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Harrington JS, Ryter SW, Plataki M, Price DR, Choi AMK. Mitochondria in health, disease, and aging. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2349-2422. [PMID: 37021870 PMCID: PMC10393386 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00058.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are well known as organelles responsible for the maintenance of cellular bioenergetics through the production of ATP. Although oxidative phosphorylation may be their most important function, mitochondria are also integral for the synthesis of metabolic precursors, calcium regulation, the production of reactive oxygen species, immune signaling, and apoptosis. Considering the breadth of their responsibilities, mitochondria are fundamental for cellular metabolism and homeostasis. Appreciating this significance, translational medicine has begun to investigate how mitochondrial dysfunction can represent a harbinger of disease. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of mitochondrial metabolism, cellular bioenergetics, mitochondrial dynamics, autophagy, mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns, mitochondria-mediated cell death pathways, and how mitochondrial dysfunction at any of these levels is associated with disease pathogenesis. Mitochondria-dependent pathways may thereby represent an attractive therapeutic target for ameliorating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Harrington
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | | | - Maria Plataki
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - David R Price
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
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Lawless C, Greaves L, Reeve AK, Turnbull DM, Vincent AE. The rise and rise of mitochondrial DNA mutations. Open Biol 2020; 10:200061. [PMID: 32428418 PMCID: PMC7276526 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
How mitochondrial DNA mutations clonally expand in an individual cell is a question that has perplexed mitochondrial biologists for decades. A growing body of literature indicates that mitochondrial DNA mutations play a major role in ageing, metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, neuromuscular disorders and cancers. Importantly, this process of clonal expansion occurs for both inherited and somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations. To complicate matters further there are fundamental differences between mitochondrial DNA point mutations and deletions, and between mitotic and post-mitotic cells, that impact this pathogenic process. These differences, along with the challenges of investigating a longitudinal process occurring over decades in humans, have so far hindered progress towards understanding clonal expansion. Here we summarize our current understanding of the clonal expansion of mitochondrial DNA mutations in different tissues and highlight key unanswered questions. We then discuss the various existing biological models, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we explore what has been achieved with mathematical modelling so far and suggest future work to advance this important area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Doug M. Turnbull
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Amy E. Vincent
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
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3
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Rao SS, Lago L, Gonzalez de Vega R, Bray L, Hare DJ, Clases D, Doble PA, Adlard PA. Characterising the spatial and temporal brain metal profile in a mouse model of tauopathy. Metallomics 2020; 12:301-313. [PMID: 31904058 DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00267g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A dysregulation in the homeostasis of metals such as copper, iron and zinc is speculated to be involved in the pathogenesis of tauopathies, which includes Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, there is a growing body of evidence to support a role for iron in facilitating the hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of the tau protein into neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) - a primary neuropathological hallmark of tauopathies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the spatial and temporal brain metallomic profile in a mouse model of tauopathy (rTg(tauP301L)4510), so as to provide some insight into the potential interaction between tau pathology and iron. Using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), our results revealed an age-dependent increase in brain iron levels in both WT and rTg(tauP301L)4510 mice. In addition, size exclusion chromatography-ICP-MS (SEC-ICP-MS) revealed significant age-related changes in iron bound to metalloproteins such as ferritin. The outcomes from this study may provide valuable insight into the inter-relationship between iron and tau in ageing and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini S Rao
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, The Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Larissa Lago
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, The Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | - Lisa Bray
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, The Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Dominic J Hare
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, The Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - David Clases
- The Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip A Doble
- The Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul A Adlard
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, The Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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4
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Xiang X, Wu L, Mao L, Liu Y. Anti‑oxidative and anti‑apoptotic neuroprotective effects of Azadirachta indica in Parkinson‑induced functional damage. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:7959-7965. [PMID: 29620282 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Azadirachta indica has previously been demonstrated to act as a multi‑functional medicinal plant for >2,000 years in India, and its neighboring countries. Currently, it is considered a natural resource with great value used in industrial product development and as a medicine for various types of diseases. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of Azadirachta indica which improved functional recovery in the 6‑hydroxydopamine induced rat Parkinson's disease (PD) model. Catalase, glutathione‑peroxidase, tumor necrosis factor‑α, interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6, nuclear factor (NF)‑κB p65, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and AChE activity levels were analyzed via ELISA. Western blotting was used to analyze B cell lymphoma‑2 associated X protein (Bax), cytochrome c and p53 protein expression. Treatment with Azadirachta indica significantly decreased the PD‑induced rotational behavior in rats. PD‑induced catalase, glutathione‑peroxidase, iNOS activity and iNOS protein expression were significantly suppressed by treatment with Azadirachta indica. Inflammatory factors, acetylcholinesterase activity and cyclo‑oxygenase‑2 protein expression levels were additionally significantly suppressed by treatment with Azadirachta indica. The protein expression levels of Bax, cytochrome c and p53 were decreased and caspase‑3 and caspase‑9 activities diminished, with treatment with Azadirachta indica. Therefore, Azadirachta indica was demonstrated to exhibit neuroprotective antioxidative and anti‑apoptotic effects in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xiang
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Rizhao City People's Hospital, Rizhao, Shandong 1250832, P.R. China
| | - Lining Mao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongying Bonesetting Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257000, P.R. China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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5
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Integrated microarray analysis provided a new insight of the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett 2018; 662:51-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Sepuri NBV, Angireddy R, Srinivasan S, Guha M, Spear J, Lu B, Anandatheerthavarada HK, Suzuki CK, Avadhani NG. Mitochondrial LON protease-dependent degradation of cytochrome c oxidase subunits under hypoxia and myocardial ischemia. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2017; 1858:519-528. [PMID: 28442264 PMCID: PMC5507603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial ATP dependent matrix protease, Lon, is involved in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA nucleoids and degradation of abnormal or misfolded proteins. The Lon protease regulates mitochondrial Tfam (mitochondrial transcription factor A) level and thus modulates mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content. We have previously shown that hypoxic stress induces the PKA-dependent phosphorylation of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) subunits I, IVi1, and Vb and a time-dependent reduction of these subunits in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages subjected to hypoxia and rabbit hearts subjected to ischemia/reperfusion. Here, we show that Lon is involved in the preferential turnover of phosphorylated CcO subunits under hypoxic/ischemic stress. Induction of Lon protease occurs at 6 to 12 h of hypoxia and this increase coincides with lower CcO subunit contents. Over-expression of flag-tagged wild type and phosphorylation site mutant Vb and IVi1 subunits (S40A and T52A, respectively) caused marked degradation of wild type protein under hypoxia while the mutant proteins were relatively resistant. Furthermore, the recombinant purified Lon protease degraded the phosphorylated IVi1 and Vb subunits, while the phosphorylation-site mutant proteins were resistant to degradation. 3D structural modeling shows that the phosphorylation sites are exposed to the matrix compartment, accessible to matrix PKA and Lon protease. Hypoxic stress did not alter CcO subunit levels in Lon depleted cells, confirming its role in CcO turnover. Our results therefore suggest that Lon preferentially degrades the phosphorylated subunits of CcO and plays a role in the regulation of CcO activity in hypoxia and ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh B V Sepuri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA
| | - Rajesh Angireddy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA
| | - Satish Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA
| | - Manti Guha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA
| | - Joseph Spear
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA
| | - Bin Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers The State University, New Jersey Medical School, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 17103-3535, USA
| | - Hindupur K Anandatheerthavarada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA
| | - Carolyn K Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers The State University, New Jersey Medical School, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 17103-3535, USA
| | - Narayan G Avadhani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA.
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Admixing of MPTP-Resistant and Susceptible Mice Strains Augments Nigrostriatal Neuronal Correlates to Resist MPTP-Induced Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6148-6162. [PMID: 27704331 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0158-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Disease genetics in admixed populations like Hispanic-Americans, African-Americans, etc. are gaining importance due to high disease burden in them. Furthermore, epidemiological studies conclusively prove ethnicity-based differential prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD), since the American-Caucasians are more susceptible than Asian-Indians and Africans. Contradictorily, Anglo-Indians, an admixture of Europeans and Asian-Indians are five-times less susceptible than Indians. We evaluated the neural basis of this phenomenon using the cytomorphological features of susceptibility to nigrostriatal neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). The nigral dopaminergic neuronal numbers, their size and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), PitX3 and Nurr1 expression were compared in MPTP-susceptible C57BL/6J mice, MPTP-resistant CD-1 mice and their crossbreds using stereology, morphometry and densitometry. Apoptotic index was evaluated by TUNEL-assay and caspase-3 expression. Striatal volume, TH and glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression were studied. The normal CD-1 and crossbreds had significantly more, although smaller, nigral dopaminergic neurons than C57BL/6J, and a larger striatum. The crossbreds had higher TH, Nurr1 and PitX3 levels. MPTP administration caused loss of ~50-60 % nigral dopaminergic neurons in C57BL/6J and ~15 % in CD-1, but none in crossbreds. MPTP-induced cellular shrinkage in C57BL/6J was contrasted by nuclear enlargement without somal alterations in resistant strains. MPTP lowered the striatal TH and GDNF in C57BL/6J. Elevated striatal GDNF in CD-1 and crossbreds could be of compensatory nature and complemented the reduced nigral caspase-3 expression to attenuate and/or block apoptosis. Similar neural correlates of resilience are envisaged in the Anglo-Indian population. Thus, we present the core neuroanatomical features of resilience against PD and evidence for ethnicity-based differential prevalence.
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Toulorge D, Schapira AHV, Hajj R. Molecular changes in the postmortem parkinsonian brain. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 1:27-58. [PMID: 27381749 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer disease. Although PD has a relatively narrow clinical phenotype, it has become clear that its etiological basis is broad. Post-mortem brain analysis, despite its limitations, has provided invaluable insights into relevant pathogenic pathways including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and protein homeostasis dysregulation. Identification of the genetic causes of PD followed the discovery of these abnormalities, and reinforced the importance of the biochemical defects identified post-mortem. Recent genetic studies have highlighted the mitochondrial and lysosomal areas of cell function as particularly significant in mediating the neurodegeneration of PD. Thus the careful analysis of post-mortem PD brain biochemistry remains a crucial component of research, and one that offers considerable opportunity to pursue etiological factors either by 'reverse biochemistry' i.e. from defective pathway to mutant gene, or by the complex interplay between pathways e.g. mitochondrial turnover by lysosomes. In this review we have documented the spectrum of biochemical defects identified in PD post-mortem brain and explored their relevance to metabolic pathways involved in neurodegeneration. We have highlighted the complex interactions between these pathways and the gene mutations causing or increasing risk for PD. These pathways are becoming a focus for the development of disease modifying therapies for PD. Parkinson's is accompanied by multiple changes in the brain that are responsible for the progression of the disease. We describe here the molecular alterations occurring in postmortem brains and classify them as: Neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors; Lewy bodies and Parkinson's-linked genes; Transition metals, calcium and calcium-binding proteins; Inflammation; Mitochondrial abnormalities and oxidative stress; Abnormal protein removal and degradation; Apoptosis and transduction pathways. This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rodolphe Hajj
- Department of Discovery, Pharnext, Issy-Les-Moulineaux, France.
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9
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Chaturvedi RK, Flint Beal M. Mitochondrial diseases of the brain. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 63:1-29. [PMID: 23567191 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are debilitating diseases of the brain, characterized by behavioral, motor and cognitive impairments. Ample evidence underpins mitochondrial dysfunction as a central causal factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Friedreich's ataxia and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. In this review, we discuss the role of mitochondrial dysfunction such as bioenergetics defects, mitochondrial DNA mutations, gene mutations, altered mitochondrial dynamics (mitochondrial fusion/fission, morphology, size, transport/trafficking, and movement), impaired transcription and the association of mutated proteins with mitochondria in these diseases. We highlight the therapeutic role of mitochondrial bioenergetic agents in toxin and in cellular and genetic animal models of neurodegenerative disorders. We also discuss clinical trials of bioenergetics agents in neurodegenerative disorders. Lastly, we shed light on PGC-1α, TORC-1, AMP kinase, Nrf2-ARE, and Sirtuins as novel therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish K Chaturvedi
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India.
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Müller SK, Bender A, Laub C, Högen T, Schlaudraff F, Liss B, Klopstock T, Elstner M. Lewy body pathology is associated with mitochondrial DNA damage in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2231-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abdulwahid Arif I, Ahmad Khan H. Environmental toxins and Parkinson's disease: putative roles of impaired electron transport chain and oxidative stress. Toxicol Ind Health 2010; 26:121-8. [PMID: 20207656 DOI: 10.1177/0748233710362382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advancements in the biomedical fields, the etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is still poorly understood, though the crucial roles of oxidative stress and impaired mitochondrial respiration have been suggested in the development of PD. The oxidative modification of the proteins of mitochondrial electron transport chain alters their normal function leading to the state of energy crisis in neurons. Exposure of environmental chemicals such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and rotenone in mouse produces the symptoms akin to PD and therefore these neurotoxins are commonly used in experimental studies on PD. Another environmental toxin, paraquat (a commonly used herbicide) has also been implicated with the onset of PD. The neurotoxicity of these chemicals is accompanied by the blockade of electron flow from NADH dehydrogenase to coenzyme Q. The agents with the ability to improve mitochondrial respiration and ATP production have been shown to exert beneficial effects in PD patients as well as in the animal models of PD. This review summarizes the current research implicating the impairment of mitochondrial respiratory chain and the role of environmental toxins in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Abdulwahid Arif
- Environmental Analysis Unit, Prince Sultan Research Chair for Environment and Wildlife, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Alladi PA, Mahadevan A, Yasha TC, Raju TR, Shankar SK, Muthane U. Absence of age-related changes in nigral dopaminergic neurons of Asian Indians: relevance to lower incidence of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2008; 159:236-45. [PMID: 19135503 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 11/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Age-related loss of melanized nigral neurons reported in the British Caucasians is not observed in Asian Indian, American and French adults. In the Americans, loss of dopaminergic phenotype occurs from midlife, without frank neurodegeneration. Here, we investigated whether nigral dopaminergic neurons in Asian Indians are lost with age or undergo morphological or biochemical dysfunction. Using unbiased stereology we estimated volume, number of melanized, borderline/non-melanized (n=34, 28 gestational weeks to 80 years) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-Nurr1 co-labeled neurons (n=32, 28 gestational weeks to 80 years) in substantia nigra pars compacta. We quantified Nurr1 and TH proteins by immunoblotting (n=18, 28 gestational weeks to 69 years) and apoptotic neurons by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Nuclear and soma size was estimated by morphometry. There was no age-related decline in volume, neuronal density, neuronal numbers and TH-Nurr1 co-labeled neurons. TH and Nurr1 protein expression remained stable. Lack of TUNEL-TH co-labeled cells confirmed absence of neuronal apoptosis. The neuronal size remained unaltered. Our findings of preserved nigral dopaminergic neurons suggest no age-related loss of nigral function in Asian Indians, unlike the Americans. This may explain the lower incidence of Parkinson's disease in Asian Indians.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Alladi
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore 560029, India.
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Abstract
As individuals enter their 80s, they are inevitably confronted with the problem of neuronal loss in the brain. The incidence of the common movement disorder 'mild parkinsonian signs' (MPS) is approximately 50% over the age of 85 years. It has long been known that the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta is a neuropathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, two papers present clear evidence for a high burden of mitochondrial DNA deletions within substantia nigra neurons in aged individuals and individuals with PD, pointing towards a common pathway inevitably leading to neuronal dysfunction and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Biskup
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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14
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Pathophysiology: biochemistry of Parkinson's disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2005. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511544873.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Miller RM, Chen LL, Kiser GL, Giesler TL, Kaysser-Kranich TM, Palaniappan C, Federoff HJ. Temporal evolution of mouse striatal gene expression following MPTP injury. Neurobiol Aging 2005; 26:765-75. [PMID: 15708451 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2004] [Accepted: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The gradual loss of striatal dopamine and dopaminergic neurons residing in the substantia nigra (SN) causes parkinsonism characterized by slow, halting movements, rigidity, and resting tremor when neuronal loss exceeds a threshold of approximately 80%. It is estimated that there is extensive compensation for several years prior to symptom onset, during which vulnerable neurons asynchronously die. Recent evidence would argue that much of the compensatory response of the nigrostriatal system is multimodal including both pre-synaptic and striatal mechanisms. Although parkinsonism may have multiple causes, the classic syndrome, Parkinson's disease (PD), is frequently modeled in small animals by repeated administration of the selective neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Because the MPTP model of PD recapitulates many of the known behavioral and pathological features of human PD, we asked whether the striatal cells of mice treated with MPTP in a semi-chronic paradigm enact a transcriptional program that would help elucidate the response to dopamine denervation. Our findings reveal a time-dependent dysregulation in the striatum of a set of genes whose products may impact both the viability and ability to communicate of dopamine neurons in the SN.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Miller
- Center for Aging and Developmental Biology, Aab Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 645, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Rossi L, Lombardo MF, Ciriolo MR, Rotilio G. Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases associated with copper imbalance. Neurochem Res 2004; 29:493-504. [PMID: 15038597 DOI: 10.1023/b:nere.0000014820.99232.8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Copper is an essential transition metal ion for the function of key metabolic enzymes, but its uncontrolled redox reactivity is source of reactive oxygen species. Therefore a network of transporters strictly controls the trafficking of copper in living systems. Deficit, excess, or aberrant coordination of copper are conditions that may be detrimental, especially for neuronal cells, which are particularly sensitive to oxidative stress. Indeed, the genetic disturbances of copper homeostasis, Menkes' and Wilson's diseases, are associated with neurodegeneration. Furthermore, copper interacts with the proteins that are the hallmarks of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, prion diseases, and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In all cases, copper-mediated oxidative stress is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, which is a common feature of neurodegeneration. In particular we recently demonstrated that in copper deficiency, mitochondrial function is impaired due to decreased activity of cytochrome c oxidase, leading to production of reactive oxygen species, which in turn triggers mitochondria-mediated apoptotic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Rossi
- Department of Biology, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Yin SY, Lee JJ, Kim YM, Jin CM, Yang YJ, Kang MH, Kai M, Lee MK. Effects of (1R,9S)-β-hydrastine on l-DOPA-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 488:71-7. [PMID: 15044037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2003] [Revised: 02/05/2004] [Accepted: 02/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
(1R,9S)-beta-Hydrastine in lower concentrations of 10-50 microM inhibits dopamine biosynthesis in PC12 cells. In this study, the effects of (1R,9S)-beta-hydrastine on L-DOPA (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine)-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells were investigated. (1R,9S)-Hydrastine at concentrations up to 250 microM did not reduce cell viability. However, at concentrations higher than 500 microM it caused cytotoxicity in PC12 cells, as determined with the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase dUTP nick-end labeling) method and flow cytometry. Exposure of PC12 cells to cytotoxic concentrations of (1R,9S)-beta-hydrastine (500 and 750 microM) in combination with L-DOPA (20, 50 and 100 microM) after 24 or 48 h resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability compared with the effects of (1R,9S)-beta-hydrastine or L-DOPA alone, and apoptotic cell death was observed. However, the decrease in cell viability induced by (1R,9S)-beta-hydrastine was not prevented by the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine, indicating that it is not mediated by membrane-based oxygen free radical damage. These data suggest that (1R,9S)-beta-hydrastine has a mild cytotoxic effect and at higher concentration ranges aggravates L-DOPA-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou Yu Yin
- College of Pharmacy, and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, San 48, Kaeshin-Dong, Heungduk-Gu, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
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18
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Petrova PS, Raibekas A, Pevsner J, Vigo N, Anafi M, Moore MK, Peaire A, Shridhar V, Smith DI, Kelly J, Durocher Y, Commissiong JW. Discovering novel phenotype-selective neurotrophic factors to treat neurodegenerative diseases. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 146:168-83. [PMID: 14699964 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(03)46012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes and neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) interact functionally to mediate processes as diverse as neuroprotection, neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. Moreover, the interaction can be homotypic, implying that astrocyte-derived secreted molecules affect their adjacent neurons optimally vs remote neurons. Astrocytes produce neurotrophic and extracellular matrix molecules that affect neuronal growth, development and survival, synaptic development, stabilization and functioning, and neurogenesis. This new knowledge offers the opportunity of developing astrocyte-derived, secreted proteins as a new class of therapeutics specifically to treat diseases of the CNS. However, primary astrocytes proliferate slowly in vitro, and when induced to immortalize by genetic manipulation, tend to lose their phenotype. These problems have limited the development of astrocytes as sources of potential drug candidates. We have successfully developed a method to induce spontaneous immortalization of astrocytes. Gene expression analysis, karyotyping and activity profiling data show that these spontaneously immortalized type-1 astrocyte cell lines retain the properties of their primary parents. The method is generic, such that cell lines can be prepared from any region of the CNS. To date, a library of 70 cell lines from four regions of the CNS: ventral mesencephalon, striatum, cerebral cortex and hippocampus, has been created. A phenotype-selective neurotrophic factor for dopaminergic neurons has been discovered from one of the cell lines (VMCL1). This mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is a 20 kD, glycosylated, human secreted protein. Homologs of this protein have been identified in 16 other species including C. elegans. These new developments offer the opportunity of creating a library of astrocyte-derived molecules, and developing the ones with the best therapeutic indices for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penka S Petrova
- Prescient NeuroPharma Inc., Laboratories of Protein Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Toronto, ON, Canada
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19
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Chutorian AM, Bojko A, Heier L, Frucht S, Nygaard T, Edelberg D. Toxic pediatric parkinsonism: report of a child with metabolic studies and response to treatment. J Child Neurol 2003; 18:812-5. [PMID: 14696914 DOI: 10.1177/08830738030180111701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We successfully treated a child with parkinsonism secondary to cytosine arabinoside with levodopa/carbidopa and attempted to elucidate the pathogenesis of the disorder by sequential analysis of cerebrospinal fluid biogenic amines, sequential magnetic resonance imaging, and fluorodopa positron emission tomography, which revealed both permanent and reversible biochemical and structural alterations. The parkinsonian disorder resolved in 9 months. Metabolic changes and structural abnormalities on imaging studies were chronologically correlated with the clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abe M Chutorian
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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20
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Kraytsberg Y, Nekhaeva E, Bodyak NB, Khrapko K. Mutation and intracellular clonal expansion of mitochondrial genomes: two synergistic components of the aging process? Mech Ageing Dev 2003; 124:49-53. [PMID: 12618006 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(02)00169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The foundations of the Mitochondrial mutational theory of aging include two assumptions: the high abundance of mitochondrial mutations and their ability to clonally expand within individual cells. The up-to-date data pertinent to these assumptions is reviewed and semi-quantitative estimates of the frequencies of mutants and intracellular expansions are offered. The incidence of mutations in various aged tissues may be on the order of one mutant per mitochondrial genome copy, and most of the cells are likely to be affected by intracellular clonal expansions of mitochondrial genomes. Thus aged tissue may be considered a mosaic of cells with different mutant mitochondrial genotypes. Interestingly, independent studies show that a wide range of aged tissues presents with a mosaic of cells with different mitochondrial phenotypes. The necessary methodologies are available to explore whether the two mosaics are causally related. The answer apparently is positive in muscle; other tissues, brain in particular, await exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgenya Kraytsberg
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Rm. 921, 77 Ave. L. Pasteur, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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21
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Kim HE, Yoon SY, Lee JE, Choi WS, Jin BK, Oh TH, Markelonis GJ, Chun SY, Oh YJ. MPP(+) downregulates mitochondrially encoded gene transcripts and their activities in dopaminergic neuronal cells: protective role of Bcl-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 286:659-65. [PMID: 11511111 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of neurotoxins on levels of mitochondrially encoded gene transcripts in a dopaminergic neuronal cell line, MN9D, were examined following treatment with 200 microM N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). As confirmed by a Northern blot analysis, levels of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 (COX III) and ATPase subunit 6 (ATPase 6) transcript were decreased in a time-dependent manner following treatment with MPP(+) but not with 6-OHDA. Accordingly, enzymatic activity of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) and the intracellular ATP content were also decreased in MPP(+)-treated cells while these remained unaltered in 6-OHDA-treated cells. In the cell death paradigm induced by MPP(+), overexpression of Bcl-2 in MN9D cells (MN9D/Bcl-2) significantly blocked MPP(+)-induced downregulation of COX III and ATPase 6 transcripts. In MN9D/Bcl-2 cells, MPP(+)-induced downregulation of COX activity and the intracellular level of ATP was also blocked. Treatment with a pan-caspase inhibitor, however, neither prevented MPP(+)-induced downregulation of COX activity nor affected intracellular level of ATP in MN9D cells. Taken together, our present data suggest that Bcl-2 may play a regulatory role in energy metabolism by preventing downregulation of mitochondrially encoded gene(s) at a point distinct from its known anticaspase activity in MPP(+)-induced dopaminergic neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Kim
- Department of Biology, Yonsei University College of Science, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
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22
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Jones DC, Gunasekar PG, Borowitz JL, Isom GE. Dopamine-induced apoptosis is mediated by oxidative stress and Is enhanced by cyanide in differentiated PC12 cells. J Neurochem 2000; 74:2296-304. [PMID: 10820189 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0742296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) oxidation and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may contribute to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons underlying various neurological conditions. The present study demonstrates that DA-induced cytotoxicity in differentiated PC12 cells is mediated by ROS and mitochondrial inhibition. Because cyanide induces parkinson-like symptoms and is an inhibitor of the antioxidant system and mitochondrial function, cells were treated with KCN to study DA toxicity in an impaired neuronal system. Differentiated PC12 cells were exposed to DA, KCN, or a combination of the two for 12-36 h. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays indicated that both DA (100-500 microM) and KCN (100-500 microM) induced a concentration- and time-dependent cell death and that their combination produced an increase in cytotoxicity. Apoptotic death, measured by Hoechst dye and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase dUTP nick end-labeling) staining, was also concentration- and time-dependent for DA and KCN. DA plus KCN produced an increase in apoptosis, indicating that KCN, and thus an impaired system, enhances DA-induced apoptosis. To study the mechanism(s) of DA toxicity, cells were pretreated with a series of compounds and incubated with DA (300 microM) and/or KCN (100 microM) for 24 h. Nomifensine, a DA reuptake inhibitor, rescued nearly 60-70% of the cells from DA- and DA plus KCN-induced apoptosis, suggesting that DA toxicity is in part mediated intracellularly. Pretreatment with antioxidants attenuated DA- and KCN-induced apoptosis, indicating the involvement of oxidative species. Furthermore, buthionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, increased the apoptotic response, which was reversed when cells were pretreated with antioxidants. DA and DA plus KCN produced a significant increase in intracellular oxidant generation, supporting the involvement of oxidative stress in DA-induced apoptosis. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and the peroxynitrite scavenger uric acid blocked apoptosis and oxidant production, indicating involvement of nitric oxide. These results suggest that DA neurotoxicity is enhanced under the conditions induced by cyanide and involves both ROS and nitric oxide-mediated oxidative stress as an initiator of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Jones
- Neurotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907- 1333, USA
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23
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Vitek JL, Chockkan V, Zhang JY, Kaneoke Y, Evatt M, DeLong MR, Triche S, Mewes K, Hashimoto T, Bakay RA. Neuronal activity in the basal ganglia in patients with generalized dystonia and hemiballismus. Ann Neurol 1999; 46:22-35. [PMID: 10401777 DOI: 10.1002/1531-8249(199907)46:1<22::aid-ana6>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Microelectrode recording was performed in the basal ganglia of 3 patients with generalized dystonia and 1 patient with hemiballismus secondary to a brainstem hemorrhage. Neuronal activity was recorded from the internal and external segments of the globus pallidus and assessed for mean discharge rate and pattern of spontaneous activity. The responses of neurons in the internal segment of the globus pallidus to passive and active movements were also evaluated. Mean discharge rates of neurons in both segments of the pallidum in patients with dystonia and the patient with hemiballismus were considerably lower than those reported for patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. In addition, the pattern of spontaneous neuronal activity was highly irregular, occurring in intermittent grouped discharges separated by periods of pauses. Although receptive fields in the dystonia patients were widened and less specific than those reported in normal monkeys, neuronal responses to movement were uncommon in the hemiballismus patient. Before surgery, patients with dystonia experienced abnormal posturing and involuntary movements. Coactivation of agonist-antagonist muscle groups was observed both at rest and during the performance of simple movements. After pallidotomy there was a significant reduction in the involuntary movement associated with these disorders and a more normal pattern of electromyographic activity during rest and movement. Given the improvement in dystonic and hemiballistic movements in these patients after ablation of the sensorimotor portion of the internal segment of the globus pallidus, we suggest that pallidotomy can be an effective treatment for patients with dystonia and also for patients with medically intractable hemiballismus. Based on the finding of decreased neuronal discharge rates in pallidal neurons, we propose that physiologically dystonia most closely resembles a hyperkinetic movement disorder. A model for dystonia is proposed that incorporates the observed changes in the rate and pattern of neuronal activity in the pallidum with data from neuroimaging with positron emission tomography and 2-deoxyglucose studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Vitek
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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24
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Jellinger KA. Post mortem studies in Parkinson's disease--is it possible to detect brain areas for specific symptoms? JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 1999; 56:1-29. [PMID: 10370901 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6360-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive neuronal loss associated with Lewy bodies in many subcortical nuclei leading to multiple biochemical and pathophysiological changes of clinical relevance. Loss of nigral neurons causing striatal dopamine deficiency is related to both the duration and clinical stages (severity) of the disease. The clinical subtypes of PD have different morphological lesion patterns: a) The akinetic-rigid type shows more severe cell loss in the ventrolateral part of substantia nigra zona compacta (SNZC) that projects to the dorsal putamen than the medial part projecting to caudate nucleus and anterior putamen, with negative correlation between SNZC cell counts, severity of akinesia-rigidity, and dopamine loss in the posterior putamen. Reduced dopaminergic input causes overactivity of the GABA ergic inhibitory striatal neurons projecting via the "indirect loop" to SN zona reticulata (SNZR) and medial pallidum (GPI) leading to inhibition of the glutamatergic thalamo-cortical motor loop and reduced cortical activation. b) The tremor-dominant type shows more severe neuron loss in medial than in lateral SNZC and damage to the retrorubral field A8 containing only few tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter immunoreactive (IR) neurons but mainly calretinin-IR cells. A8 that is rather preserved in rigid-akinetic PD (protective role of calcium-binding protein?) projects to the matrix of dorsolateral striatum and ventromedial thalamus. Together with area A10 it influences the strial efflux via SNZR to thalamus and from there to prefrontal cortex. Rest tremor in PD is associated with increased metabolism in the thalamus, subthalamus, pons, and premotor-cortical network suggesting an increased functional activity of thalamo-motor projections. In essential tremor, no significant pathomorphological changes but overactivity of cerebello-thalamic loop have been observed. c) In the akinetic-rigid forms of multisystem atrophy, degeneration is more severe in the lateral SNZC with severe loss of calbindin-IR cells reflecting initial degeneration of the striatal matrix in the caudal putamen with transsynaptic degeneration of striatonigral efferences that remain intact in PD. This fact and loss of striatal D2 receptors--as in advanced stages of PD--are reasons for negative response to L-dopa substitution. These data suggest different pathophysiological mechanisms of the clinical subtypes of PD that have important therapeutic implications. d) Involvement of extranigral structures in PD includes the mesocortical dopaminergic system, the noradrenergic locus coeruleus, dorsal vagal nucleus and medullary nuclei, serotonergic dorsal raphe, nucleus basalis of Meynert and other cholinergic brainstem nuclei, e.g. Westphal-Edinger nucleus (controlling pupillomotor function), posterolateral hypothalamus and the limbic system, e.g. amygdaloid nucleus, part of hippocampal formation, limbic thalamic nuclei with prefrontal projections, etc. Damage to multiple neuronal systems by the progressing degenerative process causing complex biochemical changes may explain the variable clinical picture of PD including vegetative, behavioural and cognitive dysfunctions, depression, pharmacotoxic psychoses, etc. Future comparative clinico-morphological and pathobiochemical studies will further elucidate the pathophysiological basis of specific clinical symptoms of PD and related disorders providing a broader basis for effective treatment strategies. Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and other subcortical neuronal systems leading to striatal dopamine deficiency and other biochemical deficits related to the variable clinical signs and symptoms of the disorder. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Jellinger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Vienna, Austria
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25
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Foley P, Riederer P. Pathogenesis and preclinical course of Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 1999; 56:31-74. [PMID: 10370902 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6360-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic parkinsonism (IP) is defined by its classic symptomology, its responsiveness to therapies which elevate dopamine levels, and by the failure to identify a specific etiological factor. The progressive and irreversible degeneration of dopaminergic neurons projecting from the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) to the striatum and the presence of SNc Lewy bodies are regarded as the essential pathological bases of IP, but neither the initiator(s) nor the nature of the degeneration have been determined, nor its relationship with degenerative changes in other parts of the IP brain. This paper discusses the various hypotheses that have been proposed to explain these phenomena, arguing that IP be regarded as a multisystem disorder, both at the level of individual neurons and at the whole brain level. It is probable that IP is the result of a multifactorial process, and that a cascade of interacting and overlapping biochemical mechanisms determine the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Foley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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26
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Federico F, Simone IL, Lucivero V, Defazio G, De Salvia R, Mezzapesa DM, Petruzzellis M, Tortorella C, Livrea P. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in primary blepharospasm. Neurology 1998; 51:892-5. [PMID: 9748053 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.51.3.892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-volume proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, localized to basal ganglia, was carried out in 10 patients with primary blepharospasm (PB) to assess the levels of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), creatine-phosphocreatine, and choline-containing compounds. NAA was reduced significantly in patients compared with control subjects. This result suggests a striatal neuronal loss in PB.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Federico
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Bari, Italy
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27
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Abstract
Lewy body formation is central to the pathological phenotype of a spectrum of disorders. The most familiar of these is the extrapyramidal syndrome of idiopathic Lewy-body Parkinson's disease (PD). Studies of dementia in the elderly suggest that another manifestation of Lewy body pathology is equally or more common than Parkinson's disease. This syndrome of Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) has been given a number of diagnostic labels and is characterised by dementia, relatively mild parkinsonism, visual hallucinations, and fluctuations in conscious level. Although many of these features can arise in Parkinson's disease, the patients with DLB tend to have early neuropsychiatric features which predominate the clinical picture, and the diagnosis of the syndrome in practice is more concerned with the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Distinction from AD has clinical importance because of potentially differing therapeutic implications. Diagnostic guidelines for the clinical diagnosis and pathological evaluation of DLB are reviewed. Research into the disorder has centered around characterising the clinical, neuropsychological, pathological, neurochemical and genetic relationships with Alzheimer's disease on the one hand, and Parkinson's disease on the other. Many cases of DLB have prominent pathological features of AD and there are some shared genetic risk factors. Differences from the pathology of PD are predominantly quantitative rather than qualitative and evidence is discussed which suggests that DLB represents a clinicopathological syndrome within the spectrum of Lewy body disorders. The possibility that the syndrome represents a chance association of PD and AD is not supported by published studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Ince
- University of Newcastle upon Tyne, and Department of Neuropathology, Newcastle General Hospital, UK.
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