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Zhong X, Jordan R, Chen JR, Raymond J, Lahann J. Systematic Studies into the Area Selectivity of Chemical Vapor Deposition Polymerization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21618-21628. [PMID: 37079371 PMCID: PMC10165597 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As the current top-down microchip manufacturing processes approach their resolution limits, there is a need for alternative patterning technologies that offer high feature densities and edge fidelity with single-digit nanometer resolution. To address this challenge, bottom-up processes have been considered, but they typically require sophisticated masking and alignment schemes and/or face materials' compatibility issues. In this work, we report a systematic study into the impact of thermodynamic processes on the area selectivity of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization of functional [2.2]paracyclophanes (PCP). Adhesion mapping of preclosure CVD films by atomic force microscopy (AFM) provided a detailed understanding of the geometric features of the polymer islands that form under different deposition conditions. Our results suggest a correlation between interfacial transport processes, including adsorption, diffusion, and desorption, and thermodynamic control parameters, such as substrate temperature and working pressure. This work culminates in a kinetic model that predictes both area-selective and nonselective CVD parameters for the same polymer/substrate ensemble (PPX-C + Cu). While limited to a focused subset of CVD polymers and substrates, this work provides an improved mechanistic understanding of area-selective CVD polymerization and highlights the potential for thermodynamic control in tuning area selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Zhong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward St., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rob Jordan
- Intel Corporation, 2501 NE Century Blvd., Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
| | - Jiun-Ruey Chen
- Intel Corporation, 2501 NE Century Blvd., Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
| | - Jeffery Raymond
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward St., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Fluorescent Gold Nanoparticles in Suspension as an Efficient Theranostic Agent for Highly Radio-Resistant Cancer Cells. JOURNAL OF NANOTHERANOSTICS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/jnt4010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles are a promising candidate for developing new strategies of therapy against cancer. Due to their high atomic number and relative biocompatibility, they are commonly investigated as radiosensitizers to locally increase the dose of radiotherapy. In order to optimize this radiosensitizing effect, it is necessary to control the positioning of the nanoparticles in the cells. The purpose of this study is to investigate, by means of fluorescent gold nanoparticles in suspension, the dose enhancement on highly radio-resistant cancer cells. These nanoparticles were successfully produced using modern click-chemistry methods, first by attaching a chelating agent Diethylenetriamine pentaacetate benzylamine to L-cysteine, bonding the resulting ligand to a gold core, grafting propargylamine and then utilizing copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) to fuse AlexaFluor 647 to the ligands. The results of this study prove the success of the reactions to produce a minimally cytotoxic and highly stable nanoparticle suspension that increases the radiosensitivity of gliosarcoma 9L tumor cells, with a 35% increase in cell death using 5 Gy kilovoltage radiation. Their fluorescent functionalization allowed for their simple localization within living cells and detection in vivo post-mortem.
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Shindler S, Yang R. Hydrolysis of Poly(fluoroacrylate) Thin Films Synthesized from the Vapor Phase. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:1215-1226. [PMID: 36621891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The post-synthesis surface reaction of vapor-deposited polymer thin films is a promising technique in engineering heterogeneous surface chemistry. Because the existing research has neglected marginally reactive precursor films in preference of their highly reactive counterparts, our knowledge of kinetics and loss of film integrity during the reaction are limited. To address these limitations, we characterize hydrolysis of two fluoroacrylates, poly(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl acrylate) (pPFOA) and poly(2,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobutyl acrylate) (pHFBA), with sodium hydroxide using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Without crosslinking with di(ethylene glycol)divinyl ether (DEGDVE) and grafting with trichlorovinyl silane, the films degrade rapidly during hydrolysis. An SN2 mechanism describes hydrolysis well, with rate constants of 0.0029 ± 0.0004 and 0.011 ± 0.001 L mol-1s-1 at 30 °C for p(PFOA-co-DEGDVE) and p(HFBA-co-DEGDVE), respectively. Our detailed study of hydrolysis kinetics of marginally reactive fluoroacrylates demonstrates the full capability and limitations of the post-synthesis reaction. Importantly, copolymers are characterized using a density correction new to polymer chemical vapor deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Shindler
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
| | - Rong Yang
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
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Sola L, Brambilla D, Mussida A, Damin F, Chiari M. A Bifunctional Polymeric Coating for the Co-Immobilization of Proteins and Peptides on Microarray Substrates. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2578:27-39. [PMID: 36152278 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2732-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The analytical performance of the microarray technique in screening the affinity and reactivity of molecules toward a specific target is highly affected by the coupling chemistry adopted to bind probes to the surface. However, the surface functionality limits the biomolecules that can be attached to the surface to a single type of molecule, thus forcing the execution of separate analyses to compare the performance of different species in recognizing their targets. Here, we introduce a new N,N-dimethylacrylamide-based polymeric coating, bearing simultaneously different functionalities (N-acryloyloxysuccinimide and azide groups) to allow an easy and straightforward method to co-immobilize proteins and oriented peptides on the same substrate. The bifunctional copolymer has been obtained by partial post-polymerization modification of the functional groups of a common precursor. This strategy represents a convenient method to reduce the number of analyses, therefore possible systematic or random errors, besides offering a drastic shortage in time, reagents, and costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sola
- National Research Council of Italy, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC-CNR), Milan, Italy.
| | - Dario Brambilla
- National Research Council of Italy, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mussida
- National Research Council of Italy, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC-CNR), Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Damin
- National Research Council of Italy, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella Chiari
- National Research Council of Italy, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC-CNR), Milan, Italy
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Hassan Z, Varadharajan D, Zippel C, Begum S, Lahann J, Bräse S. Design Strategies for Structurally Controlled Polymer Surfaces via Cyclophane-Based CVD Polymerization and Post-CVD Fabrication. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201761. [PMID: 35555829 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Molecular structuring of soft matter with precise arrangements over multiple hierarchical levels, especially on polymer surfaces, and enabling their post-synthetic modulation has tremendous potential for application in molecular engineering and interfacial science. Here, recent research and developments in design strategies for structurally controlled polymer surfaces via cyclophane-based chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization with precise control over chemical functionalities and post-CVD fabrication via orthogonal surface functionalization that facilitates the formation of designable biointerfaces are summarized. Particular discussion about innovative approaches for the templated synthesis of shape-controlled CVD polymers, ranging from 1D to 3D architecture, including inside confined nanochannels, nanofibers/nanowires synthesis into an anisotropic media such as liquid crystals, and CVD polymer nanohelices via hierarchical chirality transfer across multiple length scales is provided. Aiming at multifunctional polymer surfaces via CVD copolymerization of multiple precursors, the structural and functional design of the fundamental [2.2]paracyclophane (PCP) precursor molecules, that is, functional CVD monomer chemistry is also described. Technologically advanced and innovative surface deposition techniques toward topological micro- and nanostructuring, including microcontact printing, photopatterning, photomask, and lithographic techniques such as dip-pen nanolithography, showcasing research from the authors' laboratories as well as other's relevant important findings in this evolving field are highlighted that have introduced new programmable CVD polymerization capabilities. Perspectives, current limitations, and future considerations are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hassan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Divya Varadharajan
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christoph Zippel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Salma Begum
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jörg Lahann
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Biointerfaces Institute, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Sola L, Brambilla D, Mussida A, Consonni R, Damin F, Cretich M, Gori A, Chiari M. A bi-functional polymeric coating for the co-immobilization of proteins and peptides on microarray substrates. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1187:339138. [PMID: 34753566 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The analytical performance of the microarray technique in screening the affinity and reactivity of molecules towards a specific target, is highly affected by the coupling chemistry adopted to bind probes to the surface. However, the surface functionality limits the biomolecules that can be attached to the surface to a single type of molecule, thus forcing the execution of separate analyses to compare the performance of different species in recognizing their targets. Here we introduce a new N, N-dimethylacrylamide-based polymeric coating, bearing simultaneously different functionalities (N-acryloyloxysuccinimide and azide groups) to allow an easy and straightforward method to co-immobilize proteins and oriented peptides on the same substrate. The bi-functional copolymer has been obtained by partial post polymerization modification of the functional groups of a common precursor. A NMR characterization of the copolymer was conducted to quantify the percentage of NAS that has been transformed into azido groups. The polymer was used to coat surfaces onto which both native antibodies and alkyne modified peptides were immobilized, to perform the phenotype characterization of extracellular vesicles (EVs). This strategy represents a convenient method to reduce the number of analysis, thus possible systematic or random errors, besides offering a drastic shortage in time, reagents and costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sola
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy.
| | - Dario Brambilla
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mussida
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Consonni
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Damin
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Cretich
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gori
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella Chiari
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
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Kim J, Jang SC, Bae K, Park J, Kim HD, Lahann J, Kim HS, Lee KJ. Chemically Tunable Organic Dielectric Layer on an Oxide TFT: Poly( p-xylylene) Derivatives. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:43123-43133. [PMID: 34472836 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic materials such as SiOx and SiNx are commonly used as dielectric layers in thin-film transistors (TFTs), but recent advancements in TFT devices, such as inclusion in flexible electronics, require the development of novel types of dielectric layers. In this study, CVD-deposited poly(p-xylylene) (PPx)-based polymers were evaluated as alternative dielectric layers. CVD-deposited PPx can produce thin, conformal, and pinhole-free polymer layers on various surfaces, including oxides and metals, without interfacial defects. Three types of commercial polymers were successfully deposited on various substrates and exhibited stable dielectric properties under frequency and voltage sweeps. Additionally, TFTs with PPx as a dielectric material and an oxide semiconductor exhibited excellent device performance; a mobility as high as 22.72 cm2/(V s), which is the highest value among organic gate dielectric TFTs, to the best of our knowledge. Because of the low-temperature deposition process and its unprecedented mechanical flexibility, TFTs with CVD-deposited PPx were successfully fabricated on a flexible plastic substrate, exhibiting excellent durability over 10000 bending cycles. Finally, a custom-synthesized functionalized PPx was introduced into top-gated TFTs, demonstrating the possibility for expanding this concept to a wide range of chemistries with tunable gate dielectric layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Cheol Jang
- Department of Materials Science and, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihyeon Bae
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Park
- Department of Materials Science and, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Do Kim
- Department of Materials Science and, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hyun-Suk Kim
- Department of Materials Science and, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Bilal M, Hussain N, Américo-Pinheiro JHP, Almulaiky YQ, Iqbal HMN. Multi-enzyme co-immobilized nano-assemblies: Bringing enzymes together for expanding bio-catalysis scope to meet biotechnological challenges. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:735-749. [PMID: 34271049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Co-immobilization of multi-enzymes has emerged as a promising concept to design and signify bio-catalysis engineering. Undoubtedly, the existence and importance of basic immobilization methods such as encapsulation, covalent binding, cross-linking, or even simple adsorption cannot be ignored as they are the core of advanced co-immobilization strategies. Different strategies have been developed and deployed to green the twenty-first century bio-catalysis. Moreover, co-immobilization of multi-enzymes has successfully resolved the limitations of individual enzyme loaded constructs. With an added value of this advanced bio-catalysis engineering platform, designing, and fabricating co-immobilized enzymes loaded nanostructure carriers to perform a particular set of reactions with high catalytic turnover is of supreme interest. Herein, we spotlight the emergence of co-immobilization strategies by bringing multi-enzymes together with various types of nanocarriers to expand the bio-catalysis scope. Following a brief introduction, the first part of the review focuses on multienzyme co-immobilization strategies, i.e., random co-immobilization, compartmentalization, and positional co-immobilization. The second part comprehensively covers four major categories of nanocarriers, i.e., carbon based nanocarriers, polymer based nanocarriers, silica-based nanocarriers, and metal-based nanocarriers along with their particular examples. In each section, several critical factors that can affect the performance and successful deployment of co-immobilization of enzymes are given in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Nazim Hussain
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
| | | | - Yaaser Q Almulaiky
- University of Jeddah, College of Sciences and Arts at Khulais, Department of Chemistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico.
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10
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Wellman SM, Eles JR, Ludwig KA, Seymour JP, Michelson NJ, McFadden WE, Vazquez AL, Kozai TDY. A Materials Roadmap to Functional Neural Interface Design. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2018; 28:1701269. [PMID: 29805350 PMCID: PMC5963731 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201701269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Advancement in neurotechnologies for electrophysiology, neurochemical sensing, neuromodulation, and optogenetics are revolutionizing scientific understanding of the brain while enabling treatments, cures, and preventative measures for a variety of neurological disorders. The grand challenge in neural interface engineering is to seamlessly integrate the interface between neurobiology and engineered technology, to record from and modulate neurons over chronic timescales. However, the biological inflammatory response to implants, neural degeneration, and long-term material stability diminish the quality of interface overtime. Recent advances in functional materials have been aimed at engineering solutions for chronic neural interfaces. Yet, the development and deployment of neural interfaces designed from novel materials have introduced new challenges that have largely avoided being addressed. Many engineering efforts that solely focus on optimizing individual probe design parameters, such as softness or flexibility, downplay critical multi-dimensional interactions between different physical properties of the device that contribute to overall performance and biocompatibility. Moreover, the use of these new materials present substantial new difficulties that must be addressed before regulatory approval for use in human patients will be achievable. In this review, the interdependence of different electrode components are highlighted to demonstrate the current materials-based challenges facing the field of neural interface engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Wellman
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for the Basis of Neural Cognition, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 208 Center for Biotechnology, 300 Technology Dr., Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - James R Eles
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for the Basis of Neural Cognition, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 208 Center for Biotechnology, 300 Technology Dr., Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - Kip A Ludwig
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - John P Seymour
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, 1301 Beal Ave., 2227 EECS, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Nicholas J Michelson
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for the Basis of Neural Cognition, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 208 Center for Biotechnology, 300 Technology Dr., Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - William E McFadden
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for the Basis of Neural Cognition, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 208 Center for Biotechnology, 300 Technology Dr., Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - Alberto L Vazquez
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for the Basis of Neural Cognition, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 208 Center for Biotechnology, 300 Technology Dr., Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - Takashi D Y Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for the Basis of Neural Cognition, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 208 Center for Biotechnology, 300 Technology Dr., Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
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11
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Gevrek TN, Kosif I, Sanyal A. Surface-Anchored Thiol-Reactive Soft Interfaces: Engineering Effective Platforms for Biomolecular Immobilization and Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:27946-27954. [PMID: 28745494 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of antibiofouling, specifically reactive polymeric coatings that undergo facile functionalization with thiol-bearing small molecules and ligands, yields effective platforms for biomolecular immobilization and sensing. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based copolymers containing alkoxysilyl groups to enable surface-anchoring and furan-protected maleimide groups as latent thiol-reactive moieties as side-chains were synthesized. Reactive interfaces were obtained by coating these copolymers onto Si/SiO2 or glass surfaces and activating the maleimide groups to their thiol-reactive forms via thermal treatment. A series of surfaces modified with copolymers containing varying amounts of maleimide groups were synthesized. Effectiveness of surface modification was probed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, contact angle goniometry, ellipsometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Facile surface modification through thiol-maleimide conjugation was established by attachment of a thiol-containing fluorescent dye, namely BODIPY-SH. It was demonstrated that these surfaces allow spatially localized modification through microcontact printing. Importantly, the extent of surface modification could be tuned by varying the initial composition of the copolymer used for coating. Using fluorescence microscopy, it was observed that increasing amount of fluorescent dye was attached onto surfaces fabricated with copolymers with increasing amount of masked maleimide groups. Thereafter, the thiol-maleimide conjugation was utilized to decorate these surfaces with biotin, a protein-binding ligand. It was observed that though these biotinylated surfaces were able to bind Streptavidin effectively, some nonspecific binding was observed on places that were not in conformal contact with the stamp during microcontact printing. This nonspecific binding was eliminated upon neutralizing the residual maleimide units on the printed surface using thiol-containing PEG. Notably, fluorescence analysis of Streptavidin immobilized onto biotinylated surfaces fabricated using varying amounts of maleimide demonstrated that the amount of immobilized protein could be tuned by varying surface composition. It can be envisioned that facile fabrication of these maleimide-containing polymeric surfaces, their effective functionalization in a tunable manner to engineer interfaces for effective immobilization or sensing of biomolecules in a spatially controlled manner would make them attractive candidates for various biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugce Nihal Gevrek
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University , Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Irem Kosif
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University , Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Amitav Sanyal
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University , Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
- Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University , Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
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Bally‐Le Gall F, Hussal C, Kramer J, Cheng K, Kumar R, Eyster T, Baek A, Trouillet V, Nieger M, Bräse S, Lahann J. Polylutidines: Multifunctional Surfaces through Vapor‐Based Polymerization of Substituted Pyridinophanes. Chemistry 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Bally‐Le Gall
- Institute of Functional Interfaces Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Materials Science of Mulhouse, UMR 7361 UHA CNRS University of Strasbourg 68057 Mulhouse Cedex France
| | - Christoph Hussal
- Institute of Functional Interfaces Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Joshua Kramer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Kenneth Cheng
- Biointerfaces Institute and Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering University of Michigan 2800 Plymouth Road Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Ramya Kumar
- Biointerfaces Institute and Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering University of Michigan 2800 Plymouth Road Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Thomas Eyster
- Biointerfaces Institute and Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering University of Michigan 2800 Plymouth Road Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Amy Baek
- Biointerfaces Institute and Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering University of Michigan 2800 Plymouth Road Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Vanessa Trouillet
- Institute for Applied Materials and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinski P.O. Box 55 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Institute of Functional Interfaces Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Biointerfaces Institute and Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering University of Michigan 2800 Plymouth Road Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
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13
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Chen HY. Micro- and nano-surface structures based on vapor-deposited polymers. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:1366-1374. [PMID: 28900592 PMCID: PMC5530612 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vapor-deposition processes and the resulting thin polymer films provide consistent coatings that decouple the underlying substrate surface properties and can be applied for surface modification regardless of the substrate material and geometry. Here, various ways to structure these vapor-deposited polymer thin films are described. Well-established and available photolithography and soft lithography techniques are widely performed for the creation of surface patterns and microstructures on coated substrates. However, because of the requirements for applying a photomask or an elastomeric stamp, these techniques are mostly limited to flat substrates. Attempts are also conducted to produce patterned structures on non-flat surfaces with various maskless methods such as light-directed patterning and direct-writing approaches. The limitations for patterning on non-flat surfaces are resolution and cost. With the requirement of chemical control and/or precise accessibility to the linkage with functional molecules, chemically and topographically defined interfaces have recently attracted considerable attention. The multifunctional, gradient, and/or synergistic activities of using such interfaces are also discussed. Finally, an emerging discovery of selective deposition of polymer coatings and the bottom-up patterning approach by using the selective deposition technology is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Yeh Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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14
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Baysak E, Durmaz H, Tunca U, Hizal G. Synthesis of Activated Ester Functional Polyesters through Light-Induced [4+4] Cycloaddition Polymerization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Baysak
- Department of Chemistry; Istanbul Technical University; 34469 Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Hakan Durmaz
- Department of Chemistry; Istanbul Technical University; 34469 Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Umit Tunca
- Department of Chemistry; Istanbul Technical University; 34469 Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Gurkan Hizal
- Department of Chemistry; Istanbul Technical University; 34469 Maslak Istanbul Turkey
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15
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Penetration and exchange kinetics of primary alkyl amines applied to reactive poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) thin films. Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2016.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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16
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Liang Y, Jordahl JH, Ding H, Deng X, Lahann J. Uniform Coating of Microparticles using CVD Polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cvde.201507197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liang
- Biointerfaces Institute & Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109; USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering; China University of Geosciences (Beijing) Beijing 100083; China
| | - Jacob H. Jordahl
- Biointerfaces Institute & Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109; USA
| | - Hao Ding
- Department of Material Science and Engineering; China University of Geosciences (Beijing) Beijing 100083; China
| | - Xiaopei Deng
- Biointerfaces Institute & Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109; USA
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Biointerfaces Institute & Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109; USA
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17
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Das A, Theato P. Activated Ester Containing Polymers: Opportunities and Challenges for the Design of Functional Macromolecules. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1434-95. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Das
- Institute
for Technical and
Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Theato
- Institute
for Technical and
Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
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18
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Yoon J, Eyster TW, Misra AC, Lahann J. Cardiomyocyte-Driven Actuation in Biohybrid Microcylinders. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:4509-4515. [PMID: 26109501 PMCID: PMC4844906 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201501284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biohybrid microcylinders are fabricated using electrohydrodynamic cojetting followed by a surface chemistry approach to maximize cell-adhesive characteristics. As proper cell alignment and mechanical stiffness are important components of bioactuator design, spatial cell selectivity and stress/strain properties of microcylinders are characterized to demonstrate their capability of response to rat cardio-myocyte contraction. These microcylinders can find applications in a host of micromechanical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Yoon
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Tom W Eyster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Asish C Misra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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19
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Liang Y, Deng X, Senkevich JJ, Ding H, Lahann J. Thermal and environmental stability of poly(4-ethynyl-p-xylylene-co-p-xylylene) thin films. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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20
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Pranantyo D, Xu LQ, Neoh KG, Kang ET, Ng YX, Teo SLM. Tea Stains-Inspired Initiator Primer for Surface Grafting of Antifouling and Antimicrobial Polymer Brush Coatings. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:723-32. [DOI: 10.1021/bm501623c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dicky Pranantyo
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
| | - Li Qun Xu
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
| | - Koon-Gee Neoh
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
| | - En-Tang Kang
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
| | - Ying Xian Ng
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119223
| | - Serena Lay-Ming Teo
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119223
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21
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Mechanical failure modes of chronically implanted planar silicon-based neural probes for laminar recording. Biomaterials 2014; 37:25-39. [PMID: 25453935 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Penetrating intracortical electrode arrays that record brain activity longitudinally are powerful tools for basic neuroscience research and emerging clinical applications. However, regardless of the technology used, signals recorded by these electrodes degrade over time. The failure mechanisms of these electrodes are understood to be a complex combination of the biological reactive tissue response and material failure of the device over time. While mechanical mismatch between the brain tissue and implanted neural electrodes have been studied as a source of chronic inflammation and performance degradation, the electrode failure caused by mechanical mismatch between different material properties and different structural components within a device have remained poorly characterized. Using Finite Element Model (FEM) we simulate the mechanical strain on a planar silicon electrode. The results presented here demonstrate that mechanical mismatch between iridium and silicon leads to concentrated strain along the border of the two materials. This strain is further focused on small protrusions such as the electrical traces in planar silicon electrodes. These findings are confirmed with chronic in vivo data (133-189 days) in mice by correlating a combination of single-unit electrophysiology, evoked multi-unit recordings, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy from traces and electrode sites with our modeling data. Several modes of mechanical failure of chronically implanted planar silicon electrodes are found that result in degradation and/or loss of recording. These findings highlight the importance of strains and material properties of various subcomponents within an electrode array.
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22
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23
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Rahmani S, Saha S, Durmaz H, Donini A, Misra AC, Yoon J, Lahann J. Chemically orthogonal three-patch microparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:2332-8. [PMID: 24574030 PMCID: PMC5550901 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Compared to two-dimensional substrates, only a few methodologies exist for the spatially controlled decoration of three-dimensional objects, such as microparticles. Combining electrohydrodynamic co-jetting with synthetic polymer chemistry, we were able to create two- and three-patch microparticles displaying chemically orthogonal anchor groups on three distinct surface patches of the same particle. This approach takes advantage of a combination of novel chemically orthogonal polylactide-based polymers and their processing by electrohydrodynamic co-jetting to yield unprecedented multifunctional microparticles. Several micropatterned particles were fabricated displaying orthogonal click functionalities. Specifically, we demonstrate novel two- and three-patch particles. Multi-patch particles are highly sought after for their potential to present multiple distinct ligands in a directional manner. This work clearly establishes a viable route towards orthogonal reaction strategies on multivalent micropatterned particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Rahmani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Material Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109 (USA) http://www.umich.edu/∼lahannj/index.htm; Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen (Germany)
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24
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Rahmani S, Saha S, Durmaz H, Donini A, Misra AC, Yoon J, Lahann J. Chemically Orthogonal Three-Patch Microparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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RGD-Functionalization of Poly(2-oxazoline)-Based Networks for Enhanced Adhesion to Cancer Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/polym6020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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26
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Deng X, Lahann J. Orthogonal surface functionalization through bioactive vapor-based polymer coatings. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopei Deng
- Biointerfaces Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan 48109
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Biointerfaces Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan 48109
- Institute for Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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27
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Bally F, Cheng K, Nandivada H, Deng X, Ross AM, Panades A, Lahann J. Co-immobilization of biomolecules on ultrathin reactive chemical vapor deposition coatings using multiple click chemistry strategies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:9262-9268. [PMID: 23888837 DOI: 10.1021/am401875x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Immobilization of biomolecules, such as proteins or sugars, is a key issue in biotechnology because it enables the understanding of cellular behavior in more biological relevant environment. Here, poly(4-ethynyl-p-xylylene-co-p-xylylene) coatings have been fabricated by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization in order to bind bioactive molecules onto the surface of the material. The control of the thickness of the CVD films has been achieved by tuning the amount of precursor used for deposition. Copper-catalyzed Huisgen cycloaddition has then been performed via microcontact printing to immobilize various biomolecules on the reactive coatings. The selectivity of this click chemistry reaction has been confirmed by spatially controlled conjugation of fluorescent sugar recognizing molecules (lectins) as well as cell adhesion onto the peptide pattern. In addition, a microstructured coating that may undergo multiple click chemistry reactions has been developed by two sequential CVD steps. Poly(4-ethynyl-p-xylylene-co-p-xylylene) and poly(4-formyl-p-xylylene-co-p-xylylene) have been patterned via vapor-assisted micropatterning in replica structures (VAMPIR). A combination of Huisgen cycloaddition and carbonyl-hydrazide coupling was used to spatially direct the immobilization of sugars on a patterned substrate. This work opens new perspectives in tailoring microstructured, multireactive interfaces that can be decorated via bio-orthogonal chemistry for use as mimicking the biological environment of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Bally
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
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28
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Chen HY, Lin TJ, Tsai MY, Su CT, Yuan RH, Hsieh CC, Yang YJ, Hsu CC, Hsiao HM, Hsu YC. Vapor-based tri-functional coatings. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:4531-3. [PMID: 23575991 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc41491d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The tri-functional coating synthesized via CVD copolymerization is comprised of distinguished anchoring sites of acetylene, maleimide, and ketone that can synergically undergo specific conjugation reactions to render surfaces with distinct biological functions, simultaneously. In addition, these tri-functional coatings can be fabricated in a micro-structured fashion on non-conventional surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Yeh Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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29
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Xu LQ, Zhang B, Chen Y, Neoh KG, Kang ET, Fu GD. Reactive Graphene Oxide Nanosheets: A Versatile Platform for the Fabrication of Graphene Oxide-Biomolecule/Polymer Nanohybrids. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 34:234-8. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Wu MG, Hsu HL, Hsiao KW, Hsieh CC, Chen HY. Vapor-deposited parylene photoresist: a multipotent approach toward chemically and topographically defined biointerfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:14313-14322. [PMID: 22966949 DOI: 10.1021/la302099y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Poly(4-benzoyl-p-xylylene-co-p-xylylene), a biologically compatible photoreactive polymer belonging to the parylene family, can be deposited using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization process on a wide range of substrates. This study discovered that the solvent stability of poly(4-benzoyl-p-xylylene-co-p-xylylene) in acetone is significantly increased when exposed to approximately 365 nm of UV irradiation, because of the cross-linking of benzophenone side chains with adjacent molecules. This discovery makes the photodefinable polymer a powerful tool for use as a negative photoresist for surface microstructuring and biointerface engineering purposes. The polymer is extensively characterized using infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy (IRRAS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and imaging ellipsometry. Furthermore, the vapor-based polymer coating process provides access to substrates with unconventional and complex three-dimensional (3D) geometries, as compared to conventional spin-coated resists that are limited to flat 2D assemblies. Moreover, this photoresist technology is seamlessly integrated with other functionalized parylenes including aldehyde-, acetylene-, and amine-functionalized parylenes to create unique surface microstructures that are chemically and topographically defined. The photopatterning and immobilization protocols described in this paper represent an approach that avoids contact between harmful substances (such as solvents and irradiations) and sensitive biomolecules. Finally, multiple biomolecules on planar substrates, as well as on unconventional 3D substrates (e.g., stents), are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Gi Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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31
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Deng X, Lahann J. A Generic Strategy for Co-Presentation of Heparin-Binding Growth Factors Based on CVD Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:1459-65. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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