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Pan Y, Li Y, Fan H, Cui H, Chen Z, Wang Y, Jiang M, Wang G. Roles of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117089. [PMID: 38972148 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) holds a prominent position among global cancer types. Classically, HCC manifests in individuals with a genetic predisposition when they encounter risk elements, particularly in the context of liver cirrhosis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), which are transcription factors activated by fatty acids, belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and play a pivotal role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. At present, three distinct subtypes of PPARs have been recognized: PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ. They regulate the transcription of genes responsible for cellular development, energy metabolism, inflammation, and differentiation. In recent years, with the rising incidence of HCC, there has been an increasing focus on the mechanisms and roles of PPARs in HCC. PPARα primarily mediates the occurrence and development of HCC by regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress. PPARβ/δ is closely related to the self-renewal ability of liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) and the formation of the tumor microenvironment. PPARγ not only influences tumor growth by regulating the glucose and lipid metabolism of HCC, but its agonists also have significant clinical significance for the treatment of HCC. Therefore, this review offers an exhaustive examination of the role of the three PPAR subtypes in HCC progression, focusing on their mediation of critical cellular processes such as glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and other pivotal signaling pathways. At the end of the review, we discuss the merits and drawbacks of existing PPAR-targeted therapeutic strategies and suggest a few alternative combinatorial therapeutic approaches that diverge from conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Pan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yunkuo Li
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Hongyu Fan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Baojian Road, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Huijuan Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Zhiyue Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yunzhu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Mengyu Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
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Ma Y, Wang J, Xiao W, Fan X. A review of MASLD-related hepatocellular carcinoma: progress in pathogenesis, early detection, and therapeutic interventions. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1410668. [PMID: 38895182 PMCID: PMC11184143 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1410668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is continuously rising, evolving into a global health challenge. Concurrently, cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated with MASLD are also on the increase. Although traditional risk factors such as age, gender, and metabolic factors play significant roles in the development of HCC, it cannot be overlooked that MASLD, triggered by changes in modern lifestyle and dietary habits, may also exacerbate the risk of HCC, and this phenomenon is common even among non-obese individuals. Regrettably, MASLD often fails to receive timely diagnosis, resulting in a limited number of patients receiving HCC surveillance. Moreover, there is currently a lack of clear definition for the target population for surveillance beyond patients with cirrhosis. Consequently, MASLD-related HCC is often detected at a late stage, precluding the optimal timing for curative treatment. However, our understanding of the pathogenesis and progression of HCC remains limited. Therefore, this paper reviews relevant literature from recent years, delving into multiple dimensions such as pathogenesis, surveillance and diagnosis, prevention, and treatment, aiming to provide new ideas and directions for the prevention and treatment of MASLD-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jinguo Wang
- School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Wenping Xiao
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xiaoming Fan
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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3
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Mai Y, Meng L, Deng G, Qin Y. The Role of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-Related Risk Factors and Drugs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2024; 11:159-171. [PMID: 38268569 PMCID: PMC10806369 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s441672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
With changes in modern lifestyles, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become a global epidemic metabolic disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. T2DM is a complex metabolic disorder and has been considered an independent risk factor for HCC. Growing evidence supports that T2DM-related risk factors facilitate hepatocarcinogenesis via abundant mechanisms. With the wide implementation of microbiomics, transcriptomics, and immunotherapy, the understanding of the complex mechanisms of intestinal flora and immune cell subsets have advanced tremendously in T2DM-related HCC, uncovering new findings in T2DM-related HCC patients. In addition, reports have indicated the different effects of anti-DM drugs on the progression of HCC. In this review, we summarize the effects of major T2DM-related risk factors (including hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin, chronic inflammation, obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, gut microbiota and immunomodulation), and anti-DM drugs on the carcinogensis and progression of HCC, as well as their potential molecular mechanisms. In addition, other factors (miRNAs, genes, and lifestyle) related to T2DM-related HCC are discussed. We propose a refined concept by which T2DM-related risk factors and anti-DM drugs contribute to HCC and discuss research directions prompted by such evidence worth pursuing in the coming years. Finally, we put forward novel therapeutic approaches to improve the prognosis of T2DM-related HCC, including exploiting novel diagnostic biomarkers, combination therapy with immunocheckpoint inhibitors, and enhancement of the standardized management of T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Mai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery after Surgery for Gastrointestinal Cancer (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liheng Meng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ganlu Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery after Surgery for Gastrointestinal Cancer (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingfen Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Phoolchund AGS, Khakoo SI. MASLD and the Development of HCC: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Challenges. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:259. [PMID: 38254750 PMCID: PMC10814413 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, previously known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)) represents a rapidly increasing cause of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), mirroring increasing rates of obesity and metabolic syndrome in the Western world. MASLD-HCC can develop at an earlier stage of fibrosis compared to other causes of chronic liver disease, presenting challenges in how to risk-stratify patients to set up effective screening programmes. Therapeutic decision making for MASLD-HCC is also complicated by medical comorbidities and disease presentation at a later stage. The response to treatment, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, may vary by the aetiology of the disease, and, in the future, patient stratification will be key to optimizing the therapeutic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju G. S. Phoolchund
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Salim I. Khakoo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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Crane H, Gofton C, Sharma A, George J. MAFLD: an optimal framework for understanding liver cancer phenotypes. J Gastroenterol 2023; 58:947-964. [PMID: 37470858 PMCID: PMC10522746 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-023-02021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma has a substantial global mortality burden which is rising despite advancements in tackling the traditional viral risk factors. Metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the most prevalent liver disease, increasing in parallel with the epidemics of obesity, diabetes and systemic metabolic dysregulation. MAFLD is a major factor behind this sustained rise in HCC incidence, both as a single disease entity and often via synergistic interactions with other liver diseases. Mechanisms behind MAFLD-related HCC are complex but is crucially underpinned by systemic metabolic dysregulation with variable contributions from interacting disease modifiers related to environment, genetics, dysbiosis and immune dysregulation. MAFLD-related HCC has a distinct clinical presentation, most notably its common occurrence in non-cirrhotic liver disease. This is just one of several major challenges to effective surveillance programmes. The response of MAFLD-related HCC to immune-checkpoint therapy is currently controversial, and is further complicated by the high prevalence of MAFLD in individuals with HCC from viral aetiologies. In this review, we highlight the current data on epidemiology, clinical characteristics, outcomes and screening controversies. In addition, concepts that have arisen because of the MAFLD paradigm such as HCC in MAFLD/NAFLD non-overlapping groups, dual aetiology tumours and MAFLD sub-phenotypes is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Crane
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, 1 Reserve Road, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Cameron Gofton
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, 1 Reserve Road, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ankur Sharma
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre and Centre for Medical Research, 6 Verdun Street, Nedlands, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Wang Q, Liang N, Liu C, Li J, Bai Y, Lei S, Huang Q, Sun L, Tang L, Zeng C, Tang Y, He X, Yang T, Wang G. BEX1 supports the stemness of hepatoblastoma by facilitating Warburg effect in a PPARγ/PDK1 dependent manner. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:1477-1489. [PMID: 37715024 PMCID: PMC10628275 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatoblastoma (HB) is a highly aggressive paediatric malignancy that exhibits a high presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which related to tumour recurrence and chemotherapy resistance. Brain expressed X-linked protein 1 (BEX1) plays a pivotal role in ciliogenesis, axon regeneration and differentiation of neural stem cells. However, the role of BEX1 in metabolic and stemness programs in HB remains unclear. METHODS BEX1 expression in human and mouse HB was analyzed using gene expression profile data from NCBI GEO and immunohistochemical validation. Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer, ultra-high-performance liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, Western Blot, sphere formation assay, and diluted xenograft tumour formation assay were used to analyze metabolic and stemness features. RESULTS Our results indicated that overexpression of BEX1 significantly enhanced the Warburg effect in HB cells. Furthermore, glycolysis inhibition largely attenuated the effects of BEX1 on HB cell growth and self-renewal, suggesting that BEX1 promotes stemness maintenance of HB cells by regulating the Warburg effect. Mechanistically, BEX1 enhances Warburg effect through the downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ). Furthermore, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme 1 (PDK1) is required for PPARγ-induced inhibition of Warburg effect in HB. In addition, BEX1 supports the stemness of HB by enhancing Warburg effect in a PPARγ/PDK1 dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS HB patients with high BEX1 and PDK1 expression had a poor prognosis. BEX1 promotes the stemness maintenance of HB cells via modulating the Warburg effect, which depends on PPARγ/PDK1 axis. Pioglitazone could be used to target BEX1-mediated stemness properties in HB by upregulating PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Ning Liang
- Department of General Surgery, The 75th Group Army Hospital, Dali, 671000, China
| | - Chaoxu Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
- Department of Stomatology, Shaanxi Province People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Yaxing Bai
- Department of Dermatology, XiJing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuanghong Lei
- Anorectal Department, The First People's Hospital of Longnan, Longnan, 742500, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The 75th Group Army Hospital, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Ligang Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The 75th Group Army Hospital, Dali, 671000, China
| | - Liangke Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China
| | - Chao Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The 74th Group Army Hospital, Guangzhou, 510318, China
| | - Yuqun Tang
- Minimally Invasive tumour Comprehensive Therapy Center, Second People's Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510310, China
| | - Xianli He
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Pain Treatment, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Jiangmen, 529000, China.
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Hijazi MA, Gessner A, El-Najjar N. Repurposing of Chronically Used Drugs in Cancer Therapy: A Chance to Grasp. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3199. [PMID: 37370809 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the advancement in drug discovery for cancer therapy, drug repurposing remains an exceptional opportunistic strategy. This approach offers many advantages (faster, safer, and cheaper drugs) typically needed to overcome increased challenges, i.e., side effects, resistance, and costs associated with cancer therapy. However, not all drug classes suit a patient's condition or long-time use. For that, repurposing chronically used medications is more appealing. This review highlights the importance of repurposing anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive drugs in the global fight against human malignancies. Extensive searches of all available evidence (up to 30 March 2023) on the anti-cancer activities of anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive agents are obtained from multiple resources (PubMed, Google Scholar, ClinicalTrials.gov, Drug Bank database, ReDo database, and the National Institutes of Health). Interestingly, more than 92 clinical trials are evaluating the anti-cancer activity of 14 anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive drugs against more than 15 cancer types. Moreover, some of these agents have reached Phase IV evaluations, suggesting promising official release as anti-cancer medications. This comprehensive review provides current updates on different anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive classes possessing anti-cancer activities with the available evidence about their mechanism(s) and stage of development and evaluation. Hence, it serves researchers and clinicians interested in anti-cancer drug discovery and cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Ali Hijazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut P.O. Box 11-5020, Lebanon
| | - André Gessner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nahed El-Najjar
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Sun J, Yu L, Qu X, Huang T. The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the tumor microenvironment, tumor cell metabolism, and anticancer therapy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1184794. [PMID: 37251321 PMCID: PMC10213337 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1184794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have been extensively studied for over 3 decades and consist of three isotypes, including PPARα, γ, and β/δ, that were originally considered key metabolic regulators controlling energy homeostasis in the body. Cancer has become a leading cause of human mortality worldwide, and the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in cancer is increasingly being investigated, especially the deep molecular mechanisms and effective cancer therapies. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are an important class of lipid sensors and are involved in the regulation of multiple metabolic pathways and cell fate. They can regulate cancer progression in different tissues by activating endogenous or synthetic compounds. This review emphasizes the significance and knowledge of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the tumor microenvironment, tumor cell metabolism, and anti-cancer treatment by summarizing recent research on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. In general, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors either promote or suppress cancer in different types of tumor microenvironments. The emergence of this difference depends on various factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor type, cancer type, and tumor stage. Simultaneously, the effect of anti-cancer therapy based on drug-targeted PPARs differs or even opposes among the three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor homotypes and different cancer types. Therefore, the current status and challenges of the use of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors agonists and antagonists in cancer treatment are further explored in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaao Sun
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Liyan Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xueling Qu
- Dalian Women and Children’s Medical Center(Group), Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Chiang CH, Chang YC, Wang SS, Chen YJ, See XY, Peng CY, Hsia YP, Chiang CH, Chiang CH, Peng CM. The impact of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activating angiotensin receptor blocker on outcomes of patients receiving immunotherapy. Cancer Med 2023; 12:9583-9588. [PMID: 36825549 PMCID: PMC10166924 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) activation property, which has been associated with improved programmed cell death ligand 1 blockade and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated antitumor activity. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study to investigate the impact of PPAR-γ-activating ARBs on patient survival in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) across all types of cancers. RESULTS A total of 167 patients receiving both angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) were included. Compared with non-PPAR-γ-ARB users (n = 102), PPAR-γ-ARB users (n = 65) had a longer median overall survival (not reached [IQR, 16.0-not reached] vs. 18.6 [IQR, 6.1-38.6] months) and progression-free survival (17.3 [IQR, 5.1-not reached] vs. 8.2 [IQR, 2.4-18.6] months). In Cox regression analysis, the use of PPAR-γ-activating ARBs had an approximately 50% reduction in all-cause mortality and disease progression. Patients who received PPAR-γ-activating ARBs also had higher clinical benefit rates than non-PPAR-γ-ARB users (82% vs. 61%, p = 0.005). CONCLUSION The use of ARBs with PPAR-γ-activating property is linked with better survival among patients receiving ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Han Chiang
- Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yu-Cheng Chang
- Da Vinci Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Syuan Wang
- Da Vinci Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Jen Chen
- Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xin Ya See
- Department of Medicine, Unity Hospital, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Chun-Yu Peng
- Department of Medicine, Danbury Hospital, Danbury, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yuan Ping Hsia
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cho-Hsien Chiang
- Department of Medical Education, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Cho-Hung Chiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of General Division, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ming Peng
- Da Vinci Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Akl MG, Widenmaier SB. Immunometabolic factors contributing to obesity-linked hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1089124. [PMID: 36712976 PMCID: PMC9877434 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1089124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major public health concern that is promoted by obesity and associated liver complications. Onset and progression of HCC in obesity is a multifactorial process involving complex interactions between the metabolic and immune system, in which chronic liver damage resulting from metabolic and inflammatory insults trigger carcinogenesis-promoting gene mutations and tumor metabolism. Moreover, cell growth and proliferation of the cancerous cell, after initiation, requires interactions between various immunological and metabolic pathways that provide stress defense of the cancer cell as well as strategic cell death escape mechanisms. The heterogenic nature of HCC in addition to the various metabolic risk factors underlying HCC development have led researchers to focus on examining metabolic pathways that may contribute to HCC development. In obesity-linked HCC, oncogene-induced modifications and metabolic pathways have been identified to support anabolic demands of the growing HCC cells and combat the concomitant cell stress, coinciding with altered utilization of signaling pathways and metabolic fuels involved in glucose metabolism, macromolecule synthesis, stress defense, and redox homeostasis. In this review, we discuss metabolic insults that can underlie the transition from steatosis to steatohepatitis and from steatohepatitis to HCC as well as aberrantly regulated immunometabolic pathways that enable cancer cells to survive and proliferate in the tumor microenvironment. We also discuss therapeutic modalities targeted at HCC prevention and regression. A full understanding of HCC-associated immunometabolic changes in obesity may contribute to clinical treatments that effectively target cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- May G. Akl
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Department of Physiology, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Scott B. Widenmaier
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada,*Correspondence: Scott B. Widenmaier,
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11
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The Role of PPARs in Breast Cancer. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010130. [PMID: 36611922 PMCID: PMC9818187 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a malignant tumor with high morbidity and lethality. Its pathogenesis is related to the abnormal expression of many genes. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a class of ligand-dependent transcription factors in the nuclear receptor superfamily. They can regulate the transcription of a large number of target genes, which are involved in life activities such as cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis, and regulate physiological processes such as glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and wound healing. Further, the changes in its expression are associated with various diseases, including breast cancer. The experimental reports related to "PPAR" and "breast cancer" were retrieved from PubMed since the discovery of PPARs and summarized in this paper. This review (1) analyzed the roles and potential molecular mechanisms of non-coordinated and ligand-activated subtypes of PPARs in breast cancer progression; (2) discussed the correlations between PPARs and estrogen receptors (ERs) as the nuclear receptor superfamily; and (3) investigated the interaction between PPARs and key regulators in several signaling pathways. As a result, this paper identifies PPARs as targets for breast cancer prevention and treatment in order to provide more evidence for the synthesis of new drugs targeting PPARs or the search for new drug combination treatments.
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Rojas A, Lindner C, Schneider I, Gonzàlez I, Morales MA. Receptor of advanced glycation end-products axis and gallbladder cancer: A forgotten connection that we should reconsider. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:5679-5690. [PMID: 36338887 PMCID: PMC9627425 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i39.5679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence derived from clinical and experimental research has demonstrated the crucial contribution of chronic inflammation in the development of neoplasms, including gallbladder cancer. In this regard, data derived from clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated that the receptor of advanced glycation end-products (RAGE)/AGEs axis plays an important role in the onset of a crucial and long-lasting inflammatory milieu, thus supporting tumor growth and development. AGEs are formed in biological systems or foods, and food-derived AGEs, also known as dietary AGEs are known to contribute to the systemic pool of AGEs. Once they bind to RAGE, the activation of multiple and crucial signaling pathways are triggered, thus favoring the secretion of several proinflammatory cytokines also involved in the promotion of gallbladder cancer invasion and migration. In the present review, we aimed to highlight the relevance of the association between high dietary AGEs intakes and high risk for gallbladder cancer, and emerging data supporting that dietary intervention to reduce gallbladder cancer risk is a very attractive approach that deserves much more research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Rojas
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Catholic University of Maule, Talca 34600000, Maule, Chile
| | - Cristian Lindner
- Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca 34600000, Maule, Chile
| | - Iván Schneider
- Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca 34600000, Maule, Chile
| | - Ileana Gonzàlez
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Catholic University of Maule, Talca 34600000, Maule, Chile
| | - Miguel Angel Morales
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8320000, Santiago, Chile
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13
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Katoch S, Sharma V, Patial V. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma as a therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma: Experimental and clinical scenarios. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:3535-3554. [PMID: 36161051 PMCID: PMC9372809 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i28.3535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer worldwide. Viral hepatitis is a significant risk factor for HCC, although metabolic syndrome and diabetes are more frequently associated with the HCC. With increasing prevalence, there is expected to be > 1 million cases annually by 2025. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish potential therapeutic targets to cure this disease. Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the patho-physiology of HCC. Many synthetic agonists of PPARγ suppress HCC in experimental studies and clinical trials. These synthetic agonists have shown promising results by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HCC cells and preventing the invasion and metastasis of HCC. However, some synthetic agonists also pose severe side effects in addition to their therapeutic efficacy. Thus natural PPARγ agonists can be an alternative to exploit this potential target for HCC treatment. In this review, the regulatory role of PPARγ in the pathogenesis of HCC is elucidated. Furthermore, the experimental and clinical scenario of both synthetic and natural PPARγ agonists against HCC is discussed. Most of the available literature advocates PPARγ as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Katoch
- Division of Dietetics and Nutrition Technology, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, UP, India
| | - Vinesh Sharma
- Division of Dietetics and Nutrition Technology, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, UP, India
| | - Vikram Patial
- Division of Dietetics and Nutrition Technology, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, UP, India
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14
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Han W, Wang N, Kong R, Bao W, Lu J. Ligand-activated PPARδ expression promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by regulating the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. J Transl Med 2022; 20:86. [PMID: 35151320 PMCID: PMC8840031 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta (PPARδ) was considered as the key regulator involved in the evolution of various tumors. Given that PPARδ potential role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still obscure, we comprehensively assessed its expression pattern, prognosis, functions and correlation with tumor microenvironment in HCC using public database data and in vitro studies. Methods Transcriptional data and clinical data in the TCGA and GEO database were analyzed in R software. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression level of related RNA and proteins. The malignant biological characteristics were explored by cell counting Kit-8 (CCK8), 5-Ethynyl-2ʹ-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay and wound healing assay. Results Our results illustrated that PPARδ expression was significantly higher in HCC tissues and HCC cell lines. Elevated expression of PPARδ suggested poor clinical staging and prognosis in HCC. Ligand-activated PPARδ expression promoted the proliferation and invasion of HCC cells via PDK1/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway. The expression of PPARδ was closely related to the HCC tumor microenvironment. Conclusions PPARδ plays an important part in HCC progression, penetrating investigation of the related regulatory mechanism may shed light upon further biological and pharmacological value.
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15
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Impact of Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs) and its receptor (RAGE) on cancer metabolic signaling pathways and its progression. Glycoconj J 2022; 38:717-734. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-10031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Prevention of NAFLD-associated HCC: Role of lifestyle and chemoprevention. J Hepatol 2021; 75:1217-1227. [PMID: 34339764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In many countries worldwide, the burden of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is increasing. Preventive strategies are needed to counteract this trend. In this review, we provide an overview of the evidence on preventive strategies in NAFLD-associated HCC. We consider the impact of lifestyle factors such as weight loss, physical activity, smoking, dietary patterns and food items, including coffee and alcohol, on both HCC and NAFLD/NASH. Furthermore, evidence on chemopreventive treatments, including aspirin, antidiabetic treatments and statins is summarised. The role of adjuvant therapies for tertiary prevention of HCC is briefly reviewed.
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17
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Chi T, Wang M, Wang X, Yang K, Xie F, Liao Z, Wei P. PPAR-γ Modulators as Current and Potential Cancer Treatments. Front Oncol 2021; 11:737776. [PMID: 34631571 PMCID: PMC8495261 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.737776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, cancer has become one of the leading causes of mortality. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) is a family of critical sensors of lipids as well as regulators of diverse metabolic pathways. They are also equipped with the capability to promote eNOS activation, regulate immunity and inflammation response. Aside from the established properties, emerging discoveries are also made in PPAR's functions in the cancer field. All considerations are given, there exists great potential in PPAR modulators which may hold in the management of cancers. In particular, PPAR-γ, the most expressed subtype in adipose tissues with two isoforms of different tissue distribution, has been proven to be able to inhibit cell proliferation, induce cell cycle termination and apoptosis of multiple cancer cells, promote intercellular adhesion, and cripple the inflamed state of tumor microenvironment, both on transcriptional and protein level. However, despite the multi-functionalities, the safety of PPAR-γ modulators is still of clinical concern in terms of dosage, drug interactions, cancer types and stages, etc. This review aims to consolidate the functions of PPAR-γ, the current and potential applications of PPAR-γ modulators, and the challenges in applying PPAR-γ modulators to cancer treatment, in both laboratory and clinical settings. We sincerely hope to provide a comprehensive perspective on the prospect of PPAR-γ applicability in the field of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiange Chi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,First Clinical Medical School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mina Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Neuromodulation, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Feiyu Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Oncology Department, Wangjing Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zehuan Liao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peng Wei
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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18
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Jang JH, Lee TJ, Sung EG, Song IH, Kim JY. Pioglitazone mediates apoptosis in Caki cells via downregulating c-FLIP (L) expression and reducing Bcl-2 protein stability. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:743. [PMID: 34466155 PMCID: PMC8387863 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pioglitazone is an anti-diabetic agent used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, which belongs to the thiazolidinediones (TZDs) group. TZDs target peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), which functions as a transcription factor of the nuclear hormone receptor. Pioglitazone has antitumor effects in several cancer types and could be a tool for drug therapy in various cancer treatments. Nevertheless, the molecular basis for pioglitazone-induced anticancer effects in renal cancer (RC) has not yet been elucidated. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the detailed signaling pathway underlying pioglitazone-induced apoptosis in Caki cells derived from human clear cell renal cell carcinoma. As a result, it was demonstrated by flow cytometry analysis and Annexin V-propidium iodide staining that pioglitazone treatment induced apoptotic cell death in a dose-dependent manner in Caki cells. The protein expression levels of cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP)(L) and Bcl-2, which were determined by western blotting, decreased after pioglitazone treatment in Caki cells. Flow cytometry and western blot analyses demonstrated that pioglitazone-mediated apoptosis was blocked following pretreatment with the pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk, indicating that pioglitazone-induced apoptosis was mediated via a caspase-dependent signaling pathway. However, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), did not affect pioglitazone-mediated apoptosis and degradation of c-FLIP(L) and Bcl-2 protein. Of note, it was found by western blot analysis that Bcl-2 protein expression was downregulated by the decreased protein stability of Bcl-2 in pioglitazone-treated Caki cells. In conclusion, these findings indicated that pioglitazone-induced apoptosis is regulated through caspase-mediated degradation of FLIP(L) and reduction of Bcl-2 protein stability, suggesting that pioglitazone is a feasible apoptotic agent that could be used in the treatment of human RC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Jang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Eon-Gi Sung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hwan Song
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Young Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
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19
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Rungratanawanich W, Qu Y, Wang X, Essa MM, Song BJ. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and other adducts in aging-related diseases and alcohol-mediated tissue injury. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:168-188. [PMID: 33568752 PMCID: PMC8080618 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are potentially harmful and heterogeneous molecules derived from nonenzymatic glycation. The pathological implications of AGEs are ascribed to their ability to promote oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Recent studies in basic and translational research have revealed the contributing roles of AGEs in the development and progression of various aging-related pathological conditions, such as diabetes, cardiovascular complications, gut microbiome-associated illnesses, liver or neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Excessive chronic and/or acute binge consumption of alcohol (ethanol), a widely consumed addictive substance, is known to cause more than 200 diseases, including alcohol use disorder (addiction), alcoholic liver disease, and brain damage. However, despite the considerable amount of research in this area, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which alcohol abuse causes cellular toxicity and organ damage remain to be further characterized. In this review, we first briefly describe the properties of AGEs: their formation, accumulation, and receptor interactions. We then focus on the causative functions of AGEs that impact various aging-related diseases. We also highlight the biological connection of AGE-alcohol-adduct formations to alcohol-mediated tissue injury. Finally, we describe the potential translational research opportunities for treatment of various AGE- and/or alcohol-related adduct-associated disorders according to the mechanistic insights presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiramon Rungratanawanich
- grid.420085.b0000 0004 0481 4802Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Ying Qu
- grid.420085.b0000 0004 0481 4802Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Neuroapoptosis Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- grid.412846.d0000 0001 0726 9430Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Aging and Dementia Research Group, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud, Muscat, Oman ,grid.412846.d0000 0001 0726 9430Aging and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- grid.420085.b0000 0004 0481 4802Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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20
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Sruthi CR, Raghu KG. Advanced glycation end products and their adverse effects: The role of autophagy. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22710. [PMID: 33506967 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The critical roles played by advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) accumulation in diabetes and diabetic complications have gained intense recognition. AGEs interfere with the normal functioning of almost every organ with multiple actions like apoptosis, inflammation, protein dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. However, the development of a potential treatment strategy is yet to be established. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process that maintains cellular homeostasis with the degradation and recycling systems. AGEs can activate autophagy signaling, which could be targeted as a therapeutic strategy against AGEs induced problems. In this review, we have provided an overview of the adverse effects of AGEs, and we put forth the notion that autophagy could be a promising targetable strategy against AGEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Sruthi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agro-processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - K G Raghu
- Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agro-processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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21
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Han H, Desert R, Das S, Song Z, Athavale D, Ge X, Nieto N. Danger signals in liver injury and restoration of homeostasis. J Hepatol 2020; 73:933-951. [PMID: 32371195 PMCID: PMC7502511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns are signalling molecules involved in inflammatory responses and restoration of homeostasis. Chronic release of these molecules can also promote inflammation in the context of liver disease. Herein, we provide a comprehensive summary of the role of damage-associated molecular patterns as danger signals in liver injury. We consider the role of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species as inducers of damage-associated molecular patterns, as well as how specific damage-associated molecular patterns participate in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases such as alcohol-related liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis and liver cancer. In addition, we discuss the role of damage-associated molecular patterns in ischaemia reperfusion injury and liver transplantation and highlight current studies in which blockade of specific damage-associated molecular patterns has proven beneficial in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Han
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Romain Desert
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sukanta Das
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Zhuolun Song
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dipti Athavale
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xiaodong Ge
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Natalia Nieto
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 1020N, MC 787, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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22
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Chung W, Promrat K, Wands J. Clinical implications, diagnosis, and management of diabetes in patients with chronic liver diseases. World J Hepatol 2020; 12:533-557. [PMID: 33033564 PMCID: PMC7522556 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v12.i9.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) negatively affects the development and progression of chronic liver diseases (CLD) of various etiologies. Concurrent DM and CLD are also associated with worse clinical outcomes with respect to mortality, the occurrence of hepatic decompensation, and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Unfortunately, early diagnosis and optimal treatment of DM can be challenging, due to the lack of established clinical guidelines as well as the medical complexity of this patient population. We conducted an exploratory review of relevant literature to provide an up-to-date review for internists and hepatologists caring for this patient population. We reviewed the epidemiological and pathophysiological associations between DM and CLD, the impact of insulin resistance on the progression and manifestations of CLD, the pathogenesis of hepatogenic diabetes, as well as the practical challenges in diagnosis and monitoring of DM in this patient population. We also reviewed the latest clinical evidence on various pharmacological antihyperglycemic therapies with an emphasis on liver disease-related clinical outcomes. Finally, we proposed an algorithm for managing DM in patients with CLD and discussed the clinical and research questions that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waihong Chung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02905, United States.
| | - Kittichai Promrat
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908, United States
| | - Jack Wands
- Liver Research Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States
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23
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Liu K, Zhao F, Yan J, Xia Z, Jiang D, Ma P. Hispidulin: A promising flavonoid with diverse anti-cancer properties. Life Sci 2020; 259:118395. [PMID: 32905830 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, natural products have increasingly attracted more attention because of their potential anticancer activity and low intrinsic toxicity. Hispidulin is a natural flavonoid with a wide range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiplatelet, anticonvulsant, anti-osteoporotic, and notably anticancer activities. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that hispidulin, as a potential anticancer drug, affects cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Moreover, hispidulin exhibits synergistic anti-tumor effects when combined with some common clinical anticancer drugs (e.g., gemcitabine, 5-fluoroucil, sunitinib, temozolomide, and TRAIL). The combination of hispidulin and chemotherapeutic drugs reduces the efflux of chemotherapeutic drugs, enhances the chemosensitivity of cancer cells, and reverses drug resistance. Herein, we outlined the anticancer effects of hispidulin in various cancers and its intracellular molecular targets and related mechanisms of its anticancer activity. Based on the available literature, it can be established that hispidulin has significant potential to become an important complementary medicine for cancer prevention and treatment. However, more in-depth in vitro and in vivo studies should be conducted to support its translation from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Henan University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Henan University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Henan University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhengchao Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Henan University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dandan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Henan University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peizhi Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Henan University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China.
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24
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Ha X, Wang J, Chen K, Deng Y, Zhang X, Feng J, Li X, Zhu J, Ma Y, Qiu T, Wang C, Xie J, Zhang J. Free Fatty Acids Promote the Development of Prostate Cancer by Upregulating Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:1355-1369. [PMID: 32158268 PMCID: PMC7048952 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s236301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction As one of the most common forms of cancer that threatens men's health, prostate cancer (PCa) is under a trend of increasing morbidity and mortality in most countries. More and more studies have pointed out that obesity is closely linked to the occurrence and development of PCa, although there are still many undiscovered molecular mechanisms between the two. Methods In the present study, we compare serum lipid levels in patients with PCa and normal individuals. PCa cells (PC3 and 22RV1) were cultured in vitro, the TC/TG/HDL/GLU assay kit was used to detect the glucose and lipid metabolism level of PCa cells, the flow cytometry technique was used to detect the proliferation ability of PCa cells, and the Transwell was used to detect the invasion and migration ability of PCa cells. Western blot/quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and vimentin/vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) expression levels, and immunohistochemistry was used to observe tumor-associated gene expression levels in nude mice. All data were analysed using the Independent samples t-test or rank sum test. Results We found higher levels of FFA in the serum of patients with PCa. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that high levels of FFA can promote the proliferation, migration and invasion of two PCa cells (PC3 and 22RV1) and affect the energy metabolism of PCa cells. The upregulated PPARγ plays a key role in this process, and vimentin may be involved in this signaling pathway. Conclusion We infer that high levels of FFA may promote PCa development by upregulating PPARγ expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Ha
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Bei-Er-Lu, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingzhou Wang
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Bei-Er-Lu, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Keru Chen
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Bei-Er-Lu, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchun Deng
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Bei-Er-Lu, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueting Zhang
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Bei-Er-Lu, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiale Feng
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Bei-Er-Lu, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Li
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Bei-Er-Lu, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhu
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Bei-Er-Lu, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghua Ma
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Bei-Er-Lu, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongtong Qiu
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Bei-Er-Lu, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuizhe Wang
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Bei-Er-Lu, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Xie
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Bei-Er-Lu, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Bei-Er-Lu, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, People's Republic of China
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25
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Dogru T, Kırık A, Sonmez A. Letter: metformin treatment and hepatocellular carcinoma risk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 50:835-836. [PMID: 31532548 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teoman Dogru
- Department of Gastroenterology, Balıkesir University School of Medicine, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Ali Kırık
- Department of Internal Medicine, Balıkesir University School of Medicine, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Alper Sonmez
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Health Sciences University, Gulhane Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
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26
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Rojas A, Morales M, Gonzalez I, Araya P. Inhibition of RAGE Axis Signaling: A Pharmacological Challenge. Curr Drug Targets 2019; 20:340-346. [PMID: 30124149 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180820105956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) is an important cell surface receptor, which belongs to the IgG super family and is now considered as a pattern recognition receptor. Because of its relevance in many human clinical settings, it is now pursued as a very attractive therapeutic target. However, particular features of this receptor such as a wide repertoire of ligands with different binding domains, the existence of many RAGE variants as well as the presence of cytoplasmatic adaptors leading a diverse signaling, are important limitations in the search for successful pharmacological approaches to inhibit RAGE signaling. Therefore, the present review aimed to display the most promising approaches to inhibit RAGE signaling, and provide an up to date review of progress in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Rojas
- Biomedical Research Lab., Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Miguel Morales
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ileana Gonzalez
- Biomedical Research Lab., Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Paulina Araya
- Biomedical Research Lab., Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
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27
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Pioglitazone Reduces Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development in Two Rodent Models of Cirrhosis. J Gastrointest Surg 2019; 23:101-111. [PMID: 30367397 PMCID: PMC6328630 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-018-4004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest malignancies worldwide due to the lack of effective treatments. Chemoprevention in high-risk patients is a promising, alternative strategy. In this study, pioglitazone was investigated for its ability to prevent hepatocarcinogenesis in two rodent models of cirrhosis. METHODS In the first model, male Wistar rats were given repeated, low-dose injections of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) to accurately recapitulate the progression of fibrosis to cirrhosis and HCC. In the second model, a single dose of DEN was administered to male C57Bl/6 pups at day fifteen followed by administration of a choline-deficient, L-amino acid defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) at week six for 24 weeks. Pioglitazone treatment started at the first signs of fibrosis in both models. RESULTS Pioglitazone effectively reduced fibrosis progression and HCC development in both models. Gross tumor nodules were significantly reduced after pioglitazone treatment (7.4 ± 1.6 vs. 16.6 ± 2.6 in the rat DEN model and 5.86 ± 1.82 vs. 13.2 ± 1.25 in the mouse DEN+CDAHFD model). In both models, pioglitazone reduced the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and upregulated the hepato-protective AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway via increasing circulating adiponectin production. CONCLUSION Pioglitazone is an effective agent for chemoprevention in rodents and could be repurposed as a multi-targeted drug for delaying liver fibrosis and hepatocarcinogenesis.
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28
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A Sterol from Soft Coral Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16070238. [PMID: 30018246 PMCID: PMC6071057 DOI: 10.3390/md16070238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor that plays a key role in regulating cellular metabolism, and is a therapeutic target for cancer therapy. To search for potential PPARγ activators, a compound library comprising 11 marine compounds was examined. Among them, a sterol, 3β,11-dihydroxy-9,11-secogorgost-5-en-9-one (compound 1), showed the highest PPARγ activity with an IC50 value of 8.3 μM for inhibiting human breast adenocarcinoma cell (MCF-7) growth. Western blotting experiments showed that compound 1 induces caspase activation and PARP cleavage. In addition, compound 1 modulated the expression of various PPARγ-regulated downstream biomarkers including cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)6, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), p38, and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Moreover, compound 1 increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, upregulated the phosphorylation and expression of H2AX, and induced autophagy. Interestingly, pre-treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine rescued cells from compound 1-induced growth inhibition, which indicates that the cytotoxic effect of compound 1 is, in part, attributable to its ability to induce autophagy. In conclusion, these findings suggest the translational potential of compound 1 in breast cancer therapy.
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29
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Wang L, Min Z, Wang X, Hu M, Song D, Ren Z, Cheng Y, Wang Y. Arsenic trioxide and sorafenib combination therapy for human hepatocellular carcinoma functions via up-regulation of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:3341-3350. [PMID: 30127933 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival benefits of sorafenib treatment for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are limited due to drug resistance and side effects. Therefore, combinations of sorafenib with other low toxicity drugs, including arsenic trioxide (As2O3) require investigation. The present study aimed to evaluate the potency of apoptosis-induction by As2O3/sorafenib treatment in HCC cell lines, Huh7, 97H and freshly-isolated HCC cells, and also to elucidate the underlying mechanism. A total of 10 patients with HCC were enrolled in the present study. Freshly-isolated HCC cells were purified from HCC tissues collected at surgery. HCC-cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry using proprium iodide/Annexin-V staining. The impacts of As2O3 and/or sorafenib on Huh7, 97H and fresh-isolated HCC-cell proliferation were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. The expression of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) was determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The downregulation of TRAIL protein expression was achieved using small interfering RNA. The combination of As2O3 and sorafenib had anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in the liver cancer cell line, Huh7, via increased expression of TRAIL, but not in 97H cells. TRAIL-knockdown increased the drug-resistance of Huh7 cells. Freshly-isolated HCC cells were more sensitive to the As2O3 and sorafenib combination than the single drug treatments. Overall, the combination of As2O3 and sorafenib demonstrated potent anti-tumor activity in Huh7 and freshly-isolated HCC cells via a TRAIL-dependent pathway. This may be a potential therapeutic approach for advanced HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Wang
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zhihui Min
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Mushuang Hu
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Dongli Song
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zhenggang Ren
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Cheng
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital Qingpu Branch, Shanghai 201700, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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30
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Renoprotective Effect of Danhong Injection on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats through a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Mediated Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:3450141. [PMID: 29849705 PMCID: PMC5925177 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3450141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the protective effect of Danhong injection (DHI) on diabetic kidney disease and explore the potential mechanisms. Diabetic kidney disease was induced by unilateral nephrectomy, high-fat diet, and streptozotocin. After DHI administration, the renal function deterioration, 24-hour total urine protein excretion, and elevated serum lipid levels were reversed to some extent, and the renal pathological damage was also ameliorated. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that the PPARγ signal pathway was significantly upregulated in DH group. And the increased expressions of PPARγ and UCP-1 were confirmed by immunohistochemistry, whereas the p38MAPK was significantly decreased. These data show that DHI could delay the progress of DKD, and the effect might be achieved in part by activating the PPARγ signaling pathway.
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31
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Yousefnia S, Momenzadeh S, Seyed Forootan F, Ghaedi K, Nasr Esfahani MH. The influence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) ligands on cancer cell tumorigenicity. Gene 2018; 649:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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32
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Guo M, Guo G, Xiao J, Sheng X, Zhang X, Tie Y, Cheng YK, Ji X. Ginsenoside Rg3 stereoisomers differentially inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration in diabetic atherosclerosis. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:3202-3214. [PMID: 29566305 PMCID: PMC5980205 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside 20(R/S)‐Rg3, as a natural peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) ligand, has been reported to exhibit differential biological effects. It is of great interest to understand the stereochemical selectivity of 20(R/S)‐Rg3 and explore whether differential PPARγ activation by Rg3 stereoisomers, if it exists, could lead to differential physiological outcome and therapeutic effects in diabetic atherosclerosis. Here, we investigated the binding modes of 20(R/S)‐Rg3 stereoisomers in the PPARγ ligand‐binding domain (PPARγ‐LBD) using molecular modelling and their effects on smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration induced by advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The results revealed that 20(S)‐Rg3 exhibited stronger antiproliferative and antimigratory effects due to stronger PPARγ activation. To validate the in vitro results, we used a mice model with diabetic atherosclerosis and obtained that 20(S)‐Rg3 markedly reduced the plaque size secondary to reducing the proliferation and migration of VSMCs, while the plaques were more stable due to improvements in other plaque compositions. The results shed light on the structural difference between Rg3 stereoisomers that can lead to significant differential physiological outcome, and the (S)‐isomer seems to be the more potent isomer to be developed as a promising drug for diabetic atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guanlun Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components & Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xi Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tie
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuen-Kit Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong city, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaoping Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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33
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Gao H, Li H, Li W, Shen X, Di B. Pioglitazone Attenuates Atherosclerosis in Diabetic Mice by Inhibition of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Product (RAGE) Signaling. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:6121-6131. [PMID: 29278639 PMCID: PMC5749137 DOI: 10.12659/msm.907401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties, and is protective against cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to determine the effects of a PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone on atherogenesis in an ApoE knockout mouse (ApoE−/−) diabetic mouse model and in a cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) model. Material/Methods Male ApoE−/− mice were rendered diabetic by 5 daily intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin. Pioglitazone (20 mg/kg/d) or PPAR-γ inhibitor GW9662 (1 mg/kg/d) were administered for 12 weeks. At the end of treatment, mice were killed and the aortae were isolated. Oil Red O staining was used to evaluate atherosclerotic plaque area. H&E staining was used to evaluate the number of complicated plaques. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the expression of advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and PPAR-γ. The effects of pioglitazone and GW9662 on RAGE and PPAR-γ expression were examined in cultured primary mouse VSMCs in hyperglycemic conditions. Results Administration of pioglitazone in diabetic ApoE−/− mice successfully reduced atherosclerotic plaque area and the number of complicated plaques. Moreover, pioglitazone inhibited RAGE and stimulated PPAR-γ protein expression in atherosclerotic plaques of diabetic ApoE−/− mice. In cultured VSMCs upon high-glucose challenge, pioglitazone downregulated RAGE mRNA and protein expression. Blockade of PPAR-γ activity by GW9662 remarkably attenuated the inhibitory actions of pioglitazone on atherogenesis, both in diabetic ApoE−/− mice and in cultured VSMCs, upon high-glucose challenge. Conclusions Pioglitazone has a therapeutic effect on atherosclerosis in diabetes, and inhibition of RAGE signaling plays a critical role in mediating the beneficial effects of pioglitazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Hongwei Li
- Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland).,Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Weiping Li
- Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland).,Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Xuhua Shen
- Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Beibing Di
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
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Hollenbach M. The Role of Glyoxalase-I (Glo-I), Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs), and Their Receptor (RAGE) in Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112466. [PMID: 29156655 PMCID: PMC5713432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyoxalase-I (Glo-I) and glyoxalase-II (Glo-II) comprise the glyoxalase system and are responsible for the detoxification of methylglyoxal (MGO). MGO is formed non-enzymatically as a by-product, mainly in glycolysis, and leads to the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). AGEs bind to their receptor, RAGE, and activate intracellular transcription factors, resulting in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and inflammation. This review will focus on the implication of the Glo-I/AGE/RAGE system in liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). AGEs and RAGE are upregulated in liver fibrosis, and the silencing of RAGE reduced collagen deposition and the tumor growth of HCC. Nevertheless, data relating to Glo-I in fibrosis and cirrhosis are preliminary. Glo-I expression was found to be reduced in early and advanced cirrhosis with a subsequent increase of MGO-levels. On the other hand, pharmacological modulation of Glo-I resulted in the reduced activation of hepatic stellate cells and therefore reduced fibrosis in the CCl₄-model of cirrhosis. Thus, current research highlighted the Glo-I/AGE/RAGE system as an interesting therapeutic target in chronic liver diseases. These findings need further elucidation in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Hollenbach
- Department of Medicine, Neurology and Dermatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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35
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Li HH, Hsu HH, Chang GJ, Chen IC, Ho WJ, Hsu PC, Chen WJ, Pang JHS, Huang CC, Lai YJ. Prostanoid EP 4 agonist L-902,688 activates PPARγ and attenuates pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 314:L349-L359. [PMID: 29146573 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00245.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostacyclin agonists that bind the prostacyclin receptor (IP) to stimulate cAMP synthesis are effective vasodilators for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH), but this signaling may occur through nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ). There is evidence of scant IP and PPARγ expression but stable prostanoid EP4 receptor (EP4) expression in IPAH patients. Both IP and EP4 functionally couple with stimulatory G protein (Gs), which activates signal transduction. We investigated the effect of an EP4-specific agonist on pulmonary arterial remodeling and its regulatory mechanisms in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Immunoblotting evealed IP, EP4, and PPARγ expression in human pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH rat lung tissue. Isolated PASMCs from MCT-induced PAH rats (MCT-PASMCs) were treated with L-902,688, a selective EP4 agonist, to investigate the anti-vascular remodeling effect. Scant expression of IP and PPARγ but stable expression of EP4 was observed in IPAH patient lung tissues and MCT-PASMCs. L-902,688 inhibited IP-insufficient MCT-PASMC proliferation and migration by activating PPARγ in a time- and dose-dependent manner, but these effects were reversed by AH-23848 (an EP4 antagonist) and H-89 [a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor], highlighting the crucial role of PPARγ in the activity of this EP4 agonist. L-902,688 attenuated pulmonary arterial remodeling in hypoxic PAH mice and MCT-induced PAH rats; therefore, we conclude that the selective EP4 agonist L-902,688 reverses vascular remodeling by activating PPARγ. This study identified a novel EP4-PKA-PPARγ pathway, and we propose EP4 as a potential therapeutic target for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hsien Li
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine , Tao-Yuan , Taiwan
| | - Hsao-Hsun Hsu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Jyh Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University , Tao-Yuan , Taiwan
| | - I-Chen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University , Tao-Yuan , Taiwan
| | - Wan-Jing Ho
- Cardiovascular Division, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Tao-Yuan , Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chen Hsu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jan Chen
- Cardiovascular Division, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Tao-Yuan , Taiwan
| | - Jong-Hwei S Pang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University , Tao-Yuan , Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chi Huang
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine , Tao-Yuan , Taiwan.,Division of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Tao-Yuan , Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Lai
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine , Tao-Yuan , Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Division, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Tao-Yuan , Taiwan.,Department of Respiratory Care, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
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36
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Weng JR, Bai LY, Lin WY. Identification of a Triterpenoid as a Novel PPARγ Activator Derived from Formosan Plants. Phytother Res 2017; 31:1722-1730. [PMID: 28856793 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), one of the transcription factors that regulate lipid metabolism and energy use in tumor cells, is a viable target for cancer therapy. In our search for potential PPARγ activator, extracts from five Formosan plants were tested. Among them, Momordica charantia L. showed the highest ability to activate PPARγ, which led us to identify its potential constituents. Among the seven compounds isolated from M. charantia, a triterpenoid, 5β,19-epoxy-19-methoxycucurbita-6,23-dien-3β,25-diol (compound 1), was identified as a PPARγ activator with an IC50 of 10 μM in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that compound 1 induced G1 cell cycle arrest which might be attributable to the modulation of phosphorylation and expression of numerous key signaling effectors, including cyclin D1, CDK6, and p53. Notably, compound 1 downregulated the expression of histone deacetylase 1, leading to increased histone H3 acetylation. Taken together, these findings suggest that compound 1 may have therapeutic applications in cancer treatment through PPARγ activation. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ru Weng
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yuan Bai
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Kinmen Hospital, Kinmen, 89142, Taiwan
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37
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Wu J, Cui LL, Yuan J, Wang Y, Song S. Clinical significance of the phosphorylation of MAPK and protein expression of cyclin D1 in human osteosarcoma tissues. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2303-2307. [PMID: 28260005 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the significance of the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the protein expression of cyclin D1 in human osteosarcoma tissues. Human osteosarcoma tissue samples were collected from 30 patients, benign bone tumor samples were collected from 30 patients, and normal bone tissues were collected from 10 individuals as controls. Immunohistochemistry was performed to measure the levels of phosphorylated (p)-MAPK and cyclin D1 protein in cases of human osteosarcoma. The results showed that the positive rates of MAPK and cyclin D1 in osteosarcoma were 86.67% (26/30) and 73.00% (22/30), respectively. The positive staining rates of MAPK and cyclin D1 in benign bone tumor tissues were 10.00% (3/30) and 3.30% (1/30), respectively. The positive rate in the normal bone tissues was 0% (0/30), which was significantly lower, compared with that of the cancerous bone tissue. The positive rates of MAPK and cyclin D1 in osteosarcoma were increased (P<0.05), and the expression of cyclin D1 and p‑MAPK were positively correlated. The phosphorylation of MAPK may be important in the development of osteosarcoma, and the overactivation of MAPK may induce high expression of cyclin D1 and induce tumor cells to proliferate continuously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224005, P.R. China
| | - Lei-Lei Cui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224005, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224005, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Shu Song
- Pathological Science Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224005, P.R. China
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38
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Pioglitazone inhibits EGFR/MDM2 signaling-mediated PPARγ degradation. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 791:316-321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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39
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PPAR Ligands Function as Suppressors That Target Biological Actions of HMGB1. PPAR Res 2016; 2016:2612743. [PMID: 27563308 PMCID: PMC4985574 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2612743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which has become one of the most intriguing molecules in inflammatory disorders and cancers and with which ligand-activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are highly associated, is considered as a therapeutic target. Of particular interest is the fact that certain PPAR ligands have demonstrated their potent anti-inflammatory activities and potential anticancer effects. In this review article we summarize recent experimental evidence that PPAR ligands function as suppressors that target biological actions of HMGB1, including intracellular expression, receptor signaling cascades, and extracellular secretion of HMGB1 in cell lines and/or animal models. We also propose the possible mechanisms underlying PPAR involvement in inflammatory disorders and discuss the future therapeutic value of PPAR ligands targeting HMGB1 molecule for cancer prevention and treatment.
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40
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Expression Is Inversely Associated with Macroscopic Vascular Invasion in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081226. [PMID: 27483249 PMCID: PMC5000624 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor that regulates cellular lipid and glucose metabolism and also plays an inhibitory role in various cancers. However, the role of PPARγ in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of PPARγ in HCC and its role in inhibiting tumor progression, namely, HCC cell growth, migration, and angiogenesis. Immunohistochemical PPARγ staining was examined in 83 HCC specimens to investigate the clinicopathological correlations between PPARγ expression and various parameters. The functional role of PPARγ was determined via PPARγ overexpression and knockdown in HCC cells. Patients with low HCC tissue PPARγ expression were significantly younger (p = 0.006), and exhibited more tumor numbers (p = 0.038), more macroscopic vascular invasion (MVI) (p = 0.008), and more advanced TNM (size of primary tumor, number of regional lymph nodes, and distant metastasis) stages at diagnosis (p = 0.013) than patients with high HCC tissue PPARγ expression. PPARγ knockdown increased HCC cell growth, migration, and angiogenesis, while PPARγ overexpression reduced HCC cell growth, migration, and angiogenesis. These results suggest that low PPARγ expression is an independent predictor of more MVI in HCC patients. PPARγ contributes to the suppression of HCC cell growth, migration, and angiogenesis. Therefore, PPARγ may be a therapeutic target in HCC patients.
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41
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Papanagnou P, Stivarou T, Tsironi M. Unexploited Antineoplastic Effects of Commercially Available Anti-Diabetic Drugs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:ph9020024. [PMID: 27164115 PMCID: PMC4932542 DOI: 10.3390/ph9020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of efficacious antitumor compounds with minimal toxicity is a hot research topic. Numerous cancer cell targeted agents are evaluated daily in laboratories for their antitumorigenicity at the pre-clinical level, but the process of their introduction into the market is costly and time-consuming. More importantly, even if these new antitumor agents manage to gain approval, clinicians have no former experience with them. Accruing evidence supports the idea that several medications already used to treat pathologies other than cancer display pleiotropic effects, exhibiting multi-level anti-cancer activity and chemosensitizing properties. This review aims to present the anticancer properties of marketed drugs (i.e., metformin and pioglitazone) used for the management of diabetes mellitus (DM) type II. Mode of action, pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo or clinical data as well as clinical applicability are discussed here. Given the precious multi-year clinical experience with these non-antineoplastic drugs their repurposing in oncology is a challenging alternative that would aid towards the development of therapeutic schemes with less toxicity than those of conventional chemotherapeutic agents. More importantly, harnessing the antitumor function of these agents would save precious time from bench to bedside to aid the fight in the arena of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Papanagnou
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Orthias Artemidos and Plateon St, Sparti GR-23100, Greece.
| | - Theodora Stivarou
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Orthias Artemidos and Plateon St, Sparti GR-23100, Greece.
| | - Maria Tsironi
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Orthias Artemidos and Plateon St, Sparti GR-23100, Greece.
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42
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Qiao Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Xu Y, Liu X, Sun F, Wang J. High Glucose Stimulates Tumorigenesis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Through AGER-Dependent O-GlcNAcylation of c-Jun. Diabetes 2016; 65:619-32. [PMID: 26825459 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies suggest that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a strong relationship with diabetes. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms still remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that high glucose (HG), one of the main characteristics of diabetes, was capable of accelerating tumorigenesis in HCC cells. Advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor (AGER) was identified as a stimulator during this process. Mechanistically, AGER activated a hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, leading to enhanced O-GlcNAcylation of target proteins. Notably, AGER was capable of increasing activity and stability of proto-oncoprotein c-Jun via O-GlcNAcylation of this protein at Ser73. Interestingly, c-Jun can conversely enhance AGER transcription. Thereby, a positive autoregulatory feedback loop that stimulates diabetic HCC was established. Finally, we found that AG490, an inhibitor of Janus kinase, has the ability to impair AGER expression and its functions in HCC cells. In conclusion, AGER and its functions to stimulate O-GlcNAcylation are important during liver tumorigenesis, when high blood glucose levels are inadequately controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Qiao
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfeng Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangfan Liu
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fenyong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China Tongji University Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
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43
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Daffu G, Shen X, Senatus L, Thiagarajan D, Abedini A, Hurtado Del Pozo C, Rosario R, Song F, Friedman RA, Ramasamy R, Schmidt AM. RAGE Suppresses ABCG1-Mediated Macrophage Cholesterol Efflux in Diabetes. Diabetes 2015; 64:4046-60. [PMID: 26253613 PMCID: PMC4657581 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes exacerbates cardiovascular disease, at least in part through suppression of macrophage cholesterol efflux and levels of the cholesterol transporters ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and ABCG1. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is highly expressed in human and murine diabetic atherosclerotic plaques, particularly in macrophages. We tested the hypothesis that RAGE suppresses macrophage cholesterol efflux and probed the mechanisms by which RAGE downregulates ABCA1 and ABCG1. Macrophage cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein A1 and HDL and reverse cholesterol transport to plasma, liver, and feces were reduced in diabetic macrophages through RAGE. In vitro, RAGE ligands suppressed ABCG1 and ABCA1 promoter luciferase activity and transcription of ABCG1 and ABCA1 through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARG)-responsive promoter elements but not through liver X receptor elements. Plasma levels of HDL were reduced in diabetic mice in a RAGE-dependent manner. Laser capture microdissected CD68(+) macrophages from atherosclerotic plaques of Ldlr(-/-) mice devoid of Ager (RAGE) displayed higher levels of Abca1, Abcg1, and Pparg mRNA transcripts versus Ager-expressing Ldlr(-/-) mice independently of glycemia or plasma levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides. Antagonism of RAGE may fill an important therapeutic gap in the treatment of diabetic macrovascular complications.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/antagonists & inhibitors
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism
- Animals
- Aorta/immunology
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Biological Transport
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Diabetic Angiopathies/blood
- Diabetic Angiopathies/immunology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/metabolism
- Diabetic Angiopathies/pathology
- Glycation End Products, Advanced/blood
- Glycation End Products, Advanced/metabolism
- Humans
- Ligands
- Lipoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lipoproteins/genetics
- Lipoproteins/metabolism
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- PPAR gamma/genetics
- PPAR gamma/metabolism
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/blood
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/immunology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/metabolism
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products/agonists
- Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products/blood
- Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products/genetics
- Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurdip Daffu
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Xiaoping Shen
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Laura Senatus
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Devi Thiagarajan
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Andisheh Abedini
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Carmen Hurtado Del Pozo
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Rosa Rosario
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Fei Song
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Richard A Friedman
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Ravichandran Ramasamy
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
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Takino JI, Nagamine K, Hori T, Sakasai-Sakai A, Takeuchi M. Contribution of the toxic advanced glycation end-products-receptor axis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-related hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:2459-2469. [PMID: 26483867 PMCID: PMC4606201 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i23.2459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. The main etiologies of HCC are hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus (HCV), and non-hepatitis B/non-hepatitis C HCC (NBNC-HCC) has also been identified as an etiological factor. Although the incidence of HCV-related HCC in Japan has decreased slightly in recent years, that of NBNC-HCC has increased. The onset mechanism of NBNC-HCC, which has various etiologies, remains unclear; however, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, is known to be an important risk factor for NBNC-HCC. Among the different advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formed by the Maillard reaction, glyceraldehyde-derived AGEs, the predominant components of toxic AGEs (TAGE), have been associated with NASH and NBNC-HCC, including NASH-related HCC. Furthermore, the expression of the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) has been correlated with the malignant progression of HCC. Therefore, TAGE induce oxidative stress by binding with RAGE may, in turn, lead to adverse effects, such as fibrosis and malignant transformation, in hepatic stellate cells and tumor cells during NASH or NASH-related HCC progression. The aim of this review was to examine the contribution of the TAGE-RAGE axis in NASH-related HCC.
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45
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Wang X, Xiang L, Li H, Chen P, Feng Y, Zhang J, Yang N, Li F, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Li F, Cao F. The Role of HMGB1 Signaling Pathway in the Development and Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22527-40. [PMID: 26393575 PMCID: PMC4613322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The story of high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) in cancer is complicated and the function of HMGB1 in different cancers is uncertain. This review aims to retrieve literature regarding HMGB1 from English electronic resources, analyze and summarize the role of the HMGB1 signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and provide useful information for carcinogenesis and progression of HCC. Results showed that HMGB1 could induce cell proliferation, differentiation, cell death, angiogenesis, metastasis, inflammation, and enhance immunofunction in in vitro and in vivo HCC models. HMGB1 and its downstream receptors RAGE, TLRs and TREM-1 may be potential anticancer targets. In conclusion, HMGB1 plays an important role in oncogenesis and represents a novel therapeutic target, which deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanbin Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Longchao Xiang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Hongliang Li
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Ping Chen
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jingxuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Nian Yang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Fei Li
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Ye Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Quifang Zhang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Fang Li
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Fengjun Cao
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
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