-temperature LB method allows ideal deposition of high-quality ultrathin films with molecular layer precision at the selected high-temperature conditions. Furthermore, preparing thin-film donor-acceptor-type copolymers in ionic liquids at high temperatures (up to 140 °C) was a challenging task that was successfully demonstrated in this study. Highly ordered thin films of donor-acceptor polymers with a uniaxial backbone orientation were obtained only at 140 °C. The obtained semicrystalline thin films with uniaxially aligned polymer backbones significantly contribute to the two-dimensional overlap of molecular orbitals, which is likely to promote charge transport. The use of the manufactured automatic LB machines is advantageous for better quality films prepared at higher temperatures (even above 100 °C) from various technical viewpoints, including homogeneous heating, constant compression, and automatic film transfer. The novel methodology proposed herein expands the possibilities of the Hyper 100 °C Langmuir-Blodgett technique, which has not been accessible by the conventional LB method with the aqueous subphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Ito
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yu Yamashita
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Taizo Mori
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Masaaki Chiba
- Kyowa Interface Science Co. Ltd., 5-4-41 Nobitome, Niiza-City, Saitama 352-0011, Japan
| | - Takayuki Futae
- Kyowa Interface Science Co. Ltd., 5-4-41 Nobitome, Niiza-City, Saitama 352-0011, Japan
| | - Jun Takeya
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Shun Watanabe
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
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12
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Zheng Y, Zhang S, Tok JBH, Bao Z. Molecular Design of Stretchable Polymer Semiconductors: Current Progress and Future Directions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4699-4715. [PMID: 35262336 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable polymer semiconductors have advanced rapidly in the past decade as materials required to realize conformable and soft skin-like electronics become available. Through rational molecular-level design, stretchable polymer semiconductor films are now able to retain their electrical functionalities even when subjected to repeated mechanical deformations. Furthermore, their charge-carrier mobilities are on par with the best flexible polymer semiconductors, with some even exceeding that of amorphous silicon. The key advancements are molecular-design concepts that allow multiple strain energy-dissipation mechanisms, while maintaining efficient charge-transport pathways over multiple length scales. In this perspective article, we review recent approaches to confer stretchability to polymer semiconductors while maintaining high charge carrier mobilities, with emphasis on the control of both polymer-chain dynamics and thin-film morphology. Additionally, we present molecular design considerations toward intrinsically elastic semiconductors that are needed for reliable device operation under reversible and repeated deformation. A general approach involving inducing polymer semiconductor nanoconfinement allows for incorporation of several other desired functionalities, such as biodegradability, self-healing, and photopatternability, while enhancing the charge transport. Lastly, we point out future directions, including advancing the fundamental understanding of morphology evolution and its correlation with the change of charge transport under strain, and needs for strain-resilient polymer semiconductors with high mobility retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jeffrey B-H Tok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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13
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Tao L, Varshney V, Li Y. Benchmarking Machine Learning Models for Polymer Informatics: An Example of Glass Transition Temperature. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:5395-5413. [PMID: 34662106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the field of polymer informatics, utilizing machine learning (ML) techniques to evaluate the glass transition temperature Tg and other properties of polymers has attracted extensive attention. This data-centric approach is much more efficient and practical than the laborious experimental measurements when encountered a daunting number of polymer structures. Various ML models are demonstrated to perform well for Tg prediction. Nevertheless, they are trained on different data sets, using different structure representations, and based on different feature engineering methods. Thus, the critical question arises on selecting a proper ML model to better handle the Tg prediction with generalization ability. To provide a fair comparison of different ML techniques and examine the key factors that affect the model performance, we carry out a systematic benchmark study by compiling 79 different ML models and training them on a large and diverse data set. The three major components in setting up an ML model are structure representations, feature representations, and ML algorithms. In terms of polymer structure representation, we consider the polymer monomer, repeat unit, and oligomer with longer chain structure. Based on that feature, representation is calculated, including Morgan fingerprinting with or without substructure frequency, RDKit descriptors, molecular embedding, molecular graph, etc. Afterward, the obtained feature input is trained using different ML algorithms, such as deep neural networks, convolutional neural networks, random forest, support vector machine, LASSO regression, and Gaussian process regression. We evaluate the performance of these ML models using a holdout test set and an extra unlabeled data set from high-throughput molecular dynamics simulation. The ML model's generalization ability on an unlabeled data set is especially focused, and the model's sensitivity to topology and the molecular weight of polymers is also taken into consideration. This benchmark study provides not only a guideline for the Tg prediction task but also a useful reference for other polymer informatics tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Vikas Varshney
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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14
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Choudhary K, Chen AX, Pitch GM, Runser R, Urbina A, Dunn TJ, Kodur M, Kleinschmidt AT, Wang BG, Bunch JA, Fenning DP, Ayzner AL, Lipomi DJ. Comparison of the Mechanical Properties of a Conjugated Polymer Deposited Using Spin Coating, Interfacial Spreading, Solution Shearing, and Spray Coating. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:51436-51446. [PMID: 34677936 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of π-conjugated (semiconducting) polymers are a key determinant of the stability and manufacturability of devices envisioned for applications in energy and healthcare. These properties─including modulus, extensibility, toughness, and strength─are influenced by the morphology of the solid film, which depends on the method of processing. To date, the majority of work done on the mechanical properties of semiconducting polymers has been performed on films deposited by spin coating, a process not amenable to the manufacturing of large-area films. Here, we compare the mechanical properties of thin films of regioregular poly(3-heptylthiophene) (P3HpT) produced by three scalable deposition processes─interfacial spreading, solution shearing, and spray coating─and spin coating (as a reference). Our results lead to four principal conclusions. (1) Spray-coated films have poor mechanical robustness due to defects and inhomogeneous thickness. (2) Sheared films show the highest modulus, strength, and toughness, likely resulting from a decrease in free volume. (3) Interfacially spread films show a lower modulus but greater fracture strain than spin-coated films. (4) The trends observed in the tensile behavior of films cast using different deposition processes held true for both P3HpT and poly(3-butylthiophene) (P3BT), an analogue with a higher glass transition temperature. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy reveal many notable differences in the solid structures of P3HpT films generated by all four processes. While these morphological differences provide possible explanations for differences in the electronic properties (hole mobility), we find that the mechanical properties of the film are dominated by the free volume and surface topography. In field-effect transistors, spread films had mobilities more than 1 magnitude greater than any other films, likely due to a relatively high proportion of edge-on texturing and long coherence length in the crystalline domains. Overall, spread films offer the best combination of deformability and charge-transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Choudhary
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Alexander X Chen
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Gregory M Pitch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Rory Runser
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Armando Urbina
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Tim J Dunn
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Moses Kodur
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Andrew T Kleinschmidt
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Benjamin G Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Jordan A Bunch
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - David P Fenning
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Alexander L Ayzner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Darren J Lipomi
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
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15
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Ye L, Gao M, Hou J. Advances and prospective in thermally stable nonfullerene polymer solar cells. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-021-1087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Callaway CP, Bombile JH, Mask W, Ryno SM, Risko C. Thermomechanical enhancement of
DPP‐4T
through purposeful
π‐conjugation
disruption. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Connor P. Callaway
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Joel H. Bombile
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Walker Mask
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Sean M. Ryno
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
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17
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Relaxation behavior of polymer thin films: Effects of free surface, buried interface, and geometrical confinement. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Qian Z, Galuska LA, Ma G, McNutt WW, Zhang S, Mei J, Gu X. Backbone flexibility on conjugated polymer's crystallization behavior and thin film mechanical stability. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Qian
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Luke A. Galuska
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Guorong Ma
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - William W. McNutt
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
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19
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Structural Geometry Variation of 1,4-Naphthalene-Based Co-Polymers to Tune the Device Performance of PVK-Host-Based OLEDs. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172914. [PMID: 34502954 PMCID: PMC8434216 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue-color-emitting organic semiconductors are of significance for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). In this study, through Suzuki coupling polymerization, three 1,4-naphthalene-based copolymers-namely, PNP(1,4)-PT, PNP(1,4)-TF, and PNP(1,4)-ANT-were designed and synthesized. The variation of comonomers, phenothiazine (PT), triphenylamine substituted fluorene (TF), and anthanthrene (ANT), effectively tuned the emitting color and device performance of poly(9-vinyl carbazole) (PVK)-based OLEDs. Especially, the polymer PNP(1,4)-TF, bearing perpendicular aryl side groups, showed a most twisted structural geometry, which enabled an ultra-high thermal stability and a best performance with blue emitting in PVK-host-based OLEDs. Overall, in this work, we demonstrate a promising blue-color-emitting polymer through structural geometry manipulation.
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20
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Cao Z, Leng M, Cao Y, Gu X, Fang L. How rigid are conjugated non‐ladder and ladder polymers? JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Cao
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Mingwan Leng
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - Yirui Cao
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
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21
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Kim EC, Kim MJ, Thi Ho LN, Lee W, Ka JW, Kim DG, Shin TJ, Huh KM, Park S, Kim YS. Synthesis of Vinyl-Addition Polynorbornene Copolymers Bearing Pendant n-Alkyl Chains and Systematic Investigation of Their Properties. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Chae Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Kim
- Advanced Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Linh Nguyet Thi Ho
- Advanced Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Woohwa Lee
- Advanced Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Ka
- Advanced Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyun Kim
- Advanced Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, KRICT School, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- UNIST Central Research Facilities, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Moo Huh
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Park
- Advanced Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok Kim
- Advanced Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, KRICT School, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
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22
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Yang HR, Chen YY, Sun HS, Tung SH, Huang SL, Huang PC, Lee JJ, Lai YY. Strengthening the Intrachain Interconnection of Polymers by the Naphthalene Diimide–Pyrene Complementary Interactions. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hau-Ren Yang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yu Chen
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Han-Sheng Sun
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Huang Tung
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Ling Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chia Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Jey-Jau Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ying Lai
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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23
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Zhang S, Galuska LA, Gu X. Water‐assisted
mechanical testing of polymeric
thin‐films. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Luke A. Galuska
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
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24
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Bhat G, Liu Q, Kielar M, Hamada Y, Michinobu T, Sah P, Ko Kyaw AK, Pandey AK, Sonar P. Energy-Level Manipulation in Novel Indacenodithiophene-Based Donor-Acceptor Polymers for Near-Infrared Organic Photodetectors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:29866-29875. [PMID: 34152743 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic photodetectors (OPDs) are promising candidates for next-generation digital imaging and wearable sensors due to their low cost, tuneable optoelectrical properties combined with high-level performance, and solution-processed fabrication techniques. However, OPD detection is often limited to shorter wavelengths, whereas photodetection in the near-infrared (NIR) region is increasingly being required for wearable electronics and medical device applications. NIR sensing suffers from low responsivity and high dark currents. A common approach to enhance NIR photon detection is lowering the optical band gap via donor-acceptor (D-A) molecular engineering. Herein, we present the synthesis of two novel indacenodithiophene (IDT)-based D-A conjugated polymers, namely, PDPPy-IT and PSNT-IT via palladium-catalyzed Stille coupling reactions. These novel polymers exhibit optical band gaps of 1.81 and 1.27 eV for PDPPy-IT and PSNT-IT, respectively, with highly desirable visible and NIR light detection through energy-level manipulation. Moreover, excellent materials' solubility and thin-film processability allow easy incorporation of these polymers as an active layer into OPDs for light detection. In the case of PSNT-IT devices, a photodetection up to 1000 nm is demonstrated with a peak sensitivity centered at 875 nm, whereas PDPPy-IT devices are efficient in detecting the visible spectrum with the highest sensitivity at 660 nm. Overall, both OPDs exhibit spectral responsivities up to 0.11 A W-1 and dark currents in the nA cm-2 range. With linear dynamic ranges exceeding 140 dB and fast response times recorded below 100 μs, the use of novel IDT-based polymers in OPDs shows great potential for wearable optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurudutt Bhat
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Science Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Science Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Marcin Kielar
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Electrical Engineering and Robotics, Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Yuya Hamada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Pankaj Sah
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Aung Ko Ko Kyaw
- Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting, and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ajay K Pandey
- School of Electrical Engineering and Robotics, Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Centre for Material Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Science Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Centre for Material Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
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25
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Zhang S, Koizumi M, Cao Z, Mao KS, Qian Z, Galuska LA, Jin L, Gu X. Directly Probing the Fracture Behavior of Ultrathin Polymeric Films. ACS POLYMERS AU 2021; 1:16-29. [PMID: 36855554 PMCID: PMC9954313 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.1c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding fracture mechanics of ultrathin polymeric films is crucial for modern technologies, including semiconductor and coating industries. However, up to now, the fracture behavior of sub-100 nm polymeric thin films is rarely explored due to challenges in handling samples and limited testing methods available. In this work, we report a new testing methodology that can not only visualize the evolution of the local stress distribution through wrinkling patterns and crack propagation during the deformation of ultrathin films but also directly measure their fracture energies. Using ultrathin polystyrene films as a model system, we both experimentally and computationally investigate the effect of the film thickness and molecular weight on their fracture behavior, both of which show a ductile-to-brittle transition. Furthermore, we demonstrate the broad applicability of this testing method in semicrystalline semiconducting polymers. We anticipate our methodology described here could provide new ways of studying the fracture behavior of ultrathin films under confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials
and Device, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Masato Koizumi
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Cao
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials
and Device, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Keyou S. Mao
- Materials
Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Qian
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials
and Device, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Luke A. Galuska
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials
and Device, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Lihua Jin
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States,
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials
and Device, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States,
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26
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Zhu Q, Xue J, Zhang L, Wen J, Lin B, Naveed HB, Bi Z, Xin J, Zhao H, Zhao C, Zhou K, Frank Liu S, Ma W. Intermolecular Interaction Control Enables Co-optimization of Efficiency, Deformability, Mechanical and Thermal Stability of Stretchable Organic Solar Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007011. [PMID: 33719196 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Promoting efficiency, deformability, and life expectancy of stretchable organic solar cells (OSCs) have always been key concerns that researchers are committed to solving. However, how to improve them simultaneously remains challenging, as morphology parameters, such as ordered molecular arrangement, beneficial for highly efficient devices actually limits mechanical stability and deformability. In this study, the unfavorable trade-off among these properties has been reconciled in an all-polymer model system utilizing a mechanically deformable guest component. The success of this strategy stems from introducing a highly ductile component without compromising the pristine optimized morphology. Preferable interaction between two donors can maintain the fiber-like structure while enhancing the photocurrent to improve efficiency. Morphology evolution detected via grazing incidence X-ray scattering and in situ UV-vis absorption spectra during stretching have verified the critical role of strengthened interaction on stabilizing morphology against external forces. The strengthened interaction also benefits thermal stability, enabling the ternary films with small efficiency degradation after heating 1500 h under 80 °C. This work highlights the effect of morphology evolution on mechanical stability and provides new insights from the view of intermolecular interaction to fabricate highly efficient, stable, and stretchable/wearable OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jingwei Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jialun Wen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Baojun Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hafiz Bilal Naveed
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhaozhao Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jingming Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ke Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shengzhong Frank Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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27
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Ding Z, Liu D, Zhao K, Han Y. Optimizing Morphology to Trade Off Charge Transport and Mechanical Properties of Stretchable Conjugated Polymer Films. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongle Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanchun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
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28
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Galuska LA, McNutt WW, Qian Z, Zhang S, Weller DW, Dhakal S, King ER, Morgan SE, Azoulay JD, Mei J, Gu X. Impact of Backbone Rigidity on the Thermomechanical Properties of Semiconducting Polymers with Conjugation Break Spacers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke A. Galuska
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - William W. McNutt
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Qian
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Daniel W. Weller
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Sujata Dhakal
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Eric R. King
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Sarah E. Morgan
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Jason D. Azoulay
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
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29
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Hou L, Leydecker T, Zhang X, Rekab W, Herder M, Cendra C, Hecht S, McCulloch I, Salleo A, Orgiu E, Samorì P. Engineering Optically Switchable Transistors with Improved Performance by Controlling Interactions of Diarylethenes in Polymer Matrices. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11050-11059. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Hou
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 alleé Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Tim Leydecker
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 alleé Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 alleé Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Wassima Rekab
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 alleé Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Martin Herder
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Camila Cendra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials & Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen D-52056, Germany
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom & Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KSC Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Emanuele Orgiu
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 alleé Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- INRS-Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, J3X 1S2 Varennes, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 alleé Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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30
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Luo S, Wang T, Ocheje MU, Zhang S, Xu J, Qian Z, Gu X, Xue G, Rondeau-Gagné S, Jiang J, Hu W, Zhuravlev E, Zhou D. Multiamorphous Phases in Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Conjugated Polymers: From Bulk to Ultrathin Films. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaochuan Luo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenzhen R&D Center, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenzhen R&D Center, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Michael U. Ocheje
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B3P4, Canada
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Jie Xu
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Qian
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Gi Xue
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenzhen R&D Center, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Simon Rondeau-Gagné
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B3P4, Canada
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenzhen R&D Center, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Wenbing Hu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenzhen R&D Center, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Evgeny Zhuravlev
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenzhen R&D Center, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Dongshan Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenzhen R&D Center, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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31
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Xie R, Weisen AR, Lee Y, Aplan MA, Fenton AM, Masucci AE, Kempe F, Sommer M, Pester CW, Colby RH, Gomez ED. Glass transition temperature from the chemical structure of conjugated polymers. Nat Commun 2020; 11:893. [PMID: 32060331 PMCID: PMC7021822 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14656-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The glass transition temperature (Tg) is a key property that dictates the applicability of conjugated polymers. The Tg demarks the transition into a brittle glassy state, making its accurate prediction for conjugated polymers crucial for the design of soft, stretchable, or flexible electronics. Here we show that a single adjustable parameter can be used to build a relationship between the Tg and the molecular structure of 32 semiflexible (mostly conjugated) polymers that differ drastically in aromatic backbone and alkyl side chain chemistry. An effective mobility value, ζ, is calculated using an assigned atomic mobility value within each repeat unit. The only adjustable parameter in the calculation of ζ is the ratio of mobility between conjugated and non-conjugated atoms. We show that ζ correlates strongly to the Tg, and that this simple method predicts the Tg with a root-mean-square error of 13 °C for conjugated polymers with alkyl side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renxuan Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Albree R Weisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Youngmin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Melissa A Aplan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Abigail M Fenton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ashley E Masucci
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Fabian Kempe
- Institute for Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Strasse der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institute for Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Strasse der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Christian W Pester
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ralph H Colby
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- The Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- The Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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32
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Kempe F, Riehle F, Komber H, Matsidik R, Walter M, Sommer M. Semifluorinated, kinked polyarylenes via direct arylation polycondensation. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00973c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Tg of semifluorinated polyarylenes made via DAP is varied between 35–195 °C depending on side chain, but solubilities are much less side chain dependent. This is explained by interactions between alkoxyphenyl and tetrafluorobenzene units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Kempe
- Chemnitz University of Technology
- 09111 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - Felix Riehle
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry
- University of Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | | | - Michael Walter
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT)
- University of Freiburg
- 79110 Freiburg
- Germany
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33
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Cao Z, Galuska L, Qian Z, Zhang S, Huang L, Prine N, Li T, He Y, Hong K, Gu X. The effect of side-chain branch position on the thermal properties of poly(3-alkylthiophenes). Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01026b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Branching closer to the backbone causes tighter packing in the side-chain direction and lower side chain and backbone dynamics.
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34
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Tran H, Feig VR, Liu K, Wu HC, Chen R, Xu J, Deisseroth K, Bao Z. Stretchable and Fully Degradable Semiconductors for Transient Electronics. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1884-1891. [PMID: 31807690 PMCID: PMC6891860 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The next materials challenge in organic stretchable electronics is the development of a fully degradable semiconductor that maintains stable electrical performance under strain. Herein, we decouple the design of stretchability and transience by harmonizing polymer physics principles and molecular design in order to demonstrate for the first time a material that simultaneously possesses three disparate attributes: semiconductivity, intrinsic stretchability, and full degradability. We show that we can design acid-labile semiconducting polymers to appropriately phase segregate within a biodegradable elastomer, yielding semiconducting nanofibers that concurrently enable controlled transience and strain-independent transistor mobilities. Along with the future development of suitable conductors and device integration advances, we anticipate that these materials could be used to build fully biodegradable diagnostic or therapeutic devices that reside inside the body temporarily, or environmental monitors that are placed in the field and break down when they are no longer needed. This fully degradable semiconductor represents a promising advance toward developing multifunctional materials for skin-inspired electronic devices that can address previously inaccessible challenges and in turn create new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Tran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Psychiatry
and Behavioral Sciences, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Vivian Rachel Feig
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Psychiatry
and Behavioral Sciences, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kathy Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Psychiatry
and Behavioral Sciences, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hung-Chin Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Psychiatry
and Behavioral Sciences, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ritchie Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Psychiatry
and Behavioral Sciences, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Psychiatry
and Behavioral Sciences, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Psychiatry
and Behavioral Sciences, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Psychiatry
and Behavioral Sciences, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- E-mail:
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35
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Qian Z, Galuska L, McNutt WW, Ocheje MU, He Y, Cao Z, Zhang S, Xu J, Hong K, Goodman RB, Rondeau‐Gagné S, Mei J, Gu X. Challenge and Solution of Characterizing Glass Transition Temperature for Conjugated Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Qian
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesThe University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi 39406
| | - Luke Galuska
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesThe University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi 39406
| | - William W. McNutt
- Department of ChemistryPurdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907
| | - Michael U. Ocheje
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Windsor Windsor N9B3P4 Ontario Canada
| | - Youjun He
- Center for Nanophase Materials SciencesOak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831
| | - Zhiqiang Cao
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesThe University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi 39406
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesThe University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi 39406
| | - Jie Xu
- Naonotechnology and Science DivisionArgonne National Laboratory Lemont Illinois 60439
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Center for Nanophase Materials SciencesOak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37996
| | - Renée B. Goodman
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Windsor Windsor N9B3P4 Ontario Canada
| | - Simon Rondeau‐Gagné
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Windsor Windsor N9B3P4 Ontario Canada
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of ChemistryPurdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesThe University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi 39406
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36
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Ishioka S, Watanabe K, Imai H, Tseng YJ, Peng CH, Oaki Y. Glass-transition-induced color-changing resins containing layered polydiacetylene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11723-11726. [PMID: 31512688 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05303d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A phase-segregated composite of polystyrene (PSt) and layered polydiacetylene (PDA) was formed through simultaneous polymerization and crystallization. As the motion of PSt chains with glass transition is transferred to that of PDA, the color change was achieved by the shortening of the conjugation length with deformation of the layered structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Ishioka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Kei Watanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Imai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Yu-Jen Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chi-How Peng
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yuya Oaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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37
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Lin YC, Chen FH, Chiang YC, Chueh CC, Chen WC. Asymmetric Side-Chain Engineering of Isoindigo-Based Polymers for Improved Stretchability and Applications in Field-Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:34158-34170. [PMID: 31441307 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thus far, there is still no study systematically investigating the influence of asymmetric side-chain design on a polymer's stretchability and its associated stretchable device applications. Herein, three kinds of asymmetric side chains consisting of carbosilane side chain (Si-C8), siloxane-terminated side chain (SiO-C8), and decyltetradecane side chain (DT) are engineered in isoindigo-bithiophene (PII2T, P1-P3) and isoindigo-difluorobithiophene (PII2TF, P4-P6) conjugated polymers, and their structure-stretchability correlation is explored in field-effect transistor characterization. It is revealed that owing to the geometric difference between the side chains, different asymmetric side-chain combinations impose distinct influences on the molecular stacking and orientation of the derived polymers. Surprisingly, the combination of asymmetric side chains and backbone fluorination is shown to deliver the best stretchability and mechanical durability of the derived polymer. Consequently, P6 consisting of asymmetric Si-C8/DT side chains and fluorinated backbone possesses the best mobility preservation of 81% at 100% strain with the stretching force perpendicular to the charge-transporting direction. Moreover, it presents 90% mobility retention after 400 stretching-releasing cycles with 60% strain, greatly exceeding the value (36%) of the non-fluorinated counterpart (P3). Our results suggest that the rational design of asymmetric side chains and backbone fluorination provides an efficient way to enhance the intrinsic stretchability of conjugated polymers.
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