1
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Nguyen LT, Du Prez FE. Direct restoration of photocurable cross-linkers for repeated light-based 3D printing of covalent adaptable networks. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 39376135 PMCID: PMC11459227 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00823e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
Light-based processing of thermosets has gained increasing attention because of its broad application field including its use in digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing. This technique offers efficient design and fabrication of complex structures but typically results in non-recyclable thermoset-based products. To address this issue, we describe here a photocurable, dynamic β-amino ester (BAE) based cross-linker that is not only suitable for DLP printing but can also be chemically degraded via transesterification upon the addition of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) as a decross-linker. This conceptually new protocol allows for efficient depolymerization with the direct restoration of curable monomers in a single step without the addition of external catalysts or solvents. By implementing this protocol, we have established a chemical recycling loop for multiple cycles of photo-cross-linking and restoration of cross-linkers, facilitating repeatable DLP 3D printing without generating any waste. The recycled materials exhibit full recovery of thermal properties and Young's modulus while maintaining 75% of their tensile strength for at least three cycles. Simultaneously, the presence of BAE moieties enables the (re)processability of these materials through compression molding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loc Tan Nguyen
- A Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Filip E Du Prez
- A Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Uddin MJ, Economidou SN, Guiraud L, Kazi M, Alanazi FK, Douroumis D. Monoclonal Antibody Delivery Using 3D Printed Biobased Hollow μNe3dle Arrays for the Treatment of Osteoporosis. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:4465-4475. [PMID: 39110837 PMCID: PMC11372832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
Transdermal microneedles have demonstrated promising potential as an alternative to typical drug administration routes for the treatment of various diseases. As microneedles offer lower administration burden with enhanced patient adherence and reduced ecological footprint, there is a need for further exploitation of microneedle devices. One of the main objectives of this work was to initially develop an innovative biobased photocurable resin with high biobased carbon content comprising isobornyl acrylate (IBA) and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate blends (50:50 wt/wt). The optimization of the printing and curing process resulted in μNe3dle arrays with durable mechanical properties and piercing capacity. Another objective of the work was to employ the 3D printed hollow μNe3dles for the treatment of osteoporosis in vivo. The 3D printed μNe3dle arrays were used to administer denosumab (Dmab), a monoclonal antibody, to osteoporotic mice, and the serum concentrations of critical bone minerals were monitored for six months to assess recovery. It was found that the Dmab administered by the 3D printed μNe3dles showed fast in vitro rates and induced an enhanced therapeutic effect in restoring bone-related minerals compared to subcutaneous injections. The findings of this study introduce a novel green approach with a low ecological footprint for 3D printing of biobased μNe3dles, which can be tailored to improve clinical outcomes and patient compliance for chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jasim Uddin
- Centre for Research Innovation, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sophia Nikoletta Economidou
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Medway Campus, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Léa Guiraud
- École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, Université de Haute-Alsace, 3 rue Alfred Werner, MULHOUSE Cedex 68 093, France
| | - Mohsin Kazi
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fars K Alanazi
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dennis Douroumis
- Centre for Research Innovation, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
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Fantoni A, Koch T, Liska R, Baudis S. A Systematic Study on Biobased Epoxy-Alcohol Networks: Highlighting the Advantage of Step-Growth Polyaddition over Chain-Growth Cationic Photopolymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400323. [PMID: 39207801 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Vanillyl alcohol has emerged as a widely used building block for the development of biobased monomers. More specifically, the cationic (photo-)polymerization of the respective diglycidyl ether (DGEVA) is known to produce materials of outstanding thermomechanical performance. Generally, chain transfer agents (CTAs) are of interest in cationic resins not only because they lead to more homogeneous polymer networks but also because they strikingly improve the polymerization speed. Herein, the aim is to compare the cationic chain-growth photopolymerization with the thermally initiated anionic step-growth polymerization, with and without the addition of CTAs. Indeed, CTAs lead to faster polymerization reactions as well as the formation of more homogeneous networks, especially in the case of the thermal anionic step-growth polymerization. Resulting from curing above the TG of the respective anionic step-growth polymer, materials with outstanding tensile toughness (>5 MJ cm-3) are obtained that result in the manufacture of potential shape-memory polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Fantoni
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Advanced Polymers for Biomaterials and 3D Printing, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna, 1060, Austria
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, 1060, Austria
| | - Thomas Koch
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, 1060, Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, 1060, Austria
| | - Stefan Baudis
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Advanced Polymers for Biomaterials and 3D Printing, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna, 1060, Austria
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, 1060, Austria
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Vazquez-Martel C, Florido Martins L, Genthner E, Almeida C, Martel Quintana A, Bastmeyer M, Gómez Pinchetti JL, Blasco E. Printing Green: Microalgae-Based Materials for 3D Printing with Light. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402786. [PMID: 38876261 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Microalgae have emerged as sustainable feedstocks due to their ability to fix CO2 during cultivation, rapid growth rates, and capability to produce a wide variety of metabolites. Several microalgae accumulate lipids in high concentrations, especially triglycerides, along with lipid-soluble, photoactive pigments such as chlorophylls and derivatives. Microalgae-derived triglycerides contain longer fatty acid chains with more double bonds on average than vegetable oils, allowing a higher degree of post-functionalization. Consequently, they are especially suitable as precursors for materials that can be used in 3D printing with light. This work presents the use of microalgae as "biofactories" to generate materials that can be further 3D printed in high resolution. Two taxonomically different strains -Odontella aurita (O. aurita, BEA0921B) and Tetraselmis striata (T. striata, BEA1102B)- are identified as suitable microalgae for this purpose. The extracts obtained from the microalgae (mainly triglycerides with chlorophyll derivatives) are functionalized with photopolymerizable groups and used directly as printable materials (inks) without the need for additional photoinitiators. The fabrication of complex 3D microstructures with sub-micron resolution is demonstrated. Notably, the 3D printed materials show biocompatibility. These findings open new possibilities for the next generation of sustainable, biobased, and biocompatible materials with great potential in life science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Vazquez-Martel
- Institute of Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lilliana Florido Martins
- Institute of Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisa Genthner
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carlos Almeida
- Banco Español de Algas (BEA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Muelle de Taliarte s/n, Telde, Las Palmas, 35214, Spain
| | - Antera Martel Quintana
- Banco Español de Algas (BEA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Muelle de Taliarte s/n, Telde, Las Palmas, 35214, Spain
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Juan Luis Gómez Pinchetti
- Banco Español de Algas (BEA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Muelle de Taliarte s/n, Telde, Las Palmas, 35214, Spain
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute of Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Diken Türksayar AA, Demirel M, Petersmann S, Spintzyk S, Donmez MB. Positional accuracy of a single implant analog in additively manufactured casts in biobased model resin. J Dent 2024; 146:105037. [PMID: 38703808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the positional accuracy of implant analogs in biobased model resin by comparing them to that of implant analogs in model resin casts and conventional analogs in dental stone casts. METHODS Polyvinylsiloxane impressions of a partially edentulous mandibular model with a single implant were made and poured in type IV dental stone. The same model was also digitized with an intraoral scanner and additively manufactured implant casts were fabricated in biobased model resin (FotoDent biobased model) and model resin (FotoDent model 2 beige-opaque) (n = 8). All casts and the model were digitized with a laboratory scanner, and the scan files were imported into a 3-dimensional analysis software (Geomagic Control X). The linear deviations of 2 standardized points on the scan body used during digitization were automatically calculated on x-, y-, and z-axes. Average deviations were used to define precision, and 1-way analysis of variance and Tukey HSD tests were used for statistical analyses (α = 0.05). RESULTS Biobased model resin led to higher deviations than dental stone (all axes, P ≤ 0.031) and model resin (y-axis, P = 0.015). Biobased model resin resulted in the lowest precision of implant analog position (P ≤ 0.049). The difference in the positional accuracy of implant analogs of model resin and stone casts was nonsignificant (P ≥ 0.196). CONCLUSIONS Implant analogs in biobased model resin casts mostly had lower positional accuracy, whereas those in model resin and stone casts had similar positional accuracy. Regardless of the material, analogs deviated more towards mesial, while buccal deviations in additively manufactured casts and lingual deviations in stone casts were more prominent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almira Ada Diken Türksayar
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Münir Demirel
- Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sandra Petersmann
- Senior Researcher, ADMiRE Research Center, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, Villach, Austria
| | - Sebastian Spintzyk
- Associate Professor, ADMiRE Research Center, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, Villach, Austria
| | - Mustafa Borga Donmez
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey; ITI Scholar, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Pezzana L, Fadlallah S, Giri G, Archimbaud C, Roppolo I, Allais F, Sangermano M. DLP 3D Printing of Levoglucosenone-Based Monomers: Exploiting Thiol-ene Chemistry for Bio-Based Polymeric Resins. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202301828. [PMID: 38837600 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a well-established technique that allows for the development of complex geometries and structures with multiple applications. While considered a more environmentally-friendly method than traditional manufacturing, a significant challenge lies in the availability and ease of synthesis of bio-based alternative resins. In our endeavor to valorize biomass, this work proposes the synthesis of new α,ω-dienes derived from cellulose-derived levoglucosenone (LGO). These dienes are not only straightforward to synthesize but also offer a tunable synthesis approach. Specifically, LGO is first converted into diol precursor, which is subsequently esterified using various carboxylic acids (in this case, 3-butenoic, and 4-pentenoic acids) through a straightforward chemical pathway. The resulting monomers were then employed in UV-activated thiol-ene chemistry for digital light process (DLP). A comprehensive study of the UV-curing process was carried out by Design of Experiment (DoE) to evaluate the influence of light intensity and photoinitiator to find the optimal curing conditions. Subsequently, a thorough thermo-mechanical characterization highlighted the influence of the chemical structure on material properties. 3D printing was performed, enabling the fabrication of complex and self-stain structures with remarkable accuracy and precision. Lastly, a chemical degradation study revealed the potential for end-of-use recycling of the bio-based thermosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pezzana
- Dipartimento Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Sami Fadlallah
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), AgroParisTech, 3 rue des Rouges Terres, 51110, Pomacle, France
| | - German Giri
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), AgroParisTech, 3 rue des Rouges Terres, 51110, Pomacle, France
| | - Corentin Archimbaud
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), AgroParisTech, 3 rue des Rouges Terres, 51110, Pomacle, France
| | - Ignazio Roppolo
- Dipartimento Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Florent Allais
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), AgroParisTech, 3 rue des Rouges Terres, 51110, Pomacle, France
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Dipartimento Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
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7
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Ji D, Liu J, Zhao J, Li M, Rho Y, Shin H, Han TH, Bae J. Sustainable 3D printing by reversible salting-out effects with aqueous salt solutions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3925. [PMID: 38724512 PMCID: PMC11082145 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Achieving a simple yet sustainable printing technique with minimal instruments and energy remains challenging. Here, a facile and sustainable 3D printing technique is developed by utilizing a reversible salting-out effect. The salting-out effect induced by aqueous salt solutions lowers the phase transition temperature of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) solutions to below 10 °C. It enables the spontaneous and instant formation of physical crosslinks within PNIPAM chains at room temperature, thus allowing the PNIPAM solution to solidify upon contact with a salt solution. The PNIPAM solutions are extrudable through needles and can immediately solidify by salt ions, preserving printed structures, without rheological modifiers, chemical crosslinkers, and additional post-processing steps/equipment. The reversible physical crosslinking and de-crosslinking of the polymer through the salting-out effect demonstrate the recyclability of the polymeric ink. This printing approach extends to various PNIPAM-based composite solutions incorporating functional materials or other polymers, which offers great potential for developing water-soluble disposable electronic circuits, carriers for delivering small materials, and smart actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwan Ji
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joseph Liu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jiayu Zhao
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Minghao Li
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yumi Rho
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hwansoo Shin
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering and Human-Tech Convergence Program, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hee Han
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering and Human-Tech Convergence Program, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhye Bae
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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8
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Colucci G, Sacchi F, Bondioli F, Messori M. Fully Bio-Based Polymer Composites: Preparation, Characterization, and LCD 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1272. [PMID: 38732741 PMCID: PMC11085923 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The present work aimed to prepare novel bio-based composites by adding fillers coming from agro-wastes to an acrylate epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) resin, using liquid crystal display (LCD) 3D printing. Different photocurable formulations were prepared by varying the reactive diluents, iso-bornyl methacrylate (IBOMA) and tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate (THFA). Then, two fillers derived from different industrial wastes, corn (GTF) and wine (WPL-CF) by-products, were added to the AESO-based formulations to develop polymer composites with improved properties. The printability by LCD of the photocurable formulations was widely studied. Bio-based objects with different geometries were realized, showing printing accuracy, layer adhesion, and accurate details. The thermo-mechanical and mechanical properties of the 3D-printed composites were tested by TGA, DMA, and tensile tests. The results revealed that the agro-wastes' addition led to a remarkable increase in the elastic modulus, tensile strength, and glass transition temperature in the glassy state for the systems containing IBOMA and for flexible structures in the rubbery region for systems containing THFA. AESO-based polymers demonstrated tunable properties, varying from rigid to flexible, in the presence of different diluents and biofillers. This finding paves the way for the use of this kind of composite in applications, such as biomedical for the realization of prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Colucci
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (F.S.); (F.B.); (M.M.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesca Sacchi
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (F.S.); (F.B.); (M.M.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Federica Bondioli
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (F.S.); (F.B.); (M.M.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Massimo Messori
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (F.S.); (F.B.); (M.M.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
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9
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Demirel M, Diken Türksayar AA, Petersmann S, Spintzyk S, Donmez MB. Dimensional Stability of Additively Manufactured Dentate Maxillary Diagnostic Casts in Biobased Model Resin. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2128. [PMID: 38730934 PMCID: PMC11084616 DOI: 10.3390/ma17092128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the dimensional stability of maxillary diagnostic casts fabricated from a biobased model resin, which consists of 50% renewable raw materials for sustainable production, a model resin, and stone, over one month. A master maxillary stone cast was digitized with a laboratory scanner to generate a reference file. This master cast was also scanned with an intraoral scanner to additively manufacture casts with a biobased model resin (BAM) and a model resin (AM). Polyvinylsiloxane impressions of the master cast were also made and poured in type III stone (CV) (n = 8). The same laboratory scanner was used to digitize each model one day (T0), 1 week (T1), 2 weeks (T2), 3 weeks (T3), and 4 weeks (T4) after fabrication. Deviations from the reference file were calculated with an analysis software and analyzed with generalized linear model analysis (α = 0.05). The interaction between the material and the time point affected measured deviations (p < 0.001). Regardless of the time point, CV had the lowest and AM had the highest deviations (p < 0.001). BAM mostly had lower deviations at T0 and mostly had higher deviations at T4 (p ≤ 0.011). AM had the highest deviations at T4 and then at T3, whereas it had the lowest deviations at T0 (p ≤ 0.002). The measured deviations of CV increased after each time point (p < 0.001). BAM casts had deviations within the previously reported clinically acceptable thresholds over one month and had acceptable dimensional stability. Therefore, tested biobased resin may be a viable alternative for the sustainable manufacturing of maxillary diagnostic casts that are to be used clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Münir Demirel
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Biruni University, Istanbul 34015, Turkey; (M.D.); (A.A.D.T.)
| | - Almira Ada Diken Türksayar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Biruni University, Istanbul 34015, Turkey; (M.D.); (A.A.D.T.)
| | - Sandra Petersmann
- ADMiRE Research Center, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, 9524 Villach, Austria; (S.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Sebastian Spintzyk
- ADMiRE Research Center, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, 9524 Villach, Austria; (S.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Mustafa Borga Donmez
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
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10
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Machado TO, Stubbs CJ, Chiaradia V, Alraddadi MA, Brandolese A, Worch JC, Dove AP. A renewably sourced, circular photopolymer resin for additive manufacturing. Nature 2024; 629:1069-1074. [PMID: 38750360 PMCID: PMC11136657 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07399-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The additive manufacturing of photopolymer resins by means of vat photopolymerization enables the rapid fabrication of bespoke 3D-printed parts. Advances in methodology have continually improved resolution and manufacturing speed, yet both the process design and resin technology have remained largely consistent since its inception in the 1980s1. Liquid resin formulations, which are composed of reactive monomers and/or oligomers containing (meth)acrylates and epoxides, rapidly photopolymerize to create crosslinked polymer networks on exposure to a light stimulus in the presence of a photoinitiator2. These resin components are mostly obtained from petroleum feedstocks, although recent progress has been made through the derivatization of renewable biomass3-6 and the introduction of hydrolytically degradable bonds7-9. However, the resulting materials are still akin to conventional crosslinked rubbers and thermosets, thus limiting the recyclability of printed parts. At present, no existing photopolymer resin can be depolymerized and directly re-used in a circular, closed-loop pathway. Here we describe a photopolymer resin platform derived entirely from renewable lipoates that can be 3D-printed into high-resolution parts, efficiently deconstructed and subsequently reprinted in a circular manner. Previous inefficiencies with methods using internal dynamic covalent bonds10-17 to recycle and reprint 3D-printed photopolymers are resolved by exchanging conventional (meth)acrylates for dynamic cyclic disulfide species in lipoates. The lipoate resin platform is highly modular, whereby the composition and network architecture can be tuned to access printed materials with varied thermal and mechanical properties that are comparable to several commercial acrylic resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago O Machado
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Connor J Stubbs
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Viviane Chiaradia
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Maher A Alraddadi
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Arianna Brandolese
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joshua C Worch
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Andrew P Dove
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
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11
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Luo X, Zhai Y, Wang P, Tian B, Liu S, Li J, Yang C, Strehmel V, Li S, Matyjaszewski K, Yilmaz G, Strehmel B, Chen Z. Light-Mediated Polymerization Catalyzed by Carbon Nanomaterials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316431. [PMID: 38012084 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials, specifically carbon dots and carbon nitrides, play a crucial role as heterogeneous photoinitiators in both radical and cationic polymerization processes. These recently introduced materials offer promising solutions to the limitations of current homogeneous systems, presenting a novel approach to photopolymerization. This review highlights the preparation and photocatalytic performance of these nanomaterials, emphasizing their application in various polymerization techniques, including photoinduced i) free radical, ii) RAFT, iii) ATRP, and iv) cationic photopolymerization. Additionally, it discusses their potential in addressing contemporary challenges and explores prospects in this field. Moreover, carbon nitrides, in particular, exhibit exceptional oxygen tolerance, underscoring their significance in radical polymerization processes and allowing their applications such as 3D printing, surface modification of coatings, and hydrogel engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
- Northeast Forestry University, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yingxiang Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Bing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Shouxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Chenhui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Veronika Strehmel
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Shujun Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA-15213, USA
| | - Gorkem Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA-15213, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bernd Strehmel
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
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12
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Cazin I, Ocepek M, Kecelj J, Stražar AS, Schlögl S. Synthesis of Bio-Based Polyester Resins for Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1890. [PMID: 38673246 PMCID: PMC11051430 DOI: 10.3390/ma17081890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Driven by environmental considerations, the scientific community has directed great effort towards the synthesis of new materials derived from renewable resources. However, for photocurable resins, most commercially available building blocks still rely on petroleum-based precursors. Herein, we present a simple synthesis route for bio-based acrylate-modified polyester resins, whose viscosity is sufficiently low for processing them with vat photopolymerization 3D printing. The established synthesis route enables the gradual substitution of fossil-based raw materials with bio-based alternatives. The acid number, color and viscosity of the bio-based acrylic resins are characterized and photocurable formulations are prepared by adding a radical photoinitiator. The photopolymerization kinetics, and thermomechanical and mechanical properties of the photopolymers are investigated as a function of the resin structure and benchmarked against a commercially available petroleum-based counterpart. Finally, the processability of the new bio-based resins via digital light processing 3D printing is demonstrated and test specimens are successfully 3D printed with a resolution in the millimeter range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Cazin
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, A-8700 Leoben, Austria;
| | - Martin Ocepek
- Helios Resins, Količevo 65, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia; (M.O.); (J.K.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Janez Kecelj
- Helios Resins, Količevo 65, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia; (M.O.); (J.K.); (A.S.S.)
| | | | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, A-8700 Leoben, Austria;
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13
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Maraveas C, Kyrtopoulos IV, Arvanitis KG. Evaluation of the Viability of 3D Printing in Recycling Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1104. [PMID: 38675022 PMCID: PMC11054724 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The increased use of plastics in industrial and agricultural applications has led to high levels of pollution worldwide and is a significant challenge. To address this plastic pollution, conventional methods such as landfills and incineration are used, leading to further challenges such as the generation of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, increasing interest has been directed to identifying alternative methods to dispose of plastic waste from agriculture. The novelty of the current research arose from the lack of critical reviews on how 3-Dimensional (3D) printing was adopted for recycling plastics, its application in the production of agricultural plastics, and its specific benefits, disadvantages, and limitations in recycling plastics. The review paper offers novel insights regarding the application of 3D printing methods including Fused Particle Fabrication (FPF), Hot Melt Extrusion (HME), and Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) to make filaments from plastics. However, the methods were adopted in local recycling setups where only small quantities of the raw materials were considered. Data was collected using a systematic review involving 39 studies. Findings showed that the application of the 3D printing methods led to the generation of agricultural plastics such as Polylactic Acid (PLA), Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), which were found to have properties comparable to those of virgin plastic, suggesting the viability of 3D printing in managing plastic pollution. However, limitations were also associated with the 3D printing methods; 3D-printed plastics deteriorated rapidly under Ultraviolet (UV) light and are non-biodegradable, posing further risks of plastic pollution. However, UV stabilization helps reduce plastic deterioration, thus increasing longevity and reducing disposal. Future directions emphasize identifying methods to reduce the deterioration of 3D-printed agricultural plastics and increasing their longevity in addition to UV stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthos Maraveas
- Department of Natural Resources Development and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece; (I.V.K.); (K.G.A.)
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14
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Ahmadi M, Ehrmann K, Koch T, Liska R, Stampfl J. From Unregulated Networks to Designed Microstructures: Introducing Heterogeneity at Different Length Scales in Photopolymers for Additive Manufacturing. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3978-4020. [PMID: 38546847 PMCID: PMC11009961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Photopolymers have been optimized as protective and decorative coating materials for decades. However, with the rise of additive manufacturing technologies, vat photopolymerization has unlocked the use of photopolymers for three-dimensional objects with new material requirements. Thus, the originally highly cross-linked, amorphous architecture of photopolymers cannot match the expectations for modern materials anymore, revealing the largely unanswered question of how diverse properties can be achieved in photopolymers. Herein, we review how microstructural features in soft matter materials should be designed and implemented to obtain high performance materials. We then translate these findings into chemical design suggestions for enhanced printable photopolymers. Based on this analysis, we have found microstructural heterogenization to be the most powerful tool to tune photopolymer performance. By combining the chemical toolbox for photopolymerization and the analytical toolbox for microstructural characterization, we examine current strategies for physical heterogenization (fillers, inkjet printing) and chemical heterogenization (semicrystalline polymers, block copolymers, interpenetrating networks, photopolymerization induced phase separation) of photopolymers and put them into a material scientific context to develop a roadmap for improving and diversifying photopolymers' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Ahmadi
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9BE, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Ehrmann
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Koch
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9BE, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Stampfl
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9BE, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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15
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Bodor M, Lasagabáster-Latorre A, Arias-Ferreiro G, Dopico-García MS, Abad MJ. Improving the 3D Printability and Mechanical Performance of Biorenewable Soybean Oil-Based Photocurable Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:977. [PMID: 38611235 PMCID: PMC11013316 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The general requirement of replacing petroleum-derived plastics with renewable resources is particularly challenging for new technologies such as the additive manufacturing of photocurable resins. In this work, the influence of mono- and bifunctional reactive diluents on the printability and performance of resins based on acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) was explored. Polyethylene glycol di(meth)acrylates of different molecular weights were selected as diluents based on the viscosity and mechanical properties of their binary mixtures with AESO. Ternary mixtures containing 60% AESO, polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and polyethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (PEG200DMA) further improved the mechanical properties, water resistance and printability of the resin. Specifically, the terpolymer AESO/PEG575/PEG200DMA 60/20/20 (wt.%) improved the modulus (16% increase), tensile strength (63% increase) and %deformation at the break (21% increase), with respect to pure AESO. The enhancement of the printability provided by the reactive diluents was proven by Jacobs working curves and the improved accuracy of printed patterns. The proposed formulation, with a biorenewable carbon content of 67%, can be used as the matrix of innovative resins with unrestricted applicability in the electronics and biomedical fields. However, much effort must be done to increase the array of bio-based raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Bodor
- Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Grupo de Polimeros-CITENI, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain; (M.B.); (G.A.-F.); (M.S.D.-G.)
| | - Aurora Lasagabáster-Latorre
- Dpto Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Goretti Arias-Ferreiro
- Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Grupo de Polimeros-CITENI, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain; (M.B.); (G.A.-F.); (M.S.D.-G.)
| | - María Sonia Dopico-García
- Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Grupo de Polimeros-CITENI, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain; (M.B.); (G.A.-F.); (M.S.D.-G.)
| | - María-José Abad
- Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Grupo de Polimeros-CITENI, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain; (M.B.); (G.A.-F.); (M.S.D.-G.)
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16
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Godinho MR, Mestrinho LA. In-house three-dimensional printing for surgical planning: learning curve from a case series of temporomandibular joint and related disorders. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1347107. [PMID: 38379923 PMCID: PMC10876850 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1347107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printed models can improve the understanding of the structural anatomic changes in cases of temporomandibular joint ankylosis and pseudoankylosis leading to closed jaw locking. Their use in pre-surgical planning and intraoperative guidance has been reported, contributing to the predictability and success of these surgery procedures, which can be quite complex, especially in small animal patients. The use and production of 3D tools and models remain challenging and are so far limited to institutions with high (economical and human) resources. This study aims to propose simplified workflows using open-source software to facilitate an in-house 3D printing process. To illustrate this, three cases of temporomandibular joint ankylosis and one of pseudoankylosis were reviewed, where in-house 3D printed models were used for client communication and surgical management. The 3D models were segmented from computed tomography and printed via stereolithography. They were used to support discussion with clients (n = 4), to allow surgeons to pre-surgical plan and practice (n = 4) and for intraoperative guidance during surgery (n = 2). Surgical cutting guides were produced in one case to improve precision and define more accurately osteotomy lines. It is essential to consider the initial time and financial investment required for establishing an in-house 3D printing production, particularly when there is a need to produce biocompatible tools, such as surgical cutting guides. However, efficient and streamlined workflows encourage the integration of this technology, by accelerating the printing process and reducing the steep learning curves, while open-source software enhances accessibility to these resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel R. Godinho
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lisa A. Mestrinho
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
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17
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Sapkota P, Brockbank P, Aguey-Zinsou KF. 3D Printing to Enable Self-Breathing Fuel Cells. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2024; 11:68-77. [PMID: 38389672 PMCID: PMC10880644 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2021.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Fuel cells rely on an effective distribution of the reactant gases and removal of the byproduct, that is, water. In this context, bipolar plates are the critical component for the effective management of these fluids, as these dictate to some extent the overall performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Better bipolar plates can lead to a significant reduction in size, cost, and weight of fuel cells. Herein, we report on the use of photoresin 3D printing to fabricate alternative bipolar plates for operating self-breathing fuel cell stacks. The resulting stack made of 12 self-breathing PEMFCs achieved a power density of 0.3 W/cm2 under ambient conditions (25°C and 20% relative humidity), which is superior to the performance of previously reported self-breathing cells. The problems associated with hydrogen leaks and water flooding could be resolved by taking advantage of 3D printing to precisely fabricate monoblock shapes. The approach of 3D printing reported in this study demonstrates a new path in fuel cell manufacturing for small and portable applications where an important reduction in size and cost is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabal Sapkota
- MERLin, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Brockbank
- MERLin, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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18
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Maturi M, Spanu C, Maccaferri E, Locatelli E, Benelli T, Mazzocchetti L, Sambri L, Giorgini L, Franchini MC. (Meth)acrylate-Free Three-Dimensional Printing of Bio-Derived Photocurable Resins with Terpene- and Itaconic Acid-Derived Poly(ester-thioether)s. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:17285-17298. [PMID: 38099084 PMCID: PMC10716902 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c04576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Vat photopolymerization, a very efficient and precise object manufacturing technique, still strongly relies on the use of acrylate- and methacrylate-based formulations because of their low cost and high reactivity. However, the environmental impact of using fossil fuel-based, volatile, and toxic (meth)acrylic acid derivatives is driving the scientific community toward the development of alternatives that can match the mechanical performance and three-dimensional (3D) printing processability of traditional photocurable mixtures but are made from environmentally friendly building blocks. Herein, itaconic acid is polymerized with polyols derived from naturally occurring terpenes to produce photocurable poly(ester-thioether)s. The formulation of such polymers using itaconic acid-based reactive diluents allows the preparation of a series of (meth)acrylate-free photocurable resins, which can be 3D printed into solid objects. Extensive analysis has been conducted on the properties of photocured polymers including their thermal, thermomechanical, and mechanical characteristics. The findings suggest that these materials exhibit properties comparable to those of traditional alternatives that are created using harmful and toxic blends. Notably, the photocured polymers are composed of biobased constituents ranging from 75 to 90 wt %, which is among the highest values ever recorded for vat photopolymerization applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Maturi
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Chiara Spanu
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Emanuele Maccaferri
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
- Interdepartmental
Center for Industrial Research on Advanced Applications in Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Technology, CIRI-MAM, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Erica Locatelli
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Tiziana Benelli
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
- Interdepartmental
Center for Industrial Research on Advanced Applications in Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Technology, CIRI-MAM, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Laura Mazzocchetti
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
- Interdepartmental
Center for Industrial Research on Advanced Applications in Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Technology, CIRI-MAM, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Letizia Sambri
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Loris Giorgini
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
- Interdepartmental
Center for Industrial Research on Advanced Applications in Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Technology, CIRI-MAM, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Mauro Comes Franchini
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
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19
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Cywar RM, Ling C, Clarke RW, Kim DH, Kneucker CM, Salvachúa D, Addison B, Hesse SA, Takacs CJ, Xu S, Demirtas MU, Woodworth SP, Rorrer NA, Johnson CW, Tassone CJ, Allen RD, Chen EYX, Beckham GT. Elastomeric vitrimers from designer polyhydroxyalkanoates with recyclability and biodegradability. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi1735. [PMID: 37992173 PMCID: PMC10664982 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi1735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Cross-linked elastomers are stretchable materials that typically are not recyclable or biodegradable. Medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHAs) are soft and ductile, making these bio-based polymers good candidates for biodegradable elastomers. Elasticity is commonly imparted by a cross-linked network structure, and covalent adaptable networks have emerged as a solution to prepare recyclable thermosets via triggered rearrangement of dynamic covalent bonds. Here, we develop biodegradable and recyclable elastomers by chemically installing the covalent adaptable network within biologically produced mcl-PHAs. Specifically, an engineered strain of Pseudomonas putida was used to produce mcl-PHAs containing pendent terminal alkenes as chemical handles for postfunctionalization. Thiol-ene chemistry was used to incorporate boronic ester (BE) cross-links, resulting in PHA-based vitrimers. mcl-PHAs cross-linked with BE at low density (<6 mole %) affords a soft, elastomeric material that demonstrates thermal reprocessability, biodegradability, and denetworking at end of life. The mechanical properties show potential for applications including adhesives and soft, biodegradable robotics and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M. Cywar
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Chen Ling
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- Agile BioFoundry, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Ryan W. Clarke
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- Agile BioFoundry, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Colin M. Kneucker
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- Agile BioFoundry, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Davinia Salvachúa
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- Agile BioFoundry, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Bennett Addison
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Sarah A. Hesse
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Christopher J. Takacs
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Shu Xu
- Applied Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Northwestern Argonne Institute of Science and Engineering, 2205 Tech Drive, Suite 1160, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | | | - Sean P. Woodworth
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Rorrer
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Christopher W. Johnson
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- Agile BioFoundry, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Christopher J. Tassone
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Robert D. Allen
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Eugene Y.-X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Gregg T. Beckham
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- Agile BioFoundry, Golden, CO 80401, USA
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20
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Lopez de Pariza X, Varela O, Catt SO, Long TE, Blasco E, Sardon H. Recyclable photoresins for light-mediated additive manufacturing towards Loop 3D printing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5504. [PMID: 37679370 PMCID: PMC10484940 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41267-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) of polymeric materials enables the manufacturing of complex structures for a wide range of applications. Among AM methods vat photopolymerization (VP) is desired owing to improved efficiency, excellent surface finish, and printing resolution at the micron-scale. Nevertheless, the major portion of resins available for VP are based on systems with limited or negligible recyclability. Here, we describe an approach that enables the printing of a resin that is amenable to re-printing with retained properties and appearance. To that end, we take advantage of the potential of polythiourethane chemistry, which not only permits the click reaction between polythiols and polyisocyanates in the presence of organic bases, allowing a fast-printing process but also chemical recycling, reshaping, and reparation of the printed structures, paving the way toward the development of truly sustainable recyclable photoprintable resins. We demonstrate that this closed-loop 3D printing process is feasible both at the macroscale and microscale via DLP or DLW, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Lopez de Pariza
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Oihane Varela
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Samantha O Catt
- Heidelberg University, Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg University, Organic Chemistry Institute (OCI), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Timothy E Long
- Arizona State University, School of Molecular Science and Biodesign Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Eva Blasco
- Heidelberg University, Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg University, Organic Chemistry Institute (OCI), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain.
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21
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Martinelli A, Nitti A, Po R, Pasini D. 3D Printing of Layered Structures of Metal-Ionic Polymers: Recent Progress, Challenges and Opportunities. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5327. [PMID: 37570031 PMCID: PMC10419400 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Layered Structures of Metal Ionic Polymers, or Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMCs) are formed by a membrane of an ionic electroactive materials flanked by two metal electrodes on both surfaces; they are devices able to change their shape upon application of an electrical external stimulus. This class of materials is used in various fields such as biomedicine, soft robotics, and sensor technology because of their favorable properties (light weight, biocompatibility, fast response to stimulus and good flexibility). With additive manufacturing, actuators can be customized and tailored to specific applications, allowing for the optimization of performance, size, and weight, thus reducing costs and time of fabrication and enhancing functionality and efficiency in various applications. In this review, we present an overview of the newest trend in using different 3D printing techniques to produce electrically responsive IPMC devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Via Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Nitti
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Via Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Po
- Energies, Renewable Energies and Materials Science Research Center, Donegani Institute, Eni Spa, Via Giacomo Fauser 4, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Dario Pasini
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Via Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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22
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Mendes-Felipe C, Isusi I, Gómez-Jiménez-Aberasturi O, Prieto-Fernandez S, Ruiz-Rubio L, Sangermano M, Vilas-Vilela JL. One-Step Method for Direct Acrylation of Vegetable Oils: A Biobased Material for 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3136. [PMID: 37514528 PMCID: PMC10384493 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The substitution of fossil resources by alternatives derived from biomass is a reality that is taking on a growing relevance in the chemical and energy industries. In this sense, fats, oils, and their derived products have become indispensable inputs due to their broad functional attributes, stable price and sustainable character. Acrylated vegetable oils are considered to be very versatile materials for very broad applications (such as in adhesives, coatings or inks) since, in the presence of photoinitiators, they can be polymerized by means of UV-initiated free radical polymerizations. The usual process for the synthesis of acrylate vegetable oils consists in reacting epoxidized oils derivatives with acrylic acid. Here, the influence of different catalysts on the activity and selectivity of the process of acrylation of epoxidized soybean oil is studied. In addition, a novel one-step method for direct acrylation of vegetable oils is also explored. This new approach advantageously uses the original vegetable resource and eliminates intermediate reactions, thus being more environmentally efficient. This study offers a simple and low-cost option for synthesizing a biomass-derived monomer and studies the potential for the 3D printing of complex structures via digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing of the thus-obtained novel sustainable formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Mendes-Felipe
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Igor Isusi
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (LABQUIMAC), Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Olga Gómez-Jiménez-Aberasturi
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Álava, Leonardo Da Vinci 11, 01510 Minano, Spain
| | - Soraya Prieto-Fernandez
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Álava, Leonardo Da Vinci 11, 01510 Minano, Spain
| | - Leire Ruiz-Rubio
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (LABQUIMAC), Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - José Luis Vilas-Vilela
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (LABQUIMAC), Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
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23
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Noworyta M, Topa-Skwarczyńska M, Jamróz P, Oksiuta D, Tyszka-Czochara M, Trembecka-Wójciga K, Ortyl J. Influence of the Type of Nanofillers on the Properties of Composites Used in Dentistry and 3D Printing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10549. [PMID: 37445729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Photopolymerization is a growing field with an extensive range of applications and is environmentally friendly owing to its energy-efficient nature. Such light-assisted curing methods were initially used to cure the coatings. However, it has become common to use photopolymerization to produce 3D objects, such as bridges or dental crowns, as well as to cure dental fillings. In this study, polymer nanocomposites containing inorganic nanofillers (such as zinc nano-oxide and zinc nano-oxide doped with two wt.% aluminum, titanium nano-oxide, kaolin nanoclay, zirconium nano-oxide, aluminum nano-oxide, and silicon nano-oxide) were fabricated and studied using Real Time FT-IR to investigate the effects of these nanoadditives on the final conversion rates of the obtained nanocomposites. The effects of the fillers on the viscosity of the produced nanocomposites were also investigated, and 3D prints of the selected nanocomposites were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Noworyta
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Monika Topa-Skwarczyńska
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Paweł Jamróz
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Dawid Oksiuta
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 37, 31-864 Cracow, Poland
| | | | - Klaudia Trembecka-Wójciga
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
- Photo4Chem Ltd., Lea 114, 30-133 Cracow, Poland
- Photo HiTech Ltd., Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
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24
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Chazot CAC, Creighton MA, Hart AJ. Interfacial Photopolymerization: A Method for Light-Based Printing of Thermoplastics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37311094 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) printing of photopolymers is a widely adopted manufacturing method because of its high resolution and throughput. However, available printable photopolymers are typically thermosets, resulting in challenges in postprocessing and recycling of printed structures. Here, we present a new process called interfacial photopolymerization (IPP) which enables photopolymerization printing of linear chain polymers. In IPP, a polymer film is formed at the interface between two immiscible liquids, one containing a chain-growth monomer and the other containing a photoinitiator. We demonstrate the integration of IPP in a proof-of-concept projection system for printing of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) films and rudimentary multi-layer shapes . IPP shows in-plane and out-of-plane resolutions comparable to conventional photoprinting methods. Cohesive PAN films with number-average molecular weights greater than 15 kg mol-1 are obtained, and to our knowledge this is the first report of photopolymerization printing of PAN. A macrokinetics model of IPP is developed to elucidate the transport and reaction rates involved and evaluate how reaction parameters affect film thickness and print speed. Last, demonstration of IPP in a multilayer scheme suggests its suitabiliy for three-dimensional printing of linear-chain polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile A C Chazot
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Megan A Creighton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - A John Hart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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25
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Stouten J, Schnelting GHM, Hul J, Sijstermans N, Janssen K, Darikwa T, Ye C, Loos K, Voet VSD, Bernaerts KV. Biobased Photopolymer Resin for 3D Printing Containing Dynamic Imine Bonds for Fast Reprocessability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37220092 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Acrylic photopolymer resins are widely used in stereolithographic 3D printing. However, the growing demand for such thermosetting resins is weighing on global issues such as waste management and fossil fuel consumption. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for reactive components that are biobased and enable recyclability of the resulting thermoset products. In this work, the synthesis of a photo-cross-linkable molecule containing dynamic imine bonds based on biobased vanillin and dimer fatty diamine is described. Using the biobased building blocks, formulations containing reactive diluent and a photoinitiator were prepared. The mixtures could be rapidly cross-linked under UV light, yielding vitrimers. Using digital light processing, 3D-printed parts were prepared, which were rigid, thermally stable, and reprocessed within 5 min at elevated temperature and pressure. The addition of a building block containing a higher concentration of imine bonds accelerated the stress relaxation and improved the mechanical rigidity of the vitrimers. This work will contribute to the development of biobased and recyclable 3D-printed resins to facilitate the transition to a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Stouten
- Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Geraldine H M Schnelting
- Professorship Circular Plastics, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, van Schaikweg 94, 7811 KL Emmen, The Netherlands
| | - Jerzy Hul
- Liqcreate, Texasdreef 7, 3665 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nick Sijstermans
- Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Kylian Janssen
- Professorship Circular Plastics, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, van Schaikweg 94, 7811 KL Emmen, The Netherlands
| | - Tinashe Darikwa
- Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Chongnan Ye
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent S D Voet
- Professorship Circular Plastics, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, van Schaikweg 94, 7811 KL Emmen, The Netherlands
| | - Katrien V Bernaerts
- Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
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26
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Arif ZU, Khalid MY, Noroozi R, Hossain M, Shi HH, Tariq A, Ramakrishna S, Umer R. Additive manufacturing of sustainable biomaterials for biomedical applications. Asian J Pharm Sci 2023; 18:100812. [PMID: 37274921 PMCID: PMC10238852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2023.100812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers are promising environmentally benign materials applicable in multifarious applications. They are especially favorable in implantable biomedical devices thanks to their excellent unique properties, including bioactivity, renewability, bioresorbability, biocompatibility, biodegradability and hydrophilicity. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a flexible and intricate manufacturing technology, which is widely used to fabricate biopolymer-based customized products and structures for advanced healthcare systems. Three-dimensional (3D) printing of these sustainable materials is applied in functional clinical settings including wound dressing, drug delivery systems, medical implants and tissue engineering. The present review highlights recent advancements in different types of biopolymers, such as proteins and polysaccharides, which are employed to develop different biomedical products by using extrusion, vat polymerization, laser and inkjet 3D printing techniques in addition to normal bioprinting and four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting techniques. This review also incorporates the influence of nanoparticles on the biological and mechanical performances of 3D-printed tissue scaffolds. This work also addresses current challenges as well as future developments of environmentally friendly polymeric materials manufactured through the AM techniques. Ideally, there is a need for more focused research on the adequate blending of these biodegradable biopolymers for achieving useful results in targeted biomedical areas. We envision that biopolymer-based 3D-printed composites have the potential to revolutionize the biomedical sector in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia Ullah Arif
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Management & Technology Lahore, Sialkot Campus 51041, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasir Khalid
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Reza Noroozi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mokarram Hossain
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering (ZCCE), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - HaoTian Harvey Shi
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Western University, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Ali Tariq
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Management & Technology Lahore, Sialkot Campus 51041, Pakistan
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Rehan Umer
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
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27
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Rosa RP, Rosace G, Arrigo R, Malucelli G. Preparation and characterization of a fully biobased resin system for 3d-printing, suitable for replacing fossil-based acrylates. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-023-03523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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28
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Ajvazi E, Bauer F, Kracalik M, Hild S, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I. Poly[bis(serine ethyl ester)phosphazene] regulates the degradation rates of vinyl ester photopolymers. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-023-03042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractVinyl esters and carbonates have recently been demonstrated to have considerably lower cytotoxicity than their more commonly used (meth)acrylate counterparts, inspiring their use in the 3D printing of biomaterials. However, the degradation rates of such synthetic photopolymers are slow, especially in the mild conditions present in many biological environments. Some applications, for example, tissue regeneration scaffolds and drug release, require considerably faster biodegradation. Furthermore, it is essential to be able to easily tune the degradation rate to fit the requirements for a range of applications. Herein we present the design and synthesis of hydrolytically degradable polyphosphazenes substituted with a vinyl carbonate functionalized amino acid. Thiolene copolymerization with vinyl esters gave cured polymers which are demonstrated to considerably accelerate the degradation rates of cured vinylester/thiolene polymer scaffolds.
Graphical abstract
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29
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Verebélyi K, Szabó Á, Réti Z, Szarka G, Villányi Á, Iván B. Highly Efficient Cationic Polymerization of β-Pinene, a Bio-Based, Renewable Olefin, with TiCl4 Catalyst from Cryogenic to Energy-Saving Room Temperature Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065170. [PMID: 36982242 PMCID: PMC10048798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers based on renewable monomers are projected to have a significant role in the sustainable economy, even in the near future. Undoubtedly, the cationically polymerizable β-pinene, available in considerable quantities, is one of the most promising bio-based monomers for such purposes. In the course of our systematic investigations related to the catalytic activity of TiCl4 on the cationic polymerization of this natural olefin, it was found that the 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (TMPCl)/TiCl4/N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) initiating system induced efficient polymerization in dichloromethane (DCM)/hexane (Hx) mixture at both −78 °C and room temperature. At −78 °C, 100% monomer conversion was observed within 40 min, resulting in poly(β-pinene) with relatively high Mn (5500 g/mol). The molecular weight distributions (MWD) were uniformly shifted towards higher molecular weights (MW) in these polymerizations as long as monomer was present in the reaction mixture. However, chain–chain coupling took place after reaching 100% conversion, i.e., under monomer-starved conditions, resulting in considerable molecular weight increase and MWD broadening at −78 °C. At room temperature, the polymerization rate was lower, but chain coupling did not occur. The addition of a second feed of monomer in the polymerization system led to increasing conversion and polymers with higher MWs at both temperatures. 1H NMR spectra of the formed polymers indicated high in-chain double-bond contents. To overcome the polarity decrease by raising the temperature, polymerizations were also carried out in pure DCM at room temperature and at −20 °C. In both cases, rapid polymerization occurred with nearly quantitative yields, leading to poly(β-pinene)s with Mns in the range of 2000 g/mol. Strikingly, polymerization by TiCl4 alone, i.e., without any additive, also occurred with near complete conversion at room temperature within a few minutes, attributed to initiation by adventitious protic impurities. These results convincingly prove that highly efficient carbocationic polymerization of the renewable β-pinene can be accomplished with TiCl4 as catalyst under both cryogenic conditions, applied widely for carbocationic polymerizations, and the environmentally benign, energy-saving room temperature, i.e., without any additive and cooling or heating. These findings enable TiCl4-catalyzed eco-friendly manufacturing of poly(β-pinene)s, which can be utilized in various applications, and in addition, subsequent derivatizations could result in a range of high-added-value products.
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30
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Recent Advances on Photobleachable Visible Light Photoinitiators of Polymerization. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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31
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Ma Q, Zhang X, Liu Y, Graff B, Lalevee J. Dual photo/thermal initiation with charge transfer complexes based on bromide‐based electron acceptors. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ma
- Université de Haute‐Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse France
- Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University) State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou China
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhang
- Université de Haute‐Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse France
- Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Yiwu Liu
- Université de Haute‐Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse France
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse Mulhouse France
- East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Bernadette Graff
- Université de Haute‐Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse France
- Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Jacques Lalevee
- Université de Haute‐Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse France
- Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
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32
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Latest Trends in Sustainable Polymeric Food Packaging Films. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010168. [PMID: 36613384 PMCID: PMC9818434 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Food packaging is the best way to protect food while it moves along the entire supply chain to the consumer. However, conventional food packaging poses some problems related to food wastage and excessive plastic production. Considering this, the aim of this work was to examine recent findings related to bio-based alternative food packaging films by means of conventional methodologies and additive manufacturing technologies, such as 3D printing (3D-P), with potential to replace conventional petroleum-based food packaging. Based on the findings, progress in the development of bio-based packaging films, biopolymer-based feedstocks for 3D-P, and innovative food packaging materials produced by this technology was identified. However, the lack of studies suggests that 3D-P has not been well-explored in this field. Nonetheless, it is probable that in the future this technology will be more widely employed in the food packaging field, which could lead to a reduction in plastic production as well as safer food consumption.
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33
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Shaukat U, Sölle B, Rossegger E, Rana S, Schlögl S. Vat Photopolymerization 3D-Printing of Dynamic Thiol-Acrylate Photopolymers Using Bio-Derived Building Blocks. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:5377. [PMID: 36559744 PMCID: PMC9784638 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As an energy-efficient additive manufacturing process, vat photopolymerization 3D-printing has become a convenient technology to fabricate functional devices with high resolution and freedom in design. However, due to their permanently crosslinked network structure, photopolymers are not easily reprocessed or repaired. To improve the environmental footprint of 3D-printed objects, herein, we combine the dynamic nature of hydroxyl ester links, undergoing a catalyzed transesterification at elevated temperature, with an acrylate monomer derived from renewable resources. As a sustainable building block, we synthesized an acrylated linseed oil and mixed it with selected thiol crosslinkers. By careful selection of the transesterification catalyst, we obtained dynamic thiol-acrylate resins with a high cure rate and decent storage stability, which enabled the digital light processing (DLP) 3D-printing of objects with a structure size of 550 µm. Owing to their dynamic covalent bonds, the thiol-acrylate networks were able to relax 63% of their initial stress within 22 min at 180 °C and showed enhanced toughness after thermal annealing. We exploited the thermo-activated reflow of the dynamic networks to heal and re-shape the 3D-printed objects. The dynamic thiol-acrylate photopolymers also demonstrated promising healing, shape memory, and re-shaping properties, thus offering great potential for various industrial fields such as soft robotics and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Shaukat
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Bernhard Sölle
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Sravendra Rana
- School of Engineering, Energy Acres, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
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34
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Dumur F. Recent advances on benzylidene cyclopentanones as visible light photoinitiators of polymerization. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Hertan E, McCray J, Bankhead B, Kim KB. Force profile assessment of direct-printed aligners versus thermoformed aligners and the effects of non-engaged surface patterns. Prog Orthod 2022; 23:49. [DOI: 10.1186/s40510-022-00443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The purpose of the study was to measure the forces delivered by direct-printed aligners (DPA) in the vertical dimension and compare the force profile with traditional thermoformed aligners (TFA) and to investigate the impact of non-engaged surface patterns to the properties of DPA and TFA.
Methods
A force-measuring appliance was fabricated capable of displacing the aligner in 0.10 mm increments and measuring the resultant force. Polyethylene terephthalate glycol (ATMOS 0.030″ American Orthodontics) and TC-85DAC resin (Graphy Inc) were used to create TFA and DPA, respectively. Aligners were temperature-controlled prior to and during testing to simulate the oral environment. The resultant forces from displacements ranging from 0.10 to 0.30 mm were measured.
Results
At intraoral temperatures, DPA demonstrated significantly less force than TFA. TFA demonstrated a substantial statistically significant increase in force with each 0.10 mm increase in vertical displacement. DPA demonstrated a much more consistent force profile across the range of displacements. The effects of surface patterns in both DPA and TFA were generally a decrease in force. Statistical significance of surface patterns was detected for TFA at displacements of 0.30 mm and greater and significant for DPA only at a displacement of 0.10 mm. Surface patterns in both DPA and the TFA did not show any statistical difference when assessing force proprieties.
Conclusions
Forces delivered by aligners in the vertical dimension by DPA are more consistent and of lower magnitude than those of TFA aligners. Surface patterns were not capable of altering the force properties of both DPA and TFA.
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Zanon M, Montalvillo-Jiménez L, Bosch P, Cue-López R, Martínez-Campos E, Sangermano M, Chiappone A. Photocurable Thiol-yne Alginate Hydrogels for Regenerative Medicine Purposes. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4709. [PMID: 36365703 PMCID: PMC9654832 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 04/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Every year millions of people worldwide undergo surgical interventions, with the occurrence of mild or severe post-treatment consequences meaning that rehabilitation plays a key role in modern medicine. Considering the cases of burns and plastic surgery, the pressing need for new materials that can be used for wound patches or body fillers and are able to sustain tissue regeneration and promote cell adhesion and proliferation is clear. The challenges facing next-generation implant materials also include the need for improved structural properties for cellular organization and morphogenic guidance together with optimal mechanical, rheological, and topographical behavior. Herein, we propose for the first time a sodium alginate hydrogel obtained by a thiol-yne reaction, easily synthesized using carbodiimide chemistry in a two-step reaction. The hydrogels were formed in all cases within a few minutes of light irradiation, showing good self-standing properties under solicitation. The mechanical, rheological, topographical, and swelling properties of the gels were also tested and reported. Lastly, no cytotoxicity was detected among the hydrogels. Soluble extracts in culture media allowed cell proliferation, and no differences between samples were detected in terms of metabolic activity and DNA content. These results suggest the potential use of these cytocompatible hydrogels in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zanon
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Departamento de Química Macromolecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Montalvillo-Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Macromolecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Bosch
- Departamento de Química Macromolecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Cue-López
- Departamento de Química Macromolecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Síntesis Orgánica y Bioevaluación, Instituto Pluridisciplinar (UCM), Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Paseo de Juan XXIII 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Martínez-Campos
- Departamento de Química Macromolecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Síntesis Orgánica y Bioevaluación, Instituto Pluridisciplinar (UCM), Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Paseo de Juan XXIII 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Annalisa Chiappone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università Degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Università 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
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Stoukatch S, Dupont F, Redouté JM. Device Processing Challenges for Miniaturized Sensing Systems Targeting Biological Fluids. BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS & DEVICES 2022. [PMCID: PMC9510362 DOI: 10.1007/s44174-022-00034-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a review of device processing technologies used in the fabrication of biomedical systems, and highlights the requirements of advanced manufacturing technology. We focus on biomedical systems that perform diagnostics of fluidic specimens, with analytes that are in the liquid phase. In the introduction, we define biomedical systems as well as their versatile applications and the essential current trends. The paper gives an overview of the most important biomolecules that typically must be detected or analyzed in several applications. The paper is structured as follows. First, the conventional architecture and construction of a biosensing system is introduced. We provide an overview of the most common biosensing methods that are currently used for the detection of biomolecules and its analysis. We present an overview of reported biochips, and explain the technology of biofunctionalization and detection principles, including their corresponding advantages and disadvantages. Next, we introduce microfluidics as a method for delivery of the specimen to the biochip sensing area. A special focus lies on material requirements and on manufacturing technology for fabricating microfluidic systems, both for niche and mass-scale production segments. We formulate requirements and constraints for integrating the biochips and microfluidic systems. The possible impacts of the conventional microassembly techniques and processing methods on the entire biomedical system and its specific parts are also described. On that basis, we explain the need for alternative microassembly technologies to enable the integration of biochips and microfluidic systems into fully functional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Stoukatch
- Microsys Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Liege University, Seraing, Belgium
| | - F. Dupont
- Microsys Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Liege University, Seraing, Belgium
| | - J.-M. Redouté
- Microsys Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Liege University, Seraing, Belgium
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Weerathaworn S, Abetz V. Tailor‐made Vinylogous Urethane Vitrimers Based on Binary and Ternary Block and Random Copolymers: An Approach toward Reprocessable Materials. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siraphat Weerathaworn
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Universität Hamburg Grindelallee 117 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Volker Abetz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Universität Hamburg Grindelallee 117 20146 Hamburg Germany
- Institute of Membrane Research Helmholtz‐Zentrum Hereon Max‐Planck‐Straße 1 21502 Geesthacht Germany
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40
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Shou T, Zhai M, Wu Y, Wu S, Hu S, Zhao X, Zhang L. Bio-based, recyclable and self-healing polyurethane composites with high energy dissipation and shape memory. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200486. [PMID: 35947533 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rubber composites make an important contribution to eliminating vibration and noise owing to their unique viscoelasticity. However, it is important to find alternative bio-based products with high damping properties owing to the shortage of petrochemical resources and poor performance. The ability to self-heal is an additional characteristic that is highly desirable because it can further increase the service life and safety of such products. In this study, a bio-based polylactic acid thermoplastic polyurethane (PLA-TPU) and its composites (PLA-TPU/AO-80) were synthesized. The reversible sacrificial hydrogen bonds in the composites increased the peak value of the loss factor (tan δmax ) from 0.87 to 2.12 with a high energy dissipation efficiency of 99% at 50% strain. After being heated for 15 min, the healed sample recovered 81.98% of its comprehensive mechanical properties due to the reorganization of the hydrogen bonds. Its tensile strength remained at 93.4% after recycling five times. Moreover, its shape memory properties showed a response temperature close to the human body temperature making it an ideal candidate for medical applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Mengyao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yaowen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Sizhu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 10029, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shikai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 10029, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiuying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 10029, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 10029, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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41
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Ma Q, Buchon L, Magné V, Graff B, Morlet‐Savary F, Xu Y, Benltifa M, Lakhdar S, Lalevée J. Charge Transfer Complexes (CTCs) with Pyridinium Salts: Towards Efficient Dual Photochemical/Thermal Initiators and 3D Printing Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200314. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ma
- CNRS Université de Haute‐Alsace IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse F‐68100 France
- Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg F‐67081 France
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University) College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Loïc Buchon
- CNRS Université de Haute‐Alsace IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse F‐68100 France
| | - Valentin Magné
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée UMR CNRS Université Paul Sabatier France
| | - Bernadette Graff
- CNRS Université de Haute‐Alsace IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse F‐68100 France
| | | | - Yangyang Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Anhui Normal University South Jiuhua Road 189 Wuhu 241002 P. R. China
| | - Mahmoud Benltifa
- Laboratory of Wastewaters and Environment Center for Water Research and Technologies CERTE BP 273 Soliman 8020 Tunisia
| | - Sami Lakhdar
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée UMR CNRS Université Paul Sabatier France
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- CNRS Université de Haute‐Alsace IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse F‐68100 France
- Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg F‐67081 France
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Palucci Rosa R, Rosace G, Arrigo R, Malucelli G. Preparation and Characterization of 3D-Printed Biobased Composites Containing Micro- or Nanocrystalline Cellulose. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091886. [PMID: 35567055 PMCID: PMC9105471 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Stereolithography (SLA), one of the seven different 3D printing technologies, uses photosensitive resins to create high-resolution parts. Although SLA offers many advantages for medical applications, the lack of biocompatible and biobased resins limits its utilization. Thus, the development of new materials is essential. This work aims at designing, developing, and fully characterizing a bio-resin system (made of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO)), filled with micro- or nanocellulose crystals (MCC and CNC), suitable for 3D printing. The unfilled resin system containing 80 wt.% AESO was identified as the best resin mixture, having a biobased content of 68.8%, while ensuring viscosity values suitable for the 3D printing process (>1.5 Pa s). The printed samples showed a 93% swelling decrease in water, as well as increased tensile strength (4.4 ± 0.2 MPa) and elongation at break (25% ± 2.3%). Furthermore, the incorporation of MCC and CNC remarkably increased the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the cured network, thus indicating a strong reinforcing effect exerted by the fillers. Lastly, the presence of the fillers did not affect the UV-light penetration, and the printed parts showed a high quality, thus proving their potential for precise applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Palucci Rosa
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Viale Marconi 5, Dalmine, 24044 Bergamo, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giuseppe Rosace
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Local INSTM Unit, Viale Marconi 5, Dalmine, 24044 Bergamo, Italy;
| | - Rossella Arrigo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Local INSTM Unit, Viale T. Michel 5, Provincia di Alessandria, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (R.A.); (G.M.)
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Local INSTM Unit, Viale T. Michel 5, Provincia di Alessandria, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (R.A.); (G.M.)
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43
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Noè C, Cosola A, Tonda-Turo C, Sesana R, Delprete C, Chiappone A, Hakkarainen M, Sangermano M. DLP-printable fully biobased soybean oil composites. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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44
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The Use of Graphene and Its Derivatives for the Development of Polymer Matrix Composites by Stereolithographic 3D Printing. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Significant advances in graphene-based materials have facilitated the development of various composites structures in a diverse range of industry sectors. At present, the preparation of graphene-added materials is mainly developed through traditional methods. However, in recent years, additive manufacturing emerged as a promising approach that enables the printing of complex objects in a layer-by-layer fashion, without the need for moulds or machining equipment. This paper reviews the most recent reports on graphene-based photopolymerizable resins developed for stereolithography (SLA), with particular consideration for medical applications. The characteristics of the SLA technology, the most suitable raw materials and formulations and the properties of final 3D products are described. Throughout, a specific focus is placed on the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of the final 3D-printed object. Finally, remaining challenges and future directions are also discussed.
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45
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46
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Chen J, Wu J, Sherrell PC, Chen J, Wang H, Zhang W, Yang J. How to Build a Microplastics-Free Environment: Strategies for Microplastics Degradation and Plastics Recycling. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103764. [PMID: 34989178 PMCID: PMC8867153 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are an emergent yet critical issue for the environment because of high degradation resistance and bioaccumulation. Unfortunately, the current technologies to remove, recycle, or degrade microplastics are insufficient for complete elimination. In addition, the fragmentation and degradation of mismanaged plastic wastes in environment have recently been identified as a significant source of microplastics. Thus, the developments of effective microplastics removal methods, as well as, plastics recycling strategies are crucial to build a microplastics-free environment. Herein, this review comprehensively summarizes the current technologies for eliminating microplastics from the environment and highlights two key aspects to achieve this goal: 1) Catalytic degradation of microplastics into environmentally friendly organics (carbon dioxide and water); 2) catalytic recycling and upcycling plastic wastes into monomers, fuels, and valorized chemicals. The mechanisms, catalysts, feasibility, and challenges of these methods are also discussed. Novel catalytic methods such as, photocatalysis, advanced oxidation process, and biotechnology are promising and eco-friendly candidates to transform microplastics and plastic wastes into environmentally benign and valuable products. In the future, more effort is encouraged to develop eco-friendly methods for the catalytic conversion of plastics into valuable products with high efficiency, high product selectivity, and low cost under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Jing Wu
- Co‐Innovation Center for Textile IndustryInnovation Center for Textile Science and TechnologyDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Peter C. Sherrell
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3010Australia
| | - Jun Chen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials ScienceIntelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI)Australian Institute of Innovative Materials (AIIM)University of WollongongWollongongNew South Wales2522Australia
| | - Huaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
- Co‐Innovation Center for Textile IndustryInnovation Center for Textile Science and TechnologyDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Wei‐xian Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources ReuseTongji UniversityShanghai200092P. R. China
| | - Jianping Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
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47
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Biobased Composites by Photoinduced Polymerization of Cardanol Methacrylate with Microfibrillated Cellulose. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15010339. [PMID: 35009485 PMCID: PMC8746221 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Biobased monomers and green processes are key to producing sustainable materials. Cardanol, an aromatic compound obtained from cashew nut shells, may be conveniently functionalized, e.g., with epoxy or (meth)acrylate groups, to replace petroleum-based monomers. Photoinduced polymerization is recognized as a sustainable process, less energy intensive than thermal curing; however, cardanol-based UV-cured polymers have relatively low thermomechanical properties, making them mostly suitable as reactive diluents or in non-structural applications such as coatings. It is therefore convenient to combine them with biobased reinforcements, such as microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), to obtain composites with good mechanical properties. In this work a cardanol-based methacrylate monomer was photopolymerized in the presence of MFC to yield self-standing, flexible, and relatively transparent films with high thermal stability. The polymerization process was completed within few minutes even in the presence of filler, and the cellulosic filler was not affected by the photopolymerization process.
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48
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Morone M, Postle S, Razzano V, Deguines C, Allonas X. 3-Ketoquinolones as new photoinitiators for free radical photopolymerization under LED. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00058j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new class of photoinitiators for free radical photopolymerization based on 3-ketoquinolone chromophoric group is presented. Spectroscopic properties, quantum yield in triplet state and efficiency in formation of initiating radicals...
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49
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Koo B, Kim D, Song DY, Han WJ, Kim D, Park JW, Kim M, Kim C. The formation of photodegradable nitrophenylene polymers via ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00684g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A photodegradable nitrophenylene polymer was prepared via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). The resulting polymer was degraded in the presence of UVA light without any chemical additives within 1 hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonwoo Koo
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Dopil Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Da Yong Song
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Woo Joo Han
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jae Woo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Min Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Cheoljae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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50
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Dianhydride-based polyimide as organic electrode materials for aqueous hydronium-ion battery. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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