1
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Hsiao K, Lee BJ, Samuelsen T, Lipkowitz G, Kronenfeld JM, Ilyn D, Shih A, Dulay MT, Tate L, Shaqfeh ESG, DeSimone JM. Single-digit-micrometer-resolution continuous liquid interface production. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq2846. [PMID: 36383664 PMCID: PMC9668307 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq2846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To date, a compromise between resolution and print speed has rendered most high-resolution additive manufacturing technologies unscalable with limited applications. By combining a reduction lens optics system for single-digit-micrometer resolution, an in-line camera system for contrast-based sharpness optimization, and continuous liquid interface production (CLIP) technology for high scalability, we introduce a single-digit-micrometer-resolution CLIP-based 3D printer that can create millimeter-scale 3D prints with single-digit-micrometer-resolution features in just a few minutes. A simulation model is developed in parallel to probe the fundamental governing principles in optics, chemical kinetics, and mass transport in the 3D printing process. A print strategy with tunable parameters informed by the simulation model is adopted to achieve both the optimal resolution and the maximum print speed. Together, the high-resolution 3D CLIP printer has opened the door to various applications including, but not limited to, biomedical, MEMS, and microelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Hsiao
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brian J. Lee
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tim Samuelsen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gabriel Lipkowitz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Dan Ilyn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Audrey Shih
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maria T. Dulay
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lee Tate
- Digital Light Innovations, Austin, TX 78728, USA
| | - Eric S. G. Shaqfeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph M. DeSimone
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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2
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Mathematical modeling and parameter estimation for 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate photopolymerization with bifunctional initiator. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Wang Y, Nitta T, Hiratsuka Y, Morishima K. In situ integrated microrobots driven by artificial muscles built from biomolecular motors. Sci Robot 2022; 7:eaba8212. [PMID: 36001686 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aba8212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microrobots have been developed for applications in the submillimeter domain such as the manipulation of micro-objects and microsurgery. Rapid progress has been achieved in developing miniaturized components for microrobotic systems, resulting in a variety of functional microactuators and soft components for creating untethered microrobots. Nevertheless, the integration of microcomponents, especially the assembly of actuators and mechanical components, is still time-consuming and has inherent restrictions, thus limiting efficient fabrications of microrobots and their potential applications. Here, we propose a method for fabricating microrobots in situ inspired by the construction of microsystems in living organisms. In a microfluidic chip, hydrogel mechanical components and artificial muscle actuators are successively photopatterned from hydrogel prepolymer and biomolecular motors, respectively, and integrated in situ into functional microrobots. The proposed method allows the fast fabrication of microrobots through simple operations and affordable materials while providing versatile functions through the precise spatiotemporal control of in situ integration and reconfiguration of artificial muscles. To validate the method, we fabricated microrobots to elicit different motions and on-chip robots with unique characteristics for microfluidic applications. This study may establish a new paradigm for microrobot integration and lead to the production of unique biohybrid microrobots with various advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhe Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nitta
- Applied Physics Course, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hiratsuka
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Keisuke Morishima
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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4
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Manzoor AA, Hwang DK. Modeling and Numerical Studies of Three‐Dimensional Conically Shaped Microwells Using Non‐Uniform Photolithography. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.202100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ali Manzoor
- Department of Chemical Engineering Ryerson University 350 Victoria Street Toronto ON M5B 2K3 Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science St. Michael's Hospital 30 Bond Street Toronto ON M5B 1W8 Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST) A Partnership Between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital 30 Bond Street Toronto ON M5B 1W8 Canada
| | - Dae Kun Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering Ryerson University 350 Victoria Street Toronto ON M5B 2K3 Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science St. Michael's Hospital 30 Bond Street Toronto ON M5B 1W8 Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST) A Partnership Between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital 30 Bond Street Toronto ON M5B 1W8 Canada
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5
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Chitosan-anthracene hydrogels as controlled stiffening networks. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:165-175. [PMID: 34146562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report the synthesis of single and dual-crosslinked anthracene-functional chitosan-based hydrogels in the absence of toxic initiators. Single crosslinking was achieved through dimerization of anthracene, whereas dual-crosslinked hydrogel was formed through dimerization of anthracene and free radical photopolymerization of methacrylated-chitosan in the presence of non-toxic initiator riboflavin, a well-known vitamin B2. Both single and dual-crosslinked hydrogels were found to be elastic, as was determined through rheological analysis. We observed that the dual-crosslinked hydrogels exhibited higher Young's modulus than the single-crosslinked hydrogels, where the modulus for single and dual-crosslinked hydrogels were measured as 9.2 ± 1.0 kPa and 26 ± 2.8 kPa, respectively resulting in significantly high volume of cells in dual-crosslinked hydrogel (2.2 × 107 μm3) compared to single-crosslinked (4.9 × 106 μm3). Furthermore, we investigated the cytotoxicity of both hydrogels towards 3T3-J2 fibroblast cells through CellTiter-Glo assay. Finally, immunofluorescence staining was carried out to evaluate the impact of hydrogel modulus on cell morphology. This study comprehensively presents functionalization of chitosan with anthracene, uses nontoxic initiator riboflavin, modulates the degree of crosslinking through dimerization of anthracene and free radical photopolymerization, and further modulates cell behavior through the alterations of hydrogel properties.
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6
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Yee EH, Kim S, Sikes HD. Experimental validation of eosin-mediated photo-redox polymerization mechanism and implications for signal amplification applications. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00413a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
When eosin-mediated, photo-redox polymerization is used to amplify signals in biosensing, oxygen has dual, opposing roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma H. Yee
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Seunghyeon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Hadley D. Sikes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
- Program in Polymers and Soft Matter
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7
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Mun SJ, Ko D, Kim HU, Han Y, Roh YH, Kim BG, Na HB, Bong KW. Photopolymerization-Based Synthesis of Uniform Magnetic Hydrogels and Colorimetric Glucose Detection. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4401. [PMID: 33023165 PMCID: PMC7579115 DOI: 10.3390/ma13194401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic hydrogels have been commonly used in biomedical applications. As magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) exhibit peroxidase enzyme-like activity, magnetic hydrogels have been actively used as signal transducers for biomedical assays. Droplet microfluidics, which uses photoinitiated polymerization, is a preferred method for the synthesis of magnetic hydrogels. However, light absorption by MNPs makes it difficult to obtain fully polymerized and homogeneous magnetic hydrogels through photoinitiated polymerization. Several methods have been reported to address this issue, but few studies have focused on investigating the light absorption properties of photoinitiators. In this study, we developed a simple method for the synthesis of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based uniform magnetic hydrogels that exploits the high ultraviolet absorption of a photoinitiator. Additionally, we investigated this effect on shape deformation and structural uniformity of the synthesized magnetic hydrogels. Two different photoinitiators, Darocur 1173 and lithium phenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphinate (LAP), with significantly different UV absorption properties were evaluated based on the synthesis of magnetic hydrogels. The magnetic characteristics of the PEG-stabilized MNPs in hydrogels were investigated with a vibrating sample magnetometer. Finally, the colorimetric detection of hydrogen peroxide and glucose was conducted based on the enzyme-like property of MNPs and repeated several times to observe the catalytic activity of the magnetic hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Joon Mun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.J.M.); (H.U.K.); (Y.H.R.)
| | - Donghyun Ko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea; (D.K.); (Y.H.); (B.-G.K.)
| | - Hyeon Ung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.J.M.); (H.U.K.); (Y.H.R.)
| | - Yujin Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea; (D.K.); (Y.H.); (B.-G.K.)
| | - Yoon Ho Roh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.J.M.); (H.U.K.); (Y.H.R.)
| | - Bong-Geun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea; (D.K.); (Y.H.); (B.-G.K.)
| | - Hyon Bin Na
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea; (D.K.); (Y.H.); (B.-G.K.)
| | - Ki Wan Bong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.J.M.); (H.U.K.); (Y.H.R.)
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8
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Zhu H, Yang H, Ma Y, Lu TJ, Xu F, Genin GM, Lin M. Spatiotemporally Controlled Photoresponsive Hydrogels: Design and Predictive Modeling from Processing through Application. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:2000639. [PMID: 32802013 PMCID: PMC7418561 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Photoresponsive hydrogels (PRHs) are soft materials whose mechanical and chemical properties can be tuned spatially and temporally with relative ease. Both photo-crosslinkable and photodegradable hydrogels find utility in a range of biomedical applications that require tissue-like properties or programmable responses. Progress in engineering with PRHs is facilitated by the development of theoretical tools that enable optimization of their photochemistry, polymer matrices, nanofillers, and architecture. This review brings together models and design principles that enable key applications of PRHs in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and soft robotics, and highlights ongoing challenges in both modeling and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Haiqian Yang
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Yufei Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical StructuresNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing210016P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials and StructuresXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Guy M. Genin
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials ScienceWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMO63130USA
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering MechanobiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMO63130USA
| | - Min Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
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9
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Zhou YN, Li JJ, Wu YY, Luo ZH. Role of External Field in Polymerization: Mechanism and Kinetics. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2950-3048. [PMID: 32083844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed an increasing interest in developing advanced polymerization techniques subjected to external fields. Various physical modulations, such as temperature, light, electricity, magnetic field, ultrasound, and microwave irradiation, are noninvasive means, having superb but distinct abilities to regulate polymerizations in terms of process intensification and spatial and temporal controls. Gas as an emerging regulator plays a distinctive role in controlling polymerization and resembles a physical regulator in some cases. This review provides a systematic overview of seven types of external-field-regulated polymerizations, ranging from chain-growth to step-growth polymerization. A detailed account of the relevant mechanism and kinetics is provided to better understand the role of each external field in polymerization. In addition, given the crucial role of modeling and simulation in mechanisms and kinetics investigation, an overview of model construction and typical numerical methods used in this field as well as highlights of the interaction between experiment and simulation toward kinetics in the existing systems are given. At the end, limitations and future perspectives for this field are critically discussed. This state-of-the-art research progress not only provides the fundamental principles underlying external-field-regulated polymerizations but also stimulates new development of advanced polymerization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Jin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Yang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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10
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Zhu H, Yang X, Genin GM, Lu TJ, Xu F, Lin M. The relationship between thiol-acrylate photopolymerization kinetics and hydrogel mechanics: An improved model incorporating photobleaching and thiol-Michael addition. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 88:160-169. [PMID: 30173068 PMCID: PMC6392438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Biocompatible hydrogels with defined mechanical properties are critical to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Thiol-acrylate photopolymerized hydrogels have attracted special interest for their degradability and cytocompatibility, and for their tunable mechanical properties through controlling factors that affect reaction kinetics (e.g., photopolymerization, stoichiometry, temperature, and solvent choice). In this study, we hypothesized that the mechanical property of these hydrogels can be tuned by photoinitiators via photobleaching and by thiol-Michael addition reactions. To test this hypothesis, a multiscale mathematical model incorporating both photobleaching and thiol-Michael addition reactions was developed and validated. After validating the model, the effects of thiol concentration, light intensity, and pH values on hydrogel mechanics were investigated. Results revealed that hydrogel stiffness (i) was maximized at a light intensity-specific optimal concentration of thiol groups; (ii) increased with decreasing pH when synthesis occurred at low light intensity; and (iii) increased with decreasing light intensity when synthesis occurred at fixed precursor composition. The multiscale model revealed that the latter was due to higher initiation efficiency at lower light intensity. More broadly, the model provides a framework for predicting mechanical properties of hydrogels based upon the controllable kinetics of thiol-acrylate photopolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Guy M Genin
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis 63130, MO, USA; NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis 63130, MO, USA
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, PR China; MOE Key Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials and Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Min Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China.
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11
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Lee H, Roh YH, Kim HU, Bong KW. Low temperature flow lithography. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:054105. [PMID: 30310526 PMCID: PMC6153115 DOI: 10.1063/1.5047016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Flow lithography (FL) is a microfluidic technique distinguished for its ability to produce hydrogel microparticles of various geometrical and chemical designs. While FL is typically performed in room temperature, this paper reports a new technique called low temperature flow lithography that uses low synthesis temperature to increase the degree of polymerization of microparticles without compromising other aspects of flow lithography. We suggest that decreased oxygen diffusivity in low temperature is responsible for the increase in polymerization. Microparticles that exhibit a higher degree of polymerization display a more developed polymer network, ultimately resulting in a more defined morphology, higher incorporation of materials of interest, and improved functional performance. This work demonstrates the increase in the degree of polymerization by examining the temperature effect on both the physical and chemical structures of particles. We show applications of this technique in synthesizing thin microparticles and enhancing microparticle-based detection of microRNA. Low temperature FL offers a simple and easy method of improving the degree of polymerization, which can be implemented in a wide range of FL applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lee
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Y H Roh
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - H U Kim
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - K W Bong
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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12
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Pérez-Luna VH, González-Reynoso O. Encapsulation of Biological Agents in Hydrogels for Therapeutic Applications. Gels 2018; 4:E61. [PMID: 30674837 PMCID: PMC6209244 DOI: 10.3390/gels4030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are materials specially suited for encapsulation of biological elements. Their large water content provides an environment compatible with most biological molecules. Their crosslinked nature also provides an ideal material for the protection of encapsulated biological elements against degradation and/or immune recognition. This makes them attractive not only for controlled drug delivery of proteins, but they can also be used to encapsulate cells that can have therapeutic applications. Thus, hydrogels can be used to create systems that will deliver required therapies in a controlled manner by either encapsulation of proteins or even cells that produce molecules that will be released from these systems. Here, an overview of hydrogel encapsulation strategies of biological elements ranging from molecules to cells is discussed, with special emphasis on therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor H Pérez-Luna
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 10 West 33rd Street, Chicago, IL 60616, USA.
| | - Orfil González-Reynoso
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán # 1451, Guadalajara, Jalisco C.P. 44430, Mexico.
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13
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Lilly JL, Gottipati A, Cahall CF, Agoub M, Berron BJ. Comparison of eosin and fluorescein conjugates for the photoinitiation of cell-compatible polymer coatings. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190880. [PMID: 29309430 PMCID: PMC5757926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted photopolymerization is the basis for multiple diagnostic and cell encapsulation technologies. While eosin is used in conjunction with tertiary amines as a water-soluble photoinitiation system, eosin is not widely sold as a conjugate with antibodies and other targeting biomolecules. Here we evaluate the utility of fluorescein-labeled bioconjugates to photopolymerize targeted coatings on live cells. We show that although fluorescein conjugates absorb approximately 50% less light energy than eosin in matched photopolymerization experiments using a 530 nm LED lamp, appreciable polymer thicknesses can still be formed in cell compatible environments with fluorescein photosensitization. At low photoinitiator density, eosin allows more sensitive initiation of gelation. However at higher functionalization densities, the thickness of fluorescein polymer films begins to rival that of eosin. Commercial fluorescein-conjugated antibodies are also capable of generating conformal, protective coatings on mammalian cells with similar viability and encapsulation efficiency as eosin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L. Lilly
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Anuhya Gottipati
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Calvin F. Cahall
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Agoub
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Brad J. Berron
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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14
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Interfacially-mediated oxygen inhibition for precise and continuous poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) particle fabrication. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 510:334-344. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Cinay GE, Erkoc P, Alipour M, Hashimoto Y, Sasaki Y, Akiyoshi K, Kizilel S. Nanogel-Integrated pH-Responsive Composite Hydrogels for Controlled Drug Delivery. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:370-380. [PMID: 33465934 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel pH-sensitive hydrogel system consisting of poly(methacrylic acid-g-ethylene glycol) (P(MAA-g-EG)) and acryloyl group modified-cholesterol-bearing pullulan (CHPOA) nanogels was developed for the controlled delivery of an anticonvulsant drug, pregabalin (PGB). Here, the hydrophilic hydrogel network provides the pH-sensitive swelling behavior, whereas nanogel components form separate reservoirs for the delivery of drugs with different hydrophobicities. These nanocarrier-integrated hybrid gels were synthesized through both surface-initiated and bulk photopolymerization approaches. The swelling and drug release behavior of these pH-responsive hydrogels synthesized by different photopolymerization approaches at visible and UV light wavelenghts were studied at acidic and basic pH values. Nanogel-integrated hydrogels exhibited higher swelling behavior compared to plain hydrogels in reversible swelling experiments. Similarly, the presence of nanogels in hydrogel network enhanced the loading and release percentages of PGB and the release was analyzed to describe the mode of transport through the network. In vitro cytotoxicity assay suggests that hydrogels in altered groups are nontoxic. This is the first report about the visible light-induced synthesis of a pH-responsive network incorporated CHPOA nanogels. Responsive and multifunctional properties of this system could be used for pH-triggered release of therapeutic molecules for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yoshihide Hashimoto
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sasaki
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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16
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Wong J, Sikes HD. The Impact of Continuous Oxygen Flux in a Thin Film Photopolymerization Reaction with Peroxy-Mediated Regeneration of Initiator. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201500098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jisam Wong
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Program in Polymers and Soft Matter; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Hadley D. Sikes
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Program in Polymers and Soft Matter; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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17
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Wong J, Kaastrup K, Aguirre-Soto A, Sikes HD. A quantitative analysis of peroxy-mediated cyclic regeneration of eosin under oxygen-rich photopolymerization conditions. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Hribar KC, Finlay D, Ma X, Qu X, Ondeck MG, Chung PH, Zanella F, Engler AJ, Sheikh F, Vuori K, Chen SC. Nonlinear 3D projection printing of concave hydrogel microstructures for long-term multicellular spheroid and embryoid body culture. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2412-8. [PMID: 25900329 PMCID: PMC4439309 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00159e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Long-term culture and monitoring of individual multicellular spheroids and embryoid bodies (EBs) remains a challenge for in vitro cell propagation. Here, we used a continuous 3D projection printing approach - with an important modification of nonlinear exposure - to generate concave hydrogel microstructures that permit spheroid growth and long-term maintenance, without the need for spheroid transfer. Breast cancer spheroids grown to 10 d in the concave structures showed hypoxic cores and signs of necrosis using immunofluorescent and histochemical staining, key features of the tumor microenvironment in vivo. EBs consisting of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) grown on the hydrogels demonstrated narrow size distribution and undifferentiated markers at 3 d, followed by signs of differentiation by the presence of cavities and staining of the three germ layers at 10 d. These findings demonstrate a new method for long-term (e.g. beyond spheroid formation at day 2, and with media exchange) 3D cell culture that should be able to assist in cancer spheroid studies as well as embryogenesis and patient-derived disease modeling with iPSC EBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Hribar
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448, USA.
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19
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An HZ, Eral HB, Chen L, Chen MB, Doyle PS. Synthesis of colloidal microgels using oxygen-controlled flow lithography. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:7595-605. [PMID: 25119975 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm01400f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We report a synthesis approach based on stop-flow lithography (SFL) for fabricating colloidal microparticles with any arbitrary 2D-extruded shape. By modulating the degree of oxygen inhibition during synthesis, we achieved previously unattainable particle sizes. Brownian diffusion of colloidal discs in bulk suggests the out-of-plane dimension can be as small as 0.8 μm, which agrees with confocal microscopy measurements. We measured the hindered diffusion of microdiscs near a solid surface and compared our results to theoretical predictions. These colloidal particles can also flow through physiological microvascular networks formed by endothelial cells undergoing vasculogensis under minimal hydrostatic pressure (∼5 mm H2O). This versatile platform creates future opportunities for on-chip parametric studies of particle geometry effects on particle passage properties, distribution and cellular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Z An
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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20
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Zhao C, Lin Z, Yin H, Ma Y, Xu F, Yang W. PEG molecular net-cloth grafted on polymeric substrates and its bio-merits. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4982. [PMID: 24845078 PMCID: PMC4028697 DOI: 10.1038/srep04982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer brushes and hydrogels are sensitive to the environment, which can cause uncontrolled variations on their performance. Herein, for the first time, we report a non-swelling "PEG molecular net-cloth" on a solid surface, fabricated using a novel "visible light induced surface controlled graft cross-linking polymerization" (VSCGCP) technique. Via this method, we show that 1) the 3D-network structure of the net-cloth can be precisely modulated and its thickness controlled; 2) the PEG net-cloth has excellent resistance to non-specific protein adsorption and cell adhesion; 3) the mild polymerization conditions (i.e. visible light and room temperature) provided an ideal tool for in situ encapsulation of delicate biomolecules such as enzymes; 4) the successive grafting of reactive three-dimensional patterns on the PEG net-cloth enables the creation of protein microarrays with high signal to noise ratio. Importantly, this strategy is applicable to any C-H containing surface, and can be easily tailored for a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 China
| | - Zhifeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 China
| | - Huabing Yin
- College of Science and Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Yuhong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 China
| | - Fujian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 China
| | - Wantai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 China
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21
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Park S, Kim D, Ko SY, Park JO, Akella S, Xu B, Zhang Y, Fraden S. Controlling uniformity of photopolymerized microscopic hydrogels. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1551-1563. [PMID: 24626640 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00158c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper studies hydrogels created by photopolymerization with a uniform beam of light. Under some conditions the density profiles of the resulting hydrogels were uniform cylinders, mirroring the illumination profiles. However, under other conditions, gels with hollow cylindrical shapes were formed. We studied the photopolymerization of poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (pNIPAAM), a hydrogel that has been widely used in tissue engineering and microfluidic applications, and examined how the size and uniformity of pNIPAAM microscopic gels can be controlled by varying parameters such as exposure time, exposure area, exposure intensity, monomer concentration, photoinitiator concentration and terminator concentration. A simplified reaction-diffusion model of the polymerization process was developed and was found to describe the experiment for a wide range of parameters. This general framework will guide attempts to establish optimal conditions for the construction of microscopic hydrogels using photolithography, which is a method that has found applications in fields such as microfluidics, drug delivery, cell and tissue culturing, and high resolution 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukho Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, South Korea
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22
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Hao Y, Shih H, Muňoz Z, Kemp A, Lin CC. Visible light cured thiol-vinyl hydrogels with tunable degradation for 3D cell culture. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:104-14. [PMID: 24021231 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We report here a synthetically simple yet highly tunable and diverse visible light mediated thiol-vinyl gelation system for fabricating cell-instructive hydrogels. Gelation was achieved via a mixed-mode step-and-chain-growth photopolymerization using functionalized 4-arm poly(ethylene glycol) as backbone macromer, eosin-Y as photosensitizer, and di-thiol containing molecule as dual purpose co-initiator/cross-linker. N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) was used to accelerate gelation kinetics and to adjust the stiffness of the hydrogels. Visible light (wavelength: 400-700 nm) was used to initiate rapid gelation (gel points: ~20s) that reached completion within a few minutes. The major differences between current thiol-vinyl gelation and prior visible light mediated photopolymerization are that: (1) the co-initiator triethanolamine (TEA) used in the previous systems was replaced with multifunctional thiols and (2) mixed-mode polymerized gels contain less network heterogeneity. The gelation kinetics and gel properties at the same PEG macromer concentration could be tuned by changing the identity of vinyl groups and di-thiol cross-linkers, as well as concentration of cross-linker and NVP. Specifically, acrylate-modified PEG afforded the fastest gelation rate, followed by acrylamide and methacrylate-functionalized PEG. Increasing NVP concentration also accelerated gelation and led to a higher network cross-linking density. Further, increasing di-thiol peptide concentration in the gel formulation increased hydrogel swelling and decreased gel stiffness. Due to the formation of thiol-ether-ester bonds following thiol-acrylate reaction, the gels degraded hydrolytically following a pseudo first order degradation kinetics. Degradation rate was controlled by adjusting thiol or NVP content in the polymer precursor solution. The cytocompatibility and utility of this hydrogel system were evaluated using in situ encapsulation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). Encapsulated hMSCs remained alive (>90%) throughout the duration of the study and the cells were differentiated down osteogenic lineage with varying degrees by controlling the rate and mode of gel degradation.
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23
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Hao Y, Lin CC. Degradable thiol-acrylate hydrogels as tunable matrices for three-dimensional hepatic culture. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:3813-27. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Hao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Purdue School of Engineering and Technology; Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; Indianapolis Indiana 46202
| | - Chien-Chi Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Purdue School of Engineering and Technology; Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; Indianapolis Indiana 46202
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24
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Lee CY, Teymour F, Camastral H, Tirelli N, Hubbell JA, Elbert DL, Papavasiliou G. Characterization of the Network Structure of PEG Diacrylate Hydrogels Formed in the Presence of N-Vinyl Pyrrolidone. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201300166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Yi Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Illinois Institute of Technology; 10 West 33rd Street Perlstein Hall 127 Chicago IL 60616 USA
| | - Fouad Teymour
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Illinois Institute of Technology; 10 West 33rd Street Perlstein Hall 127 Chicago IL 60616 USA
| | - Heinz Camastral
- Department of Materials and Institute for Biomedical Engineering; ETH-Zurich and University of Zurich; Moussonstrasse 18 CH-8044 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Nicola Tirelli
- Department of Materials and Institute for Biomedical Engineering; ETH-Zurich and University of Zurich; Moussonstrasse 18 CH-8044 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey A. Hubbell
- Department of Materials and Institute for Biomedical Engineering; ETH-Zurich and University of Zurich; Moussonstrasse 18 CH-8044 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Donald L. Elbert
- Department of Materials and Institute for Biomedical Engineering; ETH-Zurich and University of Zurich; Moussonstrasse 18 CH-8044 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Georgia Papavasiliou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Illinois Institute of Technology; 3255 South Dearborn Street Wishnick Hall 314 Chicago IL 60616 USA
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25
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Kizilel R, Kizilel S. Application of the Numerical Fractionation Approach to the Design of Biofunctional PEG Hydrogel Membranes. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Giray S, Bal T, Kartal AM, Kızılel S, Erkey C. Controlled drug delivery through a novel PEG hydrogel encapsulated silica aerogel system. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:1307-15. [PMID: 22374682 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A novel composite material consisting of a silica aerogel core coated by a poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) hydrogel was developed. The potential of this novel composite as a drug delivery system was tested with ketoprofen as a model drug due to its solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide. The results indicated that both drug loading capacity and drug release profiles could be tuned by changing hydrophobicity of aerogels, and that drug loading capacity increased with decreased hydrophobicity, while slower release rates were achieved with increased hydrophobicity. Furthermore, higher concentration of PEG diacrylate in the prepolymer solution of the hydrogel coating delayed the release of the drug which can be attributed to the lower permeability at higher PEG diacrylate concentrations. The novel composite developed in this study can be easily implemented to achieve the controlled delivery of various drugs and/or proteins for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Giray
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
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27
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Suh SK, Bong KW, Hatton TA, Doyle PS. Using stop-flow lithography to produce opaque microparticles: synthesis and modeling. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:13813-9. [PMID: 21942375 DOI: 10.1021/la202796b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on modeling and experimental studies of the synthesis of opaque microparticles made via stop-flow lithography. Opaque magnetic beads and UV-absorbing dyes incorporated into hydrogel microparticles during synthesis changed the height and the degree of cross-linking of the polymer matrices formed. The effect of the concentration of these opaque materials on the particle height was determined experimentally and agreed well with model predictions based on the photopolymerization process over a wide range of UV absorbance. We also created particles with two independent anisotropies, magnetic and geometric, by applying magnetic fields during particle synthesis. Our work provides a platform for rational design of lithographic patterned opaque particles and also a new class of structured magnetic microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Kyung Suh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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28
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Kızılel S. Mathematical Model for Microencapsulation of Pancreatic Islets within a Biofunctional PEG Hydrogel. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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29
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Liu Y, Rafailovich MH, Malal R, Cohn D, Chidambaram D. Engineering of bio-hybrid materials by electrospinning polymer-microbe fibers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:14201-6. [PMID: 19667172 PMCID: PMC2732800 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0903238106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although microbes have been used in industrial and niche applications for several decades, successful immobilization of microbes while maintaining their usefulness for any desired application has been elusive. Such a functionally bioactive system has distinct advantages over conventional batch and continuous-flow microbial reactor systems that are used in various biotechnological processes. This article describes the use of polyethylene oxide(99)-polypropylene oxide(67)-polyethylene oxide(99) triblock polymer fibers, created via electrospinning, to encapsulate microbes of 3 industrially relevant genera, namely, Pseudomonas, Zymomonas, and Escherichia. The presence of bacteria inside the fibers was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and SEM. Although the electrospinning process typically uses harsh organic solvents and extreme conditions that generally are harmful to bacteria, we describe techniques that overcome these limitations. The encapsulated microbes were viable for several months, and their metabolic activity was not affected by immobilization; thus they could be used in various applications. Furthermore, we have engineered a microbe-encapsulated cross-linked fibrous polymeric material that is insoluble. Also, the microbe-encapsulated active matrix permits efficient exchange of nutrients and metabolic products between the microorganism and the environment. The present results demonstrate the potential of the electrospinning technique for the encapsulation and immobilization of bacteria in the form of a synthetic biofilm, while retaining their metabolic activity. This study has wide-ranging implications in the engineering and use of novel bio-hybrid materials or biological thin-film catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2275
| | - Miriam H. Rafailovich
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2275
| | - Ram Malal
- Casali Institute of Applied Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel; and
| | - Daniel Cohn
- Casali Institute of Applied Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel; and
| | - Dev Chidambaram
- Environmental Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11793-5000
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30
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Kizilel S, Pérez-Luna VH, Teymour F. Modeling of PEG Hydrogel Membranes for Biomedical Applications. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.200900005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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31
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Papavasiliou G, Songprawat P, Pérez-Luna V, Hammes E, Morris M, Chiu YC, Brey E. Three-dimensional pattering of poly (ethylene Glycol) hydrogels through surface-initiated photopolymerization. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2009; 14:129-40. [PMID: 18471086 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2007.0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photopolymerizable hydrogels have been investigated extensively for biomedical applications, specifically in the area of tissue engineering. While fabrication approaches have shown promise in designing hydrogel scaffolds that guide cell function, the ability to spatially control localization in three-dimensions has been limited. We have developed a method for generating two-dimensional and three-dimensional (3D) patterns within multilayered poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA) hydrogels. Covalently attached hydrogel layers are formed using precursor solutions with a 10:1 mole ratio of PEG-DA to PEG-aminoacrylate (Acr-PEG-NH2). Upon illumination of the precursor with visible light (wavelength = 514 nm), a hydrogel layer forms with pendant amine groups induced by the presence of Acr-PEG-NH2 macromer. Pendant amine groups are further functionalized with free carboxyl groups present on the visible light photoinitiator eosin, allowing for the formation of subsequent hydrogel layers. Using noncontact photolithography, the prepolymer solution is polymerized through a photomask, resulting in hydrogel structures with distinct pattern formation in each layer. Unreacted regions immobilized with eosin can be subsequently filled with a different PEG hydrogel. The technique presented shows a great potential for tissue engineering applications, for biosensors, and in the formation of cell and protein patterning for biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Papavasiliou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616-3793, USA.
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32
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Dendukuri D, Panda P, Haghgooie R, Kim JM, Hatton TA, Doyle PS. Modeling of Oxygen-Inhibited Free Radical Photopolymerization in a PDMS Microfluidic Device. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801219w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Dendukuri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Priyadarshi Panda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Ramin Haghgooie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Ju Min Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - T. Alan Hatton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Patrick S. Doyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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33
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Polymerization Behavior and Polymer Properties of Eosin-Mediated Surface Modification Reactions. POLYMER 2008; 49:4762-4768. [PMID: 19838291 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Surface modification by surface-mediated polymerization necessitates control of the grafted polymer film thicknesses to achieve the desired property changes. Here, a microarray format is used to assess a range of reaction conditions and formulations rapidly in regards to the film thicknesses achieved and the polymerization behavior. Monomer formulations initiated by eosin conjugates with varying concentrations of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), and 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (VP) were evaluated. Acrylamide with MDEA or ascorbic acid as a coinitiator was also investigated. The best formulation was found to be 40 wt% acrylamide with MDEA which yielded four to eight fold thicker films (maximum polymer thickness increased from 180 nm to 1420 nm) and generated visible films from 5-fold lower eosin surface densities (2.8 vs. 14 eosins/µm(2)) compared to a corresponding PEGDA formulation. Using a microarray format to assess multiple initiator surface densities enabled facile identification of a monomer formulation that yields the desired polymer properties and polymerization behavior across the requisite range of initiator surface densities.
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34
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Hansen RR, Avens HJ, Shenoy R, Bowman CN. Quantitative evaluation of oligonucleotide surface concentrations using polymerization-based amplification. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:167-75. [PMID: 18661123 PMCID: PMC2517095 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative evaluation of minimal polynucleotide concentrations has become a critical analysis among a myriad of applications found in molecular diagnostic technology. Development of high-throughput, nonenzymatic assays that are sensitive, quantitative and yet feasible for point-of-care testing are thus beneficial for routine implementation. Here, we develop a nonenzymatic method for quantifying surface concentrations of labeled DNA targets by coupling regulated amounts of polymer growth to complementary biomolecular binding on array-based biochips. Polymer film thickness measurements in the 20–220 nm range vary logarithmically with labeled DNA surface concentrations over two orders of magnitude with a lower limit of quantitation at 60 molecules/μm2 (∼106 target molecules). In an effort to develop this amplification method towards compatibility with fluorescence-based methods of characterization, incorporation of fluorescent nanoparticles into the polymer films is also evaluated. The resulting gains in fluorescent signal enable quantification using detection instrumentation amenable to point-of-care settings. Polymerization-based amplification for quantitative evaluation of 3’ biotinylated oligonucleotide surface concentrations ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Hansen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ECCH 111 CB 424, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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35
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Hansen RR, Sikes HD, Bowman CN. Visual detection of labeled oligonucleotides using visible-light-polymerization-based amplification. Biomacromolecules 2007; 9:355-62. [PMID: 18052028 DOI: 10.1021/bm700672z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
DNA biochip technology holds potential for highly parallel, rapid, and sensitive genetic diagnostic screening of target pathogens and disease biomarkers. A primary limitation involves a simultaneous, sequence-specific identification of low copy number target polynucleotides using a clinically appropriate detection methodology that implements only inexpensive detection instrumentation. Here, a rapid (20 min), nonenzymatic method of signal amplification utilizing surface-initiated photopolymerization is presented in glass microarray format. Visible light photoinitiators covalently coupled to streptavidin were used to bind biotin-labeled capture sequences. Amplification was achieved through subsequent contact with a monomer solution and the appropriate light exposure to generate 20-240-nm-thick hydrogel layers exclusively from spots containing the biotin-labeled DNA. An amplification factor of 10(6) to 10(7) was observed as well as a detectable response generated from as low as approximately 10(4) labeled oligonucleotides using minimal instrumentation, such as an optical microscope or CCD camera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Hansen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ECCH 111 CB 424, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Kizilel S, Papavasiliou G, Gossage J, Teymour F. Mathematical Model for Vinyl-Divinyl Polymerization. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.200700021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wyman JL, Kizilel S, Skarbek R, Zhao X, Connors M, Dillmore WS, Murphy WL, Mrksich M, Nagel SR, Garfinkel MR. Immunoisolating pancreatic islets by encapsulation with selective withdrawal. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2007; 3:683-90. [PMID: 17340661 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200600231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript reports the application of the selective-withdrawal coating technique to the microencapsulation of insulin-producing pancreatic islets within thin poly(ethylene glycol) coatings. These polymer coatings permit the islets to respond to changes in glucose concentration by producing insulin with a dose-response profile that is substantially similar to that of unencapsulated islets. Furthermore, the hydrogel capsules exclude the large molecules of the immune system. These results suggest that the microencapsulation technique-which combines droplet formation from a flow of two immiscible fluids with polymerization chemistries-has the characteristics required for the transplantation of islets for the treatment of Type I diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Wyman
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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