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Statsenko Y, Habuza T, Smetanina D, Simiyu GL, Meribout S, King FC, Gelovani JG, Das KM, Gorkom KNV, Zaręba K, Almansoori TM, Szólics M, Ismail F, Ljubisavljevic M. Unraveling Lifelong Brain Morphometric Dynamics: A Protocol for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in Healthy Neurodevelopment and Ageing. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1999. [PMID: 37509638 PMCID: PMC10377186 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A high incidence and prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders justify the necessity of well-defined criteria for diagnosing these pathologies from brain imaging findings. No easy-to-apply quantitative markers of abnormal brain development and ageing are available. We aim to find the characteristic features of non-pathological development and degeneration in distinct brain structures and to work out a precise descriptive model of brain morphometry in age groups. We will use four biomedical databases to acquire original peer-reviewed publications on brain structural changes occurring throughout the human life-span. Selected publications will be uploaded to Covidence systematic review software for automatic deduplication and blinded screening. Afterwards, we will manually review the titles, abstracts, and full texts to identify the papers matching eligibility criteria. The relevant data will be extracted to a 'Summary of findings' table. This will allow us to calculate the annual rate of change in the volume or thickness of brain structures and to model the lifelong dynamics in the morphometry data. Finally, we will adjust the loss of weight/thickness in specific brain areas to the total intracranial volume. The systematic review will synthesise knowledge on structural brain change across the life-span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yauhen Statsenko
- Radiology Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Medical Imaging Platform, ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Big Data Analytics Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tetiana Habuza
- Big Data Analytics Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Darya Smetanina
- Radiology Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gillian Lylian Simiyu
- Radiology Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sarah Meribout
- Radiology Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Medical Imaging Platform, ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Internal Medicine Department, Maimonides Medical Center, New York, NY 11219, USA
| | - Fransina Christina King
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Neuroscience Platform, ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Juri G Gelovani
- Radiology Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Provost Office, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Karuna M Das
- Radiology Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Klaus N-V Gorkom
- Radiology Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kornelia Zaręba
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Taleb M Almansoori
- Radiology Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Miklós Szólics
- Neurology Division, Medicine Department, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, P.O. Box 15258, United Arab Emirates
- Internal Medicine Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatima Ismail
- Pediatric Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Milos Ljubisavljevic
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Neuroscience Platform, ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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Pellegrini M, Bergonzoni G, Perrone F, Squitieri F, Biagioli M. Current Diagnostic Methods and Non-Coding RNAs as Possible Biomarkers in Huntington's Disease. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:2017. [PMID: 36360254 PMCID: PMC9689996 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether as a cause or a symptom, RNA transcription is recurrently altered in pathologic conditions. This is also true for non-coding RNAs, with regulatory functions in a variety of processes such as differentiation, cell identity and metabolism. In line with their increasingly recognized roles in cellular pathways, RNAs are also currently evaluated as possible disease biomarkers. They could be informative not only to follow disease progression and assess treatment efficacy in clinics, but also to aid in the development of new therapeutic approaches. This is especially important for neurological and genetic disorders, where the administration of appropriate treatment during the disease prodromal stage could significantly delay, if not halt, disease progression. In this review we focus on the current status of biomarkers in Huntington's Disease (HD), a fatal hereditary and degenerative disease condition. First, we revise the sources and type of wet biomarkers currently in use. Then, we explore the feasibility of different RNA types (miRNA, ncRNA, circRNA) as possible biomarker candidates, discussing potential advantages, disadvantages, sources of origin and the ongoing investigations on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Pellegrini
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Guendalina Bergonzoni
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Federica Perrone
- Huntington and Rare Diseases Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza Research Hospital, Viale Cappuccini, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Squitieri
- Huntington and Rare Diseases Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza Research Hospital, Viale Cappuccini, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Marta Biagioli
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
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Martí-Martínez S, Valor LM. A Glimpse of Molecular Biomarkers in Huntington's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105411. [PMID: 35628221 PMCID: PMC9142992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that is caused by an abnormal expansion of CAG repeats in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene. Although the main symptomatology is explained by alterations at the level of the central nervous system, predominantly affecting the basal ganglia, a peripheral component of the disease is being increasingly acknowledged. Therefore, the manifestation of the disease is complex and variable among CAG expansion carriers, introducing uncertainty in the appearance of specific signs, age of onset and severity of disease. The monogenic nature of the disorder allows a precise diagnosis, but the use of biomarkers with prognostic value is still needed to achieve clinical management of the patients in an individual manner. In addition, we need tools to evaluate the patient's response to potential therapeutic approaches. In this review, we provide a succinct summary of the most interesting molecular biomarkers that have been assessed in patients, mostly obtained from body fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid, peripheral blood and saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martí-Martínez
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Luis M. Valor
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-965-913-988
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Alfonso Perez G, Caballero Villarraso J. Neural Network Aided Detection of Huntington Disease. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11082110. [PMID: 35456203 PMCID: PMC9032851 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11082110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington Disease (HD) is a degenerative neurological disease that causes a significant impact on the quality of life of the patient and eventually death. In this paper we present an approach to create a biomarker using as an input DNA CpG methylation data to identify HD patients. DNA CpG methylation is a well-known epigenetic marker for disease state. Technological advances have made it possible to quickly analyze hundreds of thousands of CpGs. This large amount of information might introduce noise as potentially not all DNA CpG methylation levels will be related to the presence of the illness. In this paper, we were able to reduce the number of CpGs considered from hundreds of thousands to 237 using a non-linear approach. It will be shown that using only these 237 CpGs and non-linear techniques such as artificial neural networks makes it possible to accurately differentiate between control and HD patients. An underlying assumption in this paper is that there are no indications suggesting that the process is linear and therefore non-linear techniques, such as artificial neural networks, are a valid tool to analyze this complex disease. The proposed approach is able to accurately distinguish between control and HD patients using DNA CpG methylation data as an input and non-linear forecasting techniques. It should be noted that the dataset analyzed is relatively small. However, the results seem relatively consistent and the analysis can be repeated with larger data-sets as they become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Alfonso Perez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Javier Caballero Villarraso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain;
- Biochemical Laboratory, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
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Mitchell CT, Krier I, Arjomand J, Borowsky B, Tabrizi SJ, Leavitt BR, Luthi-Carter R. Longitudinal expression changes are weak correlates of disease progression in Huntington's disease. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa172. [PMID: 33305259 PMCID: PMC7713990 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a severe but slowly progressive hereditary illness for which only symptomatic treatments are presently available. Clinical measures of disease progression are somewhat subjective and may require years to detect significant change. There is a clear need to identify more sensitive, objective and consistent measures to detect disease progression in Huntington's disease clinical trials. Whereas Huntington's disease demonstrates a robust and consistent gene expression signature in the brain, previous studies of blood cell RNAs have lacked concordance with clinical disease stage. Here we utilized longitudinally collected samples from a well-characterized cohort of control, Huntington's disease-at-risk and Huntington's disease subjects to evaluate the possible correlation of gene expression and disease status within individuals. We interrogated these data in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. A number of changes in gene expression showed consistency within this study and as compared to previous reports in the literature. The magnitude of the mean disease effect over 2 years' time was small, however, and did not track closely with motor symptom progression over the same time period. We therefore conclude that while blood-derived gene expression indicators can be of value in understanding Huntington's disease pathogenesis, they are insufficiently sensitive to be of use as state biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Mitchell
- University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
- School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Irina Krier
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Sarah J Tabrizi
- UCL Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Huntington's Disease Centre, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Blair R Leavitt
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 75Z 4H4
| | - Ruth Luthi-Carter
- University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
- School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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Zadel M, Maver A, Kovanda A, Peterlin B. Transcriptomic Biomarkers for Huntington's Disease: Are Gene Expression Signatures in Whole Blood Reliable Biomarkers? OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2019; 22:283-294. [PMID: 29652574 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2017.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder manifesting as progressive impairment of motor function, cognitive decline, psychiatric symptoms, and immunological and endocrine dysfunction. We explored the consistency of blood transcriptomic biomarkers in HD based on a novel Slovene patient cohort and expert review of previous studies. HumanHT-12 v4 BeadChip microarrays were performed on the whole blood samples of a cohort of 23 HD mutation carriers and 23 controls to identify differentially expressed (DE) transcripts. In addition, we performed an expert review of DE transcripts identified in comparable HD studies from whole blood, to identify any consistent signature of HD. In the Slovene cohort, we identified 740 DE transcripts (p < 0.01 and a false discovery rate (FDR) of <0.1) of which 414 were downregulated and 326 were upregulated. Pathway analyses of DE transcripts showed enrichment for pathways involved in systemic, rather than neural processes in HD. With an expert review of comparable studies, we have further identified 15 DE transcripts shared by 3 studies. We suggest transcriptomic changes in blood reflect systemic changes in HD pathogenesis, rather than being a direct result of the neuropathological processes in the central nervous system during HD progression, and thus, have limited value as disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Zadel
- 1 Community Health Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Maver
- 2 Clinical Institute of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana , Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Kovanda
- 2 Clinical Institute of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana , Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Borut Peterlin
- 2 Clinical Institute of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana , Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Epigenetic modulation by small molecule compounds for neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmacol Res 2018; 132:135-148. [PMID: 29684672 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of somatic and genetic mutations which altered the structure and coding information of the DNA are the major cause of neurological disorders. However, our recent understanding of molecular mechanisms of 'epigenetic' phenomenon reveals that the modifications of chromatin play a significant role in the development and severity of neurological disorders. These epigenetic processes are dynamic and reversible as compared to genetic ablations which are stable and irreversible. Therefore, targeting these epigenetic processes through small molecule modulators are of great therapeutic potential. To date, large number of small molecule modulators have been discovered which are capable of altering the brain pathology by targeting epigenetic enzymes. In this review, we shall put forward the key studies supporting the role of altered epigenetic processes in neurological disorders with especial emphasis on neurodegenerative disorders. A few small molecule modulators which have been shown to possess promising results in the animal model system of neurological disorders will also be discussed with future perspectives.
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Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative condition where new markers of disease progression are needed. So far no disease-modifying interventions have been found, and few interventions have been proven to alleviate symptoms. This may be partially explained by the lack of reliable indicators of disease severity, progression, and phenotype.Biofluid biomarkers may bring advantages in addition to clinical measures, such as reliability, reproducibility, price, accuracy, and direct quantification of pathobiological processes at the molecular level; and in addition to empowering clinical trials, they have the potential to generate useful hypotheses for new drug development.In this chapter we review biofluid biomarker reports in HD, emphasizing those we feel are likely to be closest to clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe B Rodrigues
- Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lauren M Byrne
- Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Edward J Wild
- Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
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Hensman Moss DJ, Flower MD, Lo KK, Miller JRC, van Ommen GJB, ’t Hoen PAC, Stone TC, Guinee A, Langbehn DR, Jones L, Plagnol V, van Roon-Mom WMC, Holmans P, Tabrizi SJ. Huntington's disease blood and brain show a common gene expression pattern and share an immune signature with Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44849. [PMID: 28322270 PMCID: PMC5359597 DOI: 10.1038/srep44849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is widespread transcriptional dysregulation in Huntington's disease (HD) brain, but analysis is inevitably limited by advanced disease and postmortem changes. However, mutant HTT is ubiquitously expressed and acts systemically, meaning blood, which is readily available and contains cells that are dysfunctional in HD, could act as a surrogate for brain tissue. We conducted an RNA-Seq transcriptomic analysis using whole blood from two HD cohorts, and performed gene set enrichment analysis using public databases and weighted correlation network analysis modules from HD and control brain datasets. We identified dysregulated gene sets in blood that replicated in the independent cohorts, correlated with disease severity, corresponded to the most significantly dysregulated modules in the HD caudate, the most prominently affected brain region, and significantly overlapped with the transcriptional signature of HD myeloid cells. High-throughput sequencing technologies and use of gene sets likely surmounted the limitations of previously inconsistent HD blood expression studies. Our results suggest transcription is disrupted in peripheral cells in HD through mechanisms that parallel those in brain. Immune upregulation in HD overlapped with Alzheimer's disease, suggesting a common pathogenic mechanism involving macrophage phagocytosis and microglial synaptic pruning, and raises the potential for shared therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davina J. Hensman Moss
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, WC1B 5EH, UK
| | - Michael D. Flower
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, WC1B 5EH, UK
| | - Kitty K. Lo
- University College London Genetics Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - James R. C. Miller
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, WC1B 5EH, UK
| | - Gert-Jan B. van Ommen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Postzone S-4-P, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A. C. ’t Hoen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Postzone S-4-P, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy C. Stone
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Amelia Guinee
- Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, CB2 8PQ, Cambridge UK
| | - Douglas R. Langbehn
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, University of Iowa, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lesley Jones
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Vincent Plagnol
- University College London Genetics Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Peter Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Sarah J. Tabrizi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, WC1B 5EH, UK
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Walker SJ, Beavers DP, Fortunato J, Krigsman A. A Putative Blood-Based Biomarker for Autism Spectrum Disorder-Associated Ileocolitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35820. [PMID: 27767057 PMCID: PMC5073317 DOI: 10.1038/srep35820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal symptoms are common in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A significant proportion of children with ASD and gastrointestinal symptoms have histologic evidence of ileocolitis (inflammation of the terminal ileum and/or colon). We previously reported the molecular characterization of gastrointestinal biopsy tissue from ASD children with ileocolitis (ASDIC+) compared to anatomically similar inflamed tissue from typically developing children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; i.e. Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis) and typically developing children with gastrointestinal symptoms but no evidence of gastrointestinal mucosal inflammation (TDIC−). ASDIC+ children had a gene expression profile that, while primarily overlapping with known IBD, had distinctive differences. The present study confirms these findings and replicates this molecular characterization in a second cohort of cases (ASDIC+) and controls (TDIC−). In these two separate case/control mucosal-based cohorts, we have demonstrated overlap of 59 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) unique to inflamed ileocolonic tissue from symptomatic ASDIC+ children. We now report that 9 of these 59 transcripts are also differentially expressed in the peripheral blood of the second cohort of ASDIC+ children. This set of transcripts represents a putative blood-based biomarker for ASD-associated ileocolonic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Walker
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Daniel P Beavers
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - John Fortunato
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Ann &Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arthur Krigsman
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Resources, 148 Beach 9th Street, Suite 2B, Far Rockaway, NY, USA
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Mina E, van Roon-Mom W, Hettne K, van Zwet E, Goeman J, Neri C, A.C. ’t Hoen P, Mons B, Roos M. Common disease signatures from gene expression analysis in Huntington's disease human blood and brain. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:97. [PMID: 27476530 PMCID: PMC4968014 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington's disease (HD) is a devastating brain disorder with no effective treatment or cure available. The scarcity of brain tissue makes it hard to study changes in the brain and impossible to perform longitudinal studies. However, peripheral pathology in HD suggests that it is possible to study the disease using peripheral tissue as a monitoring tool for disease progression and/or efficacy of novel therapies. In this study, we investigated if blood can be used to monitor disease severity and progression in brain. Since previous attempts using only gene expression proved unsuccessful, we compared blood and brain Huntington's disease signatures in a functional context. METHODS Microarray HD gene expression profiles from three brain regions were compared to the transcriptome of HD blood generated by next generation sequencing. The comparison was performed with a combination of weighted gene co-expression network analysis and literature based functional analysis (Concept Profile Analysis). Uniquely, our comparison of blood and brain datasets was not based on (the very limited) gene overlap but on the similarity between the gene annotations in four different semantic categories: "biological process", "cellular component", "molecular function" and "disease or syndrome". RESULTS We identified signatures in HD blood reflecting a broad pathophysiological spectrum, including alterations in the immune response, sphingolipid biosynthetic processes, lipid transport, cell signaling, protein modification, spliceosome, RNA splicing, vesicle transport, cell signaling and synaptic transmission. Part of this spectrum was reminiscent of the brain pathology. The HD signatures in caudate nucleus and BA4 exhibited the highest similarity with blood, irrespective of the category of semantic annotations used. BA9 exhibited an intermediate similarity, while cerebellum had the least similarity. We present two signatures that were shared between blood and brain: immune response and spinocerebellar ataxias. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that HD blood exhibits dysregulation that is similar to brain at a functional level, but not necessarily at the level of individual genes. We report two common signatures that can be used to monitor the pathology in brain of HD patients in a non-invasive manner. Our results are an exemplar of how signals in blood data can be used to represent brain disorders. Our methodology can be used to study disease specific signatures in diseases where heterogeneous tissues are involved in the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Mina
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300 RC The Netherlands
| | - Willeke van Roon-Mom
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300 RC The Netherlands
| | - Kristina Hettne
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300 RC The Netherlands
| | - Erik van Zwet
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300 RC The Netherlands
| | - Jelle Goeman
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300 RC The Netherlands
| | - Christian Neri
- CNRS, UMR 8256, Laboratory of Neuronal Cell Biology and Pathology, Institute of Biology Paris-Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, Paris, 75005 France
- Sorbonnes Universités, University Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC) Univ Paris 06, 4 place Jussieu, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Peter A.C. ’t Hoen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300 RC The Netherlands
| | - Barend Mons
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300 RC The Netherlands
| | - Marco Roos
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300 RC The Netherlands
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Agrawal M, Biswas A. Molecular diagnostics of neurodegenerative disorders. Front Mol Biosci 2015; 2:54. [PMID: 26442283 PMCID: PMC4585189 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2015.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular diagnostics provide a powerful method to detect and diagnose various neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The confirmation of such diagnosis allows early detection and subsequent medical counseling that help specific patients to undergo clinically important drug trials. This provides a medical pathway to have better insight of neurogenesis and eventual cure of the neurodegenerative diseases. In this short review, we present recent advances in molecular diagnostics especially biomarkers and imaging spectroscopy for neurological diseases. We describe advances made in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington's disease (HD), and finally present a perspective on the future directions to provide a framework for further developments and refinements of molecular diagnostics to combat neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Agrawal
- Department of Biology, University of Arkansas at Little Rock Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Abhijit Biswas
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Nano Science and Technology, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, IN, USA
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13
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Evaluating the SERCA2 and VEGF mRNAs as Potential Molecular Biomarkers of the Onset and Progression in Huntington's Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125259. [PMID: 25915065 PMCID: PMC4411078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and signalling as well as the down-regulation of neurotrophic factors in several areas of the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues are hallmarks of Huntington’s disease (HD). As there is no therapy for this hereditary, neurodegenerative fatal disease, further effort should be made to slow the progression of neurodegeneration in patients through the definition of early therapeutic interventions. For this purpose, molecular biomarker(s) for monitoring disease onset and/or progression and response to treatment need to be identified. In the attempt to contribute to the research of peripheral candidate biomarkers in HD, we adopted a multiplex real-time PCR approach to analyse the mRNA level of targeted genes involved in the control of cellular calcium homeostasis and in neuroprotection. For this purpose we recruited a total of 110 subjects possessing the HD mutation at different clinical stages of the disease and 54 sex- and age-matched controls. This study provides evidence of reduced transcript levels of sarco-endoplasmic reticulum-associated ATP2A2 calcium pump (SERCA2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of manifest and pre-manifest HD subjects. Our results provide a potentially new candidate molecular biomarker for monitoring the progression of this disease and contribute to understanding some early events that might have a role in triggering cellular dysfunctions in HD.
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Laprairie RB, Bagher AM, Precious SV, Denovan-Wright EM. Components of the endocannabinoid and dopamine systems are dysregulated in Huntington's disease: analysis of publicly available microarray datasets. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00104. [PMID: 25692022 PMCID: PMC4317235 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) and the dopaminergic system (DAS) are two major regulators of basal ganglia function. During Huntington's disease (HD) pathogenesis, the expression of genes in both the ECS and DAS is dysregulated. The purpose of this study was to determine the changes that were consistently observed in the ECS and DAS during HD progression in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the periphery in different models of HD and human HD tissue. To do this, we conducted a meta-analysis of differential gene expression in the ECS and DAS using publicly available microarray data. The consolidated data were summarized as observed changes in gene expression (OCGE) using a weighted sum for each gene. In addition, consolidated data were compared to previously published studies that were not available in the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. The resulting data confirm gene expression changes observed using different approaches and provide novel insights into the consistency between changes observed in human tissue and various models, as well as disease stage- and tissue-specific transcriptional dysregulation in HD. The major implication of the systems-wide data presented here is that therapeutic strategies targeting the ECS or DAS must consider the dynamic changes in gene expression over time and in different body areas, which occur during HD progression and the interconnectedness of the two systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Laprairie
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2
| | - Amina M Bagher
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2
| | - Sophie V Precious
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2
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15
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Huntington's disease biomarker progression profile identified by transcriptome sequencing in peripheral blood. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 23:1349-56. [PMID: 25626709 PMCID: PMC4592077 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
With several therapeutic approaches in development for Huntington's disease, there is a need for easily accessible biomarkers to monitor disease progression and therapy response. We performed next-generation sequencing-based transcriptome analysis of total RNA from peripheral blood of 91 mutation carriers (27 presymptomatic and, 64 symptomatic) and 33 controls. Transcriptome analysis by DeepSAGE identified 167 genes significantly associated with clinical total motor score in Huntington's disease patients. Relative to previous studies, this yielded novel genes and confirmed previously identified genes, such as H2AFY, an overlap in results that has proven difficult in the past. Pathway analysis showed enrichment of genes of the immune system and target genes of miRNAs, which are downregulated in Huntington's disease models. Using a highly parallelized microfluidics array chip (Fluidigm), we validated 12 of the top 20 significant genes in our discovery cohort and 7 in a second independent cohort. The five genes (PROK2, ZNF238, AQP9, CYSTM1 and ANXA3) that were validated independently in both cohorts present a candidate biomarker panel for stage determination and therapeutic readout in Huntington's disease. Finally we suggest a first empiric formula predicting total motor score from the expression levels of our biomarker panel. Our data support the view that peripheral blood is a useful source to identify biomarkers for Huntington's disease and monitor disease progression in future clinical trials.
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16
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Kaye JA, Finkbeiner S. Modeling Huntington's disease with induced pluripotent stem cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 56:50-64. [PMID: 23459227 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) causes severe motor dysfunction, behavioral abnormalities, cognitive impairment and death. Investigations into its molecular pathology have primarily relied on murine tissues; however, the recent discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has opened new possibilities to model neurodegenerative disease using cells derived directly from patients, and therefore may provide a human-cell-based platform for unique insights into the pathogenesis of HD. Here, we will examine the practical implementation of iPSCs to study HD, such as approaches to differentiate embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or iPSCs into medium spiny neurons, the cell type most susceptible in HD. We will explore the HD-related phenotypes identified in iPSCs and ESCs and review how brain development and neurogenesis may actually be altered early, before the onset of HD symptoms, which could inform the search for drugs that delay disease onset. Finally, we will speculate on the exciting possibility that ESCs or iPSCs might be used as therapeutics to restore or replace dying neurons in HD brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Kaye
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States.
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17
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Chang KH, Chen YC, Wu YR, Lee WF, Chen CM. Downregulation of genes involved in metabolism and oxidative stress in the peripheral leukocytes of Huntington's disease patients. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46492. [PMID: 23029535 PMCID: PMC3459918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by expanded CAG repeats encoding a polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin (HTT) protein. A number of differentially-expressed protein molecules have been identified in striatum of HD animal models. Here we examined if the expression changes could be visualized in the peripheral leukocytes of HD patients and pre-symptomatic HD (PreHD) carriers. METHODS AND FINDINGS The expression levels of 17 candidate genes that differentially expressed in striatum between transgenic HD and wild-type mice in literature were measured in the peripheral leukocytes of 4 PreHD carriers, 16 HD patients and 20 healthy controls. Four genes majorly involved in metabolism and oxidative stress response, including AHCY1, ACO2, OXCT1 and CAP1, demonstrated consistent downregulation in peripheral leukocytes of both PreHD carriers and HD patients, while UCP2 was only down-regulated in HD patients. CONCLUSION These results provide potential peripheral biomarkers to indicate disease onset in preclinical stage, and to monitor the efficacy of early treatment. Further studies of a large series of preHD carriers and symptomatic HD patients will be warranted to verify the findings and examine if these markers correlate with clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chiung-Mei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Zuccato C, Marullo M, Vitali B, Tarditi A, Mariotti C, Valenza M, Lahiri N, Wild EJ, Sassone J, Ciammola A, Bachoud-Lèvi AC, Tabrizi SJ, Di Donato S, Cattaneo E. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with Huntington's disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22966. [PMID: 21857974 PMCID: PMC3155522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) levels have been described in a number of patho-physiological conditions, most notably, in Huntington's disease (HD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Since BDNF is also produced in blood, we have undertaken the measurement of its peripheral levels in the attempt to identify a possible link with HD prognosis and/or its progression. Here we evaluated BDNF level in 398 blood samples including 138 controls, 56 preHD, and 204 HD subjects. We found that BDNF protein levels were not reliably different between groups, whether measured in plasma (52 controls, 26 preHD, 105 HD) or serum (39 controls, 5 preHD, 29 HD). Our experience, and a re-analysis of the literature highlighted that intra-group variability and methodological aspects affect this measurement, especially in serum. We also assessed BDNF mRNA levels in blood samples from 47 controls, 25 preHD, and 70 HD subjects, and found no differences among the groups. We concluded that levels of BDNF in human blood were not informative (mRNA levels or plasma protein level) nor reliable (serum protein levels) as HD biomarkers. We also wish to warn the scientific community in interpreting the significance of changes measured in BDNF protein levels in serum from patients suffering from different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zuccato
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Center for Stem Cell Research, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Marullo
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Center for Stem Cell Research, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Vitali
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Center for Stem Cell Research, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Tarditi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Center for Stem Cell Research, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Mariotti
- Division of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Neurological Institute-IRCCS “Carlo Besta”, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Valenza
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Center for Stem Cell Research, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nayana Lahiri
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J. Wild
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Sarah J. Tabrizi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Di Donato
- Division of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Neurological Institute-IRCCS “Carlo Besta”, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Cattaneo
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Center for Stem Cell Research, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant, progressive neurodegenerative disorder, for which there is no disease-modifying treatment. By use of predictive genetic testing, it is possible to identify individuals who carry the gene defect before the onset of symptoms, providing a window of opportunity for intervention aimed at preventing or delaying disease onset. However, without robust and practical measures of disease progression (ie, biomarkers), the efficacy of therapeutic interventions in this premanifest Huntington's disease population cannot be readily assessed. Current progress in the development of biomarkers might enable evaluation of disease progression in individuals at the premanifest stage of the disease; these biomarkers could be useful in defining endpoints in clinical trials in this population. Clinical, cognitive, neuroimaging, and biochemical biomarkers are being investigated for their potential in clinical use and their value in the development of future treatments for patients with Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Weir
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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20
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Mendrick DL. Transcriptional profiling to identify biomarkers of disease and drug response. Pharmacogenomics 2011; 12:235-49. [PMID: 21332316 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery, biological qualification and analytical validation of genomic biomarkers requires extensive collaborations between individuals with expertise in biology, statistics, bioinformatics, chemistry, clinical medicine, regulatory science and so on. For clinical utility, blood-borne biomarkers (e.g., mRNA and miRNA) of organ damage, drug toxicity and/or response would be preferred to those that are tissue based. Currently used biomarkers such as serum creatinine (indicating renal dysfunction) denote organ damage whether caused by disease, physical injury or drugs. Therefore, it is anticipated that studies of disease will discover biomarkers that can also be used to identify drug-induced injury and vice versa. This article describes transcriptomic blood-borne biomarkers that have been reported to be connected with disease and drug toxicity. Much more qualification and validation needs to be carried out before many of these biomarkers can prove useful. Discussed here are some of the lessons learned and roadblocks to success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Mendrick
- Division of Systems Biology, HFT-230, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079-4502, USA.
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Abstract
The enormous advances in genetics and genomics of the past decade have the potential to revolutionize health care, including mental health care, and bring about a system predominantly characterized by the practice of genomic and personalized medicine. This article briefly reviews the history of genetics and genomics and assesses the extent to which the results of genetic and genomic studies are currently being leveraged clinically for disease treatment and prevention. Relevant social, economic, and policy issues relevant to genomic medicine are also reviewed, and priority research areas in which further work is needed are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinnamon S. Bloss
- Assistant Professor, Scripps Translational Science Institute and Scripps Health
| | - Dilip V. Jeste
- Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Estelle and Edgar Levi Chair in Aging, University of California, San Diego; and Director, Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging
| | - Nicholas J. Schork
- Professor, Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute; and Director of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Scripps Translational Science Institute
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22
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Grünblatt E, Zehetmayer S, Jacob CP, Müller T, Jost WH, Riederer P. Pilot study: peripheral biomarkers for diagnosing sporadic Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 117:1387-93. [PMID: 21069393 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The need for an early and differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is undoubtedly one of the main quests of the century. An early biomarker would enable therapy to begin sooner and would, hopefully, slow or better prevent progression of the disease. We performed transcript profiling via quantitative RT-PCR in RNA originating from peripheral blood samples. The groups were de novo (n = 11) and medicated PD (n = 94) subjects and healthy controls (n = 34), while for negative control Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 14) subjects were recruited as an additional neurodegenerative disease. The results were retested on a second recruitment consisting 22 medicated PD subjects versus 33 controls and 12 AD. Twelve transcripts were chosen as candidate genes, according to previous postmortem brain profiling. Multiple analyses resulted in four significant genes: proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit-alpha type-2 (PSMA2; p = 0.0002, OR = 1.15 95% CI 1.07-1.24), laminin, beta-2 (laminin S) (LAMB2; p = 0.0078, OR = 2.26 95% CI 1.24-4.14), aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family-member A1 (ALDH1A1; p = 0.016, OR = 1.05 95% CI 1.01-1.1), and histone cluster-1 H3e (HIST1H3E; p = 0.03, OR = 0.975 95% CI 0.953-0.998) differentiating between medicated PD subjects versus controls. Using these four biomarkers for PD diagnosis, we achieved sensitivity and specificity of more than 80%. These biomarkers might be specific for PD diagnosis, since in AD subjects no significant results were observed. In the second validation, three genes (PSMA2, LAMB2 and ALDH1A1) demonstrated high reproducibility. This result supports previous studies of gene expression profiling and may facilitate the development of biomarkers for early diagnosis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Grünblatt
- Clinical Neurochemistry, National Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence Research Laboratories, Neurochemistry Laboratory, Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatic and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Füchsleinstr 15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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23
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Chaussabel D, Pascual V, Banchereau J. Assessing the human immune system through blood transcriptomics. BMC Biol 2010; 8:84. [PMID: 20619006 PMCID: PMC2895587 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-8-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood is the pipeline of the immune system. Assessing changes in transcript abundance in blood on a genome-wide scale affords a comprehensive view of the status of the immune system in health and disease. This review summarizes the work that has used this approach to identify therapeutic targets and biomarker signatures in the field of autoimmunity and infectious disease. Recent technological and methodological advances that will carry the blood transcriptome research field forward are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Chaussabel
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and Baylor Research Institute, 3434 Live Oak, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Virginia Pascual
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and Baylor Research Institute, 3434 Live Oak, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Jacques Banchereau
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and Baylor Research Institute, 3434 Live Oak, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
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