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Bailey AO, Durbin KR, Robey MT, Palmer LK, Russell WK. Filling the gaps in peptide maps with a platform assay for top-down characterization of purified protein samples. Proteomics 2024:e2400036. [PMID: 39004851 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202400036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) intact mass analysis and LC-MS/MS peptide mapping are decisional assays for developing biological drugs and other commercial protein products. Certain PTM types, such as truncation and oxidation, increase the difficulty of precise proteoform characterization owing to inherent limitations in peptide and intact protein analyses. Top-down MS (TDMS) can resolve this ambiguity via fragmentation of specific proteoforms. We leveraged the strengths of flow-programmed (fp) denaturing online buffer exchange (dOBE) chromatography, including robust automation, relatively high ESI sensitivity, and long MS/MS window time, to support a TDMS platform for industrial protein characterization. We tested data-dependent (DDA) and targeted strategies using 14 different MS/MS scan types featuring combinations of collisional- and electron-based fragmentation as well as proton transfer charge reduction. This large, focused dataset was processed using a new software platform, named TDAcquireX, that improves proteoform characterization through TDMS data aggregation. A DDA-based workflow provided objective identification of αLac truncation proteoforms with a two-termini clipping search. A targeted TDMS workflow facilitated the characterization of αLac oxidation positional isomers. This strategy relied on using sliding window-based fragment ion deconvolution to generate composite proteoform spectral match (cPrSM) results amenable to fragment noise filtering, which is a fundamental enhancement relevant to TDMS applications generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron O Bailey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Lee K Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - William K Russell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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2
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Barnidge D, Troske D, North S, Wallis G, Perkins M, Harding S. Endogenous monoclonal immunoglobulins analyzed using the EXENT® solution and LC-MS. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2024; 32:31-40. [PMID: 38405412 PMCID: PMC10891330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The EXENT® Solution, a fully automated system, is a recent advancement for identifying and quantifying monoclonal immunoglobulins in serum. It combines immunoprecipitation with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Compared to gel-based methods, like SPEP and IFE, it has demonstrated the ability to detect monoclonal immunoglobulins in serum at lower levels. In this study, samples that tested negative using EXENT® were reflexed to LC-MS to determine if the more sensitive LC-MS method could identify monoclonal immunoglobulins missed by EXENT®. Objectives To assess whether monoclonal immunoglobulins that are not detected by EXENT® can be detected by LC-MS using a low flow LC system coupled to a Q-TOF mass spectrometer. Methods Samples obtained from patients confirmed to have multiple myeloma (MM) were diluted with pooled polyclonal human serum and analyzed using EXENT®. If a specific monoclonal immunoglobulin was not detected by EXENT®, the sample was then subjected to analysis by LC-MS. For the LC-MS analysis, the sample eluate, obtained after the MALDI-TOF MS spotting step, was collected and transferred to an autosampler tray for subsequent analysis using LC-MS. Conclusion LC-MS has the capability to detect monoclonal immunoglobulins that are no longer detected by EXENT®. Reflexing samples to LC-MS for analysis does not involve additional sample handling, allowing for a faster time-to-result compared to current approaches, such as Next-Generation Sequencing, Next-Generation Flow, and clonotypic peptide methods. Notably, LC-MS offers equivalent sensitivity in detecting these specific monoclonal immunoglobulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Barnidge
- The Binding Site, Part of ThermoFisher Scientific Research and Development Laboratory, 3777 40th Ave NW, Rochester, MN 55906, United States
| | - Derek Troske
- The Binding Site, Part of ThermoFisher Scientific Research and Development Laboratory, 3777 40th Ave NW, Rochester, MN 55906, United States
| | - Simon North
- The Binding Site, Part of ThermoFisher Scientific, The Binding Site Group Ltd, 8 Calthorpe Road Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gregg Wallis
- The Binding Site, Part of ThermoFisher Scientific, The Binding Site Group Ltd, 8 Calthorpe Road Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark Perkins
- The Binding Site, Part of ThermoFisher Scientific, The Binding Site Group Ltd, 8 Calthorpe Road Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephen Harding
- The Binding Site, Part of ThermoFisher Scientific, The Binding Site Group Ltd, 8 Calthorpe Road Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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3
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Carle K, Kellie JF, Gunn GR, Jiang Y. Determination of label efficiency and label degree of critical reagents by LC-MS and native MS. Anal Biochem 2023; 664:115033. [PMID: 36584741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.115033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Degree of labeling and label efficiency are key factors for optimal characterization of critical reagents that are used in ligand binding assays. Here, three case studies are shown demonstrating how liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was utilized to characterize critical reagents using three unique methodologies. Critical reagent batches were prepared for LC-MS analysis by use of: 20 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) (Case 1), rapid PNGaseF (Case 2), and a mobile phase diluent (Case 3). LC-MS was run at three different MS method conditions in each troubleshooting case specific for reduced IgG, intact IgG, and native LC-MS, respectively. Specified LC-MS methods based on sample type and configuration elucidated clear MS profiles, allowing for degree of labeling and label efficiencies to be calculated. Ultimately the LC-MS analyses were fine-tuned for critical reagent characterization, and practices for analyzing similar reagents in the future can be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Carle
- Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity & Biomarkers, IVIVT, GSK, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA.
| | - John F Kellie
- Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity & Biomarkers, IVIVT, GSK, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - George R Gunn
- Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity & Biomarkers, IVIVT, GSK, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Yong Jiang
- Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity & Biomarkers, IVIVT, GSK, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA.
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4
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Kalaninová Z, Fojtík L, Chmelík J, Novák P, Volný M, Man P. Probing Antibody Structures by Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2718:303-334. [PMID: 37665467 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3457-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) followed by mass spectrometry detection (MS) provides a fast, reliable, and detailed solution for the assessment of a protein structure. It has been widely recognized as an indispensable tool and already approved by several regulatory agencies as a structural technique for the validation of protein biopharmaceuticals, including antibody-based drugs. Antibodies are of a key importance in life and medical sciences but considered to be challenging analytical targets because of their compact structure stabilized by disulfide bonds and due to the presence of glycosylation. Despite these difficulties, there are already numerous excellent studies describing MS-based antibody structure characterization. In this chapter, we describe a universal HDX-MS workflow. Deeper attention is paid to sample handling, optimization procedures, and feasibility stages, as these elements of the HDX experiment are crucial for obtaining reliable detailed and spatially well-resolved information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kalaninová
- BioCeV - Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Fojtík
- BioCeV - Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Chmelík
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Novák
- BioCeV - Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Volný
- BioCeV - Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Man
- BioCeV - Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.
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5
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Gani K, Chirmade T, Ughade S, Thulasiram H, Bhambure R. Understanding unfolding and refolding of the antibody fragment (Fab) III: Mapping covalent and non-covalent interactions during in-vitro refolding of light chain, heavy chain, and Fab. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Pu F, Ugrin SA, Radosevich AJ, Chang-Yen D, Sawicki JW, Talaty NN, Elsen NL, Williams JD. High-Throughput Intact Protein Analysis for Drug Discovery Using Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13566-13574. [PMID: 36129783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is the primary analytical tool used to characterize proteins within the biopharmaceutical industry. Electrospray ionization (ESI) coupled to liquid chromatography (LC) is the current gold standard for intact protein analysis. However, inherent speed limitations of LC/MS prevent analysis of large sample numbers (>1000) in a day. Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI-MS), an ambient ionization MS technology, has recently been established as a platform for high-throughput small molecule analysis. Here, we report the applications of such a system for the analysis of intact proteins commonly performed within the drug discovery process. A wide molecular weight range of proteins 10-150 kDa was detected on the system with improved tolerance to salts and buffers compared to ESI. With high concentrations and model proteins, a sample rate of up to 22 Hz was obtained. For proteins at low concentrations and in buffers used in commonly employed assays, robust data at a sample rate of 1.5 Hz were achieved, which is ∼22× faster than current technologies used for high-throughput ESI-MS-based protein assays. In addition, two multiplexed plate-based high-throughput sample cleanup methods were coupled to IR-MALDESI-MS to enable analysis of samples containing excessive amounts of salts and buffers without fully compromising productivity. Example experiments, which leverage the speed of the IR-MALDESI-MS system to monitor NISTmAb reduction, protein autophosphorylation, and compound binding kinetics in near real time, are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Pu
- AbbVie Inc, 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Scott A Ugrin
- AbbVie Inc, 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Andrew J Radosevich
- AbbVie Inc, 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - David Chang-Yen
- AbbVie Inc, 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - James W Sawicki
- AbbVie Inc, 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Nari N Talaty
- AbbVie Inc, 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Nathaniel L Elsen
- AbbVie Inc, 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jon D Williams
- AbbVie Inc, 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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7
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Qi Y, Fu P, Volmer DA. Analysis of natural organic matter via fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: an overview of recent non-petroleum applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:647-661. [PMID: 32412674 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Among the different techniques for mass analysis, ultra-high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) is the method of choice for highly complex samples, as it offers unrivaled mass accuracy and resolving power, combined with a high degree of flexibility in hybrid instruments as well as for ion activation techniques. FTICR instruments are readily embraced by the biological and biomedical research communities and applied over a wide range of applications for the analysis of biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. In the field of natural organic matter (NOM) analysis, petroleum-related studies currently dominate FTICR-MS applications. Recently, however, there is a growing interest in developing high-performance MS methods for the characterization of NOM samples from natural aquatic and terrestrial environments. Here, we present an overview of FTICR-MS techniques for complex, non-petroleum NOM samples, including data analysis and novel tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) methods for structural classifications. © 2020 The Authors. Mass Spectrometry Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Qi
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Gadush MV, Sautto GA, Chandrasekaran H, Bensussan A, Ross TM, Ippolito GC, Person MD. Template-Assisted De Novo Sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Monoclonal Antibodies by Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:1616-1627. [PMID: 35653804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we used multiple enzyme digestions, coupled with higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD) fragmentation to develop a mass-spectrometric (MS) method for determining the complete protein sequence of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The method was refined on an mAb of a known sequence, a SARS-CoV-1 antireceptor binding domain (RBD) spike monoclonal antibody. The data were searched using Supernovo to generate a complete template-assisted de novo sequence for this and two SARS-CoV-2 mAbs of known sequences resulting in correct sequences for the variable regions and correct distinction of Ile and Leu residues. We then used the method on a set of 25 antihemagglutinin (HA) influenza antibodies of unknown sequences and determined high confidence sequences for >99% of the complementarity determining regions (CDRs). The heavy-chain and light-chain genes were cloned and transfected into cells for recombinant expression followed by affinity purification. The recombinant mAbs displayed binding curves matching the original mAbs with specificity to the HA influenza antigen. Our findings indicate that this methodology results in almost complete antibody sequence coverage with high confidence results for CDR regions on diverse mAb sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle V Gadush
- Center for Biomedical Research Support, Biological Mass Spectrometry Facility, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Giuseppe A Sautto
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Hamssika Chandrasekaran
- Center for Biomedical Research Support, Biological Mass Spectrometry Facility, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Alena Bensussan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Gregory C Ippolito
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Maria D Person
- Center for Biomedical Research Support, Biological Mass Spectrometry Facility, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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9
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Process- and Product-Related Foulants in Virus Filtration. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9040155. [PMID: 35447715 PMCID: PMC9030149 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9040155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory authorities place stringent guidelines on the removal of contaminants during the manufacture of biopharmaceutical products. Monoclonal antibodies, Fc-fusion proteins, and other mammalian cell-derived biotherapeutics are heterogeneous molecules that are validated based on the production process and not on molecular homogeneity. Validation of clearance of potential contamination by viruses is a major challenge during the downstream purification of these therapeutics. Virus filtration is a single-use, size-based separation process in which the contaminating virus particles are retained while the therapeutic molecules pass through the membrane pores. Virus filtration is routinely used as part of the overall virus clearance strategy. Compromised performance of virus filters due to membrane fouling, low throughput and reduced viral clearance, is of considerable industrial significance and is frequently a major challenge. This review shows how components generated during cell culture, contaminants, and product variants can affect virus filtration of mammalian cell-derived biologics. Cell culture-derived foulants include host cell proteins, proteases, and endotoxins. We also provide mitigation measures for each potential foulant.
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10
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Tucholski T, Ge Y. Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for characterizing proteoforms. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:158-177. [PMID: 32894796 PMCID: PMC7936991 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteoforms contribute functional diversity to the proteome and aberrant proteoforms levels have been implicated in biological dysfunction and disease. Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), with its ultrahigh mass-resolving power, mass accuracy, and versatile tandem MS capabilities, has empowered top-down, middle-down, and native MS-based approaches for characterizing proteoforms and their complexes in biological systems. Herein, we review the features which make FT-ICR MS uniquely suited for measuring proteoform mass with ultrahigh resolution and mass accuracy; obtaining in-depth proteoform sequence coverage with expansive tandem MS capabilities; and unambiguously identifying and localizing post-translational and noncovalent modifications. We highlight examples from our body of work in which we have quantified and comprehensively characterized proteoforms from cardiac and skeletal muscle to better understand conditions such as chronic heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, and sarcopenia. Structural characterization of monoclonal antibodies and their proteoforms by FT-ICR MS and emerging applications, such as native top-down FT-ICR MS and high-throughput top-down FT-ICR MS-based proteomics at 21 T, are also covered. Historically, the information gleaned from FT-ICR MS analyses have helped provide biological insights. We predict FT-ICR MS will continue to enable the study of proteoforms of increasing size from increasingly complex endogenous mixtures and facilitate the benchmarking of sensitive and specific assays for clinical diagnostics. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Tucholski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706
- Human Proteomics Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705
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11
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Naumann L, Schlossbauer P, Klingler F, Hesse F, Otte K, Neusüß C. High throughput glycosylation analysis of intact monoclonal antibodies by mass spectrometry coupled with capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2034-2044. [PMID: 35044720 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of monoclonal antibodies glycosylation is a crucial quality control attribute of biopharmaceutical drugs. High throughput screening approaches for antibody glycoform analysis are required in various stages of process optimization. Here, we present high throughput screening suitable mass spectrometry-based workflows for the analysis of intact antibody glycosylation out of cell supernatants. Capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography were coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight MS or Orbitrap MS. Both separation methods offer fast separation (10-15 min) and the capability to prevent the separated cell supernatant matrix to enter the MS by post-separation valving. Both MS instruments provide comparable results and both are sufficient to determine the glycosylation pattern of the five major glycoforms of the measured antibodies. However, the Orbitrap yields higher sensitivity of 25 μg/mL (CE-nanoCEasy-Orbitrap MS) and 5 μg/mL (LC-Orbitrap MS). Data processing was optimized for a faster processing and easier detection of low abundant glycoforms based on averaged charge-deconvoluted mass spectra. This approach combines a non-target glycoform analysis, while yielding the same glycosylation pattern as the traditional approach based on extracted ion traces. The presented methods enable the high throughput screening of the glycosylation pattern of antibodies down to low μg/mL-range out of cell supernatant without any sample preparation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Naumann
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, Aalen, 73430, Germany
| | - Patrick Schlossbauer
- Department of applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Karlstraße 6-11, Biberach, 88400, Germany
| | - Florian Klingler
- Department of applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Karlstraße 6-11, Biberach, 88400, Germany
| | - Friedemann Hesse
- Department of applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Karlstraße 6-11, Biberach, 88400, Germany
| | - Kerstin Otte
- Department of applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Karlstraße 6-11, Biberach, 88400, Germany
| | - Christian Neusüß
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, Aalen, 73430, Germany
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12
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Xie Y, Butler M. Construction of InstantPC derivatized glycan GU database: A foundation work for high-throughput and high-sensitivity glycomic analysis. Glycobiology 2021; 32:289-303. [PMID: 34972858 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is well-recognized as a critical quality attribute of biotherapeutics being routinely monitored to ensure desired product quality, safety, and efficacy. Additionally, as one of the most prominent and complex post-translational modifications, glycosylation plays a key role in disease manifestation. Changes in glycosylation may serve as a specific and sensitive biomarker for disease diagnostics and prognostics. However, the conventional 2-aminobenzamide based N-glycosylation analysis procedure is time-consuming and insensitive, with poor reproducibility. We have evaluated an innovative streamlined 96-well-plate-based platform utilizing InstantPC label for high-throughput, high-sensitivity glycan profiling, which is user-friendly, robust, and ready for automation. However, the limited availability of InstantPC labelled glycan standards has significantly hampered the applicability and transferability of this platform for expedited glycan structural profiling. To address this challenge, we have constructed a detailed InstantPC labelled glycan glucose unit database through analysis of human serum and a variety of other glycoproteins from various sources. Following preliminary hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection separation and analysis, glycoproteins with complex glycan profiles were subjected to further fractionation by weak anion exchange hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and exoglycosidase sequential digestion for cross-validation of the glycan assignment. Hydrophilic interaction ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was subsequently utilised for glycan fragmentation and accurate glycan mass confirmation. The constructed InstantPC glycan GU database is accurate and robust. It is believed that this database will enhance the application of the developed platform for high-throughput, high-sensitivity glycan profiling, and eventually advance glycan-based biopharmaceutical production and disease biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjing Xie
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Butler
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
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13
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Gammelgaard SK, Petersen SB, Haselmann KF, Nielsen PK. Characterization of Insulin Dimers by Top-Down Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1910-1918. [PMID: 33084334 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-molecular weight products (HMWP) are an important critical quality attribute in research and development of insulin biopharmaceuticals. We here demonstrate on two case studies of covalent insulin dimers, induced by Fe2+ incubation or ultraviolet (UV) light stress, that de novo characterization in top-down mass spectrometry (MS) workflows can identify cross-link types and sites. On the MS2 level, electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD) efficiently cleaved the interchain disulfide bonds in the dimers to reveal cross-link connectivities between chains. The combined utilization of EThcD and 213 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) facilitated identification of the chemical composition of the cross-links. Identification of cross-link sites between chains at residue level was achievable for both dimers with MS3 analysis of MS2 fragments cleaved at the cross-link or additionally the interchain disulfide bonds. UVPD provided identification of cross-link sites in the Fe2+-induced dimer without MS3, while cross-link site identification with MS2 was not possible for the UV light-induced dimer. Thus, using varied multistage approaches, it was discovered that in the UV light-induced dimer, Tyr14 of the A-chain participated in an -O-S- cross-link in which the sulfur was derived either from Cys7 or Cys19 of the B-chain. In the Fe2+-induced dimer, Phe1 from both B-chains were cross-linked through a -CH2-. The UV chromophoric side chain of Phe1 was indicated in the cross-link, explaining why UVPD-MS2 was effective in fragmenting the cross-link and nearby backbone bonds. Our results demonstrated that higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD), EThcD, and UVPD combined with MS3 were powerful tools for direct de novo characterization of cross-linked insulin dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon K Gammelgaard
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Steffen B Petersen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kim F Haselmann
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Peter Kresten Nielsen
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
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14
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A novel peptide design aids in the expression and its simplified process of manufacturing of Insulin Glargine in Pichia pastoris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3061-3074. [PMID: 33821296 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Manufacturing of insulin and its analogues relied upon in vitro enzymatic cleavages of its precursor forms (single chain precursor, SCP) at both ends of a connecting peptide (C-peptide) that links the respective B-chain and A-chains to corresponding final forms. We have demonstrated a simplified approach of cleaving P. pastoris expressed SCP, distinctly at one site for conversion to insulin glargine. The design of the precursor was made in such a way that there is no C-peptide in the precursor which needs to be removed in the final product. Instead of traditional both side cleavage of the C-peptide and removing the C-peptide (by trypsin), followed by 2nd enzyme reaction (typically carboxipeptidase B), present work established only one side cleavage of the sequence by only trypsin converts the precursor to final insulin glargine product. The novel design of the precursor helped in producing insulin glargine in a single step with an application of single enzyme brought high degree of process efficiencies. Highly purified product was generated through two reversed phase high pressure chromatographic steps. Purified product was compared with the reference product Lantus®, for various physico-chemical and biological properties. Primary, secondary and tertiary structures as well as biological pharmaco-dynamic effects were found comparable. High cell density fermentation that gave a good yield of the SCP, a single step conversion to insulin glargine, enabled by a unique design of SCP and a distinct purification approach, has led to a simplified and economical manufacturing process of this important drug used to treat diabetes. KEY POINTS: • Novel concept for processing single chain precursor of insulin glargine • Simple and economic process for insulin glargine • Physicochemical characterization and animal Pharmacodynamics show similarity to Lantus.
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15
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Glycoproteomics Technologies in Glycobiotechnology. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 175:413-434. [PMID: 33205259 DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a key factor determining the pharmacological properties of biotherapeutics, including their stability, solubility, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity. As such, comprehensive information about glycosylation of biotherapeutics is critical to demonstrate similarity. Regulatory agencies also require extensive documentation of the comprehensive analyses of glycosylation-related critical quality attributes (CQAs) during the development, manufacturing, and release of biosimilars. Mass spectrometry has catalysed tremendous advancements in the characterisation of glycosylation CQAs of biotherapeutics. Here we provide a perspective overview on the MS-based technologies relevant for biotherapeutic product characterisation with an emphasis on the recent developments that allow determination of glycosylation features such as site of glycosylation, sialic acid linkage, glycan structure, and content.
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16
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Sarsby J, McLean L, Harman VM, Beynon RJ. Monitoring recombinant protein expression in bacteria by rapid evaporative ionisation mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 35 Suppl 2:e8670. [PMID: 31760669 PMCID: PMC8047878 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE There is increasing interest in methods of direct analysis mass spectrometry that bypass complex sample preparation steps. METHODS One of the most interesting new ionisation methods is rapid evaporative ionisation mass spectrometry (REIMS) in which samples are vapourised and the combustion products are subsequently ionised and analysed by mass spectrometry (Synapt G2si). The only sample preparation required is the recovery of a cell pellet from a culture that can be analysed immediately. RESULTS We demonstrate that REIMS can be used to monitor the expression of heterologous recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. Clear segregation was achievable between bacteria harvesting plasmids that were strongly expressed and other cultures in which the plasmid did not result in the expression of large amounts of recombinant product. CONCLUSIONS REIMS has considerable potential as a near-instantaneous monitoring tool for protein production in a biotechnology environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joscelyn Sarsby
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZBUK
| | - Lynn McLean
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZBUK
| | - Victoria M. Harman
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZBUK
| | - Robert J. Beynon
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZBUK
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17
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Coupling Multi-Angle Light Scattering to Reverse-Phase Ultra-High-Pressure Chromatography (RP-UPLC-MALS) for the characterization monoclonal antibodies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14965. [PMID: 31628369 PMCID: PMC6800455 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-angle light scattering coupled with size-exclusion chromatography (SEC-MALS) is a standard approach for protein characterization. Recently MALS detection has been coupled with ion-exchange chromatography (IEX) which demonstrated the feasibility and high value of MALS in combination with non-sized-based fractionation methods. In this study we coupled reverse-phase ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) with a low-dispersion MALS detector for the characterization of intact monoclonal antibody (mAbs) and their fragments. We confirmed a constant refractive index increment value for mAbs in RP gradients, in good agreement with the values in literature for other classes of proteins. We showed that the impurities eluting from a RP column can often be related to aggregated species and we confirmed that in most cases those oligomers are present also in SEC-MALS. Yet, in few cases small aggregates fractions in RP-UPLC are an artifact. In fact, proteins presenting thermal and physical stability not suitable for the harsh condition applied during the RP separation of mAbs (i.e. organic solvents at high temperature) can aggregate. Further, we applied RP-UPLC-MALS during a long term stability studies. The different principle of separation used in RP-UPLC- MALS provides an additional critical level of protein characterization compared to SEC-MALS and IEX-MALS.
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18
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Habib MAH, Ismail MN. Characterization of erythropoietin biosimilars using mass spectrometric CID and HCD techniques. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2019.1615502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Nazri Ismail
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, University Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
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19
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Jiang T, Yu N, Kim J, Murgo JR, Kissai M, Ravichandran K, Miracco EJ, Presnyak V, Hua S. Oligonucleotide Sequence Mapping of Large Therapeutic mRNAs via Parallel Ribonuclease Digestions and LC-MS/MS. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8500-8506. [PMID: 31129964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of mRNA sequences is a critical aspect of mRNA drug development and regulatory filing. Herein, we developed a novel bottom-up oligonucleotide sequence mapping workflow combining multiple endonucleases that cleave mRNA at different frequencies. RNase T1, colicin E5, and mazF were applied in parallel to provide complementary sequence coverage for large mRNAs. Combined use of multiple endonucleases resulted in significantly improved sequence coverage: greater than 70% sequence coverage was achieved on mRNAs near 3000 nucleotides long. Oligonucleotide mapping simulations with large human RNA databases demonstrate that the proposed workflow can positively identify a single correct sequence from hundreds of similarly sized sequences. In addition, the workflow is sensitive and specific enough to detect minor sequence impurities such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a sensitivity of less than 1%. LC-MS/MS-based oligonucleotide sequence mapping can serve as an orthogonal sequence characterization method to techniques such as Sanger sequencing or next-generation sequencing (NGS), providing high-throughput sequence identification and sensitive impurity detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Moderna Inc. , 500 Technology Square , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Ningxi Yu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| | - Jaeah Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - John-Ross Murgo
- Moderna Inc. , 500 Technology Square , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Mildred Kissai
- Moderna Inc. , 500 Technology Square , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Kanchana Ravichandran
- Moderna Inc. , 500 Technology Square , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Edward J Miracco
- Moderna Inc. , 500 Technology Square , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Vladimir Presnyak
- Moderna Inc. , 500 Technology Square , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Serenus Hua
- Moderna Inc. , 500 Technology Square , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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20
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Mao Y, Zhang L, Kleinberg A, Xia Q, Daly TJ, Li N. Fast protein sequencing of monoclonal antibody by real-time digestion on emitter during nanoelectrospray. MAbs 2019; 11:767-778. [PMID: 30919719 PMCID: PMC6601538 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1599633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth in the pharmaceutical industry has led to an increasing demand for rapid characterization of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. The current methods for antibody sequence confirmation (e.g., N-terminal Edman sequencing and traditional peptide mapping methods) are not sufficient; thus, we developed a fast method for sequencing recombinant monoclonal antibodies using a novel digestion-on-emitter technology. Using this method, a monoclonal antibody can be denatured, reduced, digested, and sequenced in less than an hour. High throughput and satisfactory protein sequence coverage were achieved by using a non-specific protease from Aspergillus saitoi, protease XIII, to digest the denatured and reduced monoclonal antibody on an electrospray emitter, while electrospray high voltage was applied to the digestion mixture through the emitter. Tandem mass spectrometry data was acquired over the course of enzyme digestion, generating similar information compared to standard peptide mapping experiments in much less time. We demonstrated that this fast protein sequencing method provided sufficient sequence information for bovine serum albumin and two commercially available monoclonal antibodies, mouse IgG1 MOPC21 and humanized IgG1 NISTmAb. For two monoclonal antibodies, we obtained sequence coverage of 90.5–95.1% for the heavy chains and 98.6–99.1% for the light chains. We found that on-emitter digestion by protease XIII generated peptides of various lengths during the digestion process, which was critical for achieving sufficient sequence coverage. Moreover, we discovered that the enzyme-to-substrate ratio was an important parameter that affects protein sequence coverage. Due to its highly automatable and efficient design, our method offers a major advantage over N-terminal Edman sequencing and traditional peptide mapping methods in the identification of protein sequence, and is capable of meeting an ever-increasing demand for monoclonal antibody sequence confirmation in the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Mao
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New York , NY , USA
| | - Lichao Zhang
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New York , NY , USA
| | - Andrew Kleinberg
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New York , NY , USA
| | - Qiangwei Xia
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New York , NY , USA
| | - Thomas J Daly
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New York , NY , USA
| | - Ning Li
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New York , NY , USA
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21
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Huang LJ, Chiang CW, Chen SL, Wei SY, Chen SH. Complete mapping of disulfide linkages for etanercept products by multi-enzyme digestion coupled with LC-MS/MS using multi-fragmentations including CID and ETD. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27:531-541. [PMID: 30987725 PMCID: PMC9296193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The disulfide linkages of two etanercept products, Enbrel® (innovator drug) and TuNEX®, were characterized and compared using a multi-fragmentation approach consisting of electron transfer dissociation (ETD) and collision induced dissociation (CID) in combination with multi-enzyme digestion protocols (from Lys-C, trypsin, Glu-C, and PNGase F). Multi-fragmentation approach allowed multi-disulfide linkages contained in a peptide to be un-ambiguously assigned based on the cleavage of both the disulfide and the backbone linkages in a MS3 schedule. New insights gained using this approach were discussed. A total of 29 disulfides, Cys18-Cys31, Cys32-Cys45, Cys35-Cys53, Cys56-Cys71, Cys74-Cys88, Cys78-Cys-96, Cys98-Cys104, Cys112-Cys121, Cys115-Cys139, Cys-142-Cys157, Cys163-Cys178 in TNFR portion and Cys240-Cys240, Cys246-Cys246, Cys249-Cys249, Cys281-Cys341, Cys387-Cys445 in IgG1 Fc domain, were completely assigned with the demonstration of the same disulfide linkages between the Enbrel® and TuNEX® products. The data showed the higher order structure was preserved throughout the recombinant manufacturing processes and consistent between the two products.
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22
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Liu P, Zhu X, Wu W, Ludwig R, Song H, Li R, Zhou J, Tao L, Leone AM. Subunit mass analysis for monitoring multiple attributes of monoclonal antibodies. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:31-40. [PMID: 30286260 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Multi-Attribute Methods (MAMs) are appealing due to their ability to provide data on multiple molecular attributes from a single assay. If fully realized, such tests could reduce the number of assays required to support a product control strategy while providing equivalent or greater product understanding relative to the conventional approach. In doing so, MAMs have the potential to decrease development and manufacturing costs by reducing the number of tests in a release panel. METHODS In this work, we report a MAM which is based on subunit mass analysis. RESULTS The MAM assay is shown to be suitable for use as a combined method for identity testing, glycan profiling, and protein ratio determination for co-formulated monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs. This is achieved by taking advantage of the high mass accuracy and relative quantification capabilities of intact mass analysis using quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF MS). Protein identification is achieved by comparing the measured masses of light chain (LC) and heavy chain (HC) mAbs against their theoretical values. Specificity is based on instrument mass accuracy. Glycan profiling and relative protein ratios are determined by the relative peak intensities of the protein HC glycoforms and LC glycoforms, respectively. Results for these relative quantifications agree well with those obtained by the conventional hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and reversed-phase LC methods. CONCLUSIONS The suitability of this MAM for use in a quality control setting is demonstrated through assessment specificity for mAb identity, and accuracy, precision, linearity and robustness for glycan profiling and ratio determination. Results from this study indicate that a MAM with subunit mass analysis has the potential to replace three conventional methods widely used for mAb release testing including identification assay, glycosylation profiling, and ratio determination for co-formulated mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Liu
- Molecular and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Xin Zhu
- Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Molecular and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Richard Ludwig
- Molecular and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Hangtian Song
- Molecular and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Ruojia Li
- Molecular and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Jiping Zhou
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Li Tao
- Molecular and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Anthony M Leone
- Molecular and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
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23
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van der Burgt YEM, Kilgour DPA, Tsybin YO, Srzentić K, Fornelli L, Beck A, Wuhrer M, Nicolardi S. Structural Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies by Ultrahigh Resolution MALDI In-Source Decay FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2079-2085. [PMID: 30571088 PMCID: PMC6365908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
emergence of complex protein therapeutics in general and monoclonal
antibodies (mAbs) in particular have stimulated analytical chemists
to develop new methods and strategies for their structural characterization.
Mass spectrometry plays a key role in providing information on the
primary amino acid sequence, post-translational modifications, and
other structure characteristics that must be monitored during the
manufacturing process and subsequent quality control assessment. In
this study, we present a novel method that allows structural characterization
of mAbs based on MALDI in-source decay (ISD) fragmentation, coupled
with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) MS. The method
benefits from higher resolution of absorption mode FT mass spectra,
compared to magnitude mode, which enables simultaneous identification
of ISD fragments from both the heavy and light chains with a higher
confidence in a wide mass range up to m/z 13 500. This method was applied to two standard mAbs, namely
NIST mAb and trastuzumab, in preparation for method application in
an interlaboratory study on mAbs structural analysis coordinated by
the Consortium for Top-Down Proteomics. Extensive sequence coverage
was obtained from the middle-down analysis (IdeS- and GingisKHAN-digested
mAbs) that complemented the top-down analysis of intact mAbs. In addition,
MALDI FT-ICR MS of IdeS-digested mAbs allowed isotopic-level profiling
of proteoforms with regard to heavy chain N-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri E M van der Burgt
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics , Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC) , PO Box 9600, 2300 RC , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - David P A Kilgour
- Department of Chemistry , Nottingham Trent University , Nottingham , NG11 0JN , U.K
| | - Yury O Tsybin
- Spectroswiss , EPFL Innovation Park , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Kristina Srzentić
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence , Northwestern University , 2145 N. Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Luca Fornelli
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence , Northwestern University , 2145 N. Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Alain Beck
- Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre , 74160 St. Julien-en-Genevois , France
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics , Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC) , PO Box 9600, 2300 RC , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Simone Nicolardi
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics , Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC) , PO Box 9600, 2300 RC , Leiden , The Netherlands
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24
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Haselberg R, De Vijlder T, Heukers R, Smit MJ, Romijn EP, Somsen GW, Domínguez-Vega E. Heterogeneity assessment of antibody-derived therapeutics at the intact and middle-up level by low-flow sheathless capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1044:181-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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25
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Baker JJ, McDaniel D, Cain D, Lee Tao P, Li C, Huang Y, Liu H, Zhu-Shimoni J, Niñonuevo M. Rapid Identification of Disulfide Bonds and Cysteine-Related Variants in an IgG1 Knob-into-Hole Bispecific Antibody Enhanced by Machine Learning. Anal Chem 2018; 91:965-976. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J. Baker
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dana McDaniel
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David Cain
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Paula Lee Tao
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Charlene Li
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yuting Huang
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Judith Zhu-Shimoni
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Milady Niñonuevo
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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26
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Shi Y, Hong X, Fan H, Wu Z, Liu A. Characterizing Novel Modifications of a Therapeutic Protein Using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Sedimentation Velocity Analytical Ultracentrifugation, and Structural Modeling. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12870-12877. [PMID: 30295031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity of biopharmaceutical products is common due to various co- and post-translational modifications and degradation events that occur during the biological production process and throughout the shelf life. Product-related variants resulting from these modifications potentially affect a product's biological activity and safety, and thus, their detailed structure characterization is of great importance for successful development of protein therapeutics. Specifically, in this study, two novel low-level product variants in a recombinant therapeutic protein were characterized via chromatographic enrichment followed by proteolytic digestion and analysis using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). One of the variants was identified to be the therapeutic protein missing a 61-amino-acid fragment from its N-terminus. Consequently, the other variant was found to be the therapeutic protein carrying the 61-amino-acid long peptide. Furthermore, detailed structure at the modification site of the latter variant was determined as that amino group from the protein's N-terminus linked to side chain carbonyl carbon at Asp 61 residue of the peptide, based on the complementary information from collision induced dissociation and electron transfer dissociation MS/MS analysis. Results from sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation and computational structural modeling supported the hypothesis that formation of these two variants was a result of protein self-association. In dimeric state, the head-to-toe stacking conformation of two therapeutic protein molecules allowed spatial closeness between the N-terminus of one molecule and the 61st amino acid of the other molecule, resulting in a novel peptide transfer between the two protein molecules.
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Shaaban R, El-Sayed WM, Samir S, El-Dabaa E. Molecular and Biological Characterization of a Prepared Recombinant Human Interferon Alpha 2b Isoform. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 188:72-86. [PMID: 30334171 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2908-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human interferon alpha2b (rhIFN-α2b) protein is FDA approved for treatment of many tumors and viral diseases. A rhIFN-α2b isoform has been produced and purified from the refolding reaction using high-resolution anion ion exchange chromatography. This isoform has a proper MW (19 kDa) and high purity and homogeneity. The conservation of native linear and conformational epitopes in this isoform was immunologically confirmed by Western blot and ELISA. Mass spectrometry assessment of its intact mass showed average mass (19,337 Da) equivalent to that of the expressed rhIFN-α2b protein without any chemical modification and without the first methionine. Peptide mapping of rhIFN-α2b through tryptic digestion of reductive/alkylated protein using urea as a denaturing agent gave the best pattern. The rhIFN-α2b had a high specific antiviral activity (2.5 × 108 ± 1.1 × 108IU/mg protein). In vivo clearance study of rhIFN-α2b in female SD rats (500 μg/kg, intramuscularly) revealed rapid clearance (elimination half-life 0.54 h with a maximum plasma concentration of 33,792 pg/ml) compared with the commercial rhIFN-α2 (elimination half-life 0.75-0.96 h). In conclusion, the prepared rhIFN-α2b isoform has high purity, homogeneity, native like chemical and structural composition, high antiviral activity, and proper biological stability, which reduce its immunogenicity and raise its therapeutic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Shaaban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, P.O. Box 30, Giza, Egypt
| | - Wael M El-Sayed
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, University of Ain Shams, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
| | - Safia Samir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, P.O. Box 30, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ehab El-Dabaa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, P.O. Box 30, Giza, Egypt.
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28
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Háda V, Bagdi A, Bihari Z, Timári SB, Fizil Á, Szántay C. Recent advancements, challenges, and practical considerations in the mass spectrometry-based analytics of protein biotherapeutics: A viewpoint from the biosimilar industry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:214-238. [PMID: 30205300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The extensive analytical characterization of protein biotherapeutics, especially of biosimilars, is a critical part of the product development and registration. High-resolution mass spectrometry became the primary analytical tool used for the structural characterization of biotherapeutics. Its high instrumental sensitivity and methodological versatility made it possible to use this technique to characterize both the primary and higher-order structure of these proteins. However, even by using high-end instrumentation, analysts face several challenges with regard to how to cope with industrial and regulatory requirements, that is, how to obtain accurate and reliable analytical data in a time- and cost-efficient way. New sample preparation approaches, measurement techniques and data evaluation strategies are available to meet those requirements. The practical considerations of these methods are discussed in the present review article focusing on hot topics, such as reliable and efficient sequencing strategies, minimization of artefact formation during sample preparation, quantitative peptide mapping, the potential of multi-attribute methodology, the increasing role of mass spectrometry in higher-order structure characterization and the challenges of MS-based identification of host cell proteins. On the basis of the opportunities in new instrumental techniques, methodological advancements and software-driven data evaluation approaches, for the future one can envision an even wider application area for mass spectrometry in the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Háda
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary.
| | - Attila Bagdi
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Bihari
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary
| | | | - Ádám Fizil
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szántay
- Spectroscopic Research Department, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary.
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Zielińska J, Stadnik J, Bierczyńska-Krzysik A, Stadnik D. Identification of N-Terminally Truncated Derivatives of Insulin Analogs Formed in Pharmaceutical Formulations. Pharm Res 2018; 35:143. [PMID: 29770892 PMCID: PMC5956049 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Isolation and identification of unknown impurities of recombinant insulin lispro (produced at IBA) formed during accelerated stability testing of pharmaceutical solutions. For comparative purposes also commercially available formulations of recombinant human insulin (Humulin S®; Lilly), recombinant insulin lispro (Humalog®; Lilly), recombinant insulin aspart (NovoRapid® Penfill®; Novo Nordisk), recombinant insulin detemir (Levemir®; Novo Nordisk) and recombinant insulin glargine (Lantus®; Sanofi-Aventis) were analyzed. METHODS The impurities of insulin analogs were isolated by RP-HPLC and identified with peptide mass fingerprinting using MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. RESULTS The identified derivatives were N-terminally truncated insulin analog impurities of decreased molecular mass of 119, 147 and 377 Da related to the original protein. The modifications resulting in a mass decrease were detected at the N-terminus of B chains of insulin lispro, insulin aspart, human insulin, insulin glargine, insulin detemir in all tested formulations. To our knowledge it is the first time that these impurities are reported. CONCLUSIONS The following derivatives formed by truncation of the B chain in insulin analogs were identified in pharmaceutical formulations: desPheB1-N-formyl-ValB2 derivative, desPheB1 derivative, pyroGluB4 derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Zielińska
- Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics (IBA), Starościńska 5, 02-516, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Stadnik
- Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics (IBA), Starościńska 5, 02-516, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Dorota Stadnik
- Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics (IBA), Starościńska 5, 02-516, Warsaw, Poland.
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30
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Rathore D, Faustino A, Schiel J, Pang E, Boyne M, Rogstad S. The role of mass spectrometry in the characterization of biologic protein products. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:431-449. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1469982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Rathore
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Anneliese Faustino
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - John Schiel
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Eric Pang
- Office of Lifecycle Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Michael Boyne
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- COUR Pharmaceuticals Development Company, Northbrook, IL, USA
| | - Sarah Rogstad
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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31
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Qin X, Qiao W, Wang Y, Li T, Li X, Gong T, Zhang ZR, Fu Y. An Extracellular Matrix-Mimicking Hydrogel for Full Thickness Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18:e1800047. [PMID: 29737012 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianyan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Delivery; West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; No. 17, Section 3, Southern Renmin Rd Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Weizhen Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Delivery; West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; No. 17, Section 3, Southern Renmin Rd Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yuejing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Delivery; West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; No. 17, Section 3, Southern Renmin Rd Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Tingyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Delivery; West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; No. 17, Section 3, Southern Renmin Rd Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Delivery; West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; No. 17, Section 3, Southern Renmin Rd Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Delivery; West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; No. 17, Section 3, Southern Renmin Rd Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Zhi-Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Delivery; West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; No. 17, Section 3, Southern Renmin Rd Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Delivery; West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; No. 17, Section 3, Southern Renmin Rd Chengdu 610041 China
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32
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Measurement of impurities to support process development and manufacture of biopharmaceuticals. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Disulfide linkage is critical to protein folding and structural stability. The location of disulfide linkages for antibodies is routinely discovered by comparing the chromatograms of the reduced and non-reduced peptide mapping with location identification confirmed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectrometry (MS)/MS. However, CID product spectra of disulfide-linked peptides can be difficult to interpret, and provide limited information on the backbone region within the disulfide loop. Here, we applied an electron-transfer dissociation (ETD)/CID combined fragmentation method that identifies the disulfide linkage without intensive LC comparison, and yet maps the disulfide location accurately. The native protein samples were digested using trypsin for proteolysis. The method uses RapiGest SF Surfactant and obviates the need for reduction/alkylation and extensive sample manipulation. An aliquot of the digest was loaded onto a C4 analytical column. Peptides were gradient-eluted and analyzed using a Thermo Scientific LTQ Orbitrap Elite mass spectrometer for the ETD-triggered CID MS3 experiment. Survey MS scans were followed by data-dependent scans consisting of ETD MS2 scans on the most intense ion in the survey scan, followed by 5 MS3 CID scans on the 5 most intense ions in the ETD MS2 scan. We were able to identify the disulfide-mediated structural variants A and A/B forms and their corresponding disulfide linkages in an immunoglobulin G2 monoclonal antibody with λ light chain (IgG2λ), where the location of cysteine linkages were unambiguously determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Guan
- a Process Development, Amgen Inc. , Thousand Oaks , CA , United States
| | - Le Zhang
- a Process Development, Amgen Inc. , Thousand Oaks , CA , United States
| | - Jette Wypych
- a Process Development, Amgen Inc. , Thousand Oaks , CA , United States
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34
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A multianalytical approach to investigate the effect of nanofiltration on plasma-derived factor IX clinical lots. Anal Biochem 2018; 542:1-10. [PMID: 29154788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Plasma-derived proteins are a subset of relevant biotherapeutics also known as "well-characterized biologicals". They are enriched from plasma through several steps of physical and biochemical methodologies, reaching the regulatory accepted standards of safety, levels of impurities, activity and lot-to-lot consistency. Final products accepted for commercialization are submitted to tight analytical, functional and safety controls by a number of different approaches that fulfill the requirements of sensitivity and reliability. We report here the use of a multianalytical approach for the comparative evaluation of different lots of Factor IX isolated from plasma preparations and submitted or not to a step of nanofiltration. The approach include, among the other, proteomic techniques based on both MALDI-TOF and LC-MS Orbitrap mass spectrometry, circular dichroism for structural characterization, chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques, ELISA and functional assays based on clotting activity and binding to known anticoagulants. Comparative data obtained on two sets of nanofiltered and non-nanofiltered lots with different final activity show that the products have substantially overlapping profiles in terms of activity, contaminants, structural properties and protein content, suggesting that the proposed multianalytical approach is robust enough to be used for the routine validation of clinical lots.
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35
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Sączyńska V, Bierczyńska-Krzysik A, Cecuda-Adamczewska V, Baran P, Porębska A, Florys K, Zieliński M, Płucienniczak G. Production of highly and broad-range specific monoclonal antibodies against hemagglutinin of H5-subtype avian influenza viruses and their differentiation by mass spectrometry. Virol J 2018; 15:13. [PMID: 29334981 PMCID: PMC5769215 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0886-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5 subtype, such as the H5N1 viral strains or the novel H5N8 and H5N2 reassortants, are of both veterinary and public health concern worldwide. To combat these viruses, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against H5 hemagglutinin (HA) play a significant role. These mAbs are effective diagnostic and therapeutic agents and powerful tools in vaccine development and basic scientific research. The aim of this study was to obtain diagnostically valuable mAbs with broad strain specificity against H5-subtype AIVs. Results We applied the hybridoma method to produce anti-HA mAbs. The cloning and screening procedures resulted in the selection of 7 mouse hybridoma cell lines and their respective antibody clones. Preliminary immunoreactivity studies showed that these newly established mAbs, all of the IgG1 isotype, had high specificity and broad-range activities against the H5 HAs. However, these studies did not allow for a clear distinction among the selected antibodies and mAb-secreting hybridoma clones. To differentiate the analyzed mAbs and determine the exact number of hybridoma clones, peptide mapping of the Fc and Fab fragments was performed using a Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) mass spectrometer. Detailed analyses of the acquired MS and MS/MS spectra confirmed that the Fc fragments constituted highly conserved species- and isotype-immunoglobulin components, whereas the Fab fragments exhibited considerable variation in the sequences that determine antibody specificity. This approach enabled unambiguous characterization of the selected mAbs according to their peptide composition. As a result, 6 different clones were distinguished. Conclusions Our work provided a unique panel of anti-H5 HA mAbs, which meets the demand for novel, high-specificity analytical tools for use in serologic surveillance. Applications of these mAbs in areas other than diagnostics are also possible. Moreover, we demonstrated for the first time that peptide mapping of antibody fragments with mass spectrometry is an efficient method for the differentiation of antibody clones and relevant antibody-producing cell lines. The method may be successfully used to characterize mAbs at the protein level. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-017-0886-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Sączyńska
- Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, Starościńska 5 Street, 02-516, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | | | - Piotr Baran
- Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, Starościńska 5 Street, 02-516, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Porębska
- Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, Starościńska 5 Street, 02-516, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Florys
- Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, Starościńska 5 Street, 02-516, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Zieliński
- Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, Starościńska 5 Street, 02-516, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Płucienniczak
- Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, Starościńska 5 Street, 02-516, Warsaw, Poland
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36
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Qu M, An B, Shen S, Zhang M, Shen X, Duan X, Balthasar JP, Qu J. Qualitative and quantitative characterization of protein biotherapeutics with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:734-754. [PMID: 27097288 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, the advancement of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) techniques has enabled their broad application in protein characterization, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Owing to certain important merits of LC/MS techniques (e.g., high selectivity, flexibility, and rapid method development), LC/MS assays are often deemed as preferable alternatives to conventional methods (e.g., ligand-binding assays) for the analysis of protein biotherapeutics. At the discovery and development stages, LC/MS is generally employed for two purposes absolute quantification of protein biotherapeutics in biological samples and qualitative characterization of proteins. For absolute quantification of a target protein in bio-matrices, recent work has led to improvements in the efficiency of LC/MS method development, sample treatment, enrichment and digestion, and high-performance low-flow-LC separation. These advances have enhanced analytical sensitivity, specificity, and robustness. As to qualitative analysis, a range of techniques have been developed to characterize intramolecular disulfide bonds, glycosylation, charge variants, primary sequence heterogeneity, and the drug-to-antibody ratio of antibody drug conjugate (ADC), which has enabled a refined ability to assess product quality. In this review, we will focus on the discussion of technical challenges and strategies of LC/MS-based quantification and characterization of biotherapeutics, with the emphasis on the analysis of antibody-based biotherapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and ADCs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:734-754, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Qu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203
| | - Bo An
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203
| | - Shichen Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203
| | - Xiaomeng Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203
| | - Xiaotao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Joseph P Balthasar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203
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Lamanna WC, Heller K, Schneider D, Guerrasio R, Hampl V, Fritsch C, Schiestl M. The in-use stability of the rituximab biosimilar Rixathon®/Riximyo® upon preparation for intravenous infusion. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2017; 25:269-278. [PMID: 28950806 PMCID: PMC6348458 DOI: 10.1177/1078155217731506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in-use physicochemical and biological stability of the Sandoz rituximab biosimilar, marketed under the trade names Rixathon® and Riximyo® in the European Union, upon preparation for intravenous infusion. Methods Three batches of Rixathon®/Riximyo® in the final month of their 36 month shelf life were exposed to room temperature and light for 14 days to recapitulate a major temperature excursion. Samples were diluted to the lowest allowable concentration of 1 mg/mL in 0.9% NaCl solution in either polypropylene or polyethylene infusion bags and stored for 14 or 30 days at 5 ± 3℃ followed by an additional 24 h at room temperature to simulate product handling. Samples stored in infusion bags were analyzed using SEC, CEX, non-reducing CE-SDS, peptide mapping and CDC to assess physicochemical and biological stability. Results Analysis of Rixathon®/Riximyo® diluted to the lowest allowable concentration in 0.9% sodium chloride in either polypropylene or polyethylene infusion bags revealed no change in molecular weight variants, charge variants, deamidation, oxidation, overall composition or potency over a 31-day period. Conclusion Physicochemical and biological analyses demonstrate that Rixathon®/Riximyo® stability is not impacted by dilution and formulation conditions required for intravenous infusion, even under worst case conditions with regard to product shelf life, temperature excursion, light exposure, dilution factor and infusion bag storage time over a 31-day period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharina Heller
- 2 Biopharmaceuticals Process and Product Development, Biologics Technical Development and Manufacturing, Novartis, Sandoz GmbH, Kundl, Austria
| | - Daniel Schneider
- 2 Biopharmaceuticals Process and Product Development, Biologics Technical Development and Manufacturing, Novartis, Sandoz GmbH, Kundl, Austria
| | - Raffaele Guerrasio
- 3 Technical Development Biosimilars, Biologics Technical Development and Manufacturing, Novartis, Sandoz GmbH, Kundl, Austria
| | - Veronika Hampl
- 2 Biopharmaceuticals Process and Product Development, Biologics Technical Development and Manufacturing, Novartis, Sandoz GmbH, Kundl, Austria
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38
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Quantification of Coagulation Factor VIII by Selective Reaction Monitoring. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28921445 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7312-5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) is an important glycoprotein involved in the extrinsic coagulation cascade. Mutations in FVIII gene results in hemophilia A, a recessive coagulation disorder that is clinically managed by administration of purified FVIII from blood donors or recombinant FVIII. Because of its fundamental therapeutic application, biotechnological production of FVIII requires rigid quality control and monitoring in patients and clinical trials. Here, we describe a protocol for a mass spectrometry based approach termed selective reaction monitoring (SRM) as an important alternative tool for accurate and sensitive quantitation of purified or recombinant FVIII.
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39
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Dominguez-Vega E, De Vijlder T, Romijn EP, Somsen GW. Capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry as a highly selective tool for the compositional and site-specific assessment of multiple peptide-deamidation. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 982:122-130. [PMID: 28734351 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Site-specific mapping of multiple deamidations in peptides is a challenging analytical task. In this work, capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry (CE-MS/MS) is presented as a high-resolution tool for the detailed characterization of these subtle modifications in peptides. The 4.5-kDa peptide drug TRI-1144, which contains five closely-positioned potential deamidation sites, was selected as model compound. TRI-1144 was exposed to acidic conditions and/or elevated temperatures for 1-14 h. Stressed samples were analyzed using a background electrolyte (BGE) of 150 mM ammonium formate (pH 6.0) in combination with a capillary coated with a bilayer of Polybrene-dextran sulfate. Separation of deamidated and deacetylated TRI-1144 species, including several positional isomers, was greatly enhanced by adding up to 40 vol% of acetonitrile-isopropanol (87.5:12.5, v/v) to the BGE, allowing reliable determination of the number of deamidations/deacetylations per degradation product. Collision-induced dissociation MS/MS was conducted on the separated peptide components in order to reveal the exact position of deamidation on the peptide chain. Obtained fragment ions showed overlapping isotopic distributions in their MS/MS spectra resulting from the comigration of different isomeric deamidated species. Comparison of theoretical and measured isotope distributions for specific y ions of peptide fragments yielded the identity and relative abundance of isomeric deamidated products. The developed CE-MS/MS methodology was used for the highly selective evaluation of TRI-1144 stability under different stress conditions, providing detailed qualitative and semi-quantitative degradation maps of the peptide drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dominguez-Vega
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas De Vijlder
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Edwin P Romijn
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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40
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Rogstad S, Faustino A, Ruth A, Keire D, Boyne M, Park J. A Retrospective Evaluation of the Use of Mass Spectrometry in FDA Biologics License Applications. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:786-794. [PMID: 27873217 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The characterization sections of biologics license applications (BLAs) approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between 2000 and 2015 were investigated to examine the extent of the use of mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry was found to be integral to the characterization of these biotherapeutics. Of the 80 electronically submitted monoclonal antibody and protein biotherapeutic BLAs included in this study, 79 were found to use mass spectrometric workflows for protein or impurity characterization. To further examine how MS is being used in successful BLAs, the applications were filtered based on the type and number of quality attributes characterized, the mass spectrometric workflows used (peptide mapping, intact mass analysis, and cleaved glycan analysis), the methods used to introduce the proteins into the gas phase (ESI, MALDI, or LC-ESI), and the specific types of instrumentation used. Analyses were conducted over a time course based on the FDA BLA approval to determine if any trends in utilization could be observed over time. Additionally, the different classes of protein-based biotherapeutics among the approved BLAs were clustered to determine if any trends could be attributed to the specific type of biotherapeutic. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rogstad
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
| | - Anneliese Faustino
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Ashley Ruth
- Biotechlogic, Inc., Glenview, IL, 60025, USA
| | - David Keire
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | | | - Jun Park
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
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41
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Xiao Y, Vecchi MM, Wen D. Distinguishing between Leucine and Isoleucine by Integrated LC–MS Analysis Using an Orbitrap Fusion Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10757-10766. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Xiao
- Analytical
Biochemistry,
Department of Cell and Protein Sciences, Biogen, 250 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Malgorzata M. Vecchi
- Analytical
Biochemistry,
Department of Cell and Protein Sciences, Biogen, 250 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Dingyi Wen
- Analytical
Biochemistry,
Department of Cell and Protein Sciences, Biogen, 250 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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42
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Parr MK, Montacir O, Montacir H. Physicochemical characterization of biopharmaceuticals. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:366-389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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43
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Traylor MJ, Tchoudakova AV, Lundquist AM, Gill JE, Boldog FL, Tangarone BS. Comprehensive Discovery and Quantitation of Protein Heterogeneity via LC-MS/MS Peptide Mapping for Clone Selection of a Therapeutic Protein. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9309-17. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Traylor
- Departments of †Analytical Development and ‡Cell Line Development, Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts United States
| | - A. V. Tchoudakova
- Departments of †Analytical Development and ‡Cell Line Development, Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts United States
| | - A. M. Lundquist
- Departments of †Analytical Development and ‡Cell Line Development, Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts United States
| | - J. E. Gill
- Departments of †Analytical Development and ‡Cell Line Development, Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts United States
| | - F. L. Boldog
- Departments of †Analytical Development and ‡Cell Line Development, Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts United States
| | - B. S. Tangarone
- Departments of †Analytical Development and ‡Cell Line Development, Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts United States
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44
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Yu D, Song Y, Huang RYC, Swanson RK, Tan Z, Schutsky E, Lewandowski A, Chen G, Li ZJ. Molecular perspective of antibody aggregates and their adsorption on Protein A resin. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1457:66-75. [PMID: 27344283 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Antibody aggregate is a common issue in therapeutic antibodies, which may compromise product efficacy and cause adverse effects. Antibody aggregate level is normally controlled in bioprocessing by polishing steps after Protein A capture. This paper studied the Higher Order Structures (HOS) of antibody aggregates (dimer H1 and H2) and their adsorption on Protein A resin and thus elucidated the mechanism using Protein A capture for enhanced aggregate removal. The HOS of antibody aggregates and their complex with Protein A were characterized using HDX-MS combined with SEC-MALS, Protein Conformational Array (PCA), and molecular modeling. The aggregate size and Protein A binding ratio suggested that H2 has much more compact structure than H1. HDX-MS and PCA further revealed that H1 was formed by single Fab-Fab interaction while H2 formed by Fab-Fab and likely Fc-Fc interaction. On Protein A resin, both the molar binding ratio and the correlation between protein size and ligand distance support that each monomer can only bind one Protein A ligand, while each dimer can bind two ligands, thus resulting in stronger resin binding. Furthermore, dimer H2 binds stronger than dimer H1 due to its compact structure. By integrating biophysical analysis and molecular modeling with process development, this study revealed the antibody aggregate structures and the mechanism of aggregate removal using Protein A chromatography. It also provided a general strategy for in-depth product and process understanding in antibody and other biologics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqiang Yu
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, USA.
| | - Yuanli Song
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Richard Y-C Huang
- Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ryan K Swanson
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Schutsky
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Angela Lewandowski
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Guodong Chen
- Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, USA
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McSherry T, McSherry J, Ozaeta P, Longenecker K, Ramsay C, Fishpaugh J, Allen S. Cysteinylation of a monoclonal antibody leads to its inactivation. MAbs 2016; 8:718-25. [PMID: 27050640 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1160179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications can have a signification effect on antibody stability. A comprehensive approach is often required to best understand the underlying reasons the modification affects the antibody's potency or aggregation state. Monoclonal antibody 001 displayed significant variation in terms of potency, as defined by surface plasmon resonance testing (Biacore), from lot to lot independent of any observable aggregation or degradation, suggesting that a post-translational modification could be driving this variability. Analysis of different antibody lots using analytical hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) uncovered multiple peaks of varying size. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) indicated that the antibody contained a cysteinylation post-translational modification in complementarity-determining region (CDR) 3 of the antibody light chain. Fractionation of the antibody by HIC followed by ESI-MS and Biacore showed that the different peaks were antibody containing zero, one, or two cysteinylation modifications, and that the modification interferes with the ability of the modified antibody arm to bind antigen. Molecular modeling of the modified region shows that this oxidation of an unpaired cysteine in the antibody CDR would block a potential antigen binding pocket, suggesting an inhibition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy McSherry
- a Abbott Diagnostic R & D, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories , Abbott Park , IL , USA
| | - Jennifer McSherry
- a Abbott Diagnostic R & D, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories , Abbott Park , IL , USA
| | - Panfilo Ozaeta
- a Abbott Diagnostic R & D, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories , Abbott Park , IL , USA
| | | | - Carol Ramsay
- a Abbott Diagnostic R & D, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories , Abbott Park , IL , USA
| | - Jeffrey Fishpaugh
- a Abbott Diagnostic R & D, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories , Abbott Park , IL , USA
| | - Steven Allen
- a Abbott Diagnostic R & D, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories , Abbott Park , IL , USA
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Cotham VC, Brodbelt JS. Characterization of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies at the Subunit-Level using Middle-Down 193 nm Ultraviolet Photodissociation. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4004-13. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C. Cotham
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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47
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Yang X, Bartlett MG. Identification of protein adduction using mass spectrometry: Protein adducts as biomarkers and predictors of toxicity mechanisms. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:652-664. [PMID: 26842586 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The determination of protein-xenobiotic adducts using mass spectrometry is an emerging area which allows detailed understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in toxicity. These approaches can also be used to reveal potential biomarkers of exposure or toxic response. The following review covers studies of protein adducts resulting from exposure to a wide variety of xenobiotics including organophosphates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, acetaminophen, alkylating agents and other related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2352, USA
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2352, USA
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Switzar L, Nicolardi S, Rutten JW, Oberstein SAJL, Aartsma-Rus A, van der Burgt YEM. In-Depth Characterization of Protein Disulfide Bonds by Online Liquid Chromatography-Electrochemistry-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:50-8. [PMID: 26369777 PMCID: PMC4686567 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1258-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds are an important class of protein post-translational modifications, yet this structurally crucial modification type is commonly overlooked in mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics approaches. Recently, the benefits of online electrochemistry-assisted reduction of protein S-S bonds prior to MS analysis were exemplified by successful characterization of disulfide bonds in peptides and small proteins. In the current study, we have combined liquid chromatography (LC) with electrochemistry (EC) and mass analysis by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) MS in an online LC-EC-MS platform to characterize protein disulfide bonds in a bottom-up proteomics workflow. A key advantage of a LC-based strategy is the use of the retention time in identifying both intra- and interpeptide disulfide bonds. This is demonstrated by performing two sequential analyses of a certain protein digest, once without and once with electrochemical reduction. In this way, the "parent" disulfide-linked peptide detected in the first run has a retention time-based correlation with the EC-reduced peptides detected in the second run, thus simplifying disulfide bond mapping. Using this platform, both inter- and intra-disulfide-linked peptides were characterized in two different proteins, ß-lactoglobulin and ribonuclease B. In order to prevent disulfide reshuffling during the digestion process, proteins were digested at a relatively low pH, using (a combination of) the high specificity proteases trypsin and Glu-C. With this approach, disulfide bonds in ß-lactoglobulin and ribonuclease B were comprehensively identified and localized, showing that online LC-EC-MS is a useful tool for the characterization of protein disulfide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Switzar
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.
- , Albinusdreef 2, Postzone S3, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Simone Nicolardi
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Julie W Rutten
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Annemieke Aartsma-Rus
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yuri E M van der Burgt
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
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49
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Bults P, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Quantification of biopharmaceuticals and biomarkers in complex biological matrices: a comparison of liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and ligand binding assays. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:355-74. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1050384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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50
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Leurs U, Mistarz UH, Rand KD. Getting to the core of protein pharmaceuticals--Comprehensive structure analysis by mass spectrometry. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 93:95-109. [PMID: 25791210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Protein pharmaceuticals are the fastest growing class of novel therapeutic agents, and have been a major research and development focus in the (bio)pharmaceutical industry. Due to their large size and structural diversity, biopharmaceuticals represent a formidable challenge regarding analysis and characterization compared to traditional small molecule drugs. Any changes to the primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary structure of a protein can potentially impact its function, efficacy and safety. The analysis and characterization of (structural) protein heterogeneity is therefore of utmost importance. Mass spectrometry has evolved as a powerful tool for the characterization of both primary and higher order structures of protein pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, the chemical and physical stability of protein drugs, as well as their pharmacokinetics are nowadays routinely determined by mass spectrometry. Here we review current techniques in primary, secondary and tertiary structure analysis of proteins by mass spectrometry. An overview of established top-down and bottom-up protein analyses will be given, and in particular the use of advanced technologies such as hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) for higher-order structure analysis will be discussed. Modification and degradation pathways of protein drugs and their detection by mass spectrometry will be described, as well as the growing use of mass spectrometry to assist protein design and biopharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Leurs
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik H Mistarz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper D Rand
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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