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Dulyanska Y, Cruz-Lopes L, Esteves B, Guiné R, Domingos I. FTIR Monitoring of Polyurethane Foams Derived from Acid-Liquefied and Base-Liquefied Polyols. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2214. [PMID: 39125240 PMCID: PMC11314664 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyalcohol liquefaction can be performed by acid or base catalysis, producing polyols with different properties. This study compared the mechanical properties of foams produced using polyols from liquefied Cytisus scoparius obtained by acid and base catalysis and using two different foam catalysts. The differences were monitored using FTIR analysis. Acid-catalyzed liquefaction yielded 95.1%, with the resultant polyol having an OH index of 1081 mg KOH/g, while base catalysis yielded 82.5%, with a similar OH index of 1070 mg KOH/g. Generally, compressive strength with dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) ranged from 16 to 31 kPa (acid-liquefied polyol) and 12 to 21 kPa (base-liquefied polyol), while with stannous octoate (TIN), it ranged from 17 to 42 kPa (acid) and 29 to 68 kPa (base). Increasing water content generally decreased the compressive modulus and strength of the foams. Higher water content led to a higher absorption at 1670 cm-1 in the FTIR spectrum due to the formation of urea. Higher isocyanate indices generally improved compressive strength, but high amounts led to unreacted isocyanate that could be seen by a higher absorption at 2265 cm-1 and 3290 cm-1. DBTL was shown to be the best foam catalyst due to higher trimer conversion seen in the spectra by a higher absorption at 1410 cm-1. Acid- and base-derived polyols lead to different polyurethane foams with different FTIR spectra, particularly with a higher absorption at 1670 cm-1 for foams from acid-derived liquefaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Dulyanska
- Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society-CERNAS-IPV, Av. Cor. José Maria Vale de Andrade, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (Y.D.); (B.E.); (R.G.); (I.D.)
| | - Luísa Cruz-Lopes
- Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society-CERNAS-IPV, Av. Cor. José Maria Vale de Andrade, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (Y.D.); (B.E.); (R.G.); (I.D.)
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic University of Viseu, Av. Cor. José Maria Vale de Andrade, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Bruno Esteves
- Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society-CERNAS-IPV, Av. Cor. José Maria Vale de Andrade, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (Y.D.); (B.E.); (R.G.); (I.D.)
- Department of Wood Engineering, Polytechnic University of Viseu, Av. Cor. José Maria Vale de Andrade, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Raquel Guiné
- Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society-CERNAS-IPV, Av. Cor. José Maria Vale de Andrade, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (Y.D.); (B.E.); (R.G.); (I.D.)
- Department of Food Engineering, Polytechnic University of Viseu, Av. Cor. José Maria Vale de Andrade, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Idalina Domingos
- Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society-CERNAS-IPV, Av. Cor. José Maria Vale de Andrade, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (Y.D.); (B.E.); (R.G.); (I.D.)
- Department of Wood Engineering, Polytechnic University of Viseu, Av. Cor. José Maria Vale de Andrade, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
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2
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El-Metwaly EA, Mohamed HE, El-Basheer TM, Moselhy MTH, Zulfiqar S, Cochran EW, Maamoun AA. Eco-conscious upcycling of sugarcane bagasse into flexible polyurethane foam for mechanical & acoustic relevance. RSC Adv 2024; 14:23683-23692. [PMID: 39077325 PMCID: PMC11284533 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04025b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explores the use of sugarcane bagasse (SCB), a byproduct of sugarcane processing, as a bio-filler in the production of flexible polyurethane foam (FPU), focusing on its benefits for both the environment and the economy. By varying the inclusion of SCB waste from 1 to 6 wt%, the research aims to enhance the FPU's mechanical and acoustic characteristics. Techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were utilized to analyze the chemical structure and surface characteristics of both SCB and the FPU/SCB composites. Additionally, tests on gel fraction, density, and mechanical properties were conducted. The results indicate that adding 4 wt% SCB to FPU considerably improved the foam's properties. This modification resulted in a 148.63% increase in apparent density, a 228.47% rise in compressive strength, and a 116.24% boost in tensile strength. Furthermore, sound absorption across various frequency ranges was enhanced compared to the control foam. Additionally, the findings show that SCB effectively shifts sound absorption characteristics to lower frequencies. Specifically, at a low frequency of 500 Hz, the sound absorption coefficient increased to 0.4 with a foam thickness of 20 mm. This demonstrates that SCB can significantly improve FPU's performance, making it an attractive option for applications requiring noise mitigation, such as in the automotive and construction industries, thereby offering a sustainable solution to waste management and materials innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa A El-Metwaly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University Cairo 11517 Egypt
| | - Hadeel E Mohamed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University Cairo 11517 Egypt
| | - Tarek M El-Basheer
- Department of Acoustics, Mass and Force Metrology Division, National Institute of Standards (NIS) El-Sadat Street, El-Haram El-Giza 12211 Egypt
| | | | - Sonia Zulfiqar
- Department of Physical Sciences, Lander University 320 Stanley Ave Greenwood South Carolina 29649 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University Sweeney Hall, 618 Bissell Road Ames Iowa 50011 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava 30. Dubna 22 Ostrava 701 03 Czech Republic
| | - Eric W Cochran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University Sweeney Hall, 618 Bissell Road Ames Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Ahmed Abdelhamid Maamoun
- Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Chemistry Division, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University Cairo 11517 Egypt
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3
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Niu X, Zhu H, Mhatre S, Bi R, Ye Y, Rojas OJ. Betulin Enables Multifunctional Cellulose-Based Insulative Foams with Low Environmental Impacts. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39051973 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The significance of synthetic foams as insulative materials stems from their mechanical and water resistance as well as their cost-effectiveness. Broadly, the design of building envelopes should also consider fire and mold resistance and the impacts on the environment (end of life and compostability). This study addresses these issues considering the ever-increasing demand for sustainable sources to develop highly porous insulative materials. We introduce a versatile strategy based on wet-foam laying of cellulosic fibers that leads to hierarchical structures whose performance is tailored by the surface incorporation of betulin (BT), a bioactive molecule extracted from tree bark, combined with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) after installation of urethane linkages. As such, we introduce an eco-friendly alternative to traditional polyurethane foams with competitive mechanical and thermal insulation performance. The modification of the fiber foams at low BT loading simultaneously endows superhydrophobicity (water contact angle >150°), fire retardancy (self-extinguish within 10 s), microbial resistance, and durability (no degradation in soil conditions after 3 months). BT plays a critical role as an antimicrobial and hydrophobic agent that synergizes with PDMS to achieve fire resistance. The life cycle assessment of the BT-modified foams reveals a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emission and human toxicity compared with rigid polyurethane foams by 96 and 92%, respectively. Overall, the valorization of the bark-derived BT is demonstrated by considering the scalability and cost-effectiveness of solid foams designed to substitute petroleum-derived counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Niu
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hui Zhu
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sameer Mhatre
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ran Bi
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yuhang Ye
- Material Science Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6243, United States
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Wood Science and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Pawlak M, Pobłocki K, Drzeżdżon J, Gawdzik B, Jacewicz D. "Isocyanates and isocyanides - life-threatening toxins or essential compounds?". THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 934:173250. [PMID: 38761928 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Isocyanides and isocyanates are some of the most reactive compounds in organic chemistry, making them perceived as compounds with high potential for use in both the laboratory and industry. With their high reactivity also comes several disadvantages, most notably their potentially high toxicity. The following article is a collection of information on the toxic effects of the isocyanide group on the human body and the environment. Information on the mechanism of how these harmful substances affect living tissues and the environment, worldwide information on how to protect against these chemicals, current regulations, and exposure limits for specific countries is compiled. The latest research on the application uses of isocyanates and isocyanides is also outlined, as well as the latest safer and greener methods and techniques to work with these compounds. Additionally, the presented article can serve as a brief guide to the organic toxicity of a group of isocyanates and isocyanates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pawlak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Technology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Kacper Pobłocki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Technology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Drzeżdżon
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Technology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Barbara Gawdzik
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Dagmara Jacewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Technology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, Gdansk, Poland.
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5
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Guo L, Wang F, Chai H, Liu G, Jian X, Zhao J, Liu K, Liu H, Liu T, Zhang X, Wang Y, Liu F. Mechanochemical Recycling of Flexible Polyurethane Foam Scraps for Quantitative Replacement of Polyol Using Wedge-Block-Reinforced Extruder. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1633. [PMID: 38931982 PMCID: PMC11207381 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Recycling flexible polyurethane foam (F-PUF) scraps is difficult due to the material's high cross-linking structure. In this work, a wedge-block-reinforced extruder with a considerable enhanced shear extrusion and stretching area between the rotating screw and the stationary wedge blocks was utilized to recycle F-PUF scraps into powder containing surface-active hydroxyl groups. The powder was then utilized for the quantitative replacement of polyol in the foaming process. Characterizations showed that the continuous shear extrusion and stretching during the extrusion process reduced the volume mean diameter (VMD) of the F-PUF powder obtained by extruding it three times at room temperature to reach 54 μm. The -OH number (OHN) of the powder prepared by extruding it three times reached 19.51 mgKOH/g due to the mechanochemical effect of the powdering method. The F-PUF containing recycled powder used to quantitively replace 10 wt.% polyol was similar in microstructure and chemical structure to the original F-PUF, with a compression set of 2%, indentation load deflection of 21.3 lbf, resilience of 43.4%, air permeability of 815.7 L/m2·s, tensile strength of 73.0 Kpa, and tear strength of 2.3 N/cm, indicating that the recycling method has potential for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (L.G.); (F.W.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (K.L.)
- National Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Tire Equipment and Key Materials, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China;
| | - Fu Wang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (L.G.); (F.W.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Hailin Chai
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (L.G.); (F.W.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Gongxu Liu
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (L.G.); (F.W.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Xingao Jian
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (L.G.); (F.W.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Jinyang Zhao
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (L.G.); (F.W.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Kexin Liu
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (L.G.); (F.W.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Haichao Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Tire Equipment and Key Materials, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China;
| | - Tiewei Liu
- Hisense Refrigerator Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266700, China; (T.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Xiangping Zhang
- Hisense Refrigerator Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266700, China; (T.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yongshuai Wang
- Hisense Refrigerator Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266700, China; (T.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Fumin Liu
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (L.G.); (F.W.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (K.L.)
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6
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Martín-González D, de la Fuente Tagarro C, De Lucas A, Bordel S, Santos-Beneit F. Genetic Modifications in Bacteria for the Degradation of Synthetic Polymers: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5536. [PMID: 38791573 PMCID: PMC11121894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthetic polymers, commonly known as plastics, are currently present in all aspects of our lives. Although they are useful, they present the problem of what to do with them after their lifespan. There are currently mechanical and chemical methods to treat plastics, but these are methods that, among other disadvantages, can be expensive in terms of energy or produce polluting gases. A more environmentally friendly alternative is recycling, although this practice is not widespread. Based on the practice of the so-called circular economy, many studies are focused on the biodegradation of these polymers by enzymes. Using enzymes is a harmless method that can also generate substances with high added value. Novel and enhanced plastic-degrading enzymes have been obtained by modifying the amino acid sequence of existing ones, especially on their active site, using a wide variety of genetic approaches. Currently, many studies focus on the common aim of achieving strains with greater hydrolytic activity toward a different range of plastic polymers. Although in most cases the depolymerization rate is improved, more research is required to develop effective biodegradation strategies for plastic recycling or upcycling. This review focuses on a compilation and discussion of the most important research outcomes carried out on microbial biotechnology to degrade and recycle plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Martín-González
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (D.M.-G.); (A.D.L.); (S.B.)
| | - Carlos de la Fuente Tagarro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (D.M.-G.); (A.D.L.); (S.B.)
| | - Andrea De Lucas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (D.M.-G.); (A.D.L.); (S.B.)
| | - Sergio Bordel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (D.M.-G.); (A.D.L.); (S.B.)
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Fernando Santos-Beneit
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (D.M.-G.); (A.D.L.); (S.B.)
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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Cozzarini L, Marsich L, Ferluga A. Scleroglucan-Based Foam Incorporating Recycled Rigid Polyurethane Waste for Novel Insulation Material Production. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1360. [PMID: 38794553 PMCID: PMC11125041 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study details the synthesis and performance evaluation of a novel lightweight thermal and acoustic insulation material, resulting from the combination of a scleroglucan-based hydrogel and recycled rigid polyurethane waste powder. Through a sublimation-driven water-removal process, a porous three-dimensional network structure is formed, showcasing notable thermal and acoustic insulation properties. Experimental data are presented to highlight the material's performance, including comparisons with commercially available mineral wool and polymeric foams. This material versatility is demonstrated through tunable mechanical, thermal and acoustic characteristics, achieved by strategically adjusting the concentration of the biopolymer and additives. This adaptability positions the material as a promising candidate for different insulation applications. Addressing environmental concerns related to rigid polyurethane waste disposal, the study contributes to the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cozzarini
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 10, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Lucia Marsich
- MaterialScan S.r.l., Via Capodistria 28, I-34145 Trieste, Italy; (L.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Alessio Ferluga
- MaterialScan S.r.l., Via Capodistria 28, I-34145 Trieste, Italy; (L.M.); (A.F.)
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Beletsan OB, Gordiy I, Lunkov SS, Kalinin MA, Alkhimova LE, Nosach EA, Ilin EA, Bespalov AV, Dallakyan OL, Chamkin AA, Prolomov IV, Zaripov RA, Pershin AA, Protsenko BO, Rusalev YV, Oganov RA, Kovaleva DK, Mironov VA, Dotsenko VV, Genaev AM, Sharapa DI, Tikhonov DS. From a humorous post to a detailed quantum-chemical study: isocyanate synthesis revisited. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:13850-13861. [PMID: 38656824 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04654k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Isocyanates play an essential role in modern manufacturing processes, especially in polyurethane production. There are numerous synthesis strategies for isocyanates both under industrial and laboratory conditions, which do not prevent searching for alternative highly efficient synthetic protocols. Here, we report a detailed theoretical investigation of the mechanism of sulfur dioxide-catalyzed rearrangement of phenylnitrile oxide into phenyl isocyanate, which was first reported in 1977. The DLPNO-CCSD(T) method and up-to-date DFT protocols were used to perform a highly accurate quantum-chemical study of the rearrangement mechanism. An overview of various organic and inorganic catalysts has revealed other potential catalysts, such as sulfur trioxide and selenium dioxide. Furthermore, the present study elucidated how substituents in phenylnitrile oxide influence reaction kinetics. This study was performed by a self-organized collaboration of scientists initiated by a humorous post on the VK social network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg B Beletsan
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Gordiy
- ChemU Corporation Ltd, 17 17 Gr. Xenopoulou St., 3106 Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Sergey S Lunkov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Kalinin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Larisa E Alkhimova
- Center for Nature-Inspired Engineering, University of Tyumen, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tyumen, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Egor A Nosach
- Department of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor A Ilin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandr V Bespalov
- Department of Chemistry and High Technologies, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya St., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Olgert L Dallakyan
- Computational Material Science Laboratory, Department of Physics, Yerevan State University, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Aleksandr A Chamkin
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya V Prolomov
- D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Radion A Zaripov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A Pershin
- Samara Branch of Lebedev Physical Institute, 443011 Samara, Russia
- Department of Physics, Samara University, 443086 Samara, Russia
| | - Bogdan O Protsenko
- The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Yury V Rusalev
- The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Ruslan A Oganov
- Department of Biochemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Diana K Kovaleva
- Department of Biochemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Mironov
- A. M. Butlerov Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Victor V Dotsenko
- Department of Chemistry and High Technologies, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya St., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, North-Caucasus Federal University, 355017 Stavropol, Russia
| | - Alexandr M Genaev
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
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Hejna A, Kosmela P, Olszewski A, Zedler Ł, Formela K, Skórczewska K, Piasecki A, Marć M, Barczewski R, Barczewski M. Management of ground tire rubber waste by incorporation into polyurethane-based composite foams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:17591-17616. [PMID: 36701051 PMCID: PMC10923751 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25387-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rapid economic growth implicated the developing multiple industry sectors, including the automotive branch, increasing waste generation since recycling and utilization methods have not been established simultaneously. A very severe threat is the generation of enormous amounts of post-consumer tires considered burdensome waste, e.g., due to the substantial emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Therefore, it is essential to develop novel, environmentally friendly methods for their utilization, which would hinder their environmental impacts. One of the most promising approaches is shredding, resulting in the generation of ground tire rubber (GTR), which can be introduced into polymeric materials as filler. The presented work is related to the thermomechanical treatment of GTR in a twin-screw extruder with zinc borate, whose incorporation is aimed to enhance shear forces within the extruder barrel. Modified GTR was introduced into flexible polyurethane (PU) foams, and the impact of modification parameters on the cellular structure, static and dynamic mechanical performance, thermal stability, as well as thermal insulation, and acoustic properties was investigated. Emissions of VOCs from applied fillers and prepared composites were monitored and evaluated. Depending on the treatment parameters, beneficial changes in foams' cellular structure were noted, which enhanced their thermal insulation performance, mechanical strength, and thermal stability. It was proven that the proposed method of GTR thermomechanical treatment assisted by zinc borate particles might benefit the performance of flexible PU foamed composites and hinder VOC emissions, which could broaden the application range of GTR and provide novel ways for its efficient utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Hejna
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965, Poznań, Poland.
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Paulina Kosmela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adam Olszewski
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Łukasz Zedler
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Formela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Department of Polymer Technology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-326, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Adam Piasecki
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 24, 60-965, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mariusz Marć
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Roman Barczewski
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Poznan University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 24, 60-965, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965, Poznań, Poland
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10
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Li Z, Hong Z, Qian C, Chen X, Zhou S. General Construction of Asymmetric Amine Ethers via Efficient Transesterification. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303832. [PMID: 38085495 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel method to prepare asymmetric amine ethers is reported. Tertiary amine alcohol hydrogen sulfate intermediates are prepared through a reactive distillation process, followed by the transesterification process to afford eventually asymmetric amine ethers. Experiments and DFT calculations revealed the essential roles the sulfate group plays in the highly selective monoesterification process. This clean method is tolerant towards various functional groups with good yields under mild condition, which is obviously superior compared to the conventional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Li
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Chemicals Technology, Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, 324000, Quzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zeng Hong
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Chemicals Technology, Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, 324000, Quzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chao Qian
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Chemicals Technology, Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, 324000, Quzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xinzhi Chen
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Chemicals Technology, Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, 324000, Quzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shaodong Zhou
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Chemicals Technology, Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, 324000, Quzhou, P.R. China
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11
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Türel T, Eling B, Cristadoro AM, Mathieu T, Linnenbrink M, Tomović Ž. Novel Furfural-Derived Polyaldimines as Latent Hardeners for Polyurethane Adhesives. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:6414-6423. [PMID: 38282385 PMCID: PMC10859888 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Moisture-curing one-component polyurethane systems in adhesive, sealant, and coating applications may show blister formation upon cure. Blisters can be formed when carbon dioxide, generated in the reaction with isocyanate and water, is trapped in the film. This problem can be mitigated by employing latent hardeners such as blocked polyamines, which are activated upon moisture exposure. The hydrolysis of the latent hardener yields the polyamine that quickly reacts with the isocyanate, forming urea linkages, and then chain extends the polymer. The hydrolysis also releases the blocking agent, which can potentially create an unpleasant odor. In this work, a series of di- and trifunctional aldimines were synthesized from commercially available polyamines, biobased hydroxymethyl furfural, and lauroyl chloride. Hydroxymethyl furfural was first esterified with lauroyl chloride and subsequently condensed with the polyamines to form the aldimines. The application of these novel aldimines in a model moisture-curing system allowed the preparation of blister- and odor-free castings. Based on our results, the mechanical performance of the different aldimines in casting and adhesive applications could be related to the polymer network density. This was dependent on the rate of the aldimine hydrolysis reaction to produce the polyamine. In particular, the use of aldimines prepared from polyether amines and 1,5-diamino-2-methylpentane showed excellent adhesive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tankut Türel
- Polymer
Performance Materials Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and
Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Berend Eling
- Institute
of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Mathieu
- BASF
Polyurethanes, Elastogranstrasse 60, 49448 Lemfoerde, Germany
| | | | - Željko Tomović
- Polymer
Performance Materials Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and
Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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12
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Mangal M, H S, Bose S, Banerjee T. Innovations in applications and prospects of non-isocyanate polyurethane bioplastics. Biopolymers 2023; 114:e23568. [PMID: 37846654 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Currently, conventional plastics are necessary for a variety of aspects of modern daily life, including applications in the fields of healthcare, technology, and construction. However, they could also contain potentially hazardous compounds like isocyanates, whose degradation has a negative impact on both the environment and human health. Therefore, researchers are exploring alternatives to plastic which is sustainable and environmentally friendly without compromising its mechanical and physical features. This review study highlights the production of highly eco-friendly bioplastic as an efficient alternative to non-biodegradable conventional plastic. Bioplastics are produced from various renewable biomass sources such as plant debris, fatty acids, and oils. Poly-addition of di-isocyanates and polyols is a technique employed over decades to produce polyurethanes (PUs) bioplastics from renewable biomass feedstock. The toxicity of isocyanates is a major concern with the above-mentioned approach. Novel green synthetic approaches for polyurethanes without using isocyanates have been attracting greater interest in recent years to overcome the toxicity of isocyanate-containing raw materials. The polyaddition of cyclic carbonates (CCs) and polyfunctional amines appears to be the most promising method to obtain non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs). This method results in the creation of polymeric materials with distinctive and adaptable features with the elimination of harmful compounds. Consequently, non-isocyanate polyurethanes represent a new class of green polymeric materials. In this review study, we have discussed the possibility of creating novel NIPUs from renewable feedstocks in the context of the growing demand for efficient and ecologically friendly plastic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangal Mangal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Supriya H
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Suryasarathi Bose
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Tamal Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
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13
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Ristić I, Cakić S, Vukić N, Teofilović V, Tanasić J, Pilić B. The Influence of Soft Segment Structure on the Properties of Polyurethanes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3755. [PMID: 37765608 PMCID: PMC10536526 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of polyurethanes (PU) were synthesised via one-step polymerisation without a chain extender, using toluene diisocyanate as well as a variety of soft segments composed of different macrodiols. Poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA) and polycaprolactone diol (PCL) were synthesised as a polyester type polyols to obtain soft segments. The process of varying the molar ratio of newly synthesised PDLLA in soft segments has been confirmed as a powerful tool for fine-tuning the final properties of PU. Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy was used for evaluation of molecular structures of synthesised PDLLA polyol and final PU. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry was used to confirm the presumed structure of PU. The influence of soft segment composition on polyurethane thermal characteristics was examined using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The composition of soft segments had little impact on the thermal stability of PU materials, which is explained by the comparable structures of both polyester polyols. Wide-angle X-ray scattering was utilised to evaluate the effect of amorphous PDLLA on the degree of crystallinity of PCL in soft PU segments. It was discovered that not only did the PDLLA ratio in the soft segment have a substantial influence on the degree of microphase separation in the soft and hard segments, but it also influenced the crystallisation behaviour of the materials. Furthermore, the restriction of crystallisation of the PCL soft segment has been verified to be dependent on the hard segment concentration and the ratio of PDLLA/PCL polyols. The sample with pure PCL as the polyol component achieved the highest degree of crystallinity (34.8%). The results demonstrated that the composition of soft segments directly affected the properties of obtained polyurethane films. These results can be utilised to easily achieve a desirable set of properties required for application in biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Ristić
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.T.); (J.T.); (B.P.)
| | - Suzana Cakić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Niš, Bulevar Oslobođenja 124, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia;
| | - Nevena Vukić
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetog Save 65, 32102 Čačak, Serbia
| | - Vesna Teofilović
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.T.); (J.T.); (B.P.)
| | - Jelena Tanasić
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.T.); (J.T.); (B.P.)
| | - Branka Pilić
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.T.); (J.T.); (B.P.)
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14
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Yuan H, Guo C, Liu L, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Yin T, He H, Gou J, Pan B, Tang X. Progress and prospects of polysaccharide-based nanocarriers for oral delivery of proteins/peptides. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 312:120838. [PMID: 37059563 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The oral route has long been recognized as the most preferred route for drug delivery as it offers high patient compliance and requires minimal expertise. Unlike small molecule drugs, the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract and low permeability across the intestinal epithelium make oral delivery extremely ineffective for macromolecules. Accordingly, delivery systems that are rationally constructed with suitable materials to overcome barriers to oral delivery are exceptionally promising. Among the most ideal materials are polysaccharides. Depending on the interaction between polysaccharides and proteins, the thermodynamic loading and release of proteins in the aqueous phase can be realized. Specific polysaccharides (dextran, chitosan, alginate, cellulose, etc.) endow systems with functional properties, including muco-adhesiveness, pH-responsiveness, and prevention of enzymatic degradation. Furthermore, multiple groups in polysaccharides can be modified, which gives them a variety of properties and enables them to suit specific needs. This review provides an overview of different types of polysaccharide-based nanocarriers based on different kinds of interaction forces and the influencing factors in the construction of polysaccharide-based nanocarriers. Strategies of polysaccharide-based nanocarriers to improve the bioavailability of orally administered proteins/peptides were described. Additionally, current restrictions and future trends of polysaccharide-based nanocarriers for oral delivery of proteins/peptides were also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chen Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Linxuan Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tian Yin
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Haibing He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jingxin Gou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bochen Pan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China.
| | - Xing Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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15
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Guo Z, Lu X, Wang X, Li X, Li J, Sun J. Engineering of Chain Rigidity and Hydrogen Bond Cross-Linking toward Ultra-Strong, Healable, Recyclable, and Water-Resistant Elastomers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300286. [PMID: 36854256 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
High-performance elastomers have gained significant interest because of their wide applications in industry and our daily life. However, it remains a great challenge to fabricate elastomers simultaneously integrating ultra-high mechanical strength, toughness, and excellent healing and recycling capacities. In this study, ultra-strong, healable, and recyclable elastomers are fabricated by dynamically cross-linking copolymers composed of rigid polyimide (PI) segments and soft poly(urea-urethane) (PUU) segments with hydrogen bonds. The elastomers, which are denoted as PIPUU, have a record-high tensile strength of ≈142 MPa and an extremely high toughness of ≈527 MJ m-3 . The structure of the PIPUU elastomer contains hydrogen-bond-cross-linked elastic matrix and homogenously dispersed rigid nanostructures. The rigid PI segments self-assemble to generate phase-separated nanostructures that serve as nanofillers to significantly strengthen the elastomers. Meanwhile, the elastic matrix is composed of soft PUU segments cross-linked with reversible hydrogen bonds, which largely enhance the strength and toughness of the elastomer. The dynamically cross-linked PIPUU elastomers can be healed and recycled to restore their original mechanical strength. Moreover, because of the excellent mechanical performance and the hydrophobic PI segments, the PIPUU elastomers are scratch-, puncture-, and water-resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xingyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Junqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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16
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Tournier V, Duquesne S, Guillamot F, Cramail H, Taton D, Marty A, André I. Enzymes' Power for Plastics Degradation. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5612-5701. [PMID: 36916764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are everywhere in our modern way of living, and their production keeps increasing every year, causing major environmental concerns. Nowadays, the end-of-life management involves accumulation in landfills, incineration, and recycling to a lower extent. This ecological threat to the environment is inspiring alternative bio-based solutions for plastic waste treatment and recycling toward a circular economy. Over the past decade, considerable efforts have been made to degrade commodity plastics using biocatalytic approaches. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the recent advances in enzyme-based biocatalysis and in the design of related biocatalytic processes to recycle or upcycle commodity plastics, including polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, and polyolefins. We also discuss scope and limitations, challenges, and opportunities of this field of research. An important message from this review is that polymer-assimilating enzymes are very likely part of the solution to reaching a circular plastic economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Tournier
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sophie Duquesne
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France, 135, avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Frédérique Guillamot
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Henri Cramail
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Daniel Taton
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Alain Marty
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle André
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France, 135, avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
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17
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von Vacano B, Mangold H, Vandermeulen GWM, Battagliarin G, Hofmann M, Bean J, Künkel A. Sustainable Design of Structural and Functional Polymers for a Circular Economy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202210823. [PMID: 36197763 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To achieve a sustainable circular economy, polymer production must start transitioning to recycled and biobased feedstock and accomplish CO2 emission neutrality. This is not only true for structural polymers, such as in packaging or engineering applications, but also for functional polymers in liquid formulations, such as adhesives, lubricants, thickeners or dispersants. At their end of life, polymers must be either collected and recycled via a technical pathway, or be biodegradable if they are not collectable. Advances in polymer chemistry and applications, aided by computational material science, open the way to addressing these issues comprehensively by designing for recyclability and biodegradability. This Review explores how scientific progress, together with emerging regulatory frameworks, societal expectations and economic boundary conditions, paint pathways for the transformation towards a circular economy of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Mangold
- Group Research, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Guido W M Vandermeulen
- Functional Polymers R&D, Care Chemicals Division, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | | | | | - Jessica Bean
- Group Research, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Andreas Künkel
- Group Research, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
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18
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Fast Synthesis of crosslinked self-blowing poly(β-hydroxythioether) foams by decarboxylative-alkylation of thiols at room temperature. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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19
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Yin Y, Xu Y, Zhang X, Duan B, Xin Z, Bao C. Mechanically Strong and Tough Poly(urea-urethane) Thermosets Capable of Being Degraded under Mild Condition. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200765. [PMID: 36419259 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of degradable polymeric materials such as degradable polyurethane or polyurea has been much highlighted for resource conservation and environmental protection. Herein, a facile strategy of constructing mechanically strong and tough poly(urea-urethane) (PUU) thermosets that can be degraded under mild conditions by using triple boron-urethane bonds (TBUB) as cross-linkers is demonstrated. By tailoring the molecular weight of the soft segment of the prepolymers, the mechanical performance can be finely controlled. Based on the cross-linking of TBUB units and hydrogen-binding interactions between TBUB linkages, the as-prepared PUU thermosets have excellent mechanical strength of ≈40.2 MPa and toughness of ≈304.9 MJ m-3 . Typically, the PBUU900 strip can lift a barbell with 60 000 times its own weight, showing excellent load-bearing capacity. Meanwhile, owing to the covalent cross-linking of TBUB units, all the PUU thermosets show initial decomposition temperatures over 290 °C, which are comparable to those of the traditional thermosets. Moreover, the TBUB cross-linked PUU thermosets can be easily degraded in a mild acid solution. The small pieces of the PBUU sample can be fully decomposed in 1 m HCl/THF solution for 3.5 h at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Yin
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Yang Xu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Xuhao Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Baorong Duan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Zhirong Xin
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Chunyang Bao
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
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20
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Hamann M, Andrieux S, Schütte M, Telkemeyer D, Ranft M, Drenckhan W. Directing the pore size of rigid polyurethane foam via controlled air entrainment. J CELL PLAST 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x231152680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The interest in polyurethane rigid (PUR) foams as potent thermally insulating materials for a wide range of applications continues to grow as the minimization of CO2 emissions has become a global issue. Controlling the thermal insulation efficiency of PUR foams starts with the control of their morphology. Although the presence of micrometric air bubbles originating from air entrainment during the blending of the PU reactive mixture has been shown to influence the final PUR foam morphology, detailed experimental investigations on how exactly they affect the final PUR foam pore size are still lacking. To fill this gap, we use a double-syringe mixing device, which allows to control the number of air bubbles generated during a first air entrainment step, before using the same device to blend the reactive components in a sealed environment, avoiding further air entrainment. Keeping all experimental parameters constant except for the air bubble density in the reactive mixture, we can correlate changes of the final PUR foam morphology with the variation of the air bubble density in the initially liquid reactive mixture. Our results confirm recent findings which suggest the presence of two different regimes of bubble nucleation and growth depending on the presence or absence of dispersed air bubbles in the liquid reactive mixture. Our study pushes those insights further by demonstrating an inverse relation between the air bubble density in the liquid reactive mixture and the final pore volume of the PUR foam. For example, at constant chemical formulation and blending conditions, we could vary the final pore size between 400–1600 μm simply by controlling the amount of pre-dispersed air bubbles within the system. We are confident that the presented approach may not only provide a valuable model experiment to scan formulations in R&D laboratories, but it may also provide suggestions for the optimization of industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hamann
- CNRS-UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sébastien Andrieux
- CNRS-UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Meik Ranft
- BASF SE, RGA/AP Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Wiebke Drenckhan
- CNRS-UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron, Strasbourg, France
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21
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Research Progress of Elastomer Materials and Application of Elastomers in Drilling Fluid. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040918. [PMID: 36850203 PMCID: PMC9959665 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
An elastomer is a material that undergoes large deformation under force and quickly recovers its approximate initial shape and size after withdrawing the external force. Furthermore, an elastomer can heal itself and increase volume when in contact with certain liquids. They have been widely used as sealing elements and packers in different oil drilling and development operations. With the development of drilling fluids, elastomer materials have also been gradually used as drilling fluid additives in drilling engineering practices. According to the material type classification, elastomer materials can be divided into polyurethane elastomer, epoxy elastomer, nanocomposite elastomer, rubber elastomer, etc. According to the function classification, elastomers can be divided into self-healing elastomers, expansion elastomers, etc. This paper systematically introduces the research progress of elastomer materials based on material type classification and functional classification. Combined with the requirements for drilling fluid additives in drilling fluid application practice, the application prospects of elastomer materials in drilling fluid plugging, fluid loss reduction, and lubrication are discussed. Oil-absorbing expansion and water-absorbing expansion elastomer materials, such as polyurethane, can be used as lost circulation materials, and enter the downhole to absorb water or absorb oil to expand, forming an overall high-strength elastomer to plug the leakage channel. When graphene/nano-composite material is used as a fluid loss additive, flexibility and elasticity facilitate the elastomer particles to enter the pores of the filter cake under the action of differential pressure, block a part of the larger pores, and thus, reduce the water loss, while it would not greatly change the rheology of drilling fluid. As a lubricating material, elastic graphite can form a protective film on the borehole wall, smooth the borehole wall, behaving like a scaly film, so that the sliding friction between the metal surface of the drill pipe and the casing becomes the sliding friction between the graphite flakes, thereby reducing the friction of the drilling fluid. Self-healing elastomers can be healed after being damaged by external forces, making drilling fluid technology more intelligent. The research and application of elastomer materials in the field of drilling fluid will promote the ability of drilling fluid to cope with complex formation changes, which is of great significance in the engineering development of oil and gas wells.
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22
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Çınar M, Karataş S. Synthesis of polyurethane acrylate hybrids containing fluorine and siloxane by the sol–gel method for UV-curable coatings. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04619-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Muhammed Raji A, Hambali HU, Khan ZI, Binti Mohamad Z, Azman H, Ogabi R. Emerging trends in flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam and its composites: A review. J CELL PLAST 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x221144564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the superior thermal insulating attributes of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) compared to other insulating materials (expanded and extruded polystyrene, mineral wool), it remains the most dominant insulating material and most studied polymer foam. Like other polyurethane foam, RPUF is highly flammable, necessitating the incorporation of flame retardants (FR) during production to lower combustibility, promoting its continuous use as insulation material in construction, transportation, and others. The popular approaches for correcting the high flammability of RPUF are copolymerization and blending (with FR). The second method has proven to be most effective as there are limited trade-offs in RPUF properties. Meanwhile, the high flammability of RPUF is still a significant hindrance in emerging applications (sensors, space travel, and others), and this has continuously inspired research in the flame retardancy of RPUF. In this study, properties, and preparation methods of RPUF are described, factors responsible for the high flammability of PUF are discussed, and flame retardancy of RPUF is thoroughly reviewed. Notably, most FR for RPUF are inorganic nanoparticles, lignin, intumescent FR systems of expandable graphite (EG), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and hybridized APP or EG with other FR. These could be due to their ease of processing, low cost, and being environmentally benign. Elaborate discussion on RPUF FR mechanisms were also highlighted. Lastly, a summary and future perspectives in fireproofing RPUF are provided, which could inspire the design of new FR for RPUF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulwasiu Muhammed Raji
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
- Department of Polymer and Textile Technology, Yaba College of Technology, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Hambali Umar Hambali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Zahid Iqbal Khan
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Zurina Binti Mohamad
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Azman
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Raphael Ogabi
- INSA Center Val de Loire, University Orleans, Bourges, France
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Synthesis, Characterization, and Soil Burial Degradation of Biobased Polyurethanes. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224948. [PMID: 36433074 PMCID: PMC9698155 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for developing degradable polymeric systems based on bio-derived and sustainable materials. In recent years, polyurethanes derived from castor oil have emerged due to the large availability and sustainable characteristics of castor oil. However, these polymers are normally prepared through tedious and/or energy-intensive procedures or using high volatile and/or toxic reagents such as volatile isocyanates or epoxides. Furthermore, poor investigation has been carried out to design castor oil derived polyurethanes with degradable characteristics or thorough specifically sustainable synthetic procedures. Herein, castor oil-derived polyurethane with more than 90% biomass-derived carbon content and enhanced degradable features was prepared through a simple, eco-friendly (E-factor: 0.2), and scalable procedure, employing a recently developed commercially available biomass-derived (61% bio-based carbon content) low-volatile polymeric isocyanate. The novel material was compared with a castor oil derived-polyurethane prepared with a commercially available fossil-based isocyanate counterpart. The different castor oil-derived polyurethanes were investigated by means of water uptake, soil burial degradation, and disintegration tests in compost. Characterization analyses, including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were carried out both prior to and after degradation tests. The results suggest potential applications of the degradable castor oil-derived polyurethane in different fields, such as mulch films for agricultural purposes.
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25
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Nasrollahi N, Yousefpoor M, Khataee A, Vatanpour V. Polyurethane-based separation membranes: a review on fabrication techniques, applications, and future prospectives. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Guo L, Wang W, Guo X, Hao K, Liu H, Xu Y, Liu G, Guo S, Bai L, Ren D, Liu F. Recycling of Flexible Polyurethane Foams by Regrinding Scraps into Powder to Replace Polyol for Re-Foaming. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6047. [PMID: 36079426 PMCID: PMC9457413 DOI: 10.3390/ma15176047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the context of protecting the ecological environment and carbon neutrality, high-value recycling of flexible polyurethane foam (F-PUF) scraps, generated in the production process, is of great significance to save petroleum raw materials and reduce energy consumption. In the present study, F-PUF scraps were ground into powder by strong shear regrinding using two-roll mill and then reused as a partial replacement of polyol for re-foaming. A series of characterizations were employed to investigate the effect of milling cycles, roller temperatures, and content of the powder on the properties of the powder and F-PUF containing powder. It was revealed that the mechanochemical effect induced breaking of the cross-linking structure and increased activity of the powder. The volume mean diameter (VMD) of powder prepared with 7 milling cycles, at room temperature, is about 97.73 μm. The microstructure and density of the F-PUF containing powder prepared in the above-mentioned manner to replace up to 15 wt.% polyol, is similar to the original F-PUF, with resilience 49.08% and compression set 7.8%, which indicates that the recycling method will play an important role in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Tire Equipment and Key Materials, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Wenchao Wang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xiurui Guo
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Kuanfa Hao
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Haichao Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Tire Equipment and Key Materials, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Sino-Thai International Rubber College, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Gongxu Liu
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Shouyun Guo
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Lichen Bai
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Donghui Ren
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Fumin Liu
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
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Gao Z, Wang Z, Liu Z, Fu L, Li X, Eling B, Pöselt E, Schander E, Wang Z. Hard block length distribution of thermoplastic polyurethane determined by polymerization-induced phase separation. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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28
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Synthesis of diethylene glycol-based aliphatic polyester polyol and effect of glycerin crosslinker on its properties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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29
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Waleed HQ, Csécsi M, Konyhás V, Boros ZR, Viskolcz B, Fejes Z, Fiser B. Aliphatic tertiary amine catalysed urethane formation - a combined experimental and theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:20538-20545. [PMID: 35997010 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00728b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A kinetic and mechanistic investigation of the alcoholysis of phenyl isocyanate (PhNCO) using stoichiometric butan-1-ol (BuOH) in acetonitrile in the presence of different tertiary amine catalysts was performed. The reaction mechanisms in the absence and presence of experimentally applied catalysts were described by using the G3MP2BHandHLYP composite method. The apparent activation energies obtained from the calculations were in good agreement with the experimental data (ΔΔE = <2 kJ mol-1). Both experimental and theoretical results proved the important effect of tertiary amine catalysts on urethane formation. These results can aid in polyurethane catalyst design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeer Q Waleed
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros A/2, H-3515, Miskolc, Hungary. .,Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
| | - Marcell Csécsi
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros A/2, H-3515, Miskolc, Hungary.
| | - Vivien Konyhás
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros A/2, H-3515, Miskolc, Hungary.
| | - Zsanett R Boros
- Wanhua-BorsodChem Zrt, Bolyai tér 1., H-3700 Kazincbarcika, Hungary
| | - Béla Viskolcz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros A/2, H-3515, Miskolc, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Fejes
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros A/2, H-3515, Miskolc, Hungary.
| | - Béla Fiser
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros A/2, H-3515, Miskolc, Hungary. .,Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.,Ferenc Rakoczi II Transcarpathian Hungarian College of Higher Education, 90200 Beregszász, Transcarpathia, Ukraine
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30
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Waleed HQ, Pecsmány D, Csécsi M, Farkas L, Viskolcz B, Fejes Z, Fiser B. Experimental and Theoretical Study of Cyclic Amine Catalysed Urethane Formation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142859. [PMID: 35890635 PMCID: PMC9316557 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The alcoholysis of phenyl isocyanate (PhNCO) using stoichiometric butan-1-ol (BuOH) in acetonitrile in the presence of different cyclic amine catalysts was examined using a combined kinetic and mechanistic approach. The molecular mechanism of urethane formation without and in the presence of cyclic amine catalysts was studied using the G3MP2BHandHLYP composite method in combination with the SMD implicit solvent model. It was found that the energetics of the model reaction significantly decreased in the presence of catalysts. The computed and measured thermodynamic properties were in good agreement with each other. The results prove that amine catalysts are important in urethane synthesis. Based on the previous and current results, the design of new catalysts will be possible in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeer Q. Waleed
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary; (H.Q.W.); (D.P.); (M.C.); (B.V.)
- Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
| | - Dániel Pecsmány
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary; (H.Q.W.); (D.P.); (M.C.); (B.V.)
- Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
| | - Marcell Csécsi
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary; (H.Q.W.); (D.P.); (M.C.); (B.V.)
| | - László Farkas
- Wanhua-BorsodChem Zrt, Bolyai tér q. 1, 3700 Kazincbarcika, Hungary;
| | - Béla Viskolcz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary; (H.Q.W.); (D.P.); (M.C.); (B.V.)
| | - Zsolt Fejes
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary; (H.Q.W.); (D.P.); (M.C.); (B.V.)
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (B.F.)
| | - Béla Fiser
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary; (H.Q.W.); (D.P.); (M.C.); (B.V.)
- Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
- Ferenc Rákóczi II Transcarpathian Hungarian College of Higher Education, 90200 Beregszász, Ukraine
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (B.F.)
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31
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Guan T, Wang X, Zhu YL, Qian L, Lu Z, Men Y, Li J, Wang Y, Sun J. Mechanically Robust Skin-like Poly(urethane-urea) Elastomers Cross-Linked with Hydrogen-Bond Arrays and Their Application as High-Performance Ultrastretchable Conductors. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - You-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Li Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Men
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Junqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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32
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Leng X, Li C, Cai X, Yang Z, Zhang F, Liu Y, Yang G, Wang Q, Fang G, Zhang X. A study on coconut fatty acid diethanolamide-based polyurethane foams. RSC Adv 2022; 12:13548-13556. [PMID: 35527733 PMCID: PMC9069328 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01361d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility of using coconut fatty acid diethanolamide, a derivate from coconut oil as a bio-based polyol for the synthesis of polyurethane foam was explored. The intrinsic tertiary amine moiety in this polyol (p-CFAD) endowed an auto-catalytic effect in the synthesis process of polyurethane foams, combined with a shorter cream and gelation time compared to the fossil-based polyol 3152. H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) were conducted to characterize the chemical structural features of the p-CFAD, and rheology measurement showed the shear-thinning behavior due to the branched structure. A thermal conductivity comparable to the commercial rigid polyurethane foam was achieved when 40wt% fossil-based polyol 3152 was substituted with the bio-based p-CFAD. With the increased content of the p-CFAD, a transition of the physical properties from rigid PU foam to soft PU foam was observed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the occurrence of the interconnected pores on the cell walls with the increase of the added p-CFAD, implying the possibility of regulating the cellular structure and foam properties via the incorporation of the p-CFAD. Results showed the feasibility of using p-CFAD as a potential polyol in the development of bio-based polyurethane foams with high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Leng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering,State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 China
| | - Cong Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering,State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 China
| | - Xiaoxia Cai
- School of Materials Science & Engineering,State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 China
| | - Zhizhou Yang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering,State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 China
| | - Fengshan Zhang
- Hua Tai Group, Guangrao County Dongying City Shandong China
| | - Yanshao Liu
- Hua Tai Group, Guangrao County Dongying City Shandong China
| | - Guihua Yang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering,State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering,State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 China
| | - Guigan Fang
- Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Nanjing 210042 China
| | - Xian Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering,State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 China
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33
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Can tetraphenylethane (TPE) “iniferter” groups be introduced into polymer chains by coupling TPE diol with diisocyanates? POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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34
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Exploring the Potential to Repurpose Flexible Moulded Polyurethane Foams as Acoustic Insulators. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010163. [PMID: 35012185 PMCID: PMC8747745 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane flexible foams are widely used for a variety of applications to improve comfort and durability. Their long-term frequent use inevitably leads to the generation of waste that needs to be treated. The recycling and reuse of polyurethane waste are essential to achieve an environmentally friendly economy. The present study investigates the potential to reuse and repurpose flexible polyurethane foam from automotive seat cushion waste materials. Flexible foams were prepared with different hardnesses using isocyanate–polyol ratios between 0.8 and 1.2 NCO-index. Dry heat aging tests were performed to mimic the long-term usage of the materials. The decrease in compressive strength was compared with the change in acoustic damping properties before and after the aging tests using an acoustic tube, and the change in foam cell structures was also analyzed by micro-CT. On the basis of the results obtained, although the foam systems are no longer suitable to be used as seat cushions due to aging, they can still be used as sound insulation materials within a given frequency range, as their sound absorption capacity is suitable for such purpose.
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35
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Martins LS, Silva NGS, Claro AM, Amaral NC, Barud HS, Mulinari DR. Insight on açaí seed biomass economy and waste cooking oil: Eco-sorbent castor oil-based. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 293:112803. [PMID: 34089952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The reuse of açaí seeds is an organic approach for valorizing biomass, encouraging the public policies of circular economy, which reduces the human impact on the production chain processes. This research proposes an alternative for açaí seed as a filler in castor oil-based polyurethane, obtaining eco-sorbent to evaluate the sorption capacity for another impactful food industry by-product: waste cooking oil (WCO). Eco-sorbents were obtained with castor oil based-polyol and isocyanate (MDI) by mass mixing equal to 1:1 (OH:NCO), reinforced with açaí seed residue (5-20 wt%). The samples were characterized by techniques scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy (OM), apparent density, contact angle, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Sorption capacity and efficiency were evaluated as a function of the fiber content, with tests performed in times of 30-180 s in two systems: oil and oil/water. The results showed that the eco-sorbents had a hydrophobic nature (θ > 98.3°) and macroporous morphology (pore size from 152 to 119 μm), which allowed the adsorption of residual cooking oil by the porous structure. The kinetics study showed that the sample with greater fiber content (15% wt.) reached the equilibrium in a short time compared to the neat PU for the oil system, with a sorption capacity of 9.50 g g-1 in the first 30 s. For the oil/water system, an opposite behavior could be observed, with a sorption capacity of 9.98 g g-1 in the 150 s equilibrium time. The Langmuir isotherm model presented a maximum adsorption capacity of 10.42 g g-1. However, the Freundlich isotherm model had a better fit to the experimental data with R2 (0.97) and lower chi-square (0.159), showing favorable adsorption (n = 1.496). Thus, it was proved that the weak interactions (connection H) and the binding energy of the predominant physisorption for the oil/water system. Thus, developed eco-sorbents are an excellent option for the sorption of WCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa S Martins
- Department of Chemistry and Environment, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Resende, Brazil
| | - Nycolle G S Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Environment, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Resende, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Daniella R Mulinari
- Department of Mechanic and Energy, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Resende, Brazil.
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36
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Tai NL, Ghasemlou M, Adhikari R, Adhikari B. Starch-based isocyanate- and non-isocyanate polyurethane hybrids: A review on synthesis, performance and biodegradation. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 265:118029. [PMID: 33966823 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The challenges related to the persistence of plastics in natural ecosystems fostered strong interest in developing biodegradable bioplastics. Among natural biopolymers, starch gained both academic and industrial interest owing to its impressive physicochemical properties. The use of starch in production of polyurethane (PU) composites not only yields PUs with outstanding mechanical properties but also makes the final PU products biodegradable. The hydrophilic nature of starch limits its dispersion in hydrophobic PU polymers, although it is a significant benefit in creating starch-embedded non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) composites. We present a comprehensive overview to highlight important strategies that are used to improve the compatibility of starch with various PU matrices. This review also gives an overview of the recent advances in the synthesis of starch-NIPU hybrids. Moreover, we aim to deliver critical insight into strategies that boost the biodegradation characteristics of PUs along with a discussion on various methods to assess their biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyok Ling Tai
- School of Science, College of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics (STEM), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Mehran Ghasemlou
- School of Science, College of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics (STEM), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Raju Adhikari
- School of Science, College of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics (STEM), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Benu Adhikari
- School of Science, College of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics (STEM), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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37
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Wang D, Wang Z, Ren S, Xu J, Wang C, Hu P, Fu J. Molecular engineering of a colorless, extremely tough, superiorly self-recoverable, and healable poly(urethane-urea) elastomer for impact-resistant applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:2238-2250. [PMID: 34846428 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00548k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane or polyurea elastomers with superb mechanical strength and toughness, good self-recoverability and healable characteristics are of key significance for practical applications. However, some mutually exclusive conflicts among these properties make it challenging to optimize them simultaneously. Herein, we report a facile strategy to fabricate a colorless healable poly(urethane-urea) elastomer with the highest reported mechanical toughness and recoverable energy dissipation capability (503.3 MJ m-3 and 37.3 MJ m-3 recovered after 7× stretching). These results were achieved via implanting a large number of irregularly arranged urea H-bonds into units of hard domains of weak and soft, self-healing polymer, which led to a dramatic increase in the Young's modulus, tensile strength, toughness, and fracture energy, while maintaining dynamic adaptiveness and responsiveness. Similar to other external stimuli, such as heat, light, or electricity, etc., trace solvent is capable of dissociating noncovalent crosslinks, promoting the mobility of polymer chains surrounding the fracture surface, and thus endowing the elastomer with healability. Impressively, this elastomer possessed outstanding impact-resistance and energy-absorbing ability, even under relatively high temperature. Moreover, it recovered this functionality even after severe deformation or accidental mechanical damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, China.
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38
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Allami T, Alamiery A, Nassir MH, Kadhum AH. Investigating Physio-Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane and Thermoplastics Nanocomposite in Various Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2467. [PMID: 34372071 PMCID: PMC8347130 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the soft and hard polyurethane (PU) segments caused by the hydrogen link in phase-separation kinetics was studied to investigate the morphological annealing of PU and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The significance of the segmented PUs is to achieve enough stability for further applications in biomedical and environmental fields. In addition, other research focuses on widening the plastic features and adjusting the PU-polyimide ratio to create elastomer of the poly(urethane-imide). Regarding TPU- and PU-nanocomposite, numerous studies investigated the incorporation of inorganic nanofillers such as carbon or clay to incorporating TPU-nanocomposite in several applications. Additionally, the complete exfoliation was observed up to 5% and 3% of TPU-clay modified with 12 amino lauric acid and benzidine, respectively. PU-nanocomposite of 5 wt.% Cloisite®30B showed an increase in modulus and tensile strength by 110% and 160%, respectively. However, the nanocomposite PU-0.5 wt.% Carbone Nanotubes (CNTs) show an increase in the tensile modulus by 30% to 90% for blown and flat films, respectively. Coating PU influences stress-strain behavior because of the interaction between the soft segment and physical crosslinkers. The thermophysical properties of the TPU matrix have shown two glass transition temperatures (Tg's) corresponding to the soft and the hard segment. Adding a small amount of tethered clay shifts Tg for both segments by 44 °C and 13 °C, respectively, while adding clay from 1 to 5 wt.% results in increasing the thermal stability of TPU composite from 12 to 34 °C, respectively. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate the phase structure of PU dispersion, showing an increase in thermal stability, solubility, and flexibility. Regarding the electrical properties, the maximum piezoresistivity (10 S/m) of 7.4 wt.% MWCNT was enhanced by 92.92%. The chemical structure of the PU-CNT composite has shown a degree of agglomeration under disruption of the sp2 carbon structure. However, with extended graphene loading to 5.7 wt.%, piezoresistivity could hit 10-1 S/m, less than 100 times that of PU. In addition to electrical properties, the acoustic behavior of MWCNT (0.35 wt.%)/SiO2 (0.2 wt.%)/PU has shown sound absorption of 80 dB compared to the PU foam sample. Other nanofillers, such as SiO2, TiO2, ZnO, Al2O3, were studied showing an improvement in the thermal stability of the polymer and enhancing scratch and abrasion resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyser Allami
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (A.A.); (M.H.N.); (A.H.K.)
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39
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Bachmann M, Kätelhön A, Winter B, Meys R, Müller LJ, Bardow A. Renewable carbon feedstock for polymers: environmental benefits from synergistic use of biomass and CO 2. Faraday Discuss 2021; 230:227-246. [PMID: 33889872 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00134a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymer production is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To reduce GHG emissions, the polymer industry needs to shift towards renewable carbon feedstocks such as biomass and CO2. Both feedstocks have been shown to reduce GHG emissions in polymer production, however often at the expense of increased utilization of the limited resources biomass and renewable electricity. Here, we explore synergetic effects between biomass and CO2 utilization to reduce both GHG emissions and renewable resource use. For this purpose, we use life cycle assessment (LCA) to quantify the environmental benefits of the combined utilization of biomass and CO2 in the polyurethane supply chain. Our results show that the combined utilization reduces GHG emissions by 13% more than the individual utilization of either biomass or CO2. The synergies between bio- and CO2-based production save about 25% of the limited resources biomass and renewable electricity. The synergistic use of biomass and CO2 also reduces burden shifting from climate change to other environmental impacts, e.g., metal depletion or land use. Our results show how the combined utilization of biomass and CO2 in polymer supply chains reduces both GHG emissions and resource use by exploiting synergies between the feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Bachmann
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
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40
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Advances in Low-Density Flexible Polyurethane Foams by Optimized Incorporation of High Amount of Recycled Polyol. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111736. [PMID: 34073296 PMCID: PMC8198888 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An industrially manufactured recycled polyol, obtained by acidolysis process, was for the first time proved to be a possible replacement of the reference fossil-based polyol in a low-density formulation suitable for industrial production of flexible polyurethane foams. The influence of increasing recycled polyol amounts on the properties of the polyurethane foam has been studied, also performing foam emission tests to evaluate the environmental impact. Using 10 pbw recycled polyol in the standard formulation, significant differences of the physical properties were not observed, but increase of the recycled polyol amount to 30 pbw led to a dramatic decrease of the foam air flow and a very tight foam. To overcome this drawback, N,N′-bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea was selected as tertiary amine catalyst, enabling the preservation of foam properties even at high recycled polyol level (30 pbw). Foam emission data demonstrated that this optimized foam formulation also led to an important reduction of volatile organic compounds. The results open the way for further optimization studies in low-density flexible polyurethane foam formulations, to increase the reutilization of the polyurethane waste and reduce the amount of petroleum-based raw materials.
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41
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Gausas L, Kristensen SK, Sun H, Ahrens A, Donslund BS, Lindhardt AT, Skrydstrup T. Catalytic Hydrogenation of Polyurethanes to Base Chemicals: From Model Systems to Commercial and End-of-Life Polyurethane Materials. JACS AU 2021; 1:517-524. [PMID: 34467313 PMCID: PMC8395660 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane (PU) is a highly valued polymer prepared from diisocyanates and polyols, and it is used in everyday products, such as shoe soles, mattresses, and insulation materials, but also for the construction of sophisticated parts of medical devices, wind turbine blades, aircrafts, and spacecrafts, to name a few. As PU is most commonly used as a thermoset polymer composed of cross-linked structures, its recycling is complicated and inefficient, leading to increasing PU waste accumulating every year. Catalytic hydrogenation represents an atom-efficient means for the deconstruction of polyurethanes, but so far the identification of an efficient catalyst for the disassembly of real-life and end-of-life PU samples has not been demonstrated. In this work, we reveal that a commercially available catalyst, Ir- iPrMACHO, under 30 bar H2 and 150-180 °C, is a general catalyst for the effective hydrogenation of the four cornerstones of PU: flexible solid, flexible foamed, rigid solid, and rigid foamed, leading to the isolation of aromatic amines and a polyol fraction. For the first time, a variety of commercial PU materials, including examples of foams, inline skating wheels, shoe soles, and insulation materials, has been deconstructed into the two fractions. Most desirable, our reaction conditions include the use of isopropyl alcohol as a representative of a green solvent. It is speculated that a partial glycolysis at the surface of the PU particles is taking place in this solvent and reaction temperatures in the presence of catalytic amounts of base. As such a more efficient hydrogenation of the solubilized PU fragments in isopropyl alcohol becomes possible. As the isolated anilines are precursors to the original isocyanate building blocks, and methods for their conversion are well-known, the work reported in this paper provides a realistic indication of a potential circular plastic economy solution for PU. Preliminary experiments were also undertaken applying Mn- iPrMACHO for the deconstruction of a commercial flexible PU foam. Although successful, more forcing conditions were required than those when applying Ir- iPrMACHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurynas Gausas
- Carbon
Dioxide Activation Center, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Steffan K. Kristensen
- Carbon
Dioxide Activation Center, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Hongwei Sun
- Carbon
Dioxide Activation Center, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Alexander Ahrens
- Carbon
Dioxide Activation Center, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bjarke S. Donslund
- Carbon
Dioxide Activation Center, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anders T. Lindhardt
- Danish
Technological Institute, Environmental Technology, 8000 Aarhus C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Troels Skrydstrup
- Carbon
Dioxide Activation Center, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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42
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Guo Y, Muuronen M, Deglmann P, Lucas F, Sijbesma RP, Tomović Ž. Role of Acetate Anions in the Catalytic Formation of Isocyanurates from Aromatic Isocyanates. J Org Chem 2021; 86:5651-5659. [PMID: 33793239 PMCID: PMC8154571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The formation of isocyanurates via cyclotrimerization of aromatic isocyanates is widely used to enhance the physical properties of a variety of polyurethanes. The most commonly used catalysts in industries are carboxylates for which the exact catalytically active species have remained controversial. We investigated how acetate and other carboxylates react with aromatic isocyanates in a stepwise manner and identified that the carboxylates are only precatalysts in the reaction. The reaction of carboxylates with an excess of aromatic isocyanates leads to irreversible formation of corresponding deprotonated amide species that are strongly nucleophilic and basic. As a result, they are active catalysts during the nucleophilic anionic trimerization, but can also deprotonate urethane and urea species present, which in turn catalyze the isocyanurate formation. The current study also shows how quantum chemical calculations can be used to direct spectroscopic identification of reactive intermediates formed during the active catalytic cycle with predictive accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Guo
- Polymer Performance Materials Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mikko Muuronen
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Peter Deglmann
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Frederic Lucas
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Rint P Sijbesma
- Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Željko Tomović
- Polymer Performance Materials Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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43
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A Self‐healing and Thermal Radiation Shielding Magnetic Polyurethane of Reducing Retro Diels–Alder Reaction Temperature. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-01970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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44
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Li Q, Ma S, Li P, Wang B, Feng H, Lu N, Wang S, Liu Y, Xu X, Zhu J. Biosourced Acetal and Diels–Alder Adduct Concurrent Polyurethane Covalent Adaptable Network. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Divisions of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Songqi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Divisions of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Pengyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Divisions of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Binbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Divisions of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Hongzhi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Divisions of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Na Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Divisions of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Divisions of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Divisions of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Xiwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Divisions of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Divisions of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
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